In which century did ancient Russian literature originate? If ancient Russian literature has been destroyed and what is connected with it? "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia"
When did ancient Russian literature appear? What changes of mind were needed for what? Let's try to understand the peculiarities of the historical period at the time that affected literature.
Early feudal period
Growing up over this, if and why ancient Russian literature has faded away, is based on the close connection with the moldings of the state. The long-standing Russian power showed up for the trivial historical process under the communal clan order of similar Slavic tribal peoples.
Change your mind and appear
It is clear that ancient Russian literature has a connection with this. The Slavic tribes moved to a feudal system, bypassing the slave formation. In such a system of conjugal drains, the minority prevailed over the majority. For the search for an ideological explanation of this fact, it was not enough to have a pagan tribal religion, a strong folk creativity, which is rooted in the hours of tribal harmony.
The development of political, commercial, and economic relations required new writing, which was also the reason for the appearance of literature.
When did ancient Russian literature appear? The age of computer technology, as our hour is called, is characterized by a lack of interest in reading fiction. Few people know that in Russia, writing began in Russia even before the official adoption of Christianity.
“The Pannonian Life of Cyril” provides evidence that the other half of the ninth century had different forms of writing.
Kirilo and Methodius
So which hundred years old Russian literature was published? They have not yet found the exact evidence for this food, but they have concluded that the greatest historical and cultural concept for the Slavs was the discovery of the Abets by Methodius and Cyril (863 r.). At the end of the ninth century, a period of cultural development began in ancient Bulgaria. It was then that the miraculous writers appeared: Clement, John the Exarch of Bulgaria, Kostyantin. Those creations that were created by them were of little special significance for the formation of ancient Russian culture.
Acceptance of Christianity
We grow dim over this, since ancient Russian literature has disappeared, ferociously until 988 fate. This very date is considered the hour of official praise of Christianity in Russia. For the formation of the ancient Russian original culture, it was important that Rus' recognized Byzantium, which was also a representative of high culture.
The Byzantine Orthodox Church had already merged with the Roman Catholic faith. Just as Catholics were the basis of the literary language of Latin, the Orthodox Greeks were responsible for the development of national literary styles.
In Ancient Russia, ancient Slavic language was respected as church literary language, as it was close to the grammatical basis of ancient Russian language. The original literature that appeared in that historical period became the stimulus for its development. The wealth of the Russians was supported by popular popular belief.
Reflecting on this, since the decline of ancient Russian literature, historians and writers agree on the idea that the famous system of “bookish tradition” in Russia appeared at the end of the tenth century.
Christianity itself played an important role in the formative culture of Ancient Russia. Until the middle of the 11th century, master translators appeared who were engaged in “translating” Greek books into the “Slovenian” language.
Then, if ancient Russian literature disappeared, monasteries played a particularly important role. For example, at the Kiev-Pechersk monastery the true spirit of Christian culture was formed.
Dzherela
Take an active part in the development of literature:
- folk poetic creativity;
- Christian book literature
With the introduction of folklore, it was possible to establish that the ancient Slavs, who lived in the 10th century, developed advanced forms of folk creativity.
The successors have reconciled, and during this period there was a transition to historical subjects in the form of mythological accounts. Retelling, recounting, toponymic legend, songs about military battles became widespread in the literary poetry of that era.
The descendants respect that this period itself saw the formation of a folk epic, which played a role in the original ancient Russian literature. The princes' squads, who carried out the military campaigns, obov'yazkovo few spivaks, who glorified the valor of the prince and his warriors at the time of banquets and finally. This kind of literary chronicle was often written down, which became the main source for literary subjects.
Through folklore, literature itself lost elements of folk ideology and mystical poetic images.
In the process of the assimilation of Christian ideology, the Russian people were waiting to understand their pagan manifestations.
Visnovok
Throughout this period of formation of ancient Russian literature, folk poetry itself was the main source of wealth. Also significant is the importance of business writing and the development of formal literature.
For example, before the battle, the military commanders began to fight with the provost before their warriors, training and inspiring them for military exploits. Usna mov systematically stagnated during the hour of diplomatic negotiations. The ambassadors, straightened to the other extreme, memorized the phrase voiced by the ruler.
Such promotions were small on the respect of the songs of words, they were expressive and tenacious. There is a great deal of precision and brevity in the expressions of language and business writing, appearing in an aphoristic, stylish style in the writing of ancient Russian books.
The process of formation and development of ancient Russian literature was influenced by a lack of facts. First of all, it is important for us to acknowledge the peculiarities of the current structure of that time, the need for people to give up explanations to these changes that have affected their lives.
Historians view the canonical Christian books of the New Testament of the Gospel as the philosophical foundations of ancient Russian literature. Religious books included and clearly explained the torments of earthly life, the miracles of the resurrection, and the ascension to heaven.
At the end of the 10th century, the literature of Ancient Russia began to disappear, literature on the basis of which the literature of three brother nations developed - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. Old Russian literature came at once from the adoption of Christianity and was initially called upon to serve the needs of the church: to ensure church rites, to expand information about the history of Christianity, to obtain marriages for the foundation of Christianity. These tasks determined both the genre system of literature and the peculiarities of its development.
The adoption of Christianity was of little significance for the development of books and literature in Ancient Russia.
Old Russian literature was formed on the basis of a single literature of modern and similar words, which emerged under the influx of Byzantine and ancient Bulgarian culture.
The Bulgarian and Byzantine priests who came to Rus', and their Russian schools needed to translate and rewrite books that were necessary for worship. And the books brought from Bulgaria were not translated, they were read in Russia without translation, due to the closeness of the ancient Russian and ancient Bulgarian language. Liturgical books, lives of saints, monuments of the Red Church, chronicles, collections of philosophies, historical and historical stories were brought to Rus'. Christianity in Russia thirsted for more light, books about the history of the human race, about the ancestors of the Slavs were thrown out, and Russian scribes demanded works that would lay out Christian manifestations about the world and a story about natural phenomena.
Although the need for books in the Christian state was even greater, the possibilities for satisfying this demand were even limited: in Russia there were few large-scale copyists, and the process of copying the sheet itself was even more difficult, and the material on which the first books were written was parchment. too expensive . Therefore, books were written only by rich people - princes, boyars and the church.
Before the adoption of Christianity in Russia, Slovenian writing was in use. She knew that diplomatic (letters, agreements) and legal documents were stagnant, as well as censuses between literate people.
Before the advent of literature, various genres of folklore were developed: epic tales, mythological legends, fairy tales, ritual poetry, laments, lyrics. The role of the established national Russian literature in folklore was great. There are legends about Kazkov heroes, about heroes, about the foundations of ancient capitals about Kiya, Shchok, Khoriv. The oratorical language was the same: the princes spoke before the soldiers and spoke at banquets.
But literature did not begin with records of folklore, although it would continue to live and develop with literature for another hour. There were special reasons for the vindication of literature.
The incentive for the emergence of ancient Russian literature was the adoption of Christianity, when there was a need to know Rus' from the sacred writings, from the history of the church, from world history, from the lives of the saints. Without liturgical books the churches that existed could not be founded. And there was also a need to translate from Greek and Bulgarian originals and expand a large number of texts. This itself became a source for the creation of literature. Literature is unlikely to lose its ecclesiastical, cultic essence, especially since secular genres existed in a traditional form. But in reality everything was different. First of all, biblical revelations about the created world were accompanied by a wealth of scientific information about the earth, the created world, the structure of the human body, the history of the state, which has no small relationship with Christian ideology. In another way, chronicles, everyday stories, such masterpieces as “Words about the March of Igorov”, “Revolt” by Volodymyr Monomakh, “Prayer” by Danil Zatochnik, became cult literature.
So the functions of literature at the last moment of its origin and throughout history vary.
The adoption of Christianity has fostered the development of literature in Sweden for two centuries, and the church has been making every effort to promote the development of literature.
And yet, the literature of Russia was dedicated to light-seeing nutrition. The genre system defeated the worldview, such as the Christian powers. “Old Russian literature can be considered as literature with one theme and one plot. This plot is universal history, and this theme is the sense of human life,” this is how his work D. Likhachov formulated the literature of the recent period of Russian history.
There is no doubt that the Creation of Russia was a sign of great historical importance in political and social relations, and in cultural ones. The history of ancient Russian culture began after Russia adopted Christianity, and the date of the Christianization of Russia 988 becomes the starting point for the national-historical development of Russia.
Beginning from Vodokhreshcha Russia, Russian culture has once again faced a difficult, dramatic, tragic choice of its path. From the point of view of cultural studies, it is important not only to date, but also to document other historical events.
1.2 Periods in the history of ancient literature.
The history of ancient Russian literature cannot but be seen directly from the history of the Russian people and the Russian state itself. This century (XI-XVIII centuries), along which ancient Russian literature developed, is filled with significant ideas in the historical life of the Russian people. Literature of Ancient Russia - a testimony of life. History itself has established a number of periods in the history of literature.
The first period is the whole literature of the ancient Russian power, the period of unity of literature. The century is old (XI and XII centuries). This century has been shaping the historical image of literature. Literature of this period developed in two centers: on the day of Kiev and on the day of Novgorod. A characteristic feature of the literature of the first period is the important role of Kiev as the cultural center of the entire Russian land. Kiev is the most important economical destination on the world trade route. Until this period, the "Tale of Bygone Years" is due.
Another period, the middle of the 12th century. – persha tretina XIII century. This period saw the emergence of new literary centers: Volodymyr Zalesky and Suzdal, Rostov and Smolensk, Galich and Volodymyr Volinsky. At this time, there are differences between literature and various genres. This is the beginning of feudal fragmentation.
Next comes a short period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. At this hour the stories “Words of the Death of the Russian Land” and “The Lives of Alexander Nevsky” are being written. Currently, literature has one theme, the theme of the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar armies into Rus'. This period is considered to be the shortest, or the most beautiful.
Advent period, end of the 14th century. and the first half of the 15th century, this is the period of patriotic presentation in literature, the period of chronicle writing and historical development. For a century, economic and cultural developments of the Russian land have been avoided before and after the Battle of Kulikovo 1380r. In the 15th century Literature has new discoveries: translated literature, “The Tale of Dracula”, “The Tale of Basarga” appear. All these periods, from the XIII century. according to the XV Art. can be combined into one period and defined as the period of feudal fragmentation and the unification of Pivnichno-Skhidnaya Russia. So, since the literature of another period begins with the burying of Constantinople by the Crusaders (1204), and since the main role of Kiev has already ended and with a single ancient Russian nationality, three brother nations are emerging: Russian, Ukrainian and Ilorussky.
The third period is the period of literature of the Russian centralized power of the XIV - XVII centuries. If the power plays an active role in international affairs of its time, and ultimately pushes away the growth of the Russian centralized power. I from XVII century. a new period of Russian history begins. .
Old Russian literature did not mechanically reflect, but creatively reinvented the Byzantine and Bulgarian literary traditions with which it was closely linked. Rus' conquered the ascetic Byzantine tradition and did not reach the Muscovite Constantinople culture, took over Christian literature, including ancient literature, which had become very widespread in Byzantium. One of the reasons for this is that a similar situation had already been created in the original Slavic literature, which became a symbol for the Russian language. The ancient slaughter, which became the basis of secular enlightenment in Byzantium, was perceived in Russia as pagan, and therefore harmful for the human soul and has no cultural value.
The literature of Russia was of great importance to the literary works. The most important principle of middle-class culture is “imitatio” (inheritance, adaptation), assuming that gifts of grace are received on the way to completion of education, including verbal ones. This was the main task for the ancient Russian scribes to save their souls. In addition, the entire body of known literature is theological and religious-initial direct, including chronicles. Such crypts as “Izmaragd”, “Golden Lantsyug”, “Myrilo the Righteous”, “Bjola” were intended to formulate the skills of Christian service in the reader. History, recorded in chronicles, was understood before us as the realization of God's providence. Standing apart from the works that have been preserved is “The Tale of Igor’s March.”
It was only possible to extract spiritual value from creation by making a reliable contribution - by showing Providence. Most of the published texts are based on established reliability. About this we can confirm the messages in the chronicles, the rumors of precedents, the interest in the thoughts of eyewitnesses. The evidence has been suppressed either by the information of the participants, or by the tradition that was respected by a reliable source.
An important way to master the past is through retrospective analogy. In “The Tale of Law and Grace,” biblical applications are used in order to bring to light the achievements of the Christian faith and glorify the Russian people, who have achieved grace. In chronicles, Princess Olga is equal to the Greek Queen Olena, and Prince Volodymyr is equal to the biblical Solomon. The texts were written against the background knowledge of the reader, with his knowledge of Christian images and theologians. The retrospective was transferred to the highest level. In addition to the linear concept, the middle Christian cosmology conveyed evidence of a cob that no one knows. The idea of a linear hour was inspired by the idea of endless rotation, eternity. This is characterized by the scribes' focus on plots and topics that are forever relevant. This idea was inspired by a Christian parable, the characters of which are not related to a specific historical era. In everyday literature, saints can act in positions based on space-time categories.
History and eternity did not allow for guesswork or artistic fiction. Already 1073 years ago, the editors of the “Selection of Svyatoslav” observed the appearance of foreign worldly creations based on artistic principles.
History
Expansion of writing and education
Regardless of the fact that Cyrillic writing was popular in Russian lands before, it only became widespread after the Christianization of Russia. It also gained the basis of a seemingly disturbed cultural tradition of similar Christianity. Of little importance is the fact that Christianity was adopted in its similar, Orthodox version, allowing, under the subjugation of Catholicism, worship by national languages. This created sympathetic minds for the development of writing in my native land. Demanding literate people, Prince Volodymyr Svyatoslavich organized the first schools.
The development of Russian writing led to the fact that the Russian Church did not immediately become a monopoly in the sphere of literacy and education. Literacy was preferred not only by the noble class, but also penetrated among ordinary townspeople. Birch bark letters, discovered during archaeological excavations near Novgorod and other places and dating from the 11th century, testify to the increase in literacy among different vernaculars of the local population. Whole lists, memorial notes, first right then and there. Liszt, in this manner, was used not only for the creation of books, sovereign and legal acts, but also in everyday life. Inscriptions on eyelash virobes are often erased. Simple townsfolk deprived the numerical records on the walls of churches in Kiev, Novgorod, Smolensk, Volodymyr and other places.
The most recent known Russian monuments of writing are the treaties with Byzantium of the 10th century. You can tell about the familiarity of Russia with the Cyrillic alphabet even before Vodokhreshche. Their originals were not preserved. You can also see the lists at the "Tales of Time" warehouse. The oldest Russian monuments of writing that have been preserved are the Novgorod Codex (Psalter and other texts) from the end of the 10th to the beginning of the 11th century, “The Ostromir Gospel”, written by Deacon Gregory for the Novgorod mayor Ostromir in 105 7 generations, and two “Izborniki” of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich1 . The high level of professional mastery associated with the publication of books can be seen in the development of the production of handwritten books already in the first half of the 11th century, as well as in the development of “book publishing” that began at that time.
The main centers of book production were monasteries and cathedral churches, where special masters with permanent teams of copyists were established. They began leafing through books, writing chronicles, creating original literary works, and translating foreign books. One of the main centers of this activity was the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, in which a special literary movement developed, which created a great influx into the literature and culture of Ancient Russia. As chronicles show, already in the 11th century in Russia, libraries containing hundreds of books were created at monasteries and cathedral churches. The situation changed in the 12th century, as the craft of “book writers” also disappeared in great places. This testified to the growing literacy of the population and the increased demand for books, which the monastic copyists could not satisfy. Copyists of books were carried out by many princes, and their princes copied books on their own.
The sanctification was already valued by the long-standing Russian marriage. In the literature of that time one can find many panegyrics of books, talk about the measles of books and “book devotion.”
Original literature of the pre-Mongol period
The prominent writer was Prince Volodymyr Monomakh. His “Revolution” painted the ideal image of a prince - a fair ruler, and was based on the nagal nutrition of reality: the need for a strong princely power, the unity of the imaginary raids of nomads, etc. “Revolution” is a creature of secular character. You will learn the innocence of human experiences, other people’s abstractness and, above all, real images and butts taken from life.
The literature about princely rule in the life of the state, the methods of its development and the obligations of the prince becomes one of the central ones in literature. The thought arises about the need for strong power as a basis for a successful fight against external enemies and the suppression of internal threats. These thoughts are contained in one of the most talented works of the 12th-13th centuries, which came before us in the two main editions of “The Word” and “Prayer” by Danil Zatochnik. A henchman of the strong princely rule, Danilo writes with humor and sarcasm about how extraordinarily complex the action is.
A special place in the literature of Ancient Russia is occupied by the “Tale of the Campaign of the Igors,” dated to the end of the 12th century. No one learns about the recent campaign against the Polovtsians in 1185 by the Novgorod-Siversk prince Igor Svyatoslavovich. The description of this campaign serves as a motivation for the author to think about the share of the Russian land. The reasons for the defeats in the fight against the nomads, the reasons for the dashing Russians, the author, suffer from princely strife, in hisistic policy of princes, in order to lose special glory. The central image of the “Slovo” is the Russian land. The author lay down until the squad meeting. Vіn zhzhda koristuvavsya powerful concepts of "honor" and "glory".
The Mongolian invasion made a great impact on Russian culture. First of all, dedicated to our time - “The Word of Death of the Russian Land.” The word has not reached us yet. Also dedicated to Batiyev’s naval is “The Tale of the Ruining of Ryazan by Batiyev” - part of a cycle of stories about the miraculous icon of Mikoli Zaraysky. In the 13th century, the tradition of urochist and readerly redness was established as an example of preserving the tradition (“A Word about Little Virgo”, etc.)
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Vinication of ancient Russian literature
Genres of literature of Ancient Russia
Periodization of the history of ancient Russian literature
Peculiarities of ancient Russian literature
Visnovok
List of references
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The rich literature of Ancient Russia has its own classics, and works that we can rightfully call classics, which miraculously represent the literature of Ancient Russia as it is seen throughout the world. It is known that the skin of the Russian people is illuminated.
Old Rus', in the traditional sense of the word, which embraces the region and its history from the 10th to the 17th centuries, is small to a great culture. This culture, the immediate predecessor of the new Russian culture of the 18th-20th centuries, is a small period of power, characteristic of its manifestations.
Old Rus' is glorified throughout the world for its painting and architecture. Ale von Chudov is not deprived of these “nimmy” mysteries, which allowed some crazy scientists to call the culture of Ancient Russia the culture of the Great Monument. At the same time, the revival of ancient Russian music and more - very important for the understanding of mysticism - the mystique of the word, literature - begins to emerge again. Moreover, “The Tale of Law and Grace” by Hilarion, “The Tale of the March of Igor”, “Walking across the Three Seas” by Athanasius Nikitin, The Works of Ivan the Terrible, “The Life of Archpriest Avakum” and many others were translated into many foreign languages. Getting acquainted with the literary monuments of Ancient Russia, everyday people without special efforts to note their importance in the works of literature of the new hour: this and the number of detailed disaggregations of the characters’ characters, and this is also the scarcity detail in the description of the appearance of the heroes, the extreme detail, the landscape, and the psychological lack of motivation of the characters , and the “facelessness” of the replicas that can be conveyed to any hero of the creation, because they do not reflect the individuality of the one who speaks, and the “invisibility” of monologues with a great number of traditional “hidden words” "is" - abstract reflections on theological or moral those with excessive pathos or expression.
All these peculiarities would be more simply explained by the scholarly nature of ancient Russian literature, and they are simply the result of the fact that the middle-class writers had not yet mastered the “mechanism” of plot action, which is immediately familiar to every writer. dear reader. Everything is fair with a less than sung world. Literature is steadily developing. The arsenals of artistic techniques are expanding and becoming richer. Kozhen the writer's creativity depends on the achievements of his predecessors.
1. Vinication of ancient Russian literature
Poganskie retellings in Ancient Russia were not written down, but were transmitted orally. Christian faith was expressed in books, and books appeared to those who adopted Christianity in Russia. Books were brought from Byzantium, Greece, and Bulgaria. The ancient Bulgarian and ancient Russian languages were similar, and Rus' could use the Slavic alphabet, created by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.
The demand for books in Russia was great after the adoption of Christianity, but there were few books. The process of leafing through books is long and foldable. The first books were written by statute, or rather, they were not written, but painted. The letterer's skin was creamed. Anger leaf appeared in the 15th century. First books. The oldest Russian book among the books that have come down to us is called the Ostromir Gospel. It was translated from 1056-1057 pp. on the request of the Novgorod mayor Ostromir.
Original Russian literature in vinyl edition around the middle of the 11th century.
Chronicles are a genre of ancient Russian literature. It is made up of two words: “summer”, then river, and “write”. “Description of rocks” - this is how you can translate the word “chronicle” into Russian language
Chronicles as a genre of ancient Russian literature (only ancient Russian) began in the middle of the 11th century, and chronicle writing ended in the 17th century. From the end of the ancient Russian period of literature.
Features of the genre. Pods roztashovulsya rocks. The chronicle began with the words: In the summer, then called the river of the created world, for example, 6566, and laid down according to this fate. Why? The chronicler, as a rule, is a black man, and he cannot live according to the Christian light, according to the Christian tradition. And this means that the light for someone does not interrupt, does not divide into the past and today, and the past merges with today and continues to live in the present.
Existence is the result of past deeds, and the fate of today’s future is the fate of a mortal person. Chronicler. Naturally, the chronicler could not learn about the events of the past on his own, which is why he added older chronicles, earlier and supplemented them with reports about his time.
In order for his work not to become great, it was necessary to sacrifice some things: skip some things, rewrite others in your own words.
In the selection of the story, in the retelling, the chronicler quickly and quickly conveyed his view, his assessment of history, and then the view of a Christian, for whom history is a whole point of view, as they have a direct relationship 'tongue. The most recent chronicle is “The Tale of Bygone Years,” compiled by Nestor, a member of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, on the beginning of the 12th century. The title is written like this (originally, in a translation from a long-standing Russian language): “The axis of the story of past fates, the Russian land has gone, who became the first princes in Kiev and how the Russian land disappeared.”
And the axis of this cob: “So this is the end of the story. After the flood, the three blue Noahs divided the land, Shem, Ham, Japhet. ... And Shem, Ham and Japhet divided the land, casting a foal, and decided not to enter anyone into their brother’s part and lived skins of their part... They became a single people... According to the ruined group and according to the division of peoples, the blues of Sima took the descending lands, and the blues of Ham took the descendant lands, the Yafetovs took the approach and the ancient lands. , from the tribe of Japheth - They are called Noriki, as they are in words." Connection with the present. The chronicler related this biblical story about the underworld of the earth from everyday life. At 1097 rub. The Russian princes gathered to establish peace and said one to another: Are we destroying the Russian land, the evil beasts among themselves? So now we will unite with one heart and we will reach out to the Russian land, and let the people of Volodya return to their fatherland.
Russian chronicles have long been read and translated by me today. The most accessible and comprehensive information about Russian history and the life of our ancestors is written in the book “Confirmations of Russian Chronicles” (author and translator T. N. Mikhelson).
. Genres of literature of Ancient Russia
ancient Russian genre tale literature
In order to understand the specialness and originality of the original Russian literature, appreciate the grace with which Russian scribes created works “that stand behind genre systems,” such as “The Lay of the Igor’s Campaign,” “P Shepherd" by Volodymyr Monomakh, "Prayer" by Danil Zatochnik and similar before them, for which it is necessary to get to know some of the various genres of translated literature.
Chronicles.Interest until the past in the World, the history of other lands, until many great people of old were content with translations of Byzantine chronicles. These chronicles began reporting to the created world, recounted biblical history, introduced episodes from the history of the region immediately, told about the campaigns of Alexander the Great, and then about the history of the region. licky right away. Having extended the story to the remaining decades before the beginning of our era, the chronicles turned back and laid out the recent history of Rome, beginning at the legendary sleeping hours of the place. As a rule, most of the chronicles were occupied by stories about the Roman and Byzantine emperors. The chronicles ended with a description of their events and their daily developments. In this way, the chronicles created hostility about the continuity of the historical process, about their own “change of kingdoms.” Translations of Byzantine chronicles were most popular in Russia in the 11th century. Translations of “The Chronicles of George Amartol” and “The Chronicles of John Malali” were prepared. The first of them, from the continuations that had already been formed by the Byzantine soil, brought the revelation until the middle of the 10th century, and another - until the time of Emperor Justinian (527-565). Perhaps one of the initial characteristics of the composition of the chronicles was to be applied to the completeness of the dynastic series. This figure is typical for biblical books (from long generations of genealogies), and for middle-century chronicles, and for historical epics. "Olexandria".The novel about Alexander the Great, so called “Olexandria,” achieved great popularity in Ancient Russia. This is not a historically accurate description of the life and work of the famous commander, but a typical novel is useful for Hellenism 7. In "Olexandria" we have a sharp and action-packed (and pseudo-historical) story. "Olexandria" is a permanent warehouse for all ancient Russian chronographs; From the edition to the edition, it has more emphasis on a suitable and fantastic theme, which then shows the interest of the plot-entertaining, and which is not in the control of the historical battle of this work. "The Life of Eustathius Placidi."Infused with the spirit of historicism, brutalized to the light-hearted problems of ancient Russian literature, there was no place for open literary insight (readers, perhaps, trusted the miracles of "Olexandria" - even though everything had happened for a long time and here in our home lands, at the end of the world!), everyday story of the novel about the private life of a private person It is not surprising at first glance, but before the singing of the world, the needs in such stories were considered to be such authoritative and closely related to religious issues genres, such as the lives of saints, patericon or apocrypha. Prescedents have long noted that the various lives of Byzantine saints at certain points were already reminiscent of the ancient novel: Raptov's changes in the fate of the heroes, obvious death, recognition and death after a great separation, attacks by Irativ and wild animals - all with traditional plot motives of the novel are useful in a wonderful way of living with the idea glorification of an ascetic and martyr for the Christian faith 8. A typical example of such a life is “The Life of Eustathius Placidi”, translated from Kievan Rus. Apocrypha.There has been a continuing interest among Russian scribes, starting from the recent history of Russian literature, in apocrypha - legends about biblical characters that did not enter the canonical (church-recognized) Bible. of their books, dwarfing those that were praised by average readers: about the struggle in the light of good and evil , the end of humanity, I will describe the heaven and hell of unknown lands “at the end of the world.” Most of the apocrypha are complete narrative accounts that dazzled readers with either unknown everyday details about the life of Christ, the apostles, prophets, or with miracles and fantastic visions. The Church was trying to fight apocryphal literature. Special lists of buried books – indexes – were compiled. However, there are judgments about those who create insanely “speaking books”, which are unacceptable for reading by true Christians, and which are too apocryphal (literally apocryphal - secretly, secretly, so that they are insured for the completed in the theological meals of the reader), the middle-class censors had no unity . Indexes competed behind the warehouse; In collections, sometimes even authoritative, we often rely on apocryphal texts from canonical biblical books and lives. Sometimes, however, even here they were harassed by the hand of the zealots of piety: in some collections, arches with the text of the apocrypha were torn out or they were enshrined. The protea of apocryphal works was already abundant, and they continued to permeate throughout the rich history of ancient Russian literature. Patristics.Patristics occupied a great place in the ancient Russian translatable writing, as was the work of these Roman and Byzantine theologians of the III-VII centuries. others In their works, the dogmas of the Christian religion were clarified, the Holy Scriptures were desecrated, Christian honors were affirmed, vices were vindicated, and light-seeing diets were slaughtered. At that very hour, create as attentive, and the local redness had little more aesthetic significance. The authors of the verses, intended for the hymn in the church during the hour of worship, have carefully created an atmosphere of holy ecstasy or reverence, which is not enough to lull the faithful in the knowledge of the history of the church, which is so famous It turns out that they were thoroughly inspired by the mystique of rhetoric, as the Byzantine writers fell asleep even with the anti-Vapadkovo richness who from Byzantine theologians began with pagan rhetoricians. In Russia, John Chrysostom (born 407 r.) was especially popular; From the words that should be assigned to you or be attributed to you, the collection goals were formed, which were called “Zlatoust” or “Zlatoust”. Especially barvista and rich in stitches of the language of liturgical books. Let's bring a bunch of butts. In the service menus (collection of services in honor of the saints, which have been worn out for days, if the stink is bothered) XI Art. it reads: “The ripened vines of the grain appeared, and into the winepress of the torments of the poor, the wine that has been drained from us has been drained.” The literal translation of this phrase is true to the artistic image, and also explains the essence of the metaphor. The saint admires the mature crown of the vine, but also emphasizes that this is a real, but a spiritual ("mislova") vine; giving the torment of the saint is like grapes, which are pressed at the “grinder” (pit, vat) in order to “whip” the juice for making wine, the torment of the saint is “smelled” “wine of disenchantment” - almost reverently and spivuchutya yoma. More metaphorical images from these very service menyas of the 11th century: “From the depths of evil, the height of honor remains at the end, so that the eagle, flying high, creaks gloriously, the most praiseworthy of Matthew!”; “For example, prayer bows and arrows and a fierce snake that catches the snake, having killed yours, blessed one, having saved the holy flock from this harm”; “The sea of the enchanting richness of God has been moved by the storm, the divine rulers have passed gloriously, a quiet sanctuary for all the stormy and drowning ones.” “Prayer bows and arrows”, “the storm of rich deity” that rises on the “enchanting [approachable, deceptive] sea” of vain life - all these are metaphors, designed for the reader, so that Volodya forgives almost words and subtle images my thoughts, it’s miraculous to understand traditional Christian symbols. And as can be judged from the original works of Russian authors - chroniclers, hagiographers, creators of literature and tracts, this high mysticism was completely absorbed by them and infused into their creativity. Speaking about the system of genres of ancient Russian literature, we must note one more important situation: this literature for a long time, until the 17th century, did not allow literary meaning. Long ago, Russian authors wrote and read only about those that were true: about the history of the world, countries, peoples, about the generals and kings of old, about holy ascetics. They conveyed miracles through the doors, they believed in those that could have been, that there were fantastic realities that inhabited the unknown lands, such as Alexander the Great, who passed through his wars, who lived in the dark oven and cell They were the saints of Samitnik, then they ate them in the form of a harlot . , then panting at the sight of animals and monsters. When speaking about historical ideas, old Russian authors could tell different, sometimes mutually exclusive versions: others say this, like a chronicler or a chronicler, others say something different. In their eyes, however, there was more to the lack of information of the informants, so to be honest, in spite of the unknown, there was a thought that another version could have simply been invented, folded, and thus more folded for literary purposes - so and a thought for the writers of older times, perhaps, seemed implausible. This unknown literary conjecture also resulted in a system of genres, subjects, and things that were dedicated to solid literature. The fortune-telling hero came to Russian literature quite late - not earlier than the 15th century, although at that time he would still be disguised as a hero of a distant land or for a long time. The final guess is that only one genre is allowed - the genre of apologist and parable. This was a miniature story, each of the characters and the whole plot were intended only to clearly illustrate this idea. This was a story-allegory, and there were meanings in it. In ancient Russian literature, which did not know the clues, historical in great and small, the world itself appeared to be eternal, universal, and even the human beings are determined by the very system of the world, always fighting the forces of good and evil, with here, the story of such a good time (and even for the skin date, predicted in the chronicle, the exact date was indicated - the hour that passed the “created world”!) And the next day was marked: prophecies about the end of the world, the “other coming” of Christ and the Terrible One were widely spread court, which checks for all people on earth. This glaring, bright-eyed installation could not help but be drawn upon to support the very image of the world with the old principles and rules, once and again to determine what and how to depict. Old Russian literature, like other Christian middle-class literatures, is subject to a special literary-aesthetic regulation - the so-called literary etiquette. 3. Periodization of the history of ancient Russian literature
Literature of Ancient Russia - a testimony of life. The history itself establishes the periodization of literature. It is important for literary changes to avoid historical ones. How can we periodize the history of Russian literature of the 11th-17th centuries? The first period in the history of ancient Russian literature is the period of the continuous unity of literature. Literature mainly develops in two (interconnected culturally related) centers: in Kiev on the day and in Novgorod in the evening. The century is trembling - XI - and the cob of the XII century is burying itself. This century has seen the formation of a monumental-historical style of literature. The century of the first Russian lives - Boris and Glib and the Kiev-Pechersk ascetics - and the first monument of Russian chronicle writing that has come down to us - “Tales of Bygone Years”. This century is a single ancient Russian Kiev-Novgorod state. Another period, the middle of the 12th century - the first third of the 13th century, - the period of the emergence of new literary centers: Volodymyr Zalesky and Suzdal, Rostov and Smolensk, Galich and Volodymyr Volinsky; At this hour, local ideas and topics in literature are emerging, genres are becoming more diverse, and a strong current of malignity and journalisticism is being introduced into literature. This is the period of feudal fragmentation that has begun. The whole low-level picture of these two periods allows us to see the resentment of the periods in their entirety (particularly important for the complexity of the dating of several translations and original works). The grievances of the first periods are characterized by the panorama of the monumental-historical style. Then comes the ever-short period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, when stories are written about the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar armies into Rus', about the Battle of Kaltsa, the capture of Volodymyr Zalesky, “The Word about the Death of the Russian Land” and “The Lives of Oleksandr” and Nevsky." Literature is reduced to one topic, but this theme manifests itself with supernatural intensity, and the pictures of the monumental-historical style acquire a tragic tone and lyrical presentation of a high patriotic feeling. This is a short, but rather bright period to look at the trace. It's easy to find out. The offensive perіoda, Kinets XIV I Persha half of the XV century, - Tse Vika Vygenni, Shcho Zbiga to the Econonomic I Culture of the Roki, the Rocky, Peresheservno, they moved the Battle of 1380 rubles. This is a period of expressive-emotional style and patriotic presentation in literature, a period of revival of chronicle writing, historical development and panegyric hagiography. In the other half of the XV century. In Russian literature, new discoveries are emerging: expanded monuments of translated secular literature (fiction) are emerging, the first original monuments of this type are appearing, such as “The Tale of Dracula”, “The Tale of about Basarga." These findings were associated with the development of reformation-humanistic movements starting from the 15th century. Due to the lack of development of places (which were the centers of the Revival in Europe), the ordering of the Novgorod and Pskov Republics, the suppression of the heretical rukhs disappeared from the fact that the ruk before the Revival was sanctified. The conquest of Byzantium by the Turks (Constantinople fell in 1453), with which Rus' was closely tied culturally, closed Rus' at cultural cordons. The organization of a single Russian centralized power lost the main spiritual strength to the people. Publicism is developing in literature; The internal policy of the state and the re-creation of marriage occupy even more respect among writers and readers. From the middle of the 16th century. Literature more often shows signs of official pressure. The time has come for “another monumentalism”: traditional forms of literature dominate and oppress what has begun in the era of the Russian Rebirth of individual literature. From the other half of the 16th century. focused on the development of fiction, the value of literature. century - the centenary of the beginning of literature for a new hour. This is the age of development of the individual element in everything: in the very type of writer and in his creativity; century of development of individual flavors and styles, writing professionalism and a sense of authorial authority, individual, special protest associated with tragic turns in the writer’s biography. A special cob gives rise to strong poetry and regular theater. . Peculiarities of ancient Russian literature
Literature of Ancient Russia Vinyl 11th century. And it developed over seven centuries until the Petrine era. Ancient Russian literature is one whole with all the diversity of genres, therefore, images. This literature is dedicated to Russian spirituality and patriotism. On the pages of these works there are discussions about the most important philosophical and moral problems that heroes of all centuries think about, seem to think about. Create a love for the Fatherland and your people, show the beauty of the Russian land, and your creations will touch the hidden strings of our hearts. The significance of ancient Russian literature as the basis for the development of new Russian literature is even greater. Thus, the images, ideas, and style of the creators subsided A.S. Pushkin, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.M. Tolstoy. Old Russian literature didn't work like that on empty ground. Its appearance was prepared by the development of language, the development of folk creativity, cultural connections with Byzantium and Bulgaria, and was inspired by the acceptance of Christianity as a single religion. The first literary works that appeared in Russia, translations. Those books were transferred as they were needed for the divine service. The first original works, i.e., written in the most similar words, were published until the end of the 11th to the beginning of the 12th century. V. The formation of Russian national literature took place, its traditions and peculiarities were formed, which represent its specific characteristics, and its dissimilarity from the literature of our days. The purpose of this work is to show the peculiarities of ancient Russian literature and the main genres. Peculiarities of ancient Russian literature
1. Historicism has changed. These characters in literature, as a rule, are the result of the author's guess. The authors of artistic works tend to describe the relevant aspects of real people, which are rich in their understanding. But in Ancient Russia everything was completely different. The long-time Russian scribe learned more about what he thought actually happened. Tilki XVII century. Popular stories with rich heroes and plots appeared in Russia. 2. Handwritten nature of the process. Another feature of ancient Russian literature is the handwritten nature of its production. The emergence of the Drukar verstat in Russia changed the situation little until the middle of the 18th century. The discovery of literary monuments in manuscripts led to a special development of the book. They wrote about what they wrote about besides the treatises and instructions. On the other hand, handwriting led to the instability of ancient Russian works of literature. Those creations that have come before us are the result of the work of rich people: an author, an editor, a copyist, and the work itself could last for many centuries. Therefore, in scientific terminology there are such concepts as “manuscript” (handwritten text) and “list” (copywriting). The manuscript can contain lists of various works and can be written either by the author himself or by rewrites. Another basic concept in textual criticism is the term “editorial”, which is the direct reworking of a monument caused by partisan political influences, changes in the function of the text, or changes in the language of the author and editor. Such a specific feature of ancient Russian literature as the problem of authorship is closely connected with the creation of manuscripts. The authorial element in ancient Russian literature is muted, implicit. Old Russian scribes were gentle with other people's texts. When rewritten, the texts were rearranged: they were included and various phrases and episodes were inserted into them, and stylistic “embellishments” were added. Some of the author's ideas and assessments were aimed at the same thing. The lists of the same creations were divided one after another. The old Russian scribes did not at all dare to show their respect for literary creation. Even a lot of monuments have become anonymous; the authorship of others has been established by successors behind indirect signs. It is so impossible to attribute to anyone else the creation of the Epiphany of the Wise, with his subtle “network of words.” The unique style of the message of Ivan the Terrible, which smelled of mixed beauty and rough husky, but also a warehouse of simple style. It may happen that in the manuscript the other text was signed by an authoritative scribe, which may or may not be valid. So, among the works attributed to the famous preacher Saint Cyril of Turov, I probably won’t have much: the name of Cyril of Turov gave these works additional authority. The anonymity of literature monuments is due to the fact that the ancient Russian “writer” was obviously not trying to be original, but trying to show himself as more traditional, in order to adhere to all the rules and ascriptions of the canon. 4. Literary etiquette. Vidomy literary scholar, descendant of ancient Russian literature, academician D.S. Likhachov coined a special term for the canon of the monuments of middle Russian literature - “literary etiquette”. Literary etiquette develops: from the appearance of someone who is going to be in the same situation; a statement about how little a person behaves according to his position; Z is a manifestation of what is happening in the writer’s words. We have before us an etiquette of social order, an etiquette of behavior and a verbal etiquette. The hero should behave like this himself, and the author should describe the hero using only obvious words. The main genres of ancient Russian literature
The literature of the new hour is ordered by the laws of “poetics of the genre.” This category itself began to dictate the ways of creating a new text. However, in ancient Russian literature, genre does not play such an important role. Sufficient research has been devoted to the genre diversity of ancient Russian literature, but there is no clear class of genre classification. These types of genres were immediately seen in ancient Russian literature. 1. Living genre. Life - a description of the life of the saint. Russian everyday literature contains hundreds of works, the first of which were written in the 11th century. Life, which came to Rus' from Byzantium simultaneously with the adoption of Christianity, became the main genre of Ancient Russian literature, that is, the literary form in which the spiritual ideals of Ancient Russia were embodied. Compositional and verbal forms of life have been refined for centuries. A lofty theme - a story about life, which is the ideal service of the world and God - is indicated by the image of the author and the style of the story. The author of the life has confessed, he does not claim his pardon by the holy ascetic, he worships his righteous lives. The author's emotionality, his composure, overwhelms the whole story with a lyrical tone and harmonizes the creative, local mood. This atmosphere is created by the style of presentation - high levelness, filled with quotations from the Holy Letter. When writing a life, the hagiographer (the author of the life) follows a whole series of rules and canons. The composition of correct living may be threefold: introduction, sermon about the life and work of a saint from the people to death, praise. At the entrance, the author asks the readers for punishment for inappropriate writing, for the rudeness of the speech, etc. bud. The entry was followed by life itself. It cannot be called a “biography” of a saint in the truest sense of the word. The author of his life selects from his life only those facts that do not contradict the ideals of holiness. The story about the life of a saint comes out of the ordinary, concrete, and sporadic. Those who follow the rules of life may have few dates, exact geographical names, or names of historical persons. The life of life is influenced by historical time and specific space, and the weariness of eternity is also aroused. Abstraction is one of the peculiarities of living style. At the end of life there is praise to the saint. This is one of the most important parts of life, which resulted in great literary mystery and great knowledge of rhetoric. The most recent Russian hagiographical monuments are two lives of princes Boris and Glib and the Life of Theodosius Pechorsky. 2. Redness. Promotion is an area of creativity that is characteristic of the current period of development of our literature. Monuments of church and secular redness are divided into two types: respectful and tractable. Urochist Krasnomovism evoked the depth of the idea and great literary mastery. The speaker needed to effectively motivate the speaker in order to get the ear of the listener, to cultivate a high mode that was consistent with the topic, to shock him with pathos. Having created a special term for the designation of local language - “word”. (In terms of terminological consistency in ancient Russian literature, “Slovo” could also be called a Russian story.) Promos were written, written and expanded in numerous copies. Urochist Krasnomovism did not re-examine narrow practical goals, but rather sought to pose problems of broad philosophical, philosophical and theological exploration. The main drivers of the creation of “slavs” are theological nutrition, nutrition of war and peace, defense of the cordons of the Russian land, domestic and foreign policy, the struggle for cultural and political independence. The most ancient monument of local redism is the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion, written between 1037 and 1050. Instructional Krasnomovism - tse povchannya i rozmovi. The stench is small behind the duty, often with added rhetorical embellishment, written in an old-Russian language that was secretly accessible to the people of that time. The restoration could be carried out by active churches and princes. Conversations and conversations serve purely practical purposes, to provide people with information they need. “Revolution to the brethren” by Luka Zhidyata, Bishop of Novgorod from 1036 to 1059, contains a list of rules of behavior that follow to follow Christians: do not take revenge, do not say “dubious” words. Go to church and behave peacefully there, misbehave with your elders, judge truthfully, misbehave your prince, do not curse, follow all the commandments of the Gospel. Theodosius Pechorsky is the founder of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. I must pay all respects to my brothers, in which Theodosius reminds the Chens about the rules of black behavior: not to be late for church, to make three prostrations, to maintain decorum and order when singing prayers and psalms, during diarrhea bow one to one. Among the followers of Theodosius Pechorsky, he emphasizes a strong sense of alienation from the world, peace, constant continuation of prayers and spirituality. The hegumen vehemently denounces the greediness, covetousness, and inconsistency in people. 3. Chronicles. Chronicles were called weather records (after “rocks” - after “rocks”). The river entry began with the words: “It’s summer.” After this, there was a story about the ways and the ways that, in the eyes of the chronicler, were at the mercy of the land. These included military campaigns, raids of steppe nomads, natural disasters: droughts, neurological conditions, and, apparently, simply unexpected events. Even today's chroniclers and historians have the amazing ability to look into the distant past. Most often, the long-standing Russian chronicler was a monk who spent many hours writing chronicles. The story about history in those hours was customary to start from a long time ago and then move on to the rest of the fates. The chroniclers needed to sort out, organize, and often rewrite everything from their predecessors. Since in the orderly arrangement of the chronicle there appeared not one, but a number of chronicle texts, then it is his responsibility to “inform” them in order to unite, choosing from each one those who respect the need to include their work. If the materials that were collected last year were collected, the chronicler proceeded to the publication at the right time. The archive of this great work was a chronicle crypt. After some time, other chroniclers continued to dig through the crypt. Obviously, the first great monument of ancient Russian chronicle writing was the chronicle crypt, 70 years old. R. XI century The steward of this crypt, as they say, was the hegumen of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, Nikon the Great (? - 1088). The work of Nikon formed the basis of another chronicle crypt, which was built in the same monastery two decades later. In scientific literature, we have removed the intellectual name “Earth Crypt”. The nameless structure of Nikon's crypt was restored as a reminder of the remaining fates, and chronicles from other Russian places. "The Tale of Yesterdays" Based on the chronicles of the tradition of 11th century. The largest chronicle monument of the era of Kievan Rus was born - “The Tale of Bygone Years”. It was built near Kiev in the 10th century. 12 tbsp. According to the opinion of some historians, Nestor, also known as his other creations, was the most likely personage of the former monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. With the creation of the “Tale of Time Years”, this structure received numerous materials, which were replenished by the Pochatkova crypt. These materials included Byzantine chronicles, texts of treaties between Russia and Byzantium, memos of translated and ancient Russian literature, and translations. The director of the "Tale of Bygone Years" has placed as a priority not just news about the past of Russia, but also the place of similar words among European and Asian peoples. The chronicler talks about the dispersal of the Slovenian peoples in ancient times, about the settlement of similar Slavic peoples in the territory that would later reach the ancient Russian state, about the so-called origins of various tribes. The "Tale of Bygone Years" emphasizes not only the history of the Slavic peoples, but also the unity of their culture, language and writing, created in the 9th century. brothers Cyril and Methodius. The most important thing about the history of Russia is that the chronicler emphasizes the adoption of Christianity. The story about the first Russian Christians, about the Christianization of Russia, about the expansion of the new faith, the existence of churches, the emergence of the Chernets, the success of Christian enlightenment occupies a central place in the "Tale". The wealth of historical and political ideas expressed in the “Tale of Bygone Years”, talk about those that were created not just by an editor, but by a talented historian, a deep thinker, and a brilliant publicist. Many chroniclers of the next century flocked to discover the creator of the “Tale”, rushed to inherit it and even obligingly placed the text of the monument on the cob of the new chronicle crypt. Visnovok
Well, the main number of creative monuments of ancient Russian literature are religious-communal works, lives of saints, liturgical hymns. Old Russian literature in vinyl edition of the 11th century. One of the first monuments is “The Word about Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion of Kiev - it was created in the 30-40s. XI Art. The 17th century is the last century of ancient Russian literature. In this period, the traditional ancient Russian literary canons are gradually evolving, new genres are emerging, new phenomena about the people and the world are emerging. The works of ancient Russian scribes, the texts of authors of the 18th century, the works of Russian classics of the past, and the works of modern writers are called literature. There are obvious differences between the literature of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. But the entire Russian literature of the three remaining centuries is not at all similar to the monuments of ancient Russian verbal mysticism. However, in line with them, Vaughn reveals a lot of sleep. The world's cultural scene is constantly expanding. At the same time, in the 20th century, we understand and value the past no less than classical antiquity. The cultural baggage of humanity has greatly increased since the late European Middle Ages, back in the 19th century. What seemed barbaric, “Gothic” (the original meaning of the word is “barbaric”), Byzantine music and iconography, African sculpture, Hellenistic romance, Fayum portrait, Persian miniature, Inca mysticism and rich something else. Humanity is evolving towards “Eurocentrism” and its centric focus on the current 10. The deeper penetration of the culture of the past and the cultures of other peoples is drawing closer to the edge. The reality of the world is becoming more and more palatable. The distance between cultures is fleeting, and there is less and less room for national warlords and stupid chauvinism. The greatest merit of the humanities and the mysteries themselves is the merit that the new world will be known to the future. One of the most important tasks is to introduce into the daily reading and understanding of the memos of the mysteries of Ancient Russia. The mystique of the word is in organic connection with the creative mysticism, with architecture, with music, and it is impossible to have a valid understanding of one without understanding all the other manifestations of the artistic creativity of Ancient Russia. The great and unique culture of Ancient Russia is closely intertwined with creative literature and literature, humanistic and material culture, broad international connections and a strong national identity. Yes. List of references
Likhachov D.S. The Great Decline // Likhachov D.S. Vibranі robots in three volumes. Volume 2. – L.: Khudozh. let., 1987. Polyakov L.V. Book centers of Ancient Russia. - L., 1991. A Tale of Bygone Years // Monuments of the Literature of Ancient Russia. The beginning of Russian literature. X – cob XII century. - M., 1978. Likhachov D.S. Textology Based on materials from Russian literature of the 10th-17th centuries. - M.-L., 1962; Textology Short drawing. M.-L., 1964.
Old Russian literature is the national foundation on which the great foundation of the national Russian artistic culture of the 18th-20th centuries is built.
It is based on high moral ideals, faith in people, the possibility of boundless moral thoroughness, faith in the power of the word, which transforms the inner world of people, patriotic pathos of service to the Russian lands and - powers - Fatherland, faith in the ultimate triumph of good over the forces of evil, The all-worldly destruction of people means that I will overcome the hated witch.
Without knowing the history of ancient Russian literature, we do not understand all the depths of creativity of A. S. Pushkin, the spiritual essence of creativity
M. U. Gogol, the moral jokes of L. M. Tolstoy, the philosophical depth of F. M. Dostoevsky, the originality of Russian symbolism, the verbal jokes of the futurists.
Chronological boundaries of ancient Russian literature and specific features.
Russian middle literature is the beginning stage of the development of Russian literature. This guilt is closely connected with the process of formation of the early feudal power.
In accordance with the political principles of the appreciation of the foundations of the feudal order, it depicted the different periods of development of husband and social services in Russia in the 11th-17th centuries. Old Russian literature is the literature of the Great Russian people, which is being shaped and gradually formed into a nation.
The knowledge about the chronological boundaries of ancient Russian literature is still not accepted by our science. Statements about the obscurities of ancient Russian literature are still becoming unclear.
A lot of creations perished in the uncured fires, during the time of the wasteful raids of the steppe nomads, the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar burial grounds, the Polish-Swedish invaders! At a later hour, in 1737, the surpluses of the library of the Moscow tsars began to burn, which burned at the Great Kremlin Palace.
RUB 1,777 The Kiev library perished in the fire. At the hour of the Great German War of 1812. In Moscow, handwritten collections of Musin-Pushkin, Buturlin, Bauze, Demidov, and the Moscow Association of Lovers of Russian Literature were burned.
The main savers and copyists of books in Ancient Russia, as a rule, were those who were least concentrated in the saved and leafed books of the worldly (secular) place. And this largely explains why it is important that most of the works of ancient Russian writing that have come down to us are of an ecclesiastical nature.
The works of ancient Russian literature were divided into “secular” and “spiritual”. The rest were constantly being pushed and expanded, some of them avenged the immutable values of religious dogma, philosophy and ethics, and firstly, at least of official legal and historical documents, were deafened by “metushniki”. Therefore, we present our ancient literature as being more ecclesiastical than it really was.
Beginning to adapt the ancient Russian literature, it is necessary to embrace its specific features, which are relevant to the literature of the new hour.
A characteristic feature of old Russian literature is the handwritten nature of its writing and its breadth. At the same time, the other work was not created in the form of a separate, independent manuscript, but entered into a warehouse of various collections, for all practical purposes.
“Everything that serves not for the sake of beauty, but for the sake of embellishment, contributes to the call of vanity.” These words of Basil the Great richly indicated the establishment of the ancient Russian marriage to the creation of writing. The value of this and other handwritten books was assessed based on its practical value and color value.
“Great is the rise of the veneration of books, for books seem to be the path of repentance, for wisdom is known and fades from the words of books; These are the rivers that feed the universe, these are the outlet of wisdom, these are the depths of books, these are the ones that comfort you in sorrow, these are the bridles of the morning. “- the chronicler resumes from 1037 r.
Another feature of our ancient literature is the anonymity and impersonality of its works. This was a legacy of the religious-Christian concept of feudal matrimony to the people and, literally, to the work of the writer, artist, and architect.
Nowadays we know the names of several authors, “copiers” of books, so we can modestly put our names either on the side of the manuscript, or in its margins, or (more often) at the title of the work. In this case, the writer cannot protect his name with such evaluative adjectives as “thin”, “worthless”, “many sinners”.
Biographical information about the ancient Russian writers known to us, their creativity, the nature of their successful activity, the great and the least. The same goes for the literature of the 18th-20th centuries. Literary scholars widely obtain biographical material, reveal the nature of the political, philosophical, aesthetic views of this or that writer, vikory and author's manuscripts, trace the history of creative works, reveal the creative work of the uniqueness of the writer, then the memorials of ancient Russian writing must be approached differently.
The average family has no concept of copyright, and the individual peculiarities of the writer deprived him of such a bright manifestation as in the literature of the new hour. Copyists most often acted as editors and co-authors, rather than simple copyists of the text. They changed the idea of directness of the work that was being rewritten, the character of its style, they shortened or expanded the text apparently to the relishes, drinks of their time.
As a result, new editions of the monuments were created. And if you rewrite it, simply copying the text, your list will always differ from the original: without making typos, omissions from the letter, and inadvertently selecting your own words from your own particularities. In connection with this, science has a special term - “excerpt” (manuscript of the Pskov-Novgorod excerpt, Moscow, or, more broadly, Bulgarian, Serbian, etc.).
As a rule, the original texts of the works have not reached us, but their late lists have been preserved, sometimes hundreds, two hundred or more years removed from the time the original was written. For example, “The Tale of Bygone Years,” created by Nestor in 1111-1113, has not been preserved at all, and the edition of Sylvester’s “Tale” (1116) is only available in the warehouse of the Laurentian chronicle 1377 “The Tale of the Campaign of Igor ", written in the late 80s rocks of the 12th century, found in the list of the 16th century.
Everything is based on the successor to ancient Russian literature, extremely resolute and extensive textual work: the identification of all the lists of these and other memos, the establishment of the time and place of their writing. about the arrangement of different editions, variants of lists, as well as the determination of which edition the list most closely matches the first one author's text. A special branch of philological science—textology—is based on these principles.
It is extremely difficult to write about these other monuments, their lists, which lead to such an additional historical and philological science as paleography.
Based on the peculiarities of lettering, handwriting, the nature of the writing material, paper watermarks, the nature of headpieces, ornaments, miniatures that illustrate the text of a manuscript, paleography makes it possible to accurately determine the hour of creation of a particular manuscript. There are rewrites that they wrote.
In the XI-first half of the XIV century. The main writing material was parchment, which was prepared from the skins of calves. In Russia, parchment was often called “veal” or “Harati”. This expensive material was, of course, accessible only to the lower classes, and craftsmen and merchants worked for their ice sheeting with birch bark. Birch bark also served as a sewing material for students. About these miraculous archaeological findings of the Novgorod birch bark letters.
To save writing material, the words in the row were not divided, and only the paragraphs in the manuscript were represented by a red cinnabar letter - the initial, the title - “the red row” of the literal meaning of the word. Most often, the most lived-in, widely known words were written briefly under a special supernumerary sign - the title. For example, litt (verb - kazhe), bg (god), btsa (theotokos).
The parchment was poured out in advance by the clerk behind the help of a ruler with a lancet. Then I rewrote the key on the knee and carefully wrote down the letter. The handwriting with the correct square images is called the statute.
Working on the manuscript involved a painstaking process of great mystique, and once the clerk had completed his difficult task, he was glad to hear it. “The merchant who created the purchase and the Kermanich in the sharp end of the bailiff and the mandrivnik have arrived for their father’s day are glad, so is the book writer who has worked to the end of the books...” - one reads at the end of the Laurentian chronicle u.
The written leaves were sewn together at the sewing machine, just as they were intertwined on wooden boards. This is a phraseological turn - “read a book from school to school.” The panels of the palette were covered with leather, and the plates were specially made from wood and gold. A monstrous sign of jewelry mystique is, for example, the setting of the Mstislav Gospel (early 12th century).
In the XIV century. papiers arrived to replace the parchment. This cheap writing material stuck to it and speeded up the writing process. The charter sheet is replaced by a sleek, rounded handwriting with a large number of supernumerary signs - napivustav. Monuments of business writing show cursive writing, which gradually emerges and occupies a central position in manuscripts of the 17th century.
The emergence of medicine in the mid-16th century played a significant role in the development of Russian culture. Prote to the cob of the 18th century. Important church books were written, and worldly works, artists, as before, were discussed and expanded in manuscripts.
In the case of ancient Russian literature, there is one important fact to note: in the middle period, mystique literature had not yet been seen in an independent state of suspense, it was inextricably linked with the Philosophy, science, religion.
In connection with ancient Russian literature, it is not possible to mechanically summarize the criteria of artistry that are suitable for assessing the manifestations of literary development of the new hour.
The process of historical development of ancient Russian literature is the process of step-by-step crystallization of artistic literature, as seen from the background flow of writing, democratization and “secularization,” i.e., civilisation. from the custody of the church.
One of the characteristic features of ancient Russian literature is its connection with church and business writing, on the one hand, and poetic folk creativity, on the other. The nature of these skin ligaments in the historical stage of development of literature in the surrounding monuments varies.
Since then, literature has more broadly and deeply explored the artistic merits of folklore, and has more clearly highlighted the phenomena of action, thus the wider sphere of ideological and artistic infusion.
Characteristic of ancient Russian literature is historicism. Its heroes are historical figures, it does not allow any guesswork and strictly follows the fact. There are numerous reports about “miracles” - phenomena that seem to the average person to be supernatural, not so much the guesswork of an old Russian writer, as the exact records of the testimony of either eyewitnesses, or the individuals themselves, with whom the “miracle” became.
The historicism of ancient Russian literature has a specifically middle-class character. The progress and development of historical ideas is explained by God’s will, by the will of Providence.
The heroes of the creation are the princes, the rulers of the state, who stand on the mountain of hierarchical gatherings of feudal matrimony. However, having thrown away the religious shell, the current reader easily reveals that living historical action, which was the Russian people as the creator.
Kuskov V.V. History of ancient Russian literature. - M., 1998
