What does ethnicity include? What is ethnicity - concepts, butts, ethnic hundred

Ethnography deals with the ethnic makeup of the population. The main term used by this science is “ethnos”. Underneath it one can understand the tenacity of the population of people that has formed on the singing territory, which looms as one

Language, similar peculiarities of culture and psyche, as well as secret self-consciousness. Some people still respect that the above-mentioned signs of ethnicity are not primary: in some cases, the main role is played by the population of the territory, in other languages, in others, the peculiarities of culture. Others respect that the initial sign is ethnic self-knowledge.

An external sign of ethnicity is the self-name - name, ethnonym. The name itself, known by the people themselves, and not a name, was given other ethnicities and is often differentiated not only from the ethnic self-name, but from one of the same. For example, the ethnic group that calls itself “Deutsch” is called “German” in Russian, “Dzhemeni” in English, “Aleman” in French, “Tedesco” in Italian, “Saksalainen” in Finnish, and “Swab” in Serbian.

It is customary to see three stages in the formation of ethnicities (stage, time types). With the emergence of people, tribes emerged - a type of social organization of primary matrimony. For this purpose, ethnic cohesion is characterized by blood ties, divisions into canopies and phratries (subdivisions of tribes, an exogamous collection of several canopies), the cohesion of the territory, as well as the active elements of the rulers ties, called cults.

Over the years, blood ties are replaced by territorial ones, and tribal alliances emerge. Their conquests and resettlement led to a mixture of representatives of various tribes and the emergence of great ethnic populations. However, if tribal alliances were not established, for example, the Australian aborigines, before the arrival of Europeans, had a number of tribes with their own language (dialect), the Bushmen - residents of the Kalahari desert - have over 20 tribes. Among some peoples, the tribal organization is preserved to this day.

The historical phase of the ethnic group – nationality – has arrived. Under it we mean the linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural diversity of people that has developed historically.

Nations are primarily a form of ethnic cohesion that develops in the process of formation of territory, economic connections, literary language, and ethnic cultural characteristics. These daily actions link nations with the singing people and up to today’s everyday principles convey the strength of self-confidence and social structure, which others view nations as a partnership that must to the singing power.

In scientific literature there is a discussion about the signs and relationships between peoples and nations. Often the concepts of “nation”, “nationality”, “nationality” are used as synonyms for the words “ethnos”, “people”.

There are about 4 thousand on the ground. up to 5.5 thousand. ethnicities (peoples). It’s difficult to give an exact figure, there are still a lot of them that are still insufficient to be tracked. The absolute majority of peoples are innumerable and become less than 1 thousand. chol. leather As academician V.P. Maksakovsky wrote, on the beginning of the 90s. There were 321 people numbering over 1 million people. kozhen, which became 96.2% of the Zagal population of the earth's kuliya. For 79 nations with a population of over 10 million people. Kozhen accounted for about 80% of the population, with 36 nations numbering over 25 million people. – close to 65%, and for 19 nations there are more than 50 million people. – 54% of the population. Until the end of the 1990s. The number of numerical peoples has grown to 21, and their share of the world population has approached 60%. Based on the national population, there are five types of powers. The most favorable situation for the region is when ethnic borders escape from the sovereign ones and over 80% of the population resides in one nation. Such powers are called single-national. Before them lie many countries of Europe, Latin America (Indians, mulattos, mestizos are considered parts of a single nation) and Western Asia. So, in Europe, almost half of the countries are single-national, for example, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Denmark, Poland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal. Asia has significantly fewer such countries: Japan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, and other small countries. Africa (Egypt, Libya, Somalia, Madagascar) has even fewer.

Regions with sharply re-importance of one nation, and also with the obvious fact that there are more important national minorities, also tend to fill up often. In Europe, France, Great Britain, Spain, Romania, the Baltic countries; in Asia – China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Syria, Turkey; in Africa - Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Zimbabwe, Botswana; in Northern America - USA; in Australia and Oceania - Australia and New Zealand.

Binational powers will emerge, where the national population is dominated by representatives of the two nations. There are not many such countries, for example, Belgium, Canada.

There are significantly more powers with a complex national structure, or even similar in ethnic relations. Most often they occur in Asia, Central, Western and Western Africa. And Latin America stinks.

The richly ethnically diverse countries include India, Russia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and many countries of Western and Western Africa. Academician V.P. Maksakovsky notes that during the rest of the day, the country’s extensive national warehouses are heavily stocked with possible cleaning products. The stench smells differently from the historical roots. Thus, in the countries that are a legacy of European colonization, the oppression of the indigenous population (Indians, Eskimos, Aborigines of Australia, Maoris) is preserved. Another misconception is an underestimation of the cultural identity of national minorities (Scots and Welsh in Great Britain, Basques in Spain, Corsicans in France, French Canadians in Canada i). Another reason for the intensification of such losses was the arrival of tens of thousands of foreign workers in rich countries.

In the countries that are developing, inter-ethnic ties are linked to us from the legacy of the colonial era, since the Volodin cordons were carried out today without the settlement of ethnic cordons, as a result of the war ethnic mosaic.” Constantly spreading on the national level, which is in conflict with wartime separatism, is especially typical for India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, anu, Somalia.

Before the most important signs of the ethnic group, language is necessary. Vaughn is the main method of human fusion. Language is closely connected with thoughts, it serves as a way of storing and transmitting information, one of the ways of managing human behavior. According to ethnographers, the number of people in the world reaches perhaps 5 thousand. and in general is close to the peoples. In this case, in most cases, the names of the people and the people are avoided.

Most people on the planet speak Chinese, followed by English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Bengali, Portuguese, Japanese and French. More than half of the world's population has been written in tens of ten years. Six of them - English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese - serve as official UN languages.

The size of the population, that is to say, between my family and other families, and the level of geographical division of our family, does not always remain in direct position. Thus, besides the languages ​​spoken by tens of millions of people, they are localized in relatively small areas (Japanese), while others are widespread in many countries and various parts of the world. The most popular language for international songwriting is English, which is heard by millions of people in different countries. English (with minor local dialects) is spoken by English, US Americans, Anglo-Canadians, Anglo-Australians, Anglo-Americans. Spanish language has become the main language of most nations of Latin America.

It is not uncommon for peoples of different affinities to live in a region, gradually forming into one cohesive nation, but preserving their own languages. Thus, residents of Switzerland speak German, French and Italian languages, and besides small groups of the indigenous population of parts of the ancient cantons, they speak Romansh languages, which are based on Latin. There are frequent outbreaks of duplicity, when a group of people or whole people constantly struggle with the life of two people. So, practically speaking, I think that the Alsatians (German and French languages) should live at the same time as France.

Following the principle of devotion, we unite the peoples of the world in our family. The largest number of families on Earth is the Indian-European family, which will cover 2.6 billion people. The other is the Chinese-Tibetan family - over 1.4 billion. These two families account for the majority of the population.

Languages ​​that lie before the Indian European family, say most residents of America, Australia, and Europe. The largest nations in America include the Americans, Brazilians and Mexicans. Western Europe has more Germans, Italians, French and English. In Central and Western Europe, the Slovenian peoples are favored. They see similar, common and common words. Until today, Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Slovenes will be insured, and lastly, Poles, Czechs and Slovaks, and lastly, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.

The most diverse ethnic warehouse of the population of Asia. The people who are procrastinating here will have to wait until their different homelands. Besides the Indo-European and Chinese-Tibetan, the largest of them are Semito-Hamitic and Thai. Representatives of the Semitic-Hamitic family also live in Africa. On the territory of the mainland, there are peoples who lie close to the Niger-Kordofan and Nilo-Saharan homelands.

These families are divided into singing groups. Thus, the Indian European family includes Slavic, Romance (French, Italian, Spanish, Brazilian, Mexican), German (German, English, Swedes, Australians, Americans), Ysk (Bengali, Hindustani, Bihartsi), Iranian.

The largest group in the Sino-Tibetan family is the Chinese. The Chinese make up approximately one-fifth of the Earth's population. The stinks inhabit a similar part of China, and a significant number of them live in the regions of Greater Asia. Before the Semitic-Hamite family lie the Arabs, Jews, Israel, and Assyrians. The largest people of the family are Arabs. The borders of these settlements are close to the cordons of the Arab countries.

We know everything about the founding of races. A Chinese can be easily distinguished from an African by the color of his skin, the shape of his eyes and other features. There are other similarities among races in nations, peoples, and ethnic groups. What's this?

Classifications of people

In practice, you can find a sufficient diversity of nationalities in the country. As a rule, different people live between existing powers. They can be sought after for various economic reasons, such as income, economy, availability of work, etc.; social, for example, century, family camp, osvita, and others. By the way, another criterion could be belonging to any ethnic group. It is not economics, sociology or psychology that deals with this, but ethnography. What kind of science is this and what is the need for such a floor?

Ethnography

People cannot live alone - this became clear long ago. Since ancient times, the stinks began to form into different groups, which in one or another form have reached the present day. They are called ethnic spilnots. People in them can mother the Lord's culture, and it cannot be ignored, while being spoiled by them. Sociology itself, in addition to everything else, includes everything directly, which identifies groups of people not from the point of view of their behavior, but in terms of their affiliation to a singing group behind an ethnic sign.

In fact, ethnography is closely related to the historical sciences, and also to linguistics, anthropology, psychology and philosophy. It can be called a remarkably young discipline, even though it originated only in the 18th-19th centuries, and earlier there were first attempts to medicate foreigners, but there was no such system. Also, regardless of those that the great geographical discoveries gave Europeans the chance to learn and describe people who were not at all similar to them, the stench did not immediately get to them.

In the United States, anthropology and ethnography are most often seen in one scientific direction, but in the Old World they are traditionally separated. It’s hard to say which is correct: fragmentation or, at the same time, a more wicked look.

Podil

Current science sees and recognizes a number of categories of people, depending on the size of their groups and other figures:

• tribe;
• nationality;
• nation.

This classification highlights the development from a historical perspective, as people moved from primitive forms of communication to complex ones. When one looks at the taxonomy, a much different picture emerges:

• homeland, family;
• ethnic groups and sub-ethnics;
• ethnicity;
• macroobedience.

This classification is more complex and less clear for the inhabitant. It is hardly obvious to a non-Fakhian how ethnicity is differentiated from ethnic group. In addition, I wanted to bring in those who, for the past three years, science has been exploring powerful terms, classifications, and approaches that have sharply differed from those of the world. Progressive unification is now expected, but perfection is still a long way off. To put it simply, ethnic groups are mentally similar to nationalities, although the rest carry out special actions. Therefore, when talking about the sameness, it is impossible to understand. However, in the literature, there has already been a tendency towards the adoption of the term “national-ethnic groups”, which, first of all, can be divided into two classifications, and in another way, to understand the meaning of tics.

Signs

Before ethnic groups there is a gathering of people who wash their hands with salted rice. Before such characteristics lie the following:

• mov (in no time, before speech, we may be united, but the verbs may be similar);
• historical share;
• elements of culture;
• self-awareness and self-identification.

Remains, perhaps, the original. Ethnic are the groups in which people are aware of their own age. Moreover, self-identification as a representative of the people also includes all other elements, such as knowledge of language, culture and tradition. On their basis, a singing mentality, sounds, and peculiarities of the light are formed.

Before speaking, the territorial sign is not the primary factor. It is already possible to prevent the process of resettlement of people from some powers from other countries for a long time. And here you can see the same thing as the formation of diasporas - ethnic groups in the posture of Fatherlandism. In some places, there have been developments of such a serious scale that there are entire neighborhoods populated by immigrants from these and other countries, where their culture is preserved.

Viniknennya

Ethnic groups do not grow spontaneously, until a trivial process appears - to which, perhaps, all modern anthropological schools converge. In connection with the main routes, a more minor classification appeared:

• Ethnoteritorial group. This is the name of the sleeping conditions that are a legacy of close contact between people, which is a hidden area of ​​residence.
• Ethnosocial group. A part of the people have settled down in a special camp (in the urakhuvannyam camps).
• Ethnic and religious groups. Religious differences are observed (on the basis of the dissimilarity of ethnic behavior, for example, the variety of different variants of a certain language or the combination with other competencies).

Apply it

As much as there are ethnicities, even a school student can tell about them, although it is not always obvious what they are talking about. As a rule, you can use the Slovenians, Scandinavians, Asians, and Indians. Without a doubt, the skin of these complexes includes a great number of nationalities. Among Slovenians, we can name such ethnic social groups as Pomors and Old Believers. It stinks, obviously, to unite behind completely different signs. Aside from that, other strengths that are impossible to be brought to such a great unit as ethnicity.

It is simply impossible to talk about the main ethnic groups on a global scale. But, for example, within the framework of the Russian Federation one can easily see nations that are titular for their subjects, such as Tuvinians, Yakuts, Nenets, Mordovians, etc. At their own level, they can be divided into different groups.

Culture

Ethnic groups have diversity not only in the genetic and phenotypic sense, but most often in the presence of unique traditions, religions, languages, etc. In today's world, these ligaments can be gradually worn out, and even the young always want to preserve the culture of their ancestors, who are inspired by it. for the sake of fewer valuable and single-minded current values.

There will be special programs aimed at preserving and developing ancient and ancient traditions; competitions of national costumes, music, dances, etc. are being held in various regions. We all want to popularize unique elements of culture in these and other places on the planet.

Significance and value

Ethnic groups of people cannot be ignored in the everyday sphere: social, political, spiritual, economic. Conflicts and local wars are brewing in some regions. In addition, regardless of the aggression of market leaders, to unify and unify the culture and values ​​of all people, marketers have to focus on these other phenomena about the beauty of different peoples, to respect the boundaries of what is permissible , morality, spriinyattya. In the spiritual sphere, the point is completely obvious: the world has a new and anonymous denomination, both of which emerged only recently, and which have accompanied humanity for a long time.

Ethnicity as such a value is behind the minds of the aggressive globalization and unification. A person's skin is unique in itself, and the skin has the right to its own look. What are they saying about whole groups of people, especially when they smell unique rice?

There is blood dispute, such as secret walking, peaceful government activity and living - these very basic principles immediately indicate ethnic culture to the people. Moreover, it seems that ethnic culture is the same thing as soil and blood.

Concepts of ethnic culture

Ethnic culture— a complete set of behavior of participants of a particular ethnic group in one mind or another, the totality of its stereotypes. The concept of ethnic culture is inextricably linked with the concept of ethnicity, which is determined by the fall of ancestors, history, language and/or dialect, systems of symbolism, such as religion, mythology and rituals , as well as its modern appearance and folk creativity.

Life, the specifics of the current appearance and behavior, moral values, traditions, folk crafts are the axis of the sphere that ethnic culture cherishes.

Ethnic culture is divided into material (household items, clothes, clothing, etc.) and spiritual (information that is in the collective memory of the people and that is passed on to generations, folklore).

Officials mold ethnic culture

• Climate - this official infuses wealth, dominion and infuses culture into any ethnic group. For example, the trivals of Vietnam, which often flood rice fields, heralded the appearance of a unique theater of dolls on the water. So this itself influenced the type of Vietnamese life: the booths were on high poles, so as to protect themselves from flooding.

• Language plays an important role in the formation of a unique picture of the world among the people, created by their power of expression, etc.
• Religion also flows into the knowledge of different ethnic cultures among peoples, which is to say one and the same, but does not correspond to one another in religious beliefs. For example, in the former Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbo-Croatian religion is the main language, but in this case the Croatians adhere to Catholicism, and the Serbs - Orthodoxy.

• Endoetnonim - the self-name of the people - also infuses its ethnic culture. As we know, not every people calls themselves the same as other ethnicities call them. For example, the Ugric people call themselves Madyars, the Jews call themselves Yegudim, the modern Koreans call themselves Hanguk saram, the ancient Koreans call themselves Chosun saram.
• National character - what is also called “the soul of the people” - is a set of permanent psychological factors that manifest themselves in the behavior of the ethnic group. For those who go swimming, the mental factor is not passed on from one’s ancestors; it does not come from the people, but in the process of the formation of ethnic groups.

Ethnic and national culture

The awareness of different ethnic groups of their belonging to the singing nation is the moment of the birth of national culture. The importance of ethnic culture over national culture does not require close commitment and close living of national culture.

The only territory that can be surrounded by a national culture is the territory of a power, from the totality of whose ethnic groups it emerged, since a nation is impossible without a power. There will always be a sovereignty and assimilation of ethnic groups that will renew them.

This ethnic culture can completely do without cordons of power. I would certainly like to point out the example of such an ethnic group, like the Gypsies, who are spreading their powers throughout the world, from Europe and the USA to the Great America and Africa, and where they are wreaking havoc on a unique ethnic culture. Or the Jews, whose settlements around the world extend far beyond the borders of Israel, while their ethnic culture is preserved among various powers.

A parallel can be drawn between national and ethnic culture, as between private and private. Ethnic culture This is the basis for a national culture, and there may be a lot of such ethnic cultures, each ethnic group has its own fragments. Let's take Switzerland as an example. In this country there are as many ethnic cultures as possible: the culture of the German-Swiss, the Italian-Swiss, the French-Swiss and the Rother-Swiss, which at the same time becomes a national Swiss culture.

However, this does not mean that national culture is not a banal aggregate of ethnic cultures; It is endowed with greatness, itself - with a synthesis of the ethnic and social. In other words, since ethnic culture is signified by words, folklore, language, behavior, as we noted above, then national culture finds its meaning through social and political institutions, as well as mass information. The intelligentsia: in the past, artists, singers, etc. – the axis of who is the creator of the national culture of singing. Instead of the collectivism of ethnic culture, individual creativity plays a major role here.

The basis for the development of national culture can be the dominant ethnic culture – the one that determines the majority of the population of the marriage. For example, when looking at the culture of the peoples of Russia, it is important to consider the majority of ethnic groups to be Russians. This means that the culture of this ethnic group has the greatest influence on the entire culture of the nation as a whole.

You can go up to the identification of the following signs of national and ethnic culture:

• The ethnic culture is quite conservative; It is difficult to deprive yourself of outdated norms, traditions, in order to replace the national culture, which will prevent the development, the movement forward and the creation of something absolutely new.
• Ethnic culture is closed to the new and unknown, so the national culture willingly contacts different cultures and takes note of the best that they have achieved.
• Ethnic culture tends to be deprived of everyday, cultural, and behavioral characteristics, and national culture tends to be erased.

You can also find out about the details of the ethnic structure in Russia here:

Concept of ethnicity. Ethnicity is a “stable group of people that has historically formed in the ancient territory of people, who are dominated by zagal rice and stable characteristics of culture (including language) and mental makeup, as well as the knowledge of their food And the same significance as other similar creations"(Short dictionary of sociology. - M., 1988. - P. 461). The ethnic and national affiliation of a person, as established, is determined by us before mine, as it respects the native culture that stands behind mine.

In different countries, ethnicity can be considered as an official of socialization of different levels. In national powers, where it is important to have a large population of one ethnic group, it is a macrofactor. In this case, if any ethnicity is intensively consolidated by the national minority in a given settlement, then it is a microfactor (Harlem in New York). In Russia, ethnicity is a mesofactor, fragments of the numerical ethnicities looming as sovereign powers (autonomous republics), it was impossible to try the influx of other ethnicities and create in their own way of life and their characteristic powers and signs (A.V. Mudrik).

It seems that nowadays people are more diverse behind the warehouse. There are two to three thousand ethnic people here. The main powers on Earth today (there are nearly two hundred of them) are also flying. It is difficult to look at ethnic problems as the top priority in the politics of any power, including Russia.

Infused with ethnicity. Each ethnic group has specific features, the totality of which creates its national character and mental makeup, which are revealed in the national culture. Ethnic psychologists see such differences, for example, in the character and traditions of people, in the peculiarities of life, in observations about families and relationships with other people, about good and evil, beautiful and ugly, and so on.

It is necessary to respect that ethnic characteristics characterize not just a single person, but numerical groups - nations. They are formed over a period of centuries and even thousands of years under the influx of natural-geographical environment, economic, social, religious and other conditions that interfere with one another’s ethnicity.

The most obvious ethnic features are revealed only in everyday information. For example, punctuality as a special feature of rice, which is highly rated by Germans, is of little importance for the Spaniards and even less important for residents of Latin America.

Ethnicity, as the agent of socialization of younger generations, cannot be ignored, rather than its influx being absolutized. "So, with equal training in numerous cultures, not similar one on one, it turned out that all of them were forced to breed the same rice in children of the skin condition. Among the boys, the main concern was the development of independence and rights fight to success, girls - almost borg, turbochargedness and roughness, but there is a relationship in which patterns of training are different, and in them men and women behave differently (Shibutani T.). Social psychology. - P. 424).

All peoples will strive to raise their children to be practical, kind, and honest. The importance lies in the way the task is carried out. Ethnic characteristics associated with methods of socialization are divided into vital(vitally important, biophysical) and mental(Duhovny).

Under the vital characteristics of the ethnic group, there are ways of physical development of children (children’s welfare, the nature of food, sports activities, child health, etc.).

The socialization of the younger generation is also influenced by mental peculiarities - the spiritual makeup of the ethnos, which is considered by scientists as a mentality and is formed in the specific sociocultural minds of the life of one or another people.

Socialization for the minds of many ethnic groups. Russia has a number of ethnic groups. That is why the successful process of socialization often occurs due to the influx of cultures of two or more ethnic groups onto people. And here the legacy of intercultural contacts is of great importance.

Vital, and especially mental, make it difficult for people to enter a new ethnic group. Special studies have established that joining a new ethnic group, a new culture is accompanied by unpleasant feelings of discomfort, lack of prosperity, loss of status, friends, decreased self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, Drativism, psychosomatic disorders.

Along with the negative and positive consequences of moving to a new ethnic group, there are the adoption of new values, new social attitudes, new patterns of behavior, which together can provide the minds for special growth.

The time of adaptation in a new ethnic group and the degree of severity of “culture shock” lies in a variety of indicators, including the type of individual characteristics (specific and demographic); from readiness to change and knowledge of language and culture. minds of life; individual assessment of being in a foreign cultural environment; level of similarity and importance between cultures and others.

The school, which has accepted refugees and migrants, may be ready to deal with neurotic and psychosomatic disorders that develop and lead to malicious behavior. Successful adoption of the “foreigner”, whose mental health and well-being lie in the mind of the “shock of transition” in the new cultural middle.

There are different types of intercultural contacts:

“The Defector” is a person who throws the power of culture at the mercy of others.

A “chauvinist” is a devotee of his own culture.

The “marginal” moves between two cultures, sensing an internal conflict, gets lost in identity and, as a result, is not satisfied with the benefits of each culture.

The “Mediator” synthesizes different cultures, being their lucky Lanka.

Individuals in this group may choose one of the upcoming choices: assimilation, separatism, marginalization, integration. A productive choice is integration, which is called “constructive marginality”, “intercultural competence”, and the individual who has made such a choice is called “a person of multiculture”.

Thus, successful adaptation does not necessarily mean assimilation with a foreign culture and adaptation to a new environment. Individuals, if you wish to live in your new marriage, you can at the same time preserve the peculiarities of your ethnic and cultural group. You can drain the riches of another crop without harming the value of the moisture.

Representatives of different peoples and cultures interpret the reasons for behavior and the results of activity in different ways. The teacher’s task is to help understand the reasons for the behavior of one another, to master the characteristics of mutual cultures. And therefore, it is important to focus on training, directing the best possible explanation of the behavior of representatives of another culture. In this situation, children are not seen from other cultures to be similar to representatives of another culture, but from the perspective of low ethnic groups, understand the range of differences between members of different ethnic groups .

To learn how to interact between representatives of different ethnic groups, you will need special programs. Stinks are called cultural assimilators. The first “cultural assimilators” were developed by American psychologists in the early 1960s and became important for Americans to interact with Arabs, Greeks, Thais, etc. .

Until now, the Bagato of the “Asimilates” has been shallow, the Ale of the reservation of them is bristled by the university of Kolos, the Asimilator, the Yakiki had been enchanted by the Bagatonatnatonatnatnatnatyonalni submaru, and the CHOs are especially relevant for the Federal Antimonopoly Service. At the same time, in many regions of the region there are readers who do not have evidence of intercultural mix, clear statements about ethnic differences between peoples and more about the model of preparation before Intercultural interaction and programs of the “cultural asimilator” type.

To try to understand the essence of today's ethnic problems, it is necessary to study the subject of culture - ethnicities and describe the ethnic structure of humanity.

Concept "ethnos" It is not related to our everyday discussions; we often talk about nations, nationalities, peoples, about national issues, national problems.

Word "ethnos" In Greek it means “tribe”, “people”, “group of people”, “row”. Current scientific language does not have a single understanding of the essence of ethnicity. Massacres have always been used in different ways to define the signs that define the concept of “ethnicity.” In the sciences that define national sciences, the concept of “ethnicity” is central. Ethnicity is one of the oldest types of people's strengths.

Ethnos- a group of people that are naturally formed with their own behavioral stereotypes, peculiarities of culture, psyche, who opposes himself to all other such teams: “we” - “stinks”.

The word “ethnicity” evokes the desperation of the descendants. The basis of the word “ethno” is most often used to mean “folk”. The terms “ethnic” and “ethnicity” have become widely popular, and they may be of particular importance in modern science and belong most often to national minorities and diasporas. In modern science, the meaning of the word “ethnos” is rarely understood as a term; The Russian term “ethnic” is closely associated with the concept of “ethnos”.

The concept of “ethnos” in Russian ethnology is often related to the concept of “people”. The word “people” has a similar meaning:

population of any country;

workers, just a group, a bunch of people (in virazi: there are a lot of people out there.);

The meaning is “ethnicity”, “ethnicity”.

Other concepts such as subetnosі superethnicity Subethnos is an ethnic system that is an element of the structure of the ethnic group. Superethnos is an ethnic system that consists of many ethnicities that emerged simultaneously on one territory, and that appears in history as a whole.

The skin has such a property as self-regulation, i.e., the property develops directly, which ensures foundation and adaptation to the middle with the least possible costs and expenses. Ethnologists suggest the level of stability of the ethnic group - a sign that indicates the stage of support of the ethnic group before the current influx.

Ethnicities (or ethnic groups) are identified by us in advance of those characteristics that the members of the group themselves consider significant for themselves and lie at the basis of self-esteem.

TYPIETNOSIV

ІIXREGULARITY

Ethnicity is often perceived as a generic concept. There are three types of ethnicity that have historically developed:

row-tribe (for primary matrimony);

nationality (for slave and feudal partnerships);

3) nation (for capitalist partnership). Vіdmіnnі rice ethnic group: physical look,

geographical travel, gospodar's specialization, religion, language, life, clothes and food.

Get the basics Characteristics, banalities of all ethnicities:

common language, religion;

the presence of the territory where this ethnic group lives (it will not change forever);

both material and spiritual culture are hidden;

4) hidden statements about territorial and historical exploration;

5) secretly formulated statements about Fatherlandism and power;

6) awareness among group members of their ethnicity is based on a sense of solidarity.

Patterns of ethnicity:

behavioral models, typical for all members of the ethnic group;

behavioral, communicative, valuable, socio-political and cultural models of singing groups in the middle of the ethnic group. They regulate relations between different groups in the middle of the ethnic group.

Historically, the first types of ethnic tribes were gentle tribes. Tribal communities have been alive for tens of thousands of years, and, in the world of increasingly complex marital life, new types of ethnicities are emerging. nationality. The stench is formed on the basis of various tribal splints that linger in the singing territory.

However, later these processes are replaced by ongoing trends of consolidation and consolidation into a whole ethnic system - the nation. Nation- this type of ethnicity that is consolidated into a single organism based on the strength of an economical life.

There are thousands of ethnic groups in the world. They are distinguished from one another by their numbers, by their development, by their culture, by their racial appearance.

The number of different ethnic groups is even significant. Thus, the number of the largest peoples (Chinese, US Americans, Russians, Brazilians...) exceeds 100 million people. Critical ethnicities that are dying out do not exist and 10 individuals. This is due to the importance of ethnic groups in socio-economic development. I order you to promote high-level ethnicity even at the stage of superiority. Kozhen people speak in a special way, although they want to say that the very same language vikorists of a number of ethnicities or, for example, one ethnicity speaks of a number of people. At the same time, we have a lot of family relationships with each other. The range of similarities and differences in the cultures of different peoples is also significant.

Ethnicity also has concepts such as assimilation, consolidation, integration, mixation. For example, international integration is the process of interaction between peoples, as a result of disputes, at which time a new ethnicity emerges.

Ethnicity also has a powerful socialization that relies on institutions such as schools, other people, religious institutions, families, etc.

Unfavorable factors in the development of ethnicity:

high rate of child mortality;

high mortality among adults;

increase in respiratory infections;

alcoholism;

there are a large number of broken families, separations, loving children, abortions, parental abandonment of children;

low acidity of life, stinginess;

social passivity;

high level of malice, including podlitkova;