Types of nervous activity: description, features and characteristics. Typological features of high nervous activity (VND) What is the main characteristic feature of human VND

In presledakh I. P. Pavlova established that the action of these and other species lies not only in their capacity, but also in the typological characteristics of their nervous activity. Depending on the typological characteristics of the main nervous activity, the dynamics of nervous processes (excitation and galvanization) in different individuals are taken into account.

The type of nervous activity is characterized by the following three physiological powers of the nervous system:
1) the strength of nerve processes - the efficiency of nerve cells during awakening and galmuvania;
2) the importance of nervous processes – the relationship between the strength of the processes of awakening and galvanization, their balance and the importance of one process over another;
3) the instability of nervous processes - the speed of change in processes of awakening and galvanization.

It is clear from the understanding of the authorities that there are several types of nervous activity.

The first type is driven by the driving force of nervous processes, their importance and high flexibility (living type, according to I.P., Pavlova).

The other type is also characterized by the dynamic strength of nervous processes, although the nervous process is unimportant; the nervous process takes precedence over the nervous process (non-stimulating type).

The third type of power is enhanced by the strength of nervous processes, their importance, and a little looseness (calm type).

The fourth type is characterized by a reduced strength of nervous processes and reduced flexibility (weak type).

Different types of nervous activity - the basis of four temperaments is born: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholy.

The strength, importance and flexibility of nervous processes will ensure the effectiveness of the procedure until midday. If the strength of the nervous processes is insufficient, the body suffers from strong external influxes and reacts inadequately to them (exceeding their values leads to nervous activity and neurosis).

With insufficient flexibility and vitality of nervous processes, the body is unable to quickly adapt to modern minds, and it is painful to break the stereotype; She often screams in a neurotic manner.

Ale, as the investigation showed I. P. Pavlova, the strength and fragility of nervous processes can grow under the influx of training, learning, and other minds of life. The natural constitutional characteristics of the body can be changed - such an optimistic change has been achieved by I. P. Pavlov from scientific and experimental data.

Particularities of high nervous activity. The examined principles, patterns and types of major nervous activity are common to both creatures and people. Protely, the nervous activity of humans is significantly different from the greater nervous activity of creatures. "The creature that develops in the human phase has acquired an additional supply to the mechanisms of nervous activity. For the creature, it is possible to signal only subdivisions and traces of them in great birds yah, which immediately come from a special set of visual, auditory and other receptors in the body. What we have in ourselves as hostility, this manifestation is in the form of too much middle ground... This is the first signal system of activity, which is hidden among us with the creatures, but he said to a friend, especially our signal system of activity, being a signal of the first signals of the party, as. i "They gave us the power of action, and we owe it to ourselves to remember, so as not to reduce our efforts to action. On the other hand, the word itself made us human."

Well, the first signal system of activity is the system of our immediate perceptions, perceptions, hostility towards specific objects and manifestations in the world. The word (word) is another signaling system. It was developed on the basis of the first signal system and therefore has no close relationship with it.

As a result of another signaling system in humans, but also in creatures, time-sensitive connections are made, because the word carries with it the hysterical meaning of the object. Yak means I. P. Pavlov, with the word “a new principle of nervous activity is introduced - the release and at once suppression of untreated signals... - a principle that implies an interim orientation in the extreme light and creates a greater human attachment - science."

The action of a word, as a mental teaser, can generate the same power as the action of a middle-of-the-road first-signal teaser. Under the influx, words act as both mental and physiological processes. (This is the basis of therapeutic guidance and self-induction.)

The word came with the appearance of marriage, and it is here with the most important funeral banners. Indeed, the word of a single individual can be destroyed before the knowledge of all humanity. The truth is that it immediately corresponds to people's excessive activity in a word and may indicate a character.

Any word, removed from certain specific signals, loses its sense and ceases to be a special orientation of people in action. (Without understanding the meaning of the word, we perceive only the sound envelope.)

Another signaling system has two functions - communicative (ensuring the grouping of people one by one) and the function of displaying objective patterns. The word “yak” gives a name to an object, and “yak” is a symbol of its meaning.

Specific human types of nervous activity. The typological features of high nervous activity in humans and living creatures (4 types) were mainly examined. However, people have specific typological features associated with another signaling system. All people have a different signal system that is more important than others. Ale steps are not the same. Tse gave I. P. Pavlov proposed to divide the most nervous activity of people into three types: 1) rozumovy; 2) artistic; 3) middle (mixed).

Individuals with significant superiority of another signaling system over the first one are classified as roseum type. More abstract thinking (mathematics, philosophy); The display of activity appears in them over clear images and in more obscure categories.

People with a lesser advantage of another signaling system over the first one are seen as the artistic type. They have the tamed vitality, the brightness of specific images (painters, writers, performers, designers, winemakers, etc.).

The middle or mixed type of people occupies an intermediate position between the first two (about 80% of all people).

The importance of another signal system, which is between the one and the first, is the negative one. People who value the first signal system, say, are less prone to abstraction and theorization. The basis of the “thoughtful” and “artistic” types of high nervous activity of people lies in the dominance of the same brain in different people. The right hand, as stated, reacts primarily to signals from the first signaling system, and the left - to signals from another signaling system. The right of the brain is the organ of figurative thinking, figurative memory. Liva Pivkulya is an organ of abstract theoretical thought.

Enter

The basic principles and laws of general nervous activity are profound both for animals and for people. Protely, the nervous activity of humans is significantly different from the greater nervous activity of creatures. People in the process of their life-long labor activity are at a loss and reach a high level of development of a fundamentally new signaling system.

The first signal system of activity is the system of our immediate perceptions, perceptions, hostility to specific objects and manifestations in the world. The word (word) is a different signal system (signal of signals). It was developed on the basis of the first signal system and therefore has no close relationship with it.

The beginning of another signaling system (the word) in people, as well as in creatures, is being established at the same time, because the word carries with it the meaning of the object. People's temporary nerve connections are stable and preserved without being reinforced by the pull of rich forces.

The word is especially known for its excessive activity, the expressed and indirect representation of the present powers. With the word “a new principle of nervous activity is introduced - the elimination and at the same time extinguishing untreated signals - a principle that implies an endless orientation in the most light and creates the greatest passion of man - science.”

§ 1. The word is a signal of signals

Regularities of mental-reflex activity established for creatures, power and people. However, the behavior of humans is very different from the behavior of creatures, which may have additional neurophysiological mechanisms that indicate the peculiarities of their nervous activity.

I.P. Pavlov noted that the specificity of the main nervous activity of people has changed as a result of a new way of interaction with the outside world, which has become possible during the work activity of people and which has emerged in the world. Mova vinikla yak spіlkuvannya for people in the process. This development was caused by the guilt of the movie. I.P. Pavlov wrote that “the word made us into people...”. With the vineyards of the people, a new system of subdivisions has appeared in the form of words, which signify various objects, objects in the world and their hundred-year-olds. Thus, humans have two systems of signal subordinates among animals: the first signal system, which is formed from the direct influx of the internal and external environment on sensory inputs, and the other signal system, which is formed mainly from I words, which mean these actions.

A word that means an object has ceased to be the result of a simple association with the “word - object” formula.

The connections between a word and an object are clearly related to first-signal connections. The word “want” is a real physical stimulus (auditory, visual, kinesthetic), but it is fundamentally contradicted by the fact that in this case it is not specific, but real, the main authorities and objects and appearances. This will ensure the possibility of formalized and abstract representation of action. This function of the word clearly manifests itself as deafness. For tributes A.R. Luria, deaf and mute, who has no knowledge of language, who cannot abstract the reality from a real object. We cannot formulate abstract concepts and systematize the phenomena of the external world behind abstract signs.

Thus, under the first signal system, one understands the robot’s brain, which involves the transformation of various types of signals into signals of different types of activity of the body. This is a system of concrete, deeply sensitive images of action that are fixed by the brains of people and creatures. Another signaling system refers to the function of the human brain, which is associated with verbal symbols (signals). This system of formalized expression with great efficiency can be seen to understand the places that are fixed in words, mathematical symbols, and images of artistic works.

The integrative activity of the human nervous system operates not only on the basis of immediate perceptions and enemies, but also on the basis of the way of operating with words. For whom the word appears like the expression of a thought. The word transforms the thoughts and intellectual functions of a person, as long as the thought itself is generated and formed by the word.

The essence of the concept of the various internal operations from images in the internal picture of the world. These operations allow the existence and production of a changeable model of the world. As a matter of fact, the picture of the world becomes more complete, on one side, more rounded, on the other, more differentiated. Coming to the absolute image of an object, the word sees the original signs, introducing into a new form of analysis and synthesis that are completely inaccessible to the subject. The word translates subjectively into an image of a system of meaning in order to make it more reasonable as a subject, and as a hearing person.

§ 2. Language and functions

Researchers see three main functions of language: communication, regulation and programming. Communicative function - useful communication for people with the help of language. The communicative function includes the function of notification and the function of spontaneity to action. When informed, a person points to a certain object or determines his consumption in relation to any food. The spontaneous power of language lies in its emotional expression.

Through the word, people remove knowledge about objects and phenomena from the extra world without direct contact with them. The system of verbal symbols expands the possibilities of a person’s attachment to the world, the possibilities of his orientation in the natural and social world. Through the knowledge accumulated by mankind and recorded in oral and written language, people are connected with the past and the future.

The existence of people before combining with the help of word-symbols draws currents in the communicative abilities of the world's people.

L.A. Firsov and the Russian Federation promote the division of the language into the first and second. The very behavior of creatures and people, various reactions: changes in the shape, size and color of the vocal parts of the body, changes in feathers and fur, as well as innate communication (voices, chnі, pіznі, gestural and other) signals. Thus, the first thing that demonstrates our understanding is the level of effectiveness in the form of detectors, detectors and manifestations. The secondary language represents the conceptual range of expression. In this case, stage A is divided, which is hidden for humans and creatures (pre-verbal understanding). The folded forms of formalization, which are revealed by anthropoids and the actions of lower forms, represent stage A. At stage B, secondary language (verbal understanding) is formed by the language apparatus. Thus, the first word is in favor of the first signal system, for I.P. Pavlov, and the stage of secondary language is another signaling system. Connected to L.A. Orbel, the evolutionary onset of nervous regulation of behavior is revealed in the “intermediate stages” of the process of development of the first signaling system on another. This is represented by stage A of the secondary tumor.

Language has a melodic system of signs and rules for their interpretation. Lyudina masters the language through life and learning. Wherever I live, I have to take over as a relative, to lie in the middle, in which one is alive, and the minds are inspired. This is a critical period for mastering the language. After 10 years of development, the development of neural networks necessary for the promotion center is spent. Mowgli is one of the literary applications of wasting brain function.

People can be killed by massacres. This means that it is possible to represent the same object with different symbols, both in spoken and written form. When you are treated with another or advanced tumor, the same nerve fibers are formed that were previously formed in the case of a certain tumor. Currently there are more than 2500 live languages that are developing.

My knowledge is not transmitted during recessions. However, humans have genetic changes in their minds to help them learn and learn language. The stench originates especially from the central nervous system, the speech motor apparatus, and the larynx.

The regulating function of the brain is realized in higher mental functions - common forms of mental activity. The concept of high mental function was introduced by L.S. Vigotsky and forgive A.R. Luria and other vicious psychologists. An important feature of the higher mental functions is their sufficient character.

Initially, most mental functions are divided between two people. One person regulates the behavior of another person with the help of special subordinates (“symbols”), among which the most important is the language. When the stimuli that were initially used to regulate the behavior of other people begin to stagnate, people begin to experience a healthy behavior before they reach adolescence. As a result of the process of interiorization, internal thinking becomes such a mechanism, with the help of a person, power in the robots of A.R. Luria, O.D. Chomsky showed the connection between the regulatory function of the tongue and the anterior parts of the brain. They established the important role of the convexital branches of the prefrontal cortex in the regulation of cognitive processes, constructive activity, and various intellectual processes.

The programming function of language is revealed in the spontaneous semantic schemes of language comprehension, grammatical structures of speech, in the transition from the idea to the outer heated comprehension. At the heart of this process is internal programming, which works with the help of internal language. To show clinical data, it is necessary not only for a comprehensive analysis, but also for inducing various actions and actions. The programmed function of the brain suffers in case of damage to the anterior parts of the brain zones - the posterior frontal and premotor parts of the left ventricle.

§ 3. Movi development in Ditini

For a child, a word immediately becomes a signal. This fluidity gradually develops as the brain matures and new and increasingly complex ligaments are formed. In the absence of speech, the first mental reflexes are unstable and appear during the third month of life. First, mental food reflexes are formed on taste and smell, then on vestibular (snatching) and later on sound and food. The impatience is characterized by weakness of the processes of awakening and galmuvaniya. It is easy for him to develop a defensive galvania. This instructs the newborn to have uninterrupted sleep (approx. 20 years).

Mental reflexes on verbal cues appear less common in the other half of life. When separating adults from children, the word “call” joins with other indiscriminate competitors. As a result, it becomes one of the components of the complex. For example, to the words “De mama?” The baby reacts by turning its head at the mother's side, although it does not have a complex relationship with other stimuli: kinesthetic (like the development of the body), visual (the familiar situation, the face of the person who is asking), sound (voice, intonation). Just change one of the components of the complex, and the reaction to the word will change. The progressive word begins to acquire a conductive meaning, adding other components to the complex. The kinesthetic component disappears from the bud, and then the visual and sound patterns lose their significance. And just one word evokes a reaction.

The appearance of a song object with the immediate naming of it leads to the point that the word begins to replace the meaning of the object with it. This quality appears in a child until the end of the first fate of life or the beginning of another. However, the word spochatku only replaces a specific object, for example, dana lyalka, and not lyalka vzagali. That is, the word acts at this stage of development as a first-order integrator.

The transformation of the word into an integrator of a different order and the “signal of signals” seems to be a different fate of life. For this, it is necessary that at least 15 different mental ligaments (a bunch of ligaments) be vibrated on it. The child may learn to operate with various objects that can be designated by one word. Since the number of vibrating mental connections is smaller, the word is deprived of a symbol that replaces a specific object.

Between the 3 and 4 fates of life, words appear - third-order integrators. The child begins to understand words such as “toy”, “kviti”, “creatures”. Until the fifth fate of life, the child has complicated understandings. Thus, the word “rich” can be applied to toys, dishes, furniture, etc.

The development of another signaling system occurs in connection with the first one. During the process of ontogenesis, a number of phases are seen in the development of the combined activity of two signaling systems.

Initially, the child’s mental reflexes operate primarily on the level of the first signal system. That is, the immediate partner enters into the ligaments with immediate vegetative and somatic reactions. For the terminology A.G. Ivanov-Smolensky, this is a connection of the N-N type (“no middle tease - no middle reaction”). In the other half of the child, the child begins to respond to verbal stimuli with direct vegetative and somatic reactions. Then, a mental connection of the S-N type is added (“verbal tease - immediate reaction”). Until the end of the first year of life (after 8 months), the child begins to inherit the habits of the adult in the same way as primates, with the help of other sounds that signify the call or the power of the body. Then the child begins to form words. The stench is also not associated with any smells in the outside world. In this case, at the age of 1.5-2 years, one word often denotes not just any object, but the actions, experiences associated with it. Later, a differentiation is made between words that signify objects, subdivisions, and senses. With this rank, a new type of linkage N-S is added (“non-medial tease - verbal reaction”). In another life, the child’s vocabulary stock will increase to 200 or more words. He begins to combine words from the simplest language, and then there will be words. Until the end of the third century, the vocabulary stock is 500-700 words. Verbal reactions are heard as direct opponents, and in words. Ditina starts talking. In this way, a new type of S-S connection (“verbal tease - verbal reaction”) is to blame.

With the development of language and the formation of natural words in a child of 2-3 years of age, the integrative activity of the brain becomes more complex: mental reflexes arise on the basis of values, movements, movements, and objects. Children between the ages of 3 and 4 develop different types of stereotypes. In the middle of mental reflexes, direct temporal connections are important. The gate connections come out later and the power lines between them level out up to 5-6 years of life.

§ 4. Interaction of the first and other signaling systems

Before the patterns of interaction between the two signaling systems, there is evidence of selective (or selective) irradiation of nervous processes between the two systems. This is due to the presence of nerve ligaments that are formed in the process of ontogenesis between various subtypes and the words that signify them. The phenomenon of selective irradiation from the first signal system was first described in 1927. O.P. Skit. Children on the call with grub reinforcement vibrated the mental reflex. Then the mental teaser was replaced with different words. It turned out that only when you hear the words “ring” or “ring”, as well as showing a card with “bell” written on it, a mental reaction occurs. The selective irradiation of arousal was eliminated for the autonomic reaction after triggering the mental defense reflex. Replacing the bell with the phrase: “I give the bell” evokes the same defensive reaction: the sound of the hands and head, like the bell itself. Other words for this reaction are not spoken. In adults, the transition from the first signaling system is stronger, lower in children. It is easier to show up behind vegetative displays, but less so behind flybirds. The selected irradiation of the disturbance is received from another signal system before the first one.

There is galvanization irradiation between the two alarm systems. Viral differentiation on first-signal stimuli can be achieved by replacing them with similar words. In most episodes, selective irradiation between two signaling systems occurs as a short-term manifestation after the vibration of mental connections.

Another feature of the interaction between the two signaling systems is their mutual galvanization (or mutual induction). The activation of the mental reflex between the first signaling system (for example, the blinking mental reflex) is influenced by the activation of another signaling system (for example, during mental arithmetic tasks). The presence of inductive lines between signal systems creates receptive minds for drawing words from a specific object, which means leading to the obvious independence of their influx. Automation of horns also demonstrates the obvious independence of the functioning of the skin signaling systems.

In the concepts of the conceptual reflex arc O.M. Sokolov's verbal exercises work with the coordination of the system of connections formed during the life of people. When the mental reflex is activated, the word is connected with the reaction by whole bundles, groups of verbal stimuli. The strength of the connection is indicated by the semantic closeness to the mental verbal teaser. These verbal stimuli, by analogy with sensory ones, create the receptive field of the command neuron, create a semantic field for the command neurons, which initiates defensive, orientational and other reflexes.

The connection between the two signaling systems, which is referred to as “verbal stimulation - immediate reaction,” is much wider. All types of behavior control, with the help of words, are put together to what type of connection. In this case, regulation occurs not only through external external signals, but also through internal language.

Another important form of interaction between the first and the other signaling systems is referred to as the “immediate stimulus - verbal response” or the naming function.

Verbal reactions to direct stimuli within the framework of the conceptual reflex arc can be fed as reactions of command neurons, which may have a special structure of connections with detectors. Command neurons, responsible for human reactions, have potentially wide receptive fields. The fragments of connections between these neurons and detectors are plastic, and their specific type is deposited during the formation of promos in ontogenesis. Connections and activations of detectors and command neurons for human reactions can be initiated either through other verbal instructions or through other verbal signals.

From this point of view, the basis of the function is the selection of a command neuron, which is the program of the stimulus word.

§ 5. Movni functions pіvkul

The development of verbal expressions and the development of verbal reactions are associated with the function of the dominant, voluntary sense. Clinical data, eliminating brain lesions, and inducing the results of electrical stimulation of brain structures during brain surgery, allowed us to identify those critical structures of the measles, which are important for knowledge and reason ti movu. A technique that allows you to map areas of the cerebrum, associated with movements, with the help of direct electrical stimulation of the cerebrum, was disintegrated in the 30s. W. Penfil-house in Montreal at the Institute of Neurology with a drive for surgical removal of brain tissue with epilepsy. During the hour of the procedure, which was carried out without anesthesia, the patient was forced to call pictures that appeared to him. The movable centers were revealed by the aphasic nerve (they say after the loss of knowledge), if the irritation of the strum was worn out by them.

The most important data on the organization of mental processes is obtained in neuropsychology based on local brain damage. Apparently to the views of A.R. Luria sees two groups of brain structures with different functions in common activity. This lesion calls for two categories of aphasia: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. The first ones are associated with difficulties in the dynamic organization of the brain and are careful with damage to the anterior parts of the left cervix. Others suffer from severe damage to the posterior parts of the left ovule and are associated with impaired language codes (phonemic, articulatory, semantic, etc.).

Place Broca's center before the anterior parts of the measles zones. In the case of swelling in the lower lobes of the third frontal joint, in most people, in the left ear. This zone controls the current reactions. This lesion results in referential motor aphasia when the patient’s language is destroyed, and the understanding of someone else’s language is important to preserve. With efferent motor aphasia, the kinetic melody is disrupted due to the inability to smoothly switch from one element to another. Patients with Broca's aphasia account for most of their benefits. The stench seems to be strong and not enough.

Damage to another part of the anterior brain zones (in the lower parts of the premotor cortex) is accompanied by the so-called dynamic aphasia, if the patient loses the ability to formulate words, translate his thoughts into heated language (impaired program functions of the movie). It flows on the underwater safety of repeated and automated language reading and dictation sheets.

Wernicke's center extends to the posterior divisions of the measles zones. In the case of disbursement of the most part, it will ensure a reasonable language. With this disorder, phonemic hearing is impaired, difficulties appear in rational language, and in dictation (sensory aphasia). The Swede can’t handle such a sick thing, but call him a fool, because the sick person doesn’t notice his defects. Acoustic-mnestic, optical-mnestic aphasia, which is based on impaired memory, and semantic aphasia - impaired comprehension of logical-grammatical structures, are also associated with the effects of the posterior parts of the measles zones This is what displays the expanse of the container of objects.

New data about physical functions were found in R. Sperry's studies on patients with split brains. After the growth of comisural ligaments of the two cervical ligaments in such patients, the dermal ligament functions independently, removing information from either the right or left hand.

If a sick person “with a split brain” is presented with an object on the right half of the visual field, he can name it and pick it up with his right hand. Same with the word: you can read or write it, and also select the same object with your right hand; If the left side of the brain suffers from illness, then such a disease does not occur in a normal person. The defect manifests itself when stimuli occur on the left side of the body or on the left half of the visual field. The object, the image of which is projected at the right hand, cannot be named. However, he chooses correctly from among the others, although we cannot even name him as before. That is, the rights of a person cannot be ensured by the function of naming an object, or even recognizing it.

Although the left hand is connected with linguistic differences, the right hand of the hand is also connected with various physical functions. So, if you present the name of the object, then the patient does not understand the difficulties of finding a significant object with his left hand among others who are in sight. That is, the rights of a student can be understood in a written language.

In the investigations of J. Leduem. Gazzaniganim S.P. (div.), which has undergone commissurotomy, which has significantly greater linguistic abilities, it has been shown that the rights of a child can not only read nutrition, but also rely on them for help With your hands, forming words from letters, printed on cards. S.P. has the same illness. You can now name the objects that appear to you visually on your right ear, or rather, “write” with the help of your right ear.

Normally, resentful people work in close cooperation, more than one another. The difference between the left and right muscles can be treated in healthy people, without going to the point of surgical injection - dissected commissures that cause offending muscles. For whom you can use the Jun Wada method - the “anesthesia pivkul” method. There are a number of tests at the clinic to detect a smear. Following this method, a thin tube is inserted into the carotid artery on one side of the neck for further administration of barbiturates (sodium amylene). Since the cutaneous carotid artery supplies blood to only one segment, the drug injected into it is absorbed into one segment and gives it a narcotic effect. During the test of illness, lie on your back with your arms raised and the result is 100 in the reverse order.

A few seconds after the injection of the drug, pain can occur as one of the patient’s hands falls powerlessly, which is on the side of the injection. Then beware of damage to the structure. If the liquid is absorbed into the mouth, then the liquid will be taken for 2-5 minutes after the injected dose. If in another day I breathe, then the shutdown is only a few seconds. In this way, this method allows you to stop at any time, no matter how much you drink, and follow up on the isolated work of the solution.

The use of different techniques, which allow information to be selectively presented in just one segment, has enabled researchers to demonstrate significant differences between two segments. It was revealed that the left hand takes part mainly in analytical processes, which is the basis for logical thinking. Leva will ensure your activity: understanding and prompting, working with verbal symbols. Processing of input signals is probably done at the last level. The rights of the child are ensured by specifically figurative thinking, which is located on the right with non-verbal material, which indicates the singing skills of those involved with spatial signals, the structural-space transformation, the creation of visual and tactile recognition of objects. Information that is previously available is collected simultaneously and in a comprehensive manner. Musical features are associated with the right vulture.

Remaining fates lead to the idea that the functions of different cultures are influenced by different methods of recognition. The functions of the left brain correspond to analytical thoughts. The function of the right pharynx is an intuitive mind. According to R. Ornstein, the adopted lighting system will include the development of the functions of the left brain, that is, a general and logical thought, and the functions of the right brain will not be specifically developed. Nonverbal intelligence is not given due respect.

A study of the functional asymmetry of the brain in children showed that the processing of brain signals in the brain is influenced by both impulses and the dominance of the left is formed later. If a child, who has learned to speak, suffers from a disturbance in the brain region of the left plench, then aphasia develops in her. Prote is approximately across the river. In this case, the center of the promo moves to the zone of the right pharynx. This transfer of brain function from the left to the right is possible for up to 10 years. The specialization of the right nostril in the function of orientation to space also does not appear immediately: in boys after 6 years, and in girls - after 13 years.

Data about the linguistic versatility of the right puffball, as well as the similarity of the functions of both puffballs at the early stages of ontogenesis, can be seen about those who, in the process of evolution, resent the puffballs, They initially specialized in similar, symmetrical functions, which led to the emergence of dominants.

Very little is known about the reasons that led to the specialization of children. The most useful explanation of this process is provided by Doreen Kimury and his colleagues. Based on the fact that the main function of the left heel is connected with the hands of the wired right hand, it conveys that the specialization of the left heel for promotion is not so asymmetrical development of symbolic functions Oh, how much is the development of the singing rokhovy beginnings, which help with the spilkuvanna. The word appeared to the fact that the left hand appeared to be suited for various types of flow activity.

The connection between the left pharynx and the singing types of ruhu is welcome at the clinic. The hand that is associated with a ligament with a central center (usually the right) shows greater flexibility to thin ribs, while the lower arm is associated with a non-dominant ligament. Patients with disabilities in the left hand and without right-sided paralysis experience difficulties in the created folding sequence of the arms and folding positions of the fingers. In deaf people, the lesion of the left heel is accompanied by a loss of gestures, which is similar to the loss of language in people who can speak normally.

D. Kimura notes that in evolutionary terms, the very development of the hand as an organ of human gestures and manipulative abilities led to the development of the left heel. This function was later transferred to the vocal muscles.

The left one outweighs the right one in the possibility of understanding the language, although at the same time there is less expression. According to the motor theory, the head component of the recognition of physical sounds is associated with kinaesthetic signals, which emerge from the muscles of the mental apparatus when the mental signals are received. This has a special role to play in the motor systems of the left ligament.

Main functions in right-handed people are more importantly localized in the left-handed one. And in less than 5% of individuals, the movable center is located in the right ventricle. 70% of left-handed people have a language center, just like right-handed people have a left-handed brain. In 15% of left-handed people, the center of promosis is near the right povkuli.

Functional asymmetry of the brain has not been detected in all people. It is not expressed in approximately one third, so the buds do not have a clear functional specialization. Between the specialized drinks there will be containers of mutual galvanization. This can be seen from the strengthening of specific functions in a single-sex person, equal to that of normal ones.

The relative activity of the two brains may be different. At this presentation, I.P. Pavlov saw specifically human types of nervous activity: artistic, rational and intermediate.

The artistic type is characterized by an overemphasis on the activity of the first signaling system over the other. People of the artistic type are of great importance to the “legal culture” imagery. The stench smells of reality completely, without dividing it into parts.

The roseum type is characterized by the lack of importance of another signaling system over the first one, that is, the “left-wing” abstract mentality. The middle type is characterized by the equal importance of the functioning of two signaling systems. Most people fall into this type.

§ 6. Brain and information

A special feature of the human psyche is awareness of the rich processes of internal life. Fluidity is a function of the human brain. It is often described as “the greatest source of psychic activity, powerful only to people as a historical-historical history.” Specifying this meaning, D.I. Dubrovsky emphasizes that awareness conveys awareness of external objects, and awareness of the peculiarities of one’s own mental activity. In the designated, registered P.V. Simonov, the communicative function of Svidomosti is discussed. Knowledge is defined by him as “...as knowledge that, with the help of words, mathematical symbols and other images of artistic creations, can be transferred, perhaps, to the heads of other members of the marriage.” Inform - then remove the ability to inform, transfer your knowledge to someone else. And all those things that cannot be known to people are unknown. From this significance it follows that the emergence of information is associated with the development of special transmission methods, among which the conductive role belongs to the language.

Most of the followers are adherents of the verbal theory of information. You can talk about the vital role of social activity in the phenomenon of Svidomosti. These seem to be supported by neurophysiological data. The presence of verbal information about a mental reaction means awareness. Inadequate verbalization means inadequate awareness of the real stimulus and a thorough response. Updated information after a severe coma, especially those who have suffered a traumatic brain injury, go through several stages. The first sign of a change in information is the opening of the eyes, then the fixation of the gaze of close people, the understanding of language and, you know, the power of language. Investigation of internal ligamentous ligaments based on EEG in the process of fluid renewal indicates the primary role of cellular structures. Only at the stage when the patient develops cognitive function, the characteristic human connections at the alpha rhythm frequency between the motor-movement zones of the left cerebral cortex and other areas of the cortex are restored.

For the awareness of any new patient, the activation of the ligaments between the sensory area of the cerebellar cortex and the motor brain area is of utmost importance. The primary role of this process lies with the mechanism of nonspecific activation. The importance of activation reactions for the recognition of stimuli that they call on has been shown by many robots.

The presence of VP on both acknowledgment and unacknowledged verbal expressions suggests that the activation of non-specific systems operates through the corticofugal pathways and semantic mechanisms. When a stimulus is recognized, local activation occurs in the cortical structures, which are part of the cortical-thalamic-cortical mechanism. An unrecognized stimulus elicits diffuse and weaker measles activation.

Optimal mental awareness is ensured by the activation of the vibrational respect mechanism.

G.V. Gershun described the so-called subsensory zone, the zone of subthreshold elements in which mental reflexes can be developed, but which, however, cannot be learned. In this case, a sound that is not perceptible (3-6 dB below the hearing threshold) is supported by painful irritations that scream CTE. After 25-35 such tests, the GSR begins to show signs of subthreshold sound. There was also a mental reflex blockade of the alpha rhythm to a subthreshold sound (6-12 dB below the sensitivity threshold), which is accompanied by light, which causes depression to the alpha rhythm. Thus, on an unknown level, mental-reflexive activity can occur in a narrow zone, near subjective thresholds.

The dominant function normally operates under the control of the subdominant function. Studies on the “split brain” have shown that the skin can undergo independent restrictions, which in a number of episodes may not be avoided. So, the sick person at the time of the nutrition projection will ask: “What kind of work do you want to do? ” having confirmed - “auto haulage”, and when presented with the same food in the left field - “armchair”. Depending on the usefulness of assessments, which can be drunk in drinks, it determines the mood of a person. When escaping, the illness is calm, easy to drink, and acceptable. If the estimates differ, the patient’s behavior is important, including hyperactivity and aggressiveness.

Considering that the skin can use an independent system of estimating the value of the condition, we can talk about the sub-war information in such patients. However, in a normal person, the main role of the born person is to be the dominant one. I want the singing linguistic properties of the subdominant subdominant voice. Fluency is associated with linguistic mechanisms, which are represented differently in the left and right ears.

Unconscious mental processes consume the great sphere of phenomena. P.V. Simonov suggests that there are two groups between them. First group – podsvidomist. Before it comes all those that have already been made known before and can be made known again by the singing minds. Various automated skills, deeply adopted human norms of behavior, motivational conflicts, influences from the sphere of information. Consciousness protects people from excessive energy expenditure and protects against stress.

Another group of unrecognized mental phenomena is awareness and intuition, associated with the processes of creativity that are controlled by awareness. Over-knowledge is a body of new information, hypotheses, and criticisms. Its neurophysiological basis is the transformation of memory traces and the generation of new combinations from them, the creation of new time-clock connections, the generation of analogies. As a result, the function of selecting hypotheses based on a logical analysis is lost. Directly, the development of information technology is driven by a dominant need. Knowledge plays the most important role in the emergence of scientific discoveries and the creation of artistic creations, masterpieces of mysticism.

Visnovok

The action of a word, as a mental teaser, can generate such power, as a direct signal teaser. Under the influx of words there are not only mental, but also physiological processes (which underlie inspiration and self-suggestion). Another signaling system has two functions - communicative (it ensures communication between people) and the function of displaying objective patterns. The word “yak” gives a name to an object, and “yak” gives a name to an object.

To another signaling system, the word is heard, visible (written) and visible.

Typological features of high nervous activity in humans and living creatures (some types). However, people have specific typological features associated with another signaling system. All people have a different signal system that is more important than others. The level of value is not the same. This allows us to divide the nervous activity of people into three types: 1) rational; 2) artistic; 3) middle (mixed).

Individuals with significant superiority of another signaling system over the first one are classified as roseum type. More abstract thinking (mathematics, philosophy); Insufficiently vivid images produce insufficiently bright images.

The middle or mixed type of people occupies an intermediate position between the first two.

The superiority of another signaling system, which is between the wind and the first signaling system, is the unfavorable part of a person.

“We need to remember,” said I.P. Pavlov, “that another signal system is significant through the first signal system in connection with the remaining one, and if it is introduced from the first signal system, you appear as an idle talker, a baboon, and will find your place in life.”

People with supernatural importance of the first signaling system, say, are less prone to abstraction and theorization.

Current studies of the most important nervous activity are characterized by the development of an integral approach to the development of whole brain work.

To discover the clear importance between the high nervous activity of people and creatures, the formation of clear features of the high nervous activity of people played an important role in changes in and the nervous activity of creatures. Creatures can have mental reflexes, both for simple ones and for complex ones; stinks can differentiate one...

This will further stimulate the hypothalamic centers of motivation. Thus, at the same time, a specific program of direct activities is being formed to satisfy specific needs. _Physiology of emotions. Underneath emotions, one understands the subjective reactions of people and creatures to the influx of external or internal subordinates, which manifest themselves in the appearance of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, strategies.

Signal if the signal is incorrect. However, if the need for reflex does not disappear, it can ruin your entire life. Timchasova argues that power is biologically important. Particularities of high nervous activity For animals, the role of mental signal agents is played by objects and objects (light, sound, temperature) in excess of light. For humans, the meaning of a signal comes from words...

The approach to assessing the mechanisms of the functioning of the brain's various parts of the brain with the help of mental reflexes would be so successful that it would allow Pavlov to create a new branch of physiology - “Physiology of the nervous system” “activities”, the science of the mechanisms of operation of the great muscles of the brain. INSANE AND MENTAL REFLECTIONS The behavior of creatures and people is a complex system of mutual relationships...

The basis of the main nervous activity is mental reflexes that influence the process of life of the body, and allow it to fully respond to external stimuli and thereby adapt to the minds of the middle class. , which is gradually changing. Previously weakened mental reflexes will fade away and there will be a galvanizing change in the middle.
The triggers for the development of mental reflexes in a person are not only the dowkill factor (warmth, cold, light, smell), but also words that signify another object, a phenomenon. Vinyatkov's existence of people (in the realm of creatures) is to perceive the sense of words, the power of objects, appearances, human experiences, to deliberately think, to collide with one another with the help of promotion. As a result, people cannot learn to speak, learn to write and sleep, learn about the accumulations for many years of human life, and convey it to the people.
The particularity of high nervous activity is the high development of rosum activity and the appearance of mental activity. The level of pink activity lies in the level of development of the nervous system. People have the most damaged nervous system. Particularly important nervous activity and awareness of the rich internal processes of your life. Fluidity is a function of the human brain.
The nervous activity of humans is significantly different from the nervous activity of creatures. People in the process of their life-long labor activity are at a loss and reach a high level of development of a fundamentally new signaling system.
The first signal system of activity is the system of our immediate perceptions, perceptions, hostility to specific objects and manifestations in the world. The word (word) is a different signal system (signal of signals). It was developed on the basis of the first signal system and therefore has no close relationship with it.
The beginning of another signaling system (the word) in people, as well as in creatures, is being established at the same time, because the word carries with it the meaning of the object. People's temporary nerve connections are stable and preserved without being reinforced by the pull of rich forces.
Another signaling system has two functions - communicative (it ensures sleep for people) and the function of displaying objective patterns. The word “yak” gives a name to an object, and “yak” gives a name to an object.
To another signaling system, the word is heard, visible (written) and visible.
Under the first signaling system, we understand the robotic brain, which involves the transformation of various types of signals into signals of different types of activity of the body. Another signaling system indicates the function of the human brain, which is associated with verbal symbols.

The fundamental patterns of GNI in humans and creatures are the same; there is a common difference between the GNI of humans.

A. Planned labor activities are targeted actively changes the excess light in accordance with the needs of life: the creation of food products, food production, etc. it is straightened even more to the point of nature.

B. Humans have first and foremost signaling systems, while animals have only one. Statements about the signal systems of humans and creatures have been grounded I. P. Pavlov. The main functions of alarm systems are divided into one type, we present the option. Persha signal system - This is a system in the body that ensures the formation of a specific (non-intermediate) phenomenon about the excessive activity and necessary reactions with the help of mental connections. The signals of the first signaling system are objects, manifestations of their power (smell, color, shape, etc.). Druga signal system - this is a system in the body that ensures the formation of a formalized statement about the unnecessary activity of helping our people.

People's language - the combination of people one by one, the head form of which is writing and sleep, and formulas and symbols, little things, gestures, facial expressions.

Language - The form of grouping people one by one behind additional signals (words) will ensure the mentality of people. Language can be internal, which is a necessary form of the mental process, and external (writing and sleep), in which a person communicates his thoughts to other people. Mova is one of the forms of Movi.

Although the first signal system is powerful for creatures and people, however, in humans there is always a close relationship with another signal system. iv.

Art. People have figurative (concrete) and abstract thoughts, the creatures are less specific. The first signal system provides figurative (concrete) thoughts in both people and creatures, and another - abstract thoughts, only in people. Let’s highlight the butt to show the prevalence of abstract thought in the creatures, and the behavior of the mafia in the laboratory I. P. Pavlova. To achieve the desired result (to remove the hedgehogs), Mavpa began to extinguish the fire by filling it with water from the tank, which was standing on a birch tree, and Mavpa; She was sitting on the raft, it was too small to put out the fire. She immediately scooped water from the raft and went to the shore for water. Although she wanted to squirt water from all sides of the drainage, she did not suspect that water from the lake had the same fire-extinguishing power as water from the tank.

R. People have specific, powerful types of appearance. Concept I. P. Pavlova about two signaling systems of operation called him before the announcement about special human types of GNI. Their subsection is based on the relationship between the first and the other signaling systems. The importance of the first signal system over another characterizes artistic type, in case of reversal syndrome - rose type, for their zeal - middle type. The artistic type (most importantly writers, artists, musicians) is characterized by a whole range of activities. The Doom type (especially philosophers, mathematicians) perceives excessive action through verbal signals, then. crush її. The middle type (intermediate) is characterized by the singing power of the rose and artistic types.

D. People in the substitution of animals are wary of functional asymmetry of the cervix (literalization of the function

tsіy), At the end of the 60s of the 20th century, the English psychiatrist S. Kennicott showed the benefits of unilateral exclusion in mental illnesses of one with an electric shock. On the basis of removing the precautions of formulating provisions about left-wing and right-wing people.

Left-handedness and right-handedness - one of the facts that confirms the lateralization of function; Most people are right-handed.

As a rule, movni centers It is less likely to grow out in the left hand. In some shulgas, the stench is found there, and in other cases, either in the right or in both puffs. Liva Pivkulya specializes not only in language, but also in foreign affairs(fragments of the left premotor cortex take part in the vibrated strategy of any movement, regardless of whether it is influenced by the right or left side of the body).

The application of lateralization of functions is that on the left is the basis of logical thinking, and on the right is the basis of figurative (concrete) thinking.

More and more evidence is accumulating that suggests that the right hand copes with singing tasks better than the left. In this manner, it is more correct to speak not about the dominance of povkul vzagali, but about them mutually complementary specialization with the importance of physical functions (as a rule) in the left (R. Schmidt, G. Teus, 1996).

e. The knowledge of people is socially determined.

Information is an ideal subjective reflection for the additional brain of real action. Fluidity is the greatest function of the brain. It promotes real activity in various forms of mental activity, such as: perception, sympathy, awareness, thoughts, respect, feelings (emotions) and will. Neurophysiological ambushes of information are as follows.

1. Connecting information is achieved by activating a large number of structures, most importantly the cerebral cortex with the closest support, the limbic system, and their interactions. The most important role is played by the output assets of the reticular formation.

2. For information, there is a necessary high level of central nervous system activity, which is consistent with desynchronized EEG during sleeplessness; Even low neuron activity (for example, during anesthesia or coma) is not unreasonable. On the other hand, information is impossible even with supernatural activity of neurons - for example, with epileptic attacks (which are characterized by spikes)

and hvilami on EEG), you can become vimikati at the stage of rage (stane to affect).

3. The minimum period of activation of cerebral structures for the signal to be received is 100-300 ms.

4. Respect that the frontal parts may be important for the manifestation of greater mental functions. Damage to the frontal parts in humans is accompanied by mental instability, euphoria, and fatigue. The presence of harsh plans based on predictions, the presence of lightness and rudeness are noted. Effortless repetition of actions and conflicts with others often result.

The main importance of VND (the main nerve activity) of humans and creatures lies in the fact that humans have an “extraordinary achievement” of evolution - a special signaling system associated with the verbal designations of objects. I.P. Pavlov called it another signaling system.

The first signal system, found in people and creatures, is associated with the reception of specific signals in too much light, and is activated by the sense organs. Another signaling system is connected with the transmission of language (oral, written). The development of language and the verbal-logical mentality associated with it became, at the beginning of the evolution, the fundamental importance of the mental and cognitive activity of people from other representatives of the created world. The language changes such functions.

The word in the language means any object, action, concept, etc.
Registration function. The word is the meaning of a specific object, and the meaning of a group of objects, understand. The function of formalization is closely related to abstract ideas.
Communication and sputtering functions. The concept of communication includes the following warehouses:

- Information function;

- The function is figurative: with the help of words and intonation, a person can express not just a thought, but a feeling.

- Function of volition.

The regulatory function of language is associated with the creation of verbal information related to human behavior, from the simplest forms of activity to the most complex. The word can also regulate activity internally other organs, the tone of the muscles, etc. The doctor is important to understand the great role of the word in medicine: the word can as a healing official (psychotherapy), and the cause of guilt about iatrogenic illnesses.
Functional asymmetry of the cerebral measles

Experiments have revealed the different roles of the left and right sensibilities in the functioning of the first and other signaling systems. In most people (right-handed), the left cervix specializes in analyzing signals from another signaling system, and the development of measles in the iliac as a result of injury, swelling or hemorrhage can lead to severe impairment of physical functions this, recognition and purpose of direct activity. It has been learned that in right-handed people, as well as in 70% of shuls, the left hand is responsible for the development of abstract logical thinking. The rights of the buyer are responsible for the ingestion, processing, analysis and synthesis of signals from the first signal system, so that there is no direct conflict about the excess world. Thus, the sleep of people who value the logical and figurative type of thinking is associated with the dominance of the left and right measles of the brain.

Due to the fact that the main centers of the brain are concentrated in the left ligament, this ligament has become increasingly dominant. The functions of the right, subdominant pneuculus are associated with the perception of non-verbal signals, spatial structures and other sensory signals. When applied to excess light, it has a strong, synthetic character. Human rights are more emotsiogenic and are largely connected with the underlying processes.

There is also emotional asymmetry between the muscles. Positive emotions in people are associated primarily with the left side, and negative ones with the right side. In connection with this, the left half of the individual mostly reflects negative emotions, and the right half reflects positive emotions.

It is necessary to emphasize that the close connection of the first and other signaling systems, the possibility of their continuous interaction is realized without the connection of both ovules through the nerve fibers of the optic corpus callosum, intersection, anterior and posterior commissures. The functional asymmetry of the measles of the greater part of the body is also due to the process of ovulation.