Reasons for the defeat near Narva 1700. The defeat of the Russians near Narva - the pardon of Peter I
[…] Hello on rich rocks! And be kind and remember about me. Having given God for my service in the service of the great sovereign under Rugodiv, good health, and in the future I hope for the all-generous God. And we have been living under Rugodiv for four decades and are dying a cold and hungry death: bread has become expensive, copy bread is bought for two altinis. And perhaps, Father Stepana Prokopovich, if you can visit it yourself, bring me a fur coat, a shirt and trousers, and some good booties, without delay, don’t worry. And if it’s impossible for you yourself, and you came out of nowhere, you need money, but you want bread for pennies, and I’ll pay all the money here. Write to me about your health, so that I can burn about your health and for the joy of Christ. Then I write to you little, but I write a lot.
SIEGE OF NARVI
[...] There was news that Narva was poorly fortified and there were few troops in it. On the 23rd of April, Petro arrived near Narva and began making preparations for the tax together with the Saxon engineer general Gallart, whom King Augustus had appointed. Difficulties immediately appeared: far fewer military reserves were prepared, as many as were needed, according to Gallart’s thought. Another problem: the army through the filthy autumn road and the lack of supply collapsed completely, and the dear hour ended. The entire army gathered near Narva from 35 to 40,000, overcome by an important campaign and a shortage of grub: the harmati appeared unattainable. On the 20th of June we found a fire in place from all Russian batteries; They believed that the place would soon be wiped clean for many small costs, when news came quickly that Charles XII had landed in Pernau with the great, as they said, army. After the war, for the sake of the Russians, they changed their tabir. Strilyanina wandered around the place until a shortage was discovered in the cannonballs and bombs, and the gunpowder did not stop burning. It was necessary to check for their arrival.
Solovyov S.M. History of Russia from recent times. M., 1962. Book. 14. Goal 4. http://magister.msk.ru/library/history/solov/solv14p4.htm
DISPOSATION IN NARVI
Cebula is strong for that hour. There was a river on the left birch tree. Narova, 12 km from the river. On the right birch of the river there was a fortification - the ancient castle of Ivangorod, dating back to the beginning of the 17th century. The area near Narvi was swampy. After the autumn planks, it became an important passage for the military. The fort was small, with solid fortifications and walls that were strong enough to make breaches with strong artillery. The garrison together with Colonel Horn had 2 thousand. osib.
Russian troops number 34 thousand. The people formed a camp on the left birch of the Narva in one line, as it looked like the river was lapping Narva and touching its flanks to the river. The front of the camp was approximately 7 km long, not until the fort, but at the approach and formed a fortification near the ditch (asks), behind which the troops were deployed. To ensure the security of tax operations and conduct reconnaissance to the Reval road, an irregular checkpoint was placed under the command of B.P. Sheremetev.
Rostunov I. I., Avdeev V. A., Osipova M. N., Sokolov Yu. F. History of the Pivnichnoy War 1700-1721. http://militera.lib.ru/h/rostunov_ii2/02.html
BOMBING FORTETSI
1 leaf fall, after the attack and in Ivan-Mista a new line was drawn, also during the attack the salmon was killed 2, 5 were injured. Today, they shot at the place from fire and threw bombs, as a result of which a small fire occurred in the place, which was quickly extinguished. Our defenses against the place are more defensible; Moreover, it was discovered that several batteries burst, and not a few charges were discharged.
2. G. Allart ordered the right-hander to make one lodgment for the false attack; Then they shot at each other, and 3 people were killed and 20 people were injured. Then one line from the left side of the batteries under 16 harmats is drawn for 70 kroki. Also, when the attack was made, one line per 100 credits was drawn; Moreover, 2 were killed and 6 people were injured.
3. The fortune-telling lodgment of provisions, as well as the line and battery for 60 hours of supply; Also, when the attack was made, they gave in for 36 kroki. 5 people were injured and none were killed. So the mіtsna strіlyanina was harmless and the throwing of bombs was eliminated, and the situation in the regimental harmats and bombs became lower.
"GREAT VICTORY" KARLA
The victory of the Swedes over Denmark, achieved by the 19th-century Charles XII, freed my hands for unforgiving actions against the Russians, who took Narva under control, and, with extreme speed, transported my army by sea to Pernov (Pernau) And go to Narvi. At this time, the entire panicked noble class in Sweden supported the king with special efforts. 18 leaf fall 1700 rub. Karl attacked the Russian army, which was nearing Narva, and gave it an important defeat. The Russian command was in the hands of a sudden surrender, although they rejected the miraculous recommendations of the Frenchman in the Austrian service of the Duke de Croix (Russian girls call him de Croix or Croix). This adventurer, requests for Russian service 1700 rubles, brought with him eighty officers. Half of this “officer” recruited by De Croix, I will respect to the speech, was given up in full near Narva together with its commander, who later, already in the Swedish army, the whole river still asked Peter for efimki, because “with the great grub 42 people fed Xia zmusheniya “And these “poor warriors” should be killed.
The officer's depot, our kind of recruiting, non-training, commanding the sons-in-law of the greatest, straight from the plow, recruits who had never been in battle. Tsei de Croix emerged as a strategist below all criticism. He stretched out his army with a long thin dark coat and was satisfied with it. There was no order in the battle at all, and since such people were afraid of them, they were brought to their senses only by the Germans, who had taken our hand from the officer, but by no means Russian officers and no longer soldiers. The evil of the Russians was even worse, the harmatians were torn apart and the servants killed. It turns out that the supply of supplies was so delivered that the soldiers of the ten regiments did not eat any spoils just before Charles attacked them. The soldiers respected their unknown commander-in-chief de Croix and the German officers as soldiers, as if to show their “own” king. What is amazing about such minds is not those that the Russians recognized as evil, but those that fought for so long: from early morning until dark at night. This is explained by the goodness and resilience of several corrals, first for all two guards regiments (Semenivsky and Preobrazhensky), and more about those that the Swedes won, Charles XII learned that he was also Russian who created such minds: find a clear exit through the river, through the river , on all sides. In full, in spite of the minds that were approaching destruction, Karl harassed the generals, colonels and officers of honorary duties.
The whole Swedes and Germans trumpeted about this “I will overcome” Karl, as the French and English sing about it. As we equate Narva with Poltava, where the Swedes rushed back, I fled into panic after two years of general battle and where (respectfully after the capitulation at Perevolochnaya) the entire army, still alive after the battle, surrendered in full without crazy minds, then you can be amazed , that the Narva shock of the Russians was to be taken into account by such an incomprehensible military feat of the Swedish king.
The army moved to Narva, numbering about 35 thousand, consisted mostly of recruits under the command of filthy officers and foreign generals, who did not corrupt the trust. Strategic Ways buv; It was impossible to bring enough ammunition or food along the rough autumn roads. They began to fire at the fort, but the gunpowder turned out to be unattainable, and soon they stopped shooting because of the shortage of gunpowder. The besiegers, according to the words of the eyewitness, walked around the forts, like the guts of hot porridge; attacks against the advance of Charles XII were not accepted. At the end of the leaf fall, the king crept up to the Russian camp and the Swedish 8,000-strong brigade destroyed the Russian corps. Prote victory shokhvilini was a hair's breadth away. The king was especially afraid that Sheremetev’s noble and Cossack knight would not hit him in the back; But she, following Karl’s words, was so loving that she rushed to swim across the Narova River, drowning a thousand horses. Overcome, so afraid of your own defeats that you rushed to establish a new place in place of the one who fell under the onslaught of the influxes, in order to help them quickly get to their side of the river. Petro left the camp in advance of the battle, so as not to squeeze the commander-in-chief, a foreigner, and without losing the truth, the first succumbed to the fullness and buried other foreign commanders, pouring out the bitterness of their Russian command.
Klyuchevsky V.O. Russian history. New course of lectures. M., 2004. http://magister.msk.ru/library/history/kluchev/kllec61.htm
LEGACIES OF THE HARVEST
Narva Bula is surrounded by a strong Russian army (35-40 thousand Cholovik). Ale Petro launched the campaign in the fall, the weather affected military operations, and the lack of roads left the army without bread and fodder. A few of the military organization let themselves know: although the military that stood near Narva was regular, in a new way, and Petro himself knew that the stench was “not new”, it was trash. In addition, the officers of this army were foreigners, not soldiers, who knew the Russian language poorly, and there was no one ruler over this army. Petro entrusted the command to the Russian general Golovin and the Frenchman recommended by the Germans, the Duke of Croix. And Petro himself was inspired by the order of military affairs. There was a lot of cob in this order. For all these minds among the Russian armies, it was natural to blame the battle with the army of Charles, covered with the laurels of recent victories in Denmark.
And Karl after the defeat of Denmark and Peter. The Russians near Narva learned about the proximity of the Swedes even when Karl was only 20–25 versts away. Petro suddenly left the military, depriving de Croix of his team. Knowing the courage and special courage of Peter, we can explain his departure to cowardice; It’s better to think that Petro entered the border on the right near Narva and went to prepare the state for defense against the Swedish onslaught. November 20, 1700 Charles rightly defeated the Russian army, seizing artillery and burying generals. Petro hastened to capture Novgorod and Pskov, entrusting Repnin with collecting the surplus of the defeated army that had turned around, and checking out Charles at the cordons of the Moscow state.
Alas, Karl's mercy promised to protect Peter from further troubles. Karl was not quick to overcome his defeat and marched to Moscow. Most of the voices in his army's parliament were due to the campaign against Russia, but Karl briefly marveled at the strength of Peter, defeating him with a weak enemy - and falling on Augustus. Petro will breathe better. But the situation was important: the army was embarrassed, the artillery was destroyed, the defeat had a negative impact on the mood in the middle of the state and diminished the prestige of Russia abroad. […] In the face of fresh enemies, Peter was struck by the idea of pranking the world, but Petro didn’t know anyone beyond the border to help Russia […].
It became the first serious problem for the Russian army in the Pivnichny War. That 1700 didn’t let anyone in, so the campaign spanned two dozen years. To that “Narva Confusion” seemed like a fatal misfortune.
Rethink the battle
The ancient war began when Petro tried to seize the natural harbors on the Baltic Sea. These lands, which lay before the Russian kingdom, were lost during the Time of Troubles of the 17th century. Which person experienced the “Narva embarrassment”? 1700th. At this time, the young Russian tsar had no plans to transform Russia into a true world power.
In 1698, Petro's family achieved diplomatic success. The King of Poland and Elector of Saxony Augustus II formed a secret alliance with him against Sweden. Later, the monarch of Denmark, Frederick IV, arrived.
With such allies looming behind him, Petro decided to freely act against Sweden. The king of this country, Charles XII, ascended the throne from the young king and turned out to be a weak opponent. Ingermanland became Peter's cob destination. This is the territory of the current Leningrad region. The largest fortress in the region was Narva. This is where the Russian armies were heading.
On the 22nd of 1700, Petro announced the war in Sweden, immediately after learning about the conclusion of a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire, which eliminated the conflict on two fronts. Protein does not yet know what the Narva embarrassment is looking for.
Russian army camp
Before the war, preparations were made from a distant source. However, this did not at all guarantee success. The Russian army, as before, lived in the 17th centuries and was superior to the European ones in technical terms. There were approximately 200 thousand soldiers in her lava, which was counted. All of them lacked material security, the development and reliable discipline.
Petro tried to organize an army behind the last light. For this purpose, we asked various specialists from European countries – most importantly the Germans and the Dutch. The vector of letters is correct, up to 1700, only two shelves met all the standards and requirements. It took a lot of time to modernize and restart, and Petro, having hastened to end his enemies, was confident that raptism itself would give him the upper hand.
Until the beginning of the Eastern War, Russia, as before, did not destroy power muskets. In addition, the army was initially faced with the problem of a weak transport system. In times of trouble, roads in the northern regions became the best choice for soldiers who had to travel over a thousand kilometers. These factors also hid the phenomenon, as the name of the Narva embarrassment was denied.
Swedish army camp
The native land of Russia, however, was known to all of Europe with its well-organized army. The reformer was the famous king, who brought terror to his enemies during the Thirty-Four War (1618-1648).
The Swedish cavalry consisted of contract soldiers, who received higher salaries. The hunting was recruited by military call from a particular province, the proteas and infantry were making good money. The army was divided into squadrons and battalions, which effectively interacted on the battlefield. The soldiers became accustomed to strict discipline, which helped them in the hour of battle. Over the course of the last century, the Swedish army achieved more and more victories, and the country itself began its expansion in Western Europe. It was true that he was a terrible enemy, and the underestimation of his power turned into a fatal mercy.
These are the battles ahead
On the 17th of leaf fall, the Tsarina was informed that the Swedes were advancing and were very close. Without conducting normal reconnaissance, no one in the Russian camp near Narva knew about the exact size of the enemy’s troops. Petro, having learned about the approach of the enemy, went to Novgorod together with Alexander Menshikov and Fyodor Golovin. Field Marshal General Karl-Jevgen Croix lost his command. The Duke (that was his title), having tried to correct the king’s decision, was still unable to defeat Peter.
The later sovereign explained his decision by saying that it was necessary for him to get along with the Polish king and to replenish his carts and reserves. At the same time, after their victories, the Swedes tried to interpret this episode as the king’s fear. The Narva embarrassment of the Russians served as a motive for the issuance of commemorative medals, which Petro is depicted in.
Pobudova of the Russian army
The army under the Kerivnitsya of Croix destroyed everything to fortify itself on the birch of the Narvi River. For which side was it reinforced? The whole thing was divided into three parts. The right flank was occupied by parts of Automon Golovin, numbering about 14 thousand inhabitants. Standing in the middle is Prince Trubetskoy with his paddock. There were 6 thousand people under his care. The cavalry was in disarray as it subordinated itself to Sheremetev.
Once it became clear that the Swedes were already very close, de Croix ordered the army to take up fighting positions. Communications were extended over seven kilometers. In front of this the army stood as a thin, dark complexion. There was no reserve or spare regiment behind her.
Karl's strategy
France 30 leaf fall 1700 rock reached the Russian positions. The Narva embarrassment was approaching. The date of the battle is known to the three dzherels. If you rely on the pre-reform calendar, then the battle is small on the 19th leaf fall, the Swedish one - 20 leaf fall, the current one - 30 leaf fall.
The appearance of the Swedes appeared unsettled, unconcerned with all advance preparations. In the military army, Sheremetev established divisions of the army. Part of this will lead to the blockade of Narvi, and the other will lead to a general battle for the Swedes near the field. The Duke was not pleased with such a proposition and decided to deprive the young Swedish monarch of his initiative, who himself had occupied his armies. De Croix believed that the Russian army would be more defeated, as it would lose its old positions.
The Swedes miraculously knew about the enemy’s camp and were able to develop the most effective strategy. Charles XII, having pressed the flanks of the Russians, would leave the center of the army with the greatest fortifications and could immediately defeat the king. This is how the Narva embarrassment ended. The Great Pivnichnaya War, perhaps, would have been a little different, perhaps not the best Swedish strategists - Karl Rehnschild and Arvid Horn. The wise men gave the stinks for the sake of the young monarch, who was a good man, lest, without the support of the military leaders, the pardons could begin.
Swedish attack
The Narva embarrassment is a waste of the Russians’ preparation before the battle, and it’s a blow from the enemy. The Swedes wanted to push their enemy to the fort. So practically knowing the room for maneuver in the line. There is a single path to the entrance to the cold river Narva.
The fire was covered by the fire of artillery, as the Swedes positioned themselves on a low hill, as a result of the fire of the locality. The snowfall became another reason that contributed to the Narva confusion. This was a success for the Swedes. The wind blew against the Russian soldiers. Visibility did not exceed a dozen kroki, which made it terribly important to conduct a fire near the front.
About 2 years after noon, two deep Swedish wedges struck the flanks of the extended Russian army. Nezabar appeared to have broken holes in three places, but Karl’s blows could not be broken. The prosperity of the Swedes was overwhelming, and the Narva embarrassment became inevitable. It’s difficult to overestimate these values, since in just a few years the enemy has broken through to the Russian camp.
Panic and desertion began. The riders had nothing left to do but try to wade across Narva. Nearly thousands of people drowned in the Krizhan waters. How small it was thrown across the river, which did not withstand the onslaught of inflows and flows, which only increased the number of victims. The Narva Confusion, the date of which appeared to be a dark day for the history of the Great Patriotic War, was obvious.
Foreign generals, placed by Peter in charge of the army, also began to attack, which angered the Russian officers. Among them was de Croix himself, as well as Ludvig Allart. The stinks gave in to the Swedes, fighting in front of their soldiers.
The greatest support was given to the right flank. Here Russian soldiers fenced themselves off in front of the gate with slingshots and carts. However, this could not change the result of the battle. As the night wore on, the situation intensified. This is the episode when two Swedish corrals in the dark mistook one another for Russians and started chasing their own women. The center of the breaches, and through it the two flanks that were being protected, could not contact each other.
Capitulation
This was the beginning of the Pivnichnoy war. The Narva embarrassment was an unacceptable, but inevitable, fact. In the early days, the Russians, who had lost their positions, began negotiations about capitulation. Prince Yakov Dolgorukov became the lead negotiator. We talked with the Swedes about a free passage to the far bank. Under this, the Russian army was relieved of its supply of convoys and artillery, but it lost its ensigns and armor.
The Swedes received significant trophies: 32 thousand rubles from the royal treasury, 20 thousand muskets. Spend disproportionately. While the Swedes spent 670 people killed, the Russians spent 7 thousand. 700 soldiers lost their lives due to capitulation.
Significance
How did the Narva embarrassment turn out for Russians? The historical significance of this story has little rich heritage. Russia's reputation suffered immediately. This army was no longer taken seriously throughout Europe. Peter was openly mocked, and Karl gained the glory of a good commander.
Tim, no less, showed for an hour that the Swedes had a piercing victory. Karl believed that Russia was not unsafe, and began to fight with Poland and Denmark. Petro was fawning over the money. By taking up military reforms in the state, remaking the army and investing a colossal amount of resources in it.
This has borne fruit. For several years now, the world has learned about the victories of the Russians in the Baltic. The main battle began near Poltava in 1709. The Swedes were defeated, and Karl was gone. It became clear that for all of Russia, no wonder, the Narva embarrassment appeared. residually reduced Sweden's status as a noble power, which gained a foothold in the Baltic Sea. In 1721, a peace treaty was signed, under which Russia seized the anonymity of lands and ports from the region. St. Petersburg, the new capital of the region, was founded here. The Narva Confusion, the Battle of Grenham - all these events became a symbol of the bright and powerful treasure of Peter the Great.
The cover of Narvi by Russian troops was the first step in Peter I’s struggle to reach the Baltic Sea. On June 8, 1700, after a truce was established with Turechina, Russia declared war on Sweden. At the beginning of spring, the Russian army, which numbered 35 thousand people, showed up and immediately captured Narva.
Vibir Narvi buv vipadkoviy. The geographical expansion of the place allowed those named Volodiv to exercise control in the Neva River basin, and in the Finnish butt, and therefore, in the entire Baltic region. Having taken Narva, it was easier for the Russian troops to return to Ingria and Ingermanland.
After the triumphant victory over Denmark and the signing of the Travental Peace, Charles XII turned to Fatherlandism, intending to marry Augustus in the coming spring. Unexpected news about the invasion of Russian troops from the Swedish province brought the king into a tale. The enchanted Charles did not know the boundary through the treachery of Peter, who had recently, through his emissaries, sworn an oath of friendship and goodwill. The king dispatched 16,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, and himself, with part of the army, went straight by sea to Levonia.
Narva was a fort, which was defended by nearly 2,000 soldiers under the command of Commandant G. Gorn. The Russian army arrived at the fort and decided to organize a militia, which amounted to about 4,000 armed citizens. Narva was occupied by 400 Garmatians.
Strong autumn storms and bad weather overwhelmed the Swedes with concentrated forces and capabilities. Petro realized that the arrival of Charles with the army could dramatically complicate his plans, so he hastened the assault. On June 20, 173, the bombardment of Narvi began. The fire did not bring the desired result, before the Russians ran out of gunpowder.
With news of Karl's approach, the king will carry out decisive actions. Unsuitable for the soldiers, the attack of two rifle regiments allowed the Russians to gain a foothold near the fortification walls. However, success was immediate - the attack on the wound, without losing reinforcement, the shooters fled. Peter's fury was able to be extinguished, even after the tenth rise of the skins. However, the first failures in the assault and the Tsar’s inadequate reaction to them had a heavy impact on the Russian army. It turned out that the army was not up to date with the rules of obligation and did not know why to start the assault.
It soon became clear that Charles and his army had landed at Risky Zatotsa in Pernau and were on the march to Narvi. Soon there was news about bad luck coming. Not far from Narvi stood the town of Wesenberg. This burial would have allowed the Russians to block the way for the Swedish troops. Messages from B.P. Sheremetev was unable to dislodge the Swedish garrison from his place. Moreover, the Russian army camp, which had been fired up on the outskirts of Wesenberg, was resistant to attacks by the Swedish battle formations, which had finally arrived. The Russian film ran away, opening a direct path to the main forces of Charles XII.
The lack of preparation and destruction of the Russian troops increased even more, after Petro had deprived the Russian positions, having deprived the troops under the command of Duke Charles de Croix, behind whom service was important in the Austrian of the army. The Tsar's trust in the foreign generals and officers proved disastrous at the hour of battle. The Russian command corps was prepared by the former, and the foreign military forces did not rush to shed blood for a foreign and, from the looks of it, “barbarian” land.
Why, at this moment of extreme stress, did Petro deprive himself of the army and entrust the command to a foreign duke? The fearful feeling of Peter is absurd, over the course of his entire combat life he has repeatedly brought enviable humility and courage to the most vulnerable moments. This question is confirmed by the historian S.M. Solovyov, who wrote: “reckless bravery, the refusal to take offense at carelessness was completely over the character of Peter, who was so angry with Charles XII. Petro could leave the camp with news about Karl’s close friend, having drunk too much, so that he would lose something unsafe and important, which could be detrimental to another place. Tse bula lyudina, yak less bula zdatna keruvatis with hibnim rubbish.”
19 leaf fall 1700 rub. A major battle ensued. Croix fired up the Russian army along a long 7-kilometer line. This did not go unnoticed by the Swedes’ camp, because of the fact that the Russian forces were not covered by artillery, as they were lost in additional positions opposite Narvi. Having assessed the situation, Karl organized shock fists, which aroused their desire at the military colony, placing them opposite the center of the Russian position. With this rank, the king ensured the numerical superiority of the Swedes with a direct head blow. The Swedish infantry was, according to plan, supported by artillery. The plan also included the burying of the bridge across the Narva River and the blocking of the routes from the entry of the Russian troops. The Swedish cavalry has a small task to break through to the rear of the enemy and complete the operation.
On the day of the battle there was thick wet snow and a bitter wind. The Swedish grenadiers, having had a good start and gained experience in battle, rushed to the Russian position. Poor visibility allowed Charles’s soldiers to confront the Russian positions uncontrollably. Having unloaded their baguettes, the Swedes rushed hand-to-hand, and the stench was overwhelming.
The Russian volley at the end turned out to be ineffective in stopping the onslaught of the attackers. The Russians are more prepared for hand-to-hand combat, and do not bear the brunt of battle, but after a short skirmish they were unable to stem the onslaught of the Swedes. The power of foreign officers over the soldiers was ruined. The Viyska became uncoated. Hired foreign officers surrendered and went to the other side. Panic sentiment has spread among Russian parts due to the outbreak of the Soviet Union. The unsheathed hordes of soldiers rushed to the bridge, which, under the weight of those who were running, collapsed in the chairs of the river water. Kinnota Sheremetev, since there was little chance of hitting the Swedish flank and changing the course of the battle, happily rushed to fight in the flow. Having lost the strength of his spirit and control over the military, the Duke of Croix fell into full force. Thirty officers inherited his gun butt. Only two regiments - Semenivsky and Preobrazhensky - preserved their courage and resilience. Their inveterate operas made Karl alarmed. Despite the fact that their commander, Colonel Blumberg, had spread to the Swedes during the battle, the regiments did not flinch. Fencing themselves with slingshots and wagons, they staunchly defended themselves and repelled all attacks of the Swedes. The chaos was reduced, the army was disorganized and lost all its strength. Generals A. Golovin, Prince Ya. Dolgoruky and I. Buturlin, who had lost the Russian units, was hesitant to enter into negotiations with Karl.
The satisfaction of the parties was transferred to the fire and the withdrawal of Russian units from the savings of light rifle armor. The artillery went to the Swedes. However, the Swedish side destroyed the minds of the home and defused the activities of the Russians. Some of the officers were taken from the crowd, which was also great. Russians spent 8,000 people. Near the village there was a large army warehouse, including 10 generals of the same Duke of Croix.
On the 21st of leaf fall, the Swedish troops reached Narvi. For the sake of victory, a daily prayer service was held at the church. The purity of the area was chewed with gurkot harmat. Commandant of the Narva garrison G.R. Gorn having taken off the rank of general. The victory was awarded with 14 commemorative medals.
Russia's defeat at Narva was of colossal foreign political significance, which the country could not cope with until 1709. For Europe, Russia has ceased to be seen as a powerful power. The Russian ambassadors succumbed to all sorts of smiles and belittlement. Satirical medals were passed from hand to hand, in which the Russian Tsar was depicted in a panic, running and throwing armor. Charles, European poets rivaled Alexander the Great and prophesied great feats for him, and artists and medalists glorified the hero on canvas and in plastic.
The defeat near Narva is small but of great general significance. The battle showed the weaknesses of the Russian army, its rotten history of military justice, the lack of trained middle and high officers, the disorganization of the military service, etc.
The victory of the achieved and miraculously won Swedish army was natural.
At the end of the leaf fall in 1700, the first great battle took place during the Great Day War between Russia and Sweden, which ended with the defeat of the army of Peter I and went down in history as the battle of Narva. The reasons that led to such a recent start of the military campaign were analyzed and prompted the tsar to carry out a comprehensive modernization of the army and move it beyond the European border.
Creation of the anti-Swedish coalition
The prelude to the beginning of the Polish-Lithuanian War was the entry of Russia in 1699 into the “Powning Union”, shortly before the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Saxony and Denmark. All participants in this coalition shared the same territorial claims to Sweden, and, at the start of the war, they re-insuranced the still young 1910th King Charles XII (his the portrait is drawn lower) it is not possible to date it.
Based on the agreement concluded with the Polish king Augustus II, the territory that the Leningrad region occupies today was included in the victory of Russia. At that time, it was called Swedish Ingermanland, and it was of small strategic importance, as it ensured the Volodar's access to the Baltic Sea. At the end of the campaign, the Russian army set out in the 1700s, immediately after Peter I rejected the notification of the signing of the Constantinople Peace Treaty with the Ottoman Empire, which freed his hands for active actions in the land .
Two anti-fight armies ahead of the war
The main fortress of the Ingermanland citadel was the Narva fort, its frontal cordon was rebuilt, buried as an indispensable think tank for the further development of military actions. Until the beginning of the Pivnichnoy War, Russia had a small army, which, according to low estimates, was over 200 thousand. people, the number is close to 40 thousand. became participants in the battle of Narva in 1700. However, as Peter I himself appointed later, they did not have adequate training, material security and discipline to overcome them.
The Swedish army was a well-organized structure, created on a professional basis at the beginning of the last century by King Gustav II Adolf. These cavalry units were formed including contract soldiers, and the infantry were recruited through the process of Primus mobilization, and the skins were removed from them and the costless state lived for their homeland. The entire army was miraculously formed, with strict discipline based on the ideology of Lutheranism, of which most Swedes were adherents.
Cob of coli
The approach of the Russian troops to the Narva fort was even more difficult, as the convoy collapsed along with the combat units, which amounted to 10 thousand. carts that were transported to the site of the battle that occurred, harmonic cannonballs, gunpowder, as well as hand grenades, bombs and other military supplies.
The weather of that fate was terrible, through which a lot of carts got stuck in impassable dams and broke down. The fasting was organized so badly that the soldiers were constantly starving, and among the horses a riot began due to the lack of years. All this had a negative impact on the results of the upcoming battle near Narva.
Under the walls of Narvi
In front of the army of Peter I there stood an even more complex fortress. The fragments of the Narva fort, rebuilt at the entrance to the river Narvi (then called Narova), was connected by a bridge to another, well-fortified citadel - Ivan-Mist, and as a result it was necessary to pay offence to the fort and overnight.
During the battle of Narva, Petro 1 decided to take special care and therefore raised the proposal of the Polish king Augustus II to send him a proven leader who had carried out similar operations, Lieutenant General L. N. Allart. Under his orders, 284 guards were installed near the fort, which was garrisoned with approximately 1,300 infantry and 200 cavalry soldiers. The upcoming result of the battle did not result in battle, leaving behind the numerical superiority of the forces of the former for the Russians.
First misfortunes
In the remainder of the year 1700 Russian gunners began regular shelling of the fort. However, if after two years the entire supply of charges was spent, it turned out that no real harm was caused to the fortress walls. The reason for such low efficiency lay in the fact that the shelling was carried out exclusively from small-caliber shells, which were used in the arsenal of the Russian army at the beginning of the Pivnichny War. There was also a stink, as well as artillery gunpowder and the cannonballs were very thin.
At that time, the allies of the Russian Tsar had no better success. The Danish army had already quickly capitulated and began negotiations about peace with Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian armies were afraid to seize control of Riga. These successes allowed Charles XII to send the entire contingent of forces to further the siege of Narva.
Strengthening the Swedish army
In the middle of the year, the king especially arrived from a ten-thousand-strong corral to Perniv (the ancient name of the town of Pärnu) and first threw him into the battle, giving the soldiers and officers a good feeling after the sea voyage. At that very hour he himself went to Revel, where he promised additional benefits to the local residents once their place was annexed to the Swedish Empire, removing from them reinforcements from the view of 5 thousand. militias.
The Russian armies became aware of this remarkable misfortune even before the start of the great battle of Narva. Having learned about the landing of an additional contingent of Swedish troops at Pernova, Peter I sent them Count Boris Sheremetev to replenish the number of cavalry forces. Near the Purtse fort, part of these forces was attacked by the Swedish vanguard under the command of General Welling and was completely reduced. The main forces that arrived to help them, although they were able to open the gate, were unable to get through the fire.
The nearby cob of battle
The beginning of the battle near Narva was carried out by two more forces that were in the camp of the Russian troops and also appeared in their results. The first from them was the greeting of the commander of the bombardment company, Captain Jacob Gummert, who ducked off Narva and conveyed important information to the commandant Colonel Horn. In addition, the rapt message of Peter I himself, about the reasons for which the super-rechs and dosi do not smell, became a surprise for everyone. The Saxon field marshal Duke de Croix took over the command of the army.
The final part of the battle of Narva began on the 30th of November 1700. Almost two days later, after a heavy snowfall that cut off visibility, the Swedes suddenly decided to approach the enemy positions and reluctantly attack them. Regardless of the numerical superiority of the Russian troops, their line of defense was extended by more than 6 kilometers and, however, was not reliable enough. During the first year of the battle, the Swedes managed to break through in several places and reach their camp.
The defeat and the merciless approach
Such an unsatisfactory turn caused a panic among those who, defending themselves, as if, at their own expense, caused them to flow out of order. The cavalry of Count Sheremetev tried to escape, having swam across the Narova River. Richly, and to tell the count himself, it went away, but nearly thousands of people drowned, unable to reach the long shore.
The infantry, warring in the face of imminent death, rushed to the pontoon bridge, which was called, not showing the majestic crowd of people, and they began to drown by the hundreds in the cold autumn water. Having strengthened the situation, a shout was thrown: “The Germans are zradniks!” As a result, the soldiers began to beat their foreign officers, many of them, including the commander-in-chief, the Duke of Croix, in order to prevent death from flowing to the enemy.
Crazy finale to the fight
The culmination of the battle of Narva was the capitulation of the Russian troops. It was only necessary to soften the shock of the shock that Prince Yakov Dolgorukov was able to please Charles XII about the release from prison of all the soldiers who were lost alive, and officers from the army, ensigns, but without artillery or convoy. All this time, the Swedish and Russian sappers, with their mighty efforts, made a panton crossing across the Narova River, after which they left the Swedish bank.
The misfortune that plagued the Russian armies brought the Swedes a rich fortune. In their hands appeared 210 ensigns, buried by them during the battle, 284 harmati, 20 thousand. muskets, and it is said that the royal treasury contained a large sum at that time - 32 thousand. rubles The expenses from the Russian side amounted to 7 thousand. people were killed, wounded, drowned in the river and went over to the side of the enemy, while 677 Swedes died and 1200 were injured.
A lesson drawn from shocks
The defeat at Narva in 1700 greatly undermined the prestige of the Russian state in the international arena. For a long time, the rulers of European countries did not regard the country as a serious military force. Prote, as the hour has shown, from these tragic days there is little positive legacy for Russia.
The first of them was the incredible intelligence of Charles XII, who thought that no more Russians than the Russians defeated by him near Narva would be able to resist Sweden. This reconciliation with Milk greatly brought him down 9 years before the Battle of Poltava ended ingloriously.
At the same time, the defeat recognized near Narva became an important, but also a profound, lesson for Peter I, who once again became aware of the need for large-scale military reforms and declared maximum efforts to prepare for the prosecution of highly professional military personnel. ysk personnel. This helped him in Serpna 1704 to want to take the fortress of Narva and thus take revenge for the defeat.
The “Great Embassy” showed the impossibility of the creation of the anti-Turkish coalition and the fight for the Black Sea. In the course of it, it became clear that the creation of an anti-Swedish coalition and the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea was very possible. At 1699 rub. An alliance treaty was concluded with Denmark and Saxony (the Saxon Elector Augustus II was the Polish king). Having concluded the 30-river truce with Turechina, Russia entered the Pivnichny War in 1700.
Zhovtni 1700 rub. The 40,000-strong Russian army captured the Narva fortress. The debacle dragged on due to the inconsiderable actions of the artillerymen, the marriage of cannonballs and gunpowder. About this time, the Swedish king Charles XII launched a rapt attack against Denmark, and then landed in Estland. 18 leaves will fall when we reach Narvi. During the battle, the Russian army suffered defeats, regardless of the numerical superiority: 35-40 thousand. Russians against 12 thousand. Swedes. The reasons for the defeat were the near dismantling of the Russian troops, their weakness in the past and the joy of the large foreign command center along with Duke von Krui. The main support was repaired only by the Guards (excessive) regiments. The Swedes lost all the Russian artillery and most of the officers.
Renewal of the army
Having achieved victory near Narva, the Swedes, however, did not destroy Russia, but Poland. The decision of Charles XII gave Peter I the opportunity to renew his army. Petro wrote about Narva a year ago: “When misfortune (or better yet, great happiness) was taken away, then captivity drove the day away and reduced the day and night to praxis.”
A new recruitment for the army was announced. Spring 1701 r. formed 10 dragoon regiments of 1 thousand each. chol. There was a gradual transition to the recruitment of recruits - 1 individual from 50 - 200 rural households. Since 1705, recruitment became regular. The Preobrazhensky and Semenevsky regiments were transformed into their own officer schools. Navigation was organized to train naval officers.
In the Urals, the activity of metallurgical plants quickly flared up, and the production of metallurgical cores began. Some of the calls taken from the church were relayed to midday music.
First victories in the Baltics. Sleeping in St. Petersburg
Never after Narvi, Petro sent boyar B.P. Sheremetev with horse pens to the Baltic. Sheremetev actually waged a guerrilla war, attacking Swedish troops and convoys. I will seriously overcome this problem by getting it from 1701 rubles. Bilya Erestfer over the corral of General Schlippenbach, for which he was given the rank of field marshal.
At 1702 r. The army of Sheremetev took the Marienburg fortress in Estland. In the spring of the same fate, the Swedish fort of Noteburg fell on the cob of the Nevi (ancient Russian Gorishok). Petro gave the fort a new name - Shlisselburg (Key-place), respecting that it opens the routes to the whole territory of the two banks of the Neva - Ingria. At 1703 r. The Russians took the Nienshants fortress at the confluence of the Okhta and the Neva.
St. Petersburg was founded on the same rock on Hare Island on the Neva. Ten years later, Petro actually moved the capital of Russia here. To protect the place from the sea, the Kronshlot fortress was founded on the island. Kotlin.
The fleet was fired up: from 1703 r. paid for the work to the Olonetsk shipyard, and for 1705 rubles. - Admiralty shipyard near St. Petersburg.
At 1704 r. The Russian armies attacked the important Swedish forts of Dorpat and Narva. The exit to the sea is filled with security.
Collapse of the Pivnichny Union
Having invaded Poland, Charles XII never dreamed of imposing a general battle on Augustus II, since then he stubbornly resisted. However, Charles XII abdicated his throne and voted Stanislav Leszczynski, his puppet, as the Polish king.
The Russian army, directed by Peter to help Augustus, was concentrated at the sickle in 1705. near Grodno. However, in the spring of 1706, having rejected the news of the defeat of the Saxon army and fearing being cut off from their cordons, the Russians captured Grodno and advanced to Lvov.
Voseni 1706 r. Augustus II signed the Altranstadt world with Charles XII, ascended to the Polish throne, recognized Stanislav Leszczynski as the Polish king and broke allies directly against Sweden. The spiritual union has completely disintegrated. The Swedish invasion of Russia became inevitable.
Swedish invasion
The Swedish army invaded Russia in 1708, for 33 thousand years. chol. The Russians, despite their numerical superiority, adopted the tactics of “wearing down” the enemy: avoid a general battle, deplete the food supplies of the Swedes, and defeat them with attacks from the crumbling Cossack forces.
Charles XII did not dare to immediately march on Moscow. The war collapsed in Ukraine, hoping to replenish food supplies and unite with the Cossack troops of Hetman Mazepa, who secretly promised to help him. It is true that these hopes were not fulfilled. Ivan Mazepa managed to bring less than 10 thousand to Karl. Cossacks, and the rich reserves of the Hetman’s headquarters were burned by the Tsar’s troops.
28 veresny 1708 r. The Russians achieved an important victory: they defeated the Forest Corps of Charles XII, who came to the aid of General Levengaupt. The Swedes also spent the entire majestic train. The royal army was left without food and even without ammunition. Petro called the battle at Lisova "the mother of the Poltava battle."
Battle of Poltava
Spring 1709 rub. The Swedes captured the Poltava fortress. After the Seven Years, the Tsars reported that the garrison could not be kept out for long. Petro decided to fight a general battle. It was born on 27 chernya 1709 r.
The Poltava position was advantageous for defense. The left flank of the Russians covered the forest, the right flank covered the forest. The Swedes could only attack across the field, but the Russians blocked them with redoubts placed in a T-shape.
Charles XII was planning to attack the Russian position at Cholo. Knowingly lacking gunpowder, he placed his bets on a bayonet attack. While attacking, the Swedes became aware of the loss of fire from the Russian artillery. Having broken through the redoubts, they attacked the main forces of the Russians, concentrated in two lines. They managed to break through the first line. A hand-to-hand fight broke out. After two years of exhaustion and snow, the Swedes did not show up and returned. Suddenly the entrance turned into a leak. 30th century Russian cavalry under Kerivnitstvo M.M. Golitsina caught up with the Swedes to flee, near the village of Perevolochny. 16 thousand The Swedes surrendered to the 9,000-strong corral of Russians. Charles XII with a lot of proximity and Mazepa flowed to Turecchin.
The Battle of Poltava dramatically changed the course of the war. Zhovtni 1709 rub. The Pivnichny Union was renewed. At 1710 r. The Russian troops captured Riga and Revel. The initiative of the Pivnichny War was completely transferred to Russia.
Prut campaign
Charles XII, having fallen asleep at Turechchina, convinced the Sultan that the successes of the Russians would threaten Turkish rule on the shores of the Black Sea. At 1710 r. The Turkish region voiced the war in Russia. Pushing ahead of the enemy, Petro destroyed the army in Turkish Volodinia - to the banks of the Prut. However, the Prut campaign appeared in the distance. The 140,000-strong Turkish army defeated the 38,000-strong Russian army. The camp seemed hopeless. Petro was ready to turn over to the Swedes all the lands they had selected, including Ingria, and give them Pskov. The pro-Turks were afraid to attack the regular Russian army. This made it possible to settle the world on strong minds. The Russians wanted to turn back Azov, destroy Taganrog and let Charles XII through to the Fatherland. This meant the failure of plans for consolidation with Azov, but also made it possible to continue the struggle with Sweden from the achieved positions.
Gangutskiy biy
At 1713 r. Russian armies invaded as far as Finland, which belonged to Sweden. At 1714 r. The Russian galley fleet, which was crashing along the shore, was facing Misa Gangut from the Swedish squadron. Knowing that there was a narrow isthmus across the Gangut River, the Russians decided to drag the galleries over, bypassing the Swedes. They found out about this and sent part of the squadron to the place where the galleries were launched into the water. Other ships lost almost everything. For an hour the sea became calm. The Russians rowed past the intact Swedish ships. Part of the Swedish squadron, which left the Vuzky Fjord, was blocked and boarded by Russian galleys. Russia has gained a lot from its history and will overcome the great sea. For Gangut, a new military-sea power was born.
