Places entering Siberia: list, population, general facts. Ancient Siberian towns-primaries

§ 3. Budіvnitstvo in Siberia mіst-fortets

Beyond the great Kamian belt, the Urals, lie the intangible expanses of Siberia. This territory occupies perhaps three-quarters of the entire area of ​​our region. Siberia is the largest (after Russia) world power - Canada. More than twelve million square kilometers preserve in their depths inexhaustible reserves of natural resources, which are reasonably sufficient for the life and prosperity of rich generations of people.

Trekking beyond the Kamyany Belt

The beginnings of the development of Siberia are planted by the remains of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The most convenient outpost for penetration into this deep, wild and uninhabited region at that time was the middle of the Urals, the undivided ruler of the Stroganov family of merchants. Corrupted by the intercession of the Muscovite kings, they took possession of great land territories, where there were thirty-nine villages and the town of Solvichegodsk with a monastery. They also lie near the forts, which stretch beyond the cordon from the Volodynia of Khan Kuchum.

Istoriya Sibir, and even more precisely, the wounding of the Rosieki Kozaks, having touched the same tribe, the pupped ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї osіysky yasik - Danin, and I was putting up the boulie with the extension of Bagahokh. Moreover, the nephew of their ruler - Khan Kuchum - with a great drive of intelligence, launched low raids on the villages that were under the Stroganovs. To protect against such unworthy guests, rich merchants hired Cossacks to work with the otaman Vasily Timofiyovich Alenin, nicknamed Yermak. These names go back to Russian history.

First crumbs in an unknown land

In the spring of 1582, seven hundred and fifty people began their legendary march beyond the Urals. This was a new sign to Siberia. In every way, the Cossacks were directly guided to success. The Tatars who inhabited those lands, although they outnumbered them, did not surrender to the military. The stench practically did not know the flammable fire, the table was widely wide at that time in Russia, and they fled in panic as soon as they heard a volley.

At the same time, the Russian Khan sent his nephew Mametkul away from the ten-thousand-strong army. Beat the river Tobol. Unrespectful of their numerical superiority, the Tatars became aware of their misery. The Cossacks, developing success, approached the Khan's capital Kashlik and here the remaining enemies were defeated. The great king ran away from the edge, and his military nephew was completely destroyed. On this day the Khanate practically ceased to exist. History Siberia is taking a new turn.

Sichki with foreigners

At that time, a large number of tribes subordinated to the Tatars, subordinating them and their tributaries. They didn’t know the stench of pennies, and they paid for their ass with the skins of wild animals. Since the defeat of Kuchum, these peoples came under the rule of the Russian Tsar, and convoys of sables and martens were drawn to distant Moscow. This valuable product will soon drink a great drink, and especially on the European market.

However, not all tribes resigned themselves to the inevitable. The guys from them continued to eat, although with the fate of their skin they were weakening. The Cossack corrals continued their march. In 1584, the legendary otaman Ermak Timofiyovich died. It happened, as often happens in Russia, through carelessness and oversight - at one of the rest stops the guards were not posted. It so happened that a few days before this invasion, the gate was driven in at night. Seeking mercy from the Cossacks, they attacked and began to cut down the sleeping people. Ermak, trying to roll around, having stripped off the river, the thin shell - a special gift from Ivan the Terrible - pulled him to the bottom.

Life in the conquered land

From this hour the active development began. Following the Cossack corrals, the villagers, the clergy and, apparently, officials flocked into the hidden wilderness. All those who stumbled beyond the Ural ridge became free people. There is no serfdom here, no landownership. They paid taxes in excess of the government's regulations. The local tribes, as it was said above, covered themselves with a farmer's box. At this time, income from the maintenance of the treasury from the Siberian farm became a significant contribution to the Russian budget.

The history of Siberia is inextricably linked with the creation of a system of forts - defensive fortifications (such as, before the speech, a lot of places grew up over the years), which served as outposts for further subsistence of the region. Thus, in 1604 the city of Tomsk was founded, which became the largest economic and cultural center. After an unusual hour, the Kuznetsk and Yenisei prisons appeared. They lost military garrisons and the administration that controlled the collection of cash.

Documents from these fates reveal a wealth of facts about the corruption of government representatives. Disregarding those who, according to the law, have to go to the treasury, the officials, as well as the Cossacks, who were busy collecting tribute, envied the established norms, appropriating the cost for their own gain. Even then, such illegalities were severely punished, and apparently there were consequences when the greedy ones paid for their crimes with freedom and harm to their lives.

Further penetration of the new land

The process of colonization became especially intense after the end of the Time of Troubles. I will mark everyone who has dreamed of happiness in new, unknown lands, once again Skhidny Siberia. This process progressed at an even rapid pace, and even before the end of the 17th century the Russians reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean. At that time, a new administrative structure appeared - the Siberian Order. This obligation included the establishment of new procedures for managing the controlled territories and the appointment of governors, who were the most important representatives of the tsarist government in the localities.

In addition to the collection of goods, there were also purchases of goods for sale, not a penny, but all sorts of goods: juicers, saws, various tools, as well as textiles. History, unfortunately, has saved many episodes of evil here. Often, the self-righteousness of officials and Cossack elders ended in riots of local residents, which had to be calmed down by force.

Smut directly by colonization

Similar Siberia was developed in two main ways: to protect the seas, and to maintain a line of cordons with neighboring powers. At the beginning of the 17th century, the banks of the Irtisha and Ob River were populated by Russians, and behind them were significant areas adjacent to the Yenisei. Places such as Tyumen, Tobolsk and Krasnoyarsk were founded and began to emerge. All of them soon became great industrial and cultural centers.

Further penetration of the Russian colonists was carried out by the head rank of the Lena River. Here, in 1632, a fort was laid, which gave birth to the city of Yakutsk, the most important stronghold at that time, and led to the development of land and similar territories. That’s why, after only two years, the Cossacks were able to reach the Pacific Ocean, and never before reached the Kuriles and Sakhalin.

The Wilderness of the Land

The history of Sibir and Far Away preserves the memory of another famous mandrvnik - the Cossack Semyon Dezhnev. In 1648, a series of wines and their voyages were carried out on several ships, for the first time bypassing the shores of Eastern Asia and the new waterway that strengthens Siberia from America. At the same time, another mandarin, Poyarov, followed him, having crossed the border of Siberia and having climbed the Amur Mountains, reaching the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

About an hour later Nerchinsk was rebuilt. It is very significant that as a result of the retreat, the Cossacks approached China, which also laid claim to these territories. At that time, the Russian Empire had reached its natural borders. Over the past century, there has been a simple process of consolidating the results achieved during the course of colonization.

Legislative acts related to new territories

The history of Siberia in the 19th century is characterized by the great number of administrative innovations that were introduced into the life of the region. One of the earliest confirmations was in 1822, with the personal decree of Alexander I dividing this great territory into two general governments. Tobolsk became the center of Zakhidnoye, and Irkutsk became the center of Skhidnoye. The stinks, in their own way, were divided into the provinces, and those into the volost and foreign administrations. This re-creation became the legacy of the reform

That fate was decided by ten legislative acts signed by the tsar and which regulate all aspects of administrative, sovereign and legal life. Great respect was given to this document for the food related to the treatment of the place of liberation and the order of the lines of recognition. Until the 19th century, hard labor and prisons became an invisible part of this region.

Siberia on the map of these rocks is explained by the names of diggings, the work in which was carried out including the forces of the condemned. This is Nerchinsky, Transbaikalsky, Blagodatny and many others. As a result of the great influx of refugees from among the Decembrists and participants in the Polish slaughter of 1831, the order united all the Siberian provinces under the supervision of a specially formed gendarmerie district.

The beginning of industrialization in the region

The main wide developments that were taken during this period meant that we were looking at a bottle of gold. Until the middle of the century, the won became the largest part of all expensive metals found in the region. Also, great supplies to the state treasury came from the enterprises of the greenberry industry, which significantly increased the supply of brown copalins at that time. A lot of other galuzes are also developing.

In the new century

At the beginning of the 20th century, the future of the Trans-Siberian Railway became the basis for further development of the region. The history of Siberia in the post-revolutionary period is full of drama. A greedy fraternal war raged across these vast expanses, ending with the liquidation of the White Rukh and the establishment of Radian rule. During the Great German War, many industrial and military enterprises were evacuated to this region. In connection with this, the population of rich places is growing sharply.

Apparently, more than for the period 1941-1942. Over a million people came here. During the war period, when there were numerous giant factories, power plants and salvage lines, there was also a significant influx of newcomers - all those for whom Siberia became the new fatherland. On the map of this great land names appeared that became symbols of the era - the Baikal-Amur Mainline, the Novosibirsk Academistechko and much more.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Irkutsk State Technical University

Department of Architecture and Construction

Essay

on the topic: “First places of Siberia”

Vikonav: Tretyakova Yu.O.

Having re-verified: Nechitailo V.K.

Irkutsk, 2011

Regular planning of new places in Siberia

2 Tobolsk

3 Mangazeya

Zagalni vysnovki

Dzherela

1. The importance of everyday life in the developed Siberia

Russian exploration of the Urals began a long time ago, but it was quite a long time ago. Beginning in the middle of the 16th century, the attack on the gathering became increasingly energetic due to the influx of low economic, historical and political conditions. The creation of a trade port in Arkhangelsk (1585 rubles), as well as easier access to the markets of Central Asia as a result of the conquest of Kazan (1552 rubles) and the annexation of Astrakhan (1556 rubles) - all this brought about a significant advance in the capital in that hour. hour is the main export product. On the other hand, the Swedish beast’s guilt in the forests of the European night screamed for the stronger passage beyond the Urals along those roads that had long been laid by the Novgorodians.

The fall of the Kazan kingdom opened up more short and difficult routes to Siberia. However, the Siberian kingdom was located in these paths, the Khans immediately recognized themselves as vassals of the Moscow Tsar, and then, taking advantage of their remoteness from Moscow, they began to increasingly respect the wider Russian population beyond the Urals.

The initial penetration of Siberia for the visual aid of the hutra is the right of “willing people”. Behind the gangs of these people, merchants and traders of Stroganov begin to advance, ruling the towns as strongholds for further advance to the Skhid. The gradual penetration of Russian people into Siberia led to the conquest in 1580. territory of the Siberian kingdom by the Cossack expedition to the area near Ermak. Not being able to secure his own conquest with the Russian state, Ermak went to Moscow for help from the Tsar. The Moscow order begins the systematic further consolidation and expansion of the Russian Empire’s borders near Siberia. So, just like the Volga region, and generally speaking, the basis for the consolidation of the Russian Volodynia near Siberia was the broad and carefully thought-out everyday life of the place. The news of the annexation of the Volga region appeared particularly red. In this case, the order faced two main tasks: firstly, it was necessary to ensure the protection of the new power cordons and communication lines, in another way, to create points that would serve as centers for the collection of valuable farms from the “yasak” danini) from the town population .

The urgency of the first task was alleviated by the presence in Siberia of a highly developed river system, which served as a canvas for the creation of a boundary of strategically important strongholds. For the top of another village, new places were chosen based on the depth of burial of the singing group of the village population from which the tribute was collected, “so that the yasak volosts were not removed.”

In the last quarter of the 16th century, the main route near Siberia was the Tura River, on which the town of Tyumen was founded in 1586 to consolidate this route. The commands of the retreat were in the permanent place of Tobolsk (1587 r.) at the waterfall of the river Tobolsk and Irtusha, the capital of the Siberian Khans - Kashlik. To protect the approaches to Tobolsk from the Russian day everyone fell asleep RUR 1,594 Misto Taru. At 1598 r. buv zakrіplenyy point of the waterway of the people. Tour of the Verkhnoturya metro station, which began to play the role of the main gateway to Siberia. Nareshti, at 1600 r. in the middle between Tyumen and the upper turrets the Turinsk metro station was created.

To the beginning of the 17th century. The entire water communication line that connected Irtish from Kamoy was securely secured. So the very beginning of the fastenings and the way to the people. Offenses to sleep are low: Berezov - in 1593 rubles, Surgut - in 1594 rubles, Tomsk - in 1609 rubles, Kuznetsk - in 1618 rubles. Near the Ob Bay area on the river. Taz at 1600 rub. The “Mangazeyskoye Misto” (Mangazeya) was created, and the subsequent conquest of the Yenisei and the Olenya began. The current period of both will end in the region of Siberia.

In the world of expansion into the Asian continent, the initiative for further development of new territories should pass to the hands of the local administration. The advance of the organization is being replaced by an hour of rapid, or intermittent, advances of the Russian people who penetrated beyond the Urals. The Moscow district also completes the conquest and organizes the management of the acquired lands.

The minds of the Russians in Siberia were influenced by the choice of place for their disputes, and their internal plans. At the beginning of the development of the Volga region, the Muscovite order began to develop the places as centers of colonization of the Russian agricultural population. However, the most important thing was the expansion of the area in the middle of the population. The occupation of the town's inhabitants by the rural dominion is initially of little or no significance and, first of all, the character of the primary town's population was formed, as it was important for the people of the military and agents to obtain "yasaku" and Other operations.

When located in places with a smaller population, it was necessary not only to fortify the center of the military and administrative power, but also to worry about the ground changes of all residential areas territories. Also, among the Siberian towns, we have a stronger “place”, then. internal forts (kremlins), and residential forts, similar to the fortified settlements of central Russian cities. Once upon a time, the Siberian forts were the main fortifying element of the entire settlement, and the internal fortress played the role of a stop at the extreme end. In many places, the internal fortifications were on fire every day. With a sparse population, we first needed to create a fort so that “we could live fearlessly.”

The following instructions for organizing the “place” complex with the prison can be ordered (1593-94 rubles) to Andriy Yeletsky for everyday life on the Tara river: “And when you arrive at the Tara river, look under the place, where but be in a new place... and earn money ... the place of soots is close to the last hundred (250) or three hundred, then after a month they vary, and the sharp work of soots at 300, and at 400... varies among people and up to 500 soots... And in the place there are buti to the prince himself... and the bread was in the granaries of the town,... and to the priests, and to the gunners, and to the archers, they had palaces in the town... and in sharp times they served the Cossack knights and the Tatars... to be fearless.. . And the local place, and the place, and the prison on the chairs, and write down all the forts, where there will be a place, and write the truth to the sovereign, so that the sovereign knows about everything...”

About those, such as significance was given to the prison, it can be seen from the order of 1592 rubles. To Prince Gorchakov for the sake of M. Pelmi: “And put the forest in place easily and so that you can make a small place, and first set up a prison.” From the list of the daily life of Ielmi, it is clear that the “inner place” was only opened, but not completed, and according to the desire of the local residents, they were allowed to complete the place, and the desire to correct the prison, which is “even worse.”

About the important role of the prison there is a letter to the governors Stepan Volinsky and Yuri Stromilov in Bereziv: “And the people served us, beaten by the head, because there is tightness in the prison, and in others there are no yards, so for the sake of tightness they order a prison. And if our letter came to you, you wouldn’t stop the new place, but the prison...”

The size of the prison was designated as two furnishings. First of all, it was important to be aware of the extent to which the entire population could be concentrated, since it was not safe to live in this area. On the other hand, the size of the prison was limited by the number of prisoners. The union of these two could lead to a deep forgetfulness of the protected territory. Thus, from one voivodeship register of 1603 it is clear that the plots under the courtyards were very small: the children of the boyars were 17 m across, and the archers - 10 m. Why go beyond the borders of the prison, facing great dangers . So for 1603 rubles. Voivode Pleshchov wrote to Tsar Boris about the fact that at the Verkhotursk prison “the pressure is great” and that the townspeople and villagers who set up their yards behind the fort, fearing the attacks of “foreigners”, are constantly on the run , “so that this little bastard is in sharp " Allowance from Moscow was withdrawn, and the prison was expanded.

At the same time I am sick and have a protracted episode. At 1612 r. The Pelimsky voivode has no more than 65 serving people in his order. With these forces, he could not seize the outer prison, which had left the living quarters. He was afraid of the attack and the cavalry attack of the Voguls, and was ordered to destroy part of the courtyards and change the fort.

Sometimes it was impossible to accommodate the entire population within the prison, and then part of the population was forced into prison in the suburbs and outskirts, which was too easy to fence off. A description of such a device is given by “the representative of the Tomsk voivode Peter Pronsky to the Narim voivode Andriy Urusov about the vigil of the Narim prison in the new place.” From this inscription we learn that “on the 138th (1630) day, snow water came to the Narimsky prison, and the entire prison was drowned.” As a result, the Narim voivode was given orders to establish a new place for the settlement of a prison here, several miles away from the old place on the birch of the river Oba, or near the bank of the river, or near place handy for the pier. At the found place, he was punished “to be put in jail, and the authorities to rule over goodness, so that they would stand in the future. And the church and the military door and the state barns and the green and nutritious lily... rule in sharpness... and the courtyards of serving people, only in sharpness... they put in sharpness, and under the courtyard of the place of punishment we lead the serving people, grow according to growth So that they are not in the image. And if, in the guarded courtyards of all the residents, they are strictly in charge... punish those who serve and all the residents will set their own courtyards behind the prison... And in the guarded yards... carry out a violent massacre...".

Perhaps, the plantings developed spontaneously behind the forts and somehow flourished during the troubled period, and then, after the calmly won locality, they became deprived and revived, as, for example, in Tobolsk, from Siberian places in the 17th century.

2. Regular planning of new places in Siberia

The principles for the development of new places have been laid down in a small way and on their internal planning. The settlement of such a large number of people, who were endowed with the simple norms of courtyard plots, naturally led to fewer regular forms of neighborhoods, and, as a result, to regular streets. The regular nature of the planning of Siberian towns was complemented by another furnishing - the zagal, geometrically correct form of the fortress. The addition of a regular form to the fortress with a regular internal boundary of the street created a geometric similarity of these two planning elements.

In Siberian places there is a single street border and before the current change it was placed before the current prison, then. to the main residential area. Therefore, the planning of low Siberian places, starting from the end of the 16th century, can be as close as possible to a regular place until the end of the 17th century.

The first Russian city near Siberia is Tyumen. It was born in 1586 r. on the river's birch tree. Turi, where the Tyumenka River flows into it, near the old Tatar settlement of Chimgitura. From the earliest description of this place - “watch books” 1624 r. It is known that “in Tyumen there is a place of wooden planes ... and in the world Tyumen place in walls with ceilings of about 260 fathoms (555 m.). From the fortress there is a place on one side of the fortification there is a river... on the Tyumen below the place there is a fort, and there are 2 walls; the wall is from the place of the Tyumenka River, the other side is from the Tyumenka River to the river to Turi, and under the river to the place there is no fort, the place is simple, because up to the river the scree is steep, and the fort... m), and in the middle of the world 1, 5 soot (3.2 m)".

A similar description from the plan of Tyumen at the end of the 17th century. (or the very beginning of the 18th century), it can be established that the hidden situation and the dimensions of the fortress indicate the state of the place in the first quarter of the 17th century. The size of the settlement in 1624 rubles, perhaps smaller, is shown below on the plan. Respecting those that all the churches of the settlement are listed in the “watch books”, behind the title of the Banner of the Mother of God of the Dormition, we can assume that during the period of the folding of the watch books (1624 rubles) until the end of the 17th century. Only the remaining number of neighborhoods have been revealed, which includes the location of the church. This, of course, explains the sharp difference between the quarters of this place and the rest nearby, and the quarter may be 3 times higher than the others.

In the middle of the fort, according to the data of the sentinel books, there were 2 churches, a living hut, 2 guard huts for passing buildings (including passing thieves), granaries, a Komori, a vyaznitsa, sharpened by mud, a loch with trade pits, two r, archbishop's door and more.

The entire population of Tyumen was located in the village itself, because of the small Yamskaya settlement behind the Tyumenka mountain along Tura, where the Preobrazhensky Monastery was also located. Zagalom at 1624 r. Tyumen had 317 households, which approximately represented a population of 1200–1300 people.

The Tyumen plan is one of the rare town plans saved from the end of the 17th century. (or the cob itself of the 18th century). Having established the scale of the plan based on the dimensions written in the original, and extending from the fort to the original arc street along the banks of the Tyumenka River, and then from this street to the Turi River, I can tell you about the death of the world line 553 fathoms, which roughly corresponds to the death of the books" 1624 , then. 500 fathoms (1065 m). The additional dimensions of the settlement, shown on the plan, correspond to the “List of the Tyumen Mayor” ... 204 (1696). This list indicates that in 149 (1641 rubles) a prison was erected and that there were 1396 fathoms (2975 m) around the entire settlement. This size will definitely be consistent with the data in the plan. In this manner, it is possible that the expansion of the plantation was formalized in 1641.

At the narrow peak of the tricut plateau where the Tyumenka River flows into the river. The tour has rebuilt the fort with an irregular-looking, slightly curved trapezoid. The plan of the fort shows: the voivode's door, the punishment hut, the vyaznytsia, the komori greens, bread and other grains, wine grain, guards of two neighboring buildings, 2 churches and a number of courtyards. A large square (about 1.5 hectares) adjoined the ancient wall of the “place” with a church, a common entrance and benches. In the distance, in the afternoon, a narrow, wilted planting flared up, fortifying the river Tyumenka and with a “field” side with a wooden wall.

The cob of the forgotten plantation was a mathematically correct rectilinear system of streets. The neighborhoods here take on the shape of regular straight cutlets, and some of them, including the coastlines, take on a trapezoidal shape as a result of the addition of planning to the outer contours of the place. Further on, Zabudova Posada followed the already established route, but as a result of a significant expansion of the territory on the day of the dawn of a regular, vigorous-like character. Postupovo streets, which go to the fort, change their direction from parallel to the middle highway to parallel to the coastlines.

The expansion of the residential area is reflected not only in the increase in the transverse dimensions of the blocks, but also the streets themselves are expanding, in the world of their everyday life. Thus, the main highway increases in width by 7 m when exiting an area of ​​up to 25 m, with passages in sharp focus from the floor side.

For the Tyumen wake-up people, regularity of planning was self-important. Outlining the shores, erasing the expansion of the plot, the need for communication between adjacent elements of the place - all this creates soft transitions from the rigid mathematical forms of the rectilinear system to the strong forms of nature. Whose new age has a particularly characteristic unique cut to the plan. Here you can clearly see how the coastline, the site of the monastery and the Znamyanskaya brahmi, has pressed into the street. Arc streets, which emerge from the square, follow the line of the coast, smoothly skirt the oval garden of the monastery and approach the gates of the fortress.

Since this plan is distant from the geometric scheme, the configuration of the area is also clearly visible.

In general, and in detail, the chairs of Tyumen are of primary importance as one of the oldest monuments of regular planning, which shows that in Russia already at the end of the 16th century - the beginning of the 17th century. It was clear that the design of the fortified parts of the place, and the planting. From this chair it is also clear that the Russian city workers miraculously coped with regular planning without congestion. The plan for Tyumen deserves a small detail. The bottom part of the fortress lay all the way up to it, covering the area of ​​the trapezoid with a clearly non-armchair contour. Obviously, this depicts the reconstruction of the place that was underway, and it also shows the new place where the fortress was rebuilt. The need for such a transferred fort has arisen since the beginning of the series. XVII century At 1658 r. Voivode Verigin wrote to Moscow that the walls and walls, rebuilt in 1643, were washed with spring water, the mountain was crumbling, and the walls were “falling down the mountain to Turia and Tyumenki”; Therefore, the shore walls and everything need to be removed, and so that the “place” does not become smaller, it will have to be pushed to the landing, on the square. This complex reconstruction was then completed and at the end of the 17th century, perhaps, is planned again.

The dark appearance of Tyumen is depicted in an engraving from the mid-18th century. In the center of the picture there is a high place across the valley of the Tyumenka River, with 21 m high and 8.5 m high ceilings. To the left of the bridge is a fortified wall, and behind it there is a “place” with a cathedral church. Farther down beyond the river flow. Turi-zabudova vzdovzh banks with parafacial churches that can be seen in the depths, which is not important to know on the plan. Right hand at the bridge - Yamska Slobodp Behind the Transfiguration (heir to the Trinity) Monastery.

2 Tobolsk

Next to Tyumen was the town of Tobolsk. Prote from early descriptions was compiled by an unknown mandrivnik born in 1666: “... Tobolsk, where great fresh and river rivers lie, then. Moreover, the Irtisha, the main place of Siberia, developed by the Russians, stands on the top of a high bank, similar to a high mountain above a river. This mountain or bank, as I myself believe, is at a height, respecting the river, good fathoms, and the front is so steep that it is impossible to climb it in a cart or a cart, but only on foot; you go around half the place. The place is divided into 2 parts, and the first part is located on the mountain, and the other part is located on the ground.

The place on the mountain has a fortress, fortified, against the attacks of only a stack of yalin trees, which grow on the hill in palisades, densely one to one without grass and an earthen rampart; at the top of the mountain, right above the river, there is a fort, killing only people from the river; he places a beautiful wooden wall next to himself, in which the deck lies on the deck, like in a living hut; there is quite high, on top of it there is a crite gallery, in which there is a butchery; At the bottom of the same system is a sporuda-wall with chambers in which treasury is stored, as if it were a gate, soldiers could be housed there; There are also 9 beautiful wooden ledges about all the kuti, carefully crafted, two sconces, made to place, and 1 to water.

In which place there are no other than the sovereign's orders and the office, the palace, in which the governor is alive, and a small Russian church, made of wood, and also covered with stone, and similar to wood , in which ammunition is stored.

At the same part of the place there is also a great monastery, in which there is a metropolitan; ... that there is a lower place, which lies under the mountain of the white river, then it is larger in size and likewise to the upper place there is only 1 great street, which passes through it, as well as a number of other streets and a university no walks, because The booths are too crowded to stand one after another; one side is located along the river, and the other side stretches all the way up to the mountain. [This part of the place] stands on swampy ground; The great monastery can reach the great monastery right next to the water... if there is high water near the river, which is about to flow in the spring, then all these buildings stand deep by the water... but the lower place is completely open.”

The guidance describes hidden facts about the place in the middle of the 17th century, but leaves unexplained information about its planning. To become familiar with the Tobolsk planning system, it is necessary to go back to the latest document-plan from Remezov’s “Armchair Book of Siberia”, compiled in 1701. This floor plan corresponds to the description of 1666, only instead of a “yaline stack” the upper place (upper landing) of the drainage on two sides is a wooden wall with 6 ledges. On the side of the Irtish, the upper settlement area is deprived of ventilation, because The steep bank itself is a sufficient protection. The outside side of the upper courtyard is covered by an internal fortress (kremlin), called “fortress” in the description, as well as by the archbishop’s palace, fenced with stone walls with towers. Go straight ahead to another descent that leads to a wide embankment - a “pier for ships.” Submitted to description 1666 rub. on the lower coastal terraces of the “nizhniy vydkrity posad” landscapes.

The most typical for Siberian places is planning at the top of the settlement. In the middle, there is a wide highway, approximately in the meridional direction, and even shorter and less than the middle one.

Directly, the three designated streets correspond approximately to the direction of the collapsing wall of the settlement and the banks of the Irtish. In Remezov’s plan, the streets are brought up to “later”. In a transverse direction, the territory of the upper town is divided into 9-10 narrow streets into ords of long and narrow quarters of perhaps a regular rectangular shape. Directly, these “transverse” streets, as the “description” also suggests, are avoided directly from the surface wall of the settlement.

The plan of the upper part of Tobolsk is the main butt of a regular street system, geometrically connected with the current geometric correct configuration of the place. This system is inscribed in the large rectangular square of the Kremlin, the shape of which is obscured by carved buildings (Trinity Church, Guest Door, etc.)

For example, the XVII century. S. Remezov developed a project for the central part of the city. In this project, the area has an even more regular geometric shape.

According to its plan, part of the lower settlement is located between the banks of the Irtish and the system of its closest tributaries. Regardless of the highly folded outer contour that is created by the rivers, it also clearly expresses a regular character. And here, obviously before the “description”, we know one “great” street, as we go down to the daylight, called the Znamyansky Monastery. The same cross-direction has a number of other rows of streets and endless walks along the cross-direction. Most of the blocks have a regular shape, but, like in Tyumen, the rectilinear system does not have the character of a rigid armchair scheme. Approaching the outer contours, the strictly geometric grid of the street changes little by little, adjusting to the extreme levels of water flows. The similar part of the lower settlement, beyond the Tirkovka River, apparently appeared later, as if spontaneously forgotten, because It is not possible to detect traces of any geometric patterns in it.

Exterior view of Tobolsk from the side-facing indications on a reproduction of an engraving from the mid-18th century. From the left on the mountain you can see the stone wall of the Kremlin with the double-topped execution chamber. Above the Market Descent (in the middle of the picture) - this is the name of the “Swedish Gate”, dating back to the 18th century. Full of Swedes; To the right is the archbishop's door, framed by a stone wall with ceilings. In the first plan there is a lower place, near the banks of the Irtish, three of the later streets are visible.

3 Mangazeya

Mangazeya is one of the first Russian places of the 17th century in Siberia. It was founded in 1601, on the outskirts of the Western Siberia, on the Taz River, as it was part of the so-called Mangazeya sea route (from the branch of the Pivnichnaya Dvina through the Yugorsky Kulya channel to the Yamal Peninsula and along the Mut rivers from the Green to the Ob Bay, far along River Taz and dragged to the Turukhan River, a tributary of the Yenisei). This settlement with an area of ​​approximately 3.1 hectares is located on the high right birch of the Taz River, on a bridge formed by the branch of the Mangazeyka River, which flows into the Taz (in ancient times - Osetrivka). The end of Mangazeya was due to the establishment of district control over the Mangazeya sea passage, which passes through the rich backwaters of the region, and the creation of the foundation for further development of the Siberian Sea. The Mangazeya sea route, which joined the White Sea with the Gulf, was at the same time a new trade highway.

“The place is like a wooden plane, and in the new five years, stand over the Taz river. At the entrance to the walls of the Spaska tower there is a short passage, and under it there are two gates, one at the entrance, and the other in the middle of the place, the pavement, the height is in Drukar fathoms, and the width is the same...” (listed list)

I will first try to escape from the Mangazeya trench, having collected the 1914 rock I from the sickle. M. Shukhov, biologist from Omsk. Drifting along the Taz River, having visited the Mangazeya settlement and carried out the first excavations here, “At this hour,” he wrote, “the town of Mangazeya has lost only one ruin. On the birch, wash the logs with a budivel, the lower frames with a budivel, which stretch along the high bank, which has collapsed, to the edge. Only one budova was preserved - judging from the architecture, the vezha... Mіstse, de Bula Mangazeya, is tussocky, overgrown with weeds and chagarbush. The shore will collapse and other objects, such as arrows and knives, will be lost. I know the tip of the arrow.

The first archaeologists who visited the ruins of Mangazeya were V.N. Chernetsov and V.I. Moshinska. The excavations of Mangazeya are unique in many ways. Such large-scale archaeological investigations of the late Middle Ages have not yet been carried out anywhere in the world. As in Staraya Ryazan, archaeologists here did not care about any forgotten history, but the polar permafrost, although it complicated the excavations, ensured the safe preservation of wooden spores and germs, objects, skins and fabrics. With this characteristic feature of the monument is the short duration and strictly framed frame of its foundation - 1570-1670 pp. XX century All this created blame, from the point of view of archaeology, from the mind of the scientific research of ancient Mangazeya.

Systematic excavations began in 1968 and continued for four field seasons. The excavations of Mangazeya were carried out by an archaeological expedition of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute under the supervision of M. I. Belov, to the warehouse which included the specialists of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR O. V. Osvyannikov and V. F. Starkov.

The arrival of archaeologists would have been timely. It turned out that the river is eroding the Mangazeya settlement and is collapsing at a rapid pace. This was evidenced by the surplus of wooden spores that were washed from the edge of the bank, and the numerous objects from the cultural sphere that covered the worn edge.

Archaeologists have uncovered and traced about 15 thousand. sq. m Mangazeya settlement. It was revealed and traced the surplus of ancient defense disputes and about forty days of the most valuable - living, government, administrative, trade and cult - significance.

Excavations have shown that Mangazeya is small, typical for ancient Russian places, under the name of Vlasna (Kremlin) and Posad. The place grew especially intensively and was forgotten in 1607-1629. At this time, Mangazeya arose these special figures of the Siberian “unearthed” place, which allows us to put it on a par with such great places in Siberia of such rocks as Tobol sk and Tyumen. “Mangazeya has absorbed everything new and beautiful that Russian architecture knew between the 16th and 17th centuries. This was immediately highlighted to us on the advanced principles of regular site planning. Mangazeya was well planned: the fortress was clearly reinforced in front of the planting, and the planting itself was divided into two parts: the industrial and commercial parts. Among the private disputes appeared pine planks of the ship's skin on narrow streets and provulki. Particular attention was paid to the landscaping of the central part of the trading side, where the great vitality was located in the forty with the wild Comoros and the mitnitsa with Comoros. At the end of the day, a new cult was founded - the Church of Mikhail Malien and Macarius of Zhovtovodsky. At the gathering there were food deposits and a small trading camp. The activity of new booths near the Kremlin expanded. Right in front of us there was the voivode's courtyard, behind a massive circular fence, which, in addition to the already well-worn centuries, had yielded two more days. The architects built a new voivode's courtyard with old huts that hung in closed galleries. The military mansions were also connected with the neighboring house. In fact, the entire residential area of ​​the settlement was forgotten, except for the most distant downhill parts. Forget this moment of climax.

In 1625, the ancient walls of the Mangazeya Kremlin along the perimeter were approximately 280 m. There were several blind towers along the corners: Davidivska, Zubtsovska, Ratilivska and Uspenska. On the south side, between the Zubtsovskaya and Uspenskaya vezha, there was the Spaska Proizna vezha, which reached a height of 12 m. The smallest one was the Ratylivska vezha - 8 m, and the highest one was the Davidivska vezha, on the other side It’s almost 9 m. All the fresh mustaches were pretty cool. . The greatest height of the fortification wall reached the distance between the Davidivska and Ratylivska vezhas - about 10 m; Other walls are small in height, 5-6 m.

“Vezha Davidivska, near the Taza River, is almost 36 centimeters tall, and the height of the rocks is 36 centimeters, and the height of the rocks is 10 centimeters, and the height of the wall is three centimeters.” zhni, and about 12 fathoms. The order is on it, at the top battle there are 2 squeaking shades, the cores of the slide, in one core there are 12 spools, and in the other there are 8 spools. And from the Davidivskaya vezha to the Zubtsovskaya kutova there is a river Taza in the wall of 18 goroden, and in the world there are 28 fathoms per arshin, and the curls along the fragments are 21 centimeter, in the world there are 2 fathoms without an arshin, and in the depth of the fragments up to the roof 13 years of age, and peace

The third part of the Kremlin territory (800 sq. m) occupied the complex of the Voivodsky Dvor. Its excavations yielded archaeologists a large number of household items from the 17th century - birch bark, bowl handles, candlesticks, juicers, knives with ornamented handles, drills, chisels, chisels, locks of various sizes, , breakdowns, door bolts, hinges, clamps, wooden spoons, plates, bowls, ladles, washers, rockers, scoops, rollers, oven molds, boxes, screens. All of these items are artistically designed. This is a great find with window frames measuring 29x29 cm – such small windows are typical for the 17th century. Significant fragments of mica were preserved near the frame. A number of tongs were found, which were used to remove carbon deposits, candles and skips. A number of pieces of furniture were found – small benches for a living room and a massive wide armchair.

At the exit from the voivode's courtyard, in the very center of the fort, there stood the Trinity Church, cut from cedar. The exact hour of its bookmarking is unknown, but from the letters of the letter it is clear that in 1603 it was already either laid down, or, admittedly, it was laid down. This church burned down in 1642, after which a new one was cut down in the early 50s of the 17th century (and then with a dendrochronological analysis of the found remains of the church - in 1654-1655). The new temple followed the plan of the old one. The sleeping area took 550 sq. m.

As of today, the walls of the Kremlin were dominated by the Posad with the churches of Macarius Zhovtovodsky and the Assumption of the Mother of God, the chapel of Vasily Mangazeysky, the great Gostiny Dvor complex with the Mint House. The dozens of rooms that entered this warehouse occupied nearly a third of the entire trading area of ​​the place. The two three-tops of the Gostiny Dvor, with their anniversary and observation towers, rose high above the roofs of the living huts. Before the most important days of the settlement, there were two upper mint head huts, a sizzling hut, a drinking and grain courtyard, and a trading camp. The main streets were paved with wooden blocks. From the pier they went to Gostiny Dvor. Behind him, the most important planting with eyelash masters was growing.

Mangazeya was a great handicraft center, where all handicraft specialties were represented, characteristic of the great place - shevtsi, kostorizi, liqueurs. Up to 700-800 people could have been steadily dawdling in the Mangazeya Posad, behind the fawning shops of the Fahivtsi. In addition, at the peak of the season, hundreds of trade and industrial people lived here. For them, at the beginning of the 17th century (the exact date is unknown), the Gostiny Dvor building was created. In 1631, at the hour of the military unrest, it was resolved, and in 1644, the inhabitants of Mangazeya sent a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich about the vigil on the power of the new capital.

Vitalnya was the economical heart of the place. This search began already in the first season of excavations in Mangazeya and ended with further success. The collected materials revealed many important aspects of life and everyday life of the polar trade and industrial place.

Today, Mangazeya is still the first and only excavated place that dates back to the era of the development of the gigantic expanses of Siberia. Archaeological material, derived from the fourfold work of the Mangazeya expedition, became one of the most important elements of the exploration of the Siberian city of the 16th-17th centuries. For all meals, you need to eat the same food and drink it in the most reliable way, which corresponds to the exact date of almost all places.

Forgotten Siberian place

Characteristics of this period of Siberia's location and regular planning are clearly visible in the plan of the town of Pelma.

At Pelma, a small internal fort is surrounded on both sides by an external fort, parallel to the rows of budinki, which indicates regular planning, geometrically connected to the external rectangular contour.

More precise information about the warehouse of the place was taken from the Charter (1624 r., Birch 22) from Moscow to Pelym with a description of the newly erected Pelym fortifications “View of the Tsar and the Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia in Siberia, in place, the leader of our Ivan Matviyovich Vel... ", the final text of which will be placed a little lower.

Pelimsky Kremlin (chi "mіsto") bv mayzhe square chotirikutnik. The fortress is small, 4 towers, 2 of them - Rizdvyana and Mikylska, zvernenі to Tavda - were passing by. Two deaf people in our document do not have names; at Dzherelі kintsya XVII century. the stench is called Pelimskaya and Tyumenskaya. The bashti were square cuts with sides measuring 4 fathoms. There is no doubt that during the formation of the Pelym fort, a 3-arshine breech (drukovan) fathom at 216 cm was built. So, for example, the charter had 1624 rubles. about the everyday life of the Verkhotursky fortifications, it was said about the drukaniy fathoms.

Based on the number of rows of decks, the towers are approximately the same height. The thickness of the deck is indicated in the dzherel at 4-5 vershoks, then the height of the other Rizdvyana vezha can be calculated at 9.5-10 m. Aside from the tent cover, there was another observatory vezha on it, which I would like to take into account , perhaps the treasure in the Pelym Fort . The walls were 2 fathoms wide (more than 4 meters). The yield of 4 walls was not the same - from 27 to 33.5 fathoms. If we take into account the underground area of ​​the Pelimska Fort, we can note one important detail. By squeezing the dove of all 4 walls indicated in the dzherel, we deduct the figure of 122 fathoms. Some time ago, the watchmen themselves wrote that “they will hire the Pelimskovo place and the local waters of 170 sazhens.” Obviously, in the local practice of that time, the life of the walls was reflected from their internal side. It is necessary to provide insurance before further investigations. In this case, for example, the entire area of ​​the Pelimsky Kremlin needs to be insured, not for 170 fathoms perimeter, but for 122 fathoms. Otje, 1623 r. The area of ​​the Pelim Fort became 4200 square meters. m.

Following the hacked fort, a prison was erected right next to the settlement - “the door of the people behind the prison was not lost.” The protective logs went arshin into the ground. The height of the fort reached a maximum of 5 m. It is clearly visible on the chair of S.U. Remezov, protected the walls on both sides of the hill that lasted the Moscow walls, adjoining to the Rizdvyana and (possibly) Tyumen vezh. I keep my prison in mind - “the same as the little ones on the Kondinsky road.” The remaining phrase can be read in a special order. Let us be aware that behind the place, here on the Kondinskaya road, there were guard towers standing around. This would be even more important for the stews, but, as for me, they are unfaithful. Here it is necessary to exercise caution against V.I. Kochedamova, who wrote: “The fort was first and occupied the most important and most effective place. From there, in the yasak areas, on the river, the moss and in the land, roads were built that converged to the main gates.” So here, above all, the small towns of the Pelym Fort, which were located on the same line as the road that led to the Kondinsky forests, were respectful. The protective walls stretched for 295 fathoms.

“...And placing the place at a height from the ground to the bridge, there are areas in the wall along seventeen rows; and above the bridge there are ten rows of rocks on the mountain above. And the logs in the local walls are cut at the top end at the gable end to a quarter arshin, and at the other end to five arshins. And the width of the Pelym place was cut between the walls in two fathoms. There are several old bowls that have been cut down, and there are two bridges in them, around the bridge. And at the height of the plane of the place there is a great Rizdvyana vezha from the Tavda River - up to the edges of thirty rows, above the edges there are eleven rows, (L. 5) and the edge of these rows. And the gates in it are made of great timber. But on the same old hedgehog, having worked on top of the tent, I put it on top, and therefore, the hedgehogs are ready to go near the Pelimsk place in the Vagul yurts for five and a hundred and more versts.

And besides, the great waters of the Tavdi River in the world of the Mishka Wall: thirty-three days with water, and finally the walls of another River of Mikilska on the rose from the Tavda River . And in it there is a built-in side-beam water gate, where from the place you go to the Tavda River to the water. And the height of that cut vezha along the edges is thirty-three rows, and above the edges there are about nine rows, (L. 6) and I cut these rows. And from the first great years of the Resurrection, from the planting to the Pelimka River of the city wall, thirty-one fathoms, and at the end of that wall, the third city wall was cut down. And in height there are twenty-nine rows up to the edges, above the edges up to the edge there are ten rows, and there are rows in all rows. And these are the same fields in front of our reel of the city, about thirty fathoms from the top, and at the end of the fourth century of the city there is a field in the rose from the field in front of our reel. There are thirty rows in height up to the edges, there are ten rows on top of the edges up to the edge, and there are seven rows. And from this very back place to the Tavda River, to the passage of the Mikilsky Vezhi, to the water bram, dozhina (L. 7) twenty seven fathoms. And all the city rubans are several fathoms long.

And everything in the world around the city of Pelimsk and the city of one hundred and seventy fathoms. Cover both the place and the bowls with drines until the lime is ready on the 4th day. And korita with water and stakes were delivered to all the milestones and to the cities for everyone.

And having already put the Pelym place in full readiness, the fort had begun to set up the Pelym settlement. And I carefully place the bike, the same as the small bowls on the Kondinskaya road. I put the prison in Pelimskovo Posad in readiness, having visited all the courtyards for planting, and waited for the doors of any (L. 8) people outside the prison without being deprived. And the height of the fortress installations in the ground is two fathoms per liter, and the installations in the ground are up to an arshin deep. And the prison will take about two hundred and ninety-five fathoms. And trust in the military authorities. І the armchair baptized the Pelymsky town and the fort, sending to us to Moscow with the Pelymsky Streltsy foreman with Pyatunka Fedorov, who was in the adze on the statue of every one of our Pelymsky local authorities...”

3. Zagalni vysnovki

We became familiar with the textual materials and plans that exist in many places, including the Western Siberia from the end of the 16th to the end of the 17th century. However, this data is enough to create songs about the Russian place near Siberia.

1.The discovery of new places rediscovered the goals :) Subordination of the Moscow rule of the Siberian peoples;

b) Obtaining tribute from them from a seemingly valuable house.

At the same time, these traces mean a great positive influx into the development of the economy and culture of the local population, which Russian cities gave to Siberia. As in the previously mentioned Volga and Urals regions.

2.In connection with this, the choice of place for the development of one place or another is determined not only by the brains necessary for this group of the population (hands-free, the presence of rells, etc. ), and by the foreign powers, dictated by the growth of a centralized power and the economy of the region.

3.During the influx of these illegal ships, the following places were chosen for the purpose of disputing:

a) The important consolidation of communication lines connected the newly occupied territories with the center of the power;

b) Zruchni as outposts for a further offensive in the depths of Siberia;) Ensured control over navigation on the great rivers;) Zruchni for collecting tribute from the local population.

4.The minds of the settlement of Siberia as a number of strongholds of Russian rule and the Russian culture of the middle of the city population dictated the transition from the traditional Russian complex - the Kremlin with less open land - to well fortified settlements, which included the main residential area between the fortification fences.

5.In connection with this, in Siberian towns the internal fortress (Kremlin) did not play as significant a role as in the old Russian town; It was seen only as an additional value to the main organization - the modern prison and as a container for the most valuable and important elements of the place.

.The need to surround the entire settlement with a fence surrounded the entire village massif until it was completely forgotten, because it was important to protect the great fort. Suvore regulation of courtyard plots and their insignificant dimensions led to the need for economical delimitation of the residential territory, and the emergence and stagnation of geometrically correct methods of division, then. until the regular planning system is established.

.The correct, more rectangular shape of the prison, combined with geometrically correct internal layouts, led to the expansion of the most clearly expressed type of regular planning, which is characterized by the compositional unity of external forms and internal Our planned replacement.

.The development of methods of regular planning was derived from long-standing traditions, in which a great role was played by attention to natural minds (relief, coastline, etc.). In connection with this, the regularity of planning in the Siberian places of the birth of soft and, evenly, free forms, which, however, is characteristic of the new places of the 17th century. in the European part of Russia.

.Everyday places were conveyed by the folded chair of the locality and the zagalal retouching, as they were forced to move to Moscow or to the nearest administrative center. The reconstruction of the place was carried out in connection with the need to expand the fortress and the prison was installed behind the folding chairs, which would be confirmed by a separate station. A similar organization of local justice in a small place and on other outskirts of the region, however, in Siberia, it was most clearly and clearly expressed, because Here the everyday life of the skin place went far beyond the boundaries of the city defense departments.

4. Dzherela

1. Alfiorova G.V. Russian places of the 16th-17th centuries/Institute of History of the SRSR, Academy of Sciences of the SRSR; TsNDI theories and history of architecture. - M.: Budvydav, 1989. - 216 p.: ill.

Tversky L.M. Russian place of the remains of the 17th century: planning and forgetting of Russian cities / State publication of literature from everyday life and architecture. - Leningrad, Moscow, 1953.-216 pp.: ill.

Kradin n. P. Russian wooden defense architecture. Moscow “mystery” 1988-142 s: ill.

Kresliva book to Sibir, S.U. Remezov, -50 z: color. mule.

Miller G.F. History of Siberia / Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad-Moscow, 1937-662 p.

6.

Http://elar.usu.ru/bitstream/1234.56789/2837/1/pristr-05-29.pdf

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Siberia is a region developed from the ancient part of Eurasia. According to 2002 data, over 13 million people live in this territory. Below is information about the most notable Siberian places. Briefly described the administrative center of the Skhidno-Siberian region - the town of Irkutsk. And also about Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Norilsk.

Irkutsk

This place is just below the size of the average of other Siberian ones. delays over 600 thousand. osib. The place was founded in 1661 as a prison. A century later, it suffered greatly from the fire, which was repeated again in 1879, after which it took ten years to rebuild. Until 1917, Irkutsk was a merchant town that flourished on Russian-Chinese trade.

Novosibirsk

In terms of population, this Siberian region ranks third in Russia. Behind the square - thirteen. When did this Siberian place win? The death of the Mikilskogo tsvintar, which later took away the name of Krivoshchokov, can be taken into account as part of the history of Novosibirsk.

For example, in the late 19th century, no more than 700 people lingered here. The Krivoshchokites began to leave the place after the Great Siberian Way became known. Mystery is not enough to spoil the glory. All on the right is that nearby there was a ruined village in which the aborigines lived, who exclaimed fear and witchcraft from the residents of the surrounding settlements. In 1893, robot workers arrived here to establish a new settlement. This river is officially respected by the fate of Novosibirsk's sleep.

The largest Siberian town in fifty years increased its population from 75 thousand people to 1.1 million. There are approximately 1.6 million people living there at a time, and this figure continues to grow. All the way to the right is the distant, splayed path running through small Novo-Mikolaevsk - the future Novosibirsk.

Tyumen

This is the oldest Siberian place. The first name “Tyumen” comes from the chronicle of 1406. The foundation of the Tyumen fort, which is considered to be the basis of the future city, was founded in 1586, near Changi-Tura, by decree of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Tyumen is the most beautiful Siberian place in the world of life.

Kyiv

This Siberian place is full of significant monuments. For example, the streets, or rather, their names. It may not be easy for local people to navigate here. The number of streets with the name “Pivnichna” here is 37. For this indicator, Kiev takes first place in Russia. In addition, the Siberian city is leading by the number of streets of Robotnikov, of which there are 34. Mar'yanivsky - 23. Amursky streets in Omsk - 21. Similar - 11.

The place has 1st Roz'izd and 3rd Roz'izd streets. Where is the other one? Invisible. And the First Rose is located from the Third at a distance of many kilometers. I found, RV-39 is a street that reaches 120 meters from the village, and only one block away.

Tomsk

This is the largest scientific and lighting center among Siberian cities. There are nine vishi, fifteen NDI. In addition, there are no monuments of stone and wooden architecture, the first of which were created in the 15th century. This Siberian town has over 550 thousand inhabitants. The foundations were born in 1604.

Varto say a few words about Norilsk. This is the most beautiful place in the world. Nyomu has close to 177 thousand people from abroad. Norilsk has the unattractive title of the most difficult Siberian city. Nearly two tons of waste rivers fall into the river near the wind here. All through the Norilsk Nickel enterprise, which produces at least half of the periodic table. Mischievous speeches in the Norilsk air are found in a quantity that exceeds the permissible norms a hundred times.