English grammar for dummies pdf. English grammar: basic concepts

We present to you the first article from the series “English Grammar for Beginners.” In this series of materials, we have summarized all the rules briefly and in simple words, so that those starting from scratch or those who do not remember the basics of English could independently develop grammar and understand it. and get stuck in practice.

Multiply in English language

In English, as in Russian, all words are divided into countable and non-numerical. It is important to understand when studying the meaning of this word. Numerical names designate objects that can be stolen, for example: table (steel), book (book), apple (apple). Numerical names are abstract concepts, entities, products, etc., those that cannot be protected. For example: knowledge, water, meat, flour. These words have either many or only one.

Calculated names can be used alone or in multiples. Name in one way means one thing, this is the form of the word as it appears in the dictionary: apple - apple. The name of a multiplicity denotes a number of objects: apples - apple.

How to create multiple names:

The plurality of names is confirmed by the way of adding to the word ending -s: book – books (book – books). There are a number of peculiarities in spelling:

• If the word ends in -o, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, then we add the ending -es: hero – heroes (hero – heroes), bus – buses (bus – buses).

  Blame: photo - photos (photography - photographs), video - videos (video recording - video recordings), radio - radios (radio - like radio), rhino - rhinos (rhinos - rhinoceroses), piano - pianos (piano - like piano), hippo - hippos (hippopotamus - hippopotamus).

• If the word ends in -f, -fe, then the ending is changed to -ves: knife – knives, leaf – leaves, wife – wives.

  Blame: roof - roofs (dah - dakhi), giraffe - giraffes (giraffe - giraffe), cliff - cliffs (skele - skele).

• If the word ends in -y, before which there is a vowel of the letter, -y is changed to -ies: body – bodies (body – bodies).
• If a word ends in -y and is preceded by a voice, then we add the ending -s: boy – boys (boy – lads).

In English language it is inclusion words, how to make a difference behind the rules. You just need to memorize such words, fortunately, there are so many of them.

Try our test to see how well you have mastered the material.

Test for the plurality of names in English language

Articles in English language

There are two types of articles in English: chanting and non-singing. The stench cannot be transferred to the Russian mine. Before the name, in one of the most important types of clauses, you need to put one of these articles.

The non-descriptive article a/an is used only with countable nouns in one: a girl (girl), a pen (handle). If a word begins with a glottal sound, we write the article a (a girl), and if a word begins with a glottal sound, we write the article an (an apple).

The article a/an is used in the following cases:

• We call any, any unimportant object, and we have only one, so we and the vikorist article a, which is similar to the word one (one):

  It is a book. - This is a book.

• We first guess the subject of the movie:

  I see a shop. - I run (one of the impersonal) a store.

• We are talking about a person’s profession or indicating their affiliation with a certain group:

  He is a teacher. - He’s a teacher.
  She is a student. - Vaughn is a student.

We put the singing article the when we are talking about a specific subject for us. This article can appear before the nominative in one or the other.

The singing article the is used in the following cases:

• We already guessed the item earlier in our promo:

  I see a shop. The shop is big. - I'm running the store. (Tsey) The store is great.

  It is important that the song article resembles the word that (that), so it is also necessary to point to a song that is familiar to spivozmovniks.

• We are talking about an object that, in this context, is unique in its kind, and cannot be confused with something else:

  Honey, I'm washing the car. - Lyuba, I'm washing the car. (My family has one car, so we are talking about a specific item)
  Look at the girl in the red dress - Marvel at the girl by the red cloth. (we indicate a specific girl from the singing cloth)

• We are talking about a single object of our kind, there is no other like it: the sun, the month, the light, the President of France, etc.:

  The earth is our home. - The earth is our wake-up call.

The word to be

In an English proposition there is always a word. And while in Russian we can say “I am a doctor”, “Merry Garna”, “We are in the hospital”, then in English it is unacceptable: in all these cases, after the one who continues, the word to be is to blame. Therefore, you can remember a simple rule: if the spoken word does not have any essential words, it means that the word to be is required.

The word to be has three forms:

• Am we getting to the borrower I, if we say to ourselves:

  I am beautiful. - I'm handsome.

• Is is put after the borrowers he, she, it:

  She is beautiful. - There's a garna.

• Are live after you, we, they:

  You are beautiful. - You're beautiful.

The word to be in English language is most often used in such cases:

• We inform you that kim is a person (name, profession, etc.):

  I am a doctor. - I am doctor.

• We inform you that Yakim Yakistyu Volodya people and subject:

  Mary is beautiful. - Meri garna.

• We inform you that de to know people about this subject:

  We are at the hospital. - We are at the spital.

Propositions with the word to be at this time will be in the following order:

We think you are now ready to take the test and check your knowledge.

Test for learning words

Present Continuous Tense - the current troubling hour

Present Continuous Tense most often shows that something is going on at once.

Every English proposition has a subject and an adjective. In the Present Continuous, the adverb is formed from the auxiliary word to be in the required form (am, is, are) and the main word without the part to, until the ending -ing (playing, reading) is added.

She is playing tennis now. - Vaughn now plays at the tennis
I am reading a novel at the moment. - I'll immediately I'm reading novel.

The word to be at this hour is an additional word, which is the word that comes before the main word (playing, reading) and helps to create the hour. You will find additional words and in other hours, to what kind of words it appears be (am, is, are), do/does, have/has, will.

Restore respect to such words that show the hour Present Continuous: now (at the moment), at the moment (at this moment), today (today), tonight (today’s evening), these days (to this day), nowadays (today), at present (nini), still (to now pir).

Strong words in the Present Continuous hour are pronounced as follows:

Before starting the main word, you just need to add the ending -ing: walk – walking, look – looking. All actions and words are exchanged in the following order:

• When the word ends with -e, we add -e and add -ing: write – writing (write), dance – dancing (dance).

  Blame: see - seeing (bachiti).

• If the word ends in -ie, we change -ie to -y and add -ing: lie – lying, die – dying.
• If the word ends with an accent with a short voice, which stands between two voices, the end voice is formed by adding -ing: begin – beginning (begin), swim – swimming (swim).

For negative sentences in the Present Continuous, you just need to insert the part “not between to be” and the main word.

She isn't cooking at the moment. - Out of the blue not ready.
You are not listening to me now. - Ti don't hear me at once.

When using the Present Continuous, you need to add the word to be in the first place, and after the second place the main word.

Is she cooking at the moment? - Vaughn getting ready at this moment?
Are you listening to me now? - For now I hear?

And now it’s time to take the test to get used to the Present Continuous.

Present Continuous test

We have presented you with the first 5 basic topics of English language. Now your task is to kindly get involved in them and ask for help as productively as possible. So as not to overwhelm you with a great lesson in grammar, I will begin with an article from this cycle that we will release in a few years. Subscribe to our newsletter and you will definitely not miss important information. We wish you good luck with your English learning!

And one of the most difficult foods for beginners. Even if the English language is fluent, it is natural to try to master its grammar, relying on the knowledge of the grammar of its language. And it is often difficult to call out those grammatical structures, which have no analogues in Russian. For example, it is important for a Russian student to understand that there are more than a dozen different hours in the English language, although the Russian language miraculously gets by with three.

In such situations, you can come to the aid of English grammar in tables, so that you can clearly understand the hidden meanings and differences of different grammatical forms. The results indicate that English grammar in tables and diagrams is much easier to remember and appears simpler in practice.

So, let's put together a table of the nine main hours of English language. Before you can get to the table, you need to know a few basic rules that apply to any English language.

• At any time, the English language has additional word for additional main word (adjective).
• At any time, a negative word does not reach the part additional word i put in front of the main word - adjective.
• At any time, the English language is easy to get used to additional word, what is put in front of the subject.

There are three main groups of English language hours:

1. Simple (or Indefinite) - simpler,
2. Continuous (or Progressive) - trivalium,
3. Perfect – completed.

Each of these groups has its own
Today - Present,
Minule - Past ta
Maybutne - Future.

Thus, our table has nine hours of English language - three hours each for three groups. Let's look at the group Simple for the first three hours, then Continuous and, finally, Perfect. In the process of completing the table, learn the meaning of the skin group, as well as the form of the main word in the skin group.

English grammar in tables

In this way, from this table it can be understood that the skin group has a sacred sign both for the meanings and for the shape of the hours that come before it.

• Groupy watch Simple – tse unimportant actions, Not connected with the current moment.
• Groupie watch Continuous - tse trivals dii,process. Behind the form of all hours of this group, the word be is used in the present, past or future, and the ending is -ing in the main word.
• Groupie watch Perfect - tse completion of the day, Which transmits the result. All the time this group vikorista the word have in the present, past and future, and the third form of the semantic word.

It is also important to appreciate that the additional word will is the most important word in this group at this time.

Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future in the Past Continuous

It’s very easy to understand, but the structure can be understood once you understand how things are created and what functionality is lost.

We present to your respects a report table that clearly reveals the essence of these complex grammatical phenomena. This is a kind of “reminder for dummies”, which is said when a term requires you to remember a grammatical rule.

Tables of English hours help you easily understand the logic behind the various grammatical structures of English language and are of great help to the Wiconian right.

You can put your knowledge into practice and continue learning on our website. With us you will find all the basic rules, you will practice putting them in unique rights, you will be satisfied with the professional voice-over of texts from different levels and you will be able to select material for learning, which is suitable walk for you.

Point to English grammar

After you have learned the English grammar tables, try the right button to reinforce your knowledge.

Complete the proposition with a daily word

Insert the following words into the gaps

Put the words in the correct order

Summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually ... summer go every we summer go every we usuallyevery camping usually.

Uncle to year Spain last went my... uncle to year Spain last went my... uncle to year Spain last went my... uncle to year Spain last went my... uncle to year Spain last went my... uncle to year Spain last went my ... uncle to year Spain last went my .

Friends, every language has its own basic rules in terms of grammar, spelling, syntax, etc. English language is not to blame. On the pages of our website you can find a detailed description of each section of grammar, reading rules, syntactic rules, and English phrases.

In this article, we will not dwell on the skin section of the language.

Our current material is intended for those who are new to the learned language, for those who have started learning English from scratch. We would like to introduce you to the basic, most important and necessary rules of English language that you follow everywhere, mastering this language. If you are ready, then 15 basic rules will follow you!

You need to know these rules!

Now, dear readers, you will now learn the basic rules of English language from various branches of language. There are problems with grammar, language, syntax and much more. All you need to do is read the rules carefully and thoughtfully, practice respect and, most importantly, memorize them! For your convenience, you can rewrite this information before you write it in English or with a notepad. In this way, you will be able to tell yourself in the future what you need in the same way.

Rule #1

After the modal words of the section to don't vikorize. We say:

• Imust learn Englishmodalverbs. — I want to learn English modal words.
• You should listen to your parents. - You need to listen to your fathers.
• May I so yournotebooktillSunday? - Can I borrow your laptop until the week?

And we don’t always say: must to learn; should to listen; may to take etc.

Rule No. 2

It is not possible to use the song/non-vocal article from the borrower:

• I love my mother. - II'm shakingminemom.
• Where is your friend now? - Deat onceyoursFriend?
• Yesterday I met Tom and his wife. - Uchora ya zustriv Toma ta yogo squad.

It is impossible to say: the my mother or else my mother; the friend or else your friend. You can immediately see how absurd it looks, and how much it sounds. Just hearing less!

Rule No. 3

The appendages of the English language (for food “how?”) are created using the scheme: appendix + ending ly:

• Perfect - perfect ly- wonderful, wonderful, wonderful
• Quick - Quick ly- shvidko, shvidko
• Rapid - rapid ly- shvidko
• Quiet - quiet ly- quiet
• Nice - nice ly- cute
• Easy - easy ly- easily
• Beautiful - beautiful ly- garneau

• He entered the room quietly. - VinquietuviyshovVroom.
• Tom did his homework Perfectly fine! - Volumezrobivmyhomethe robot is wonderful (very good)!
• Suelooksbeautifully today. — Sue looks great today.

Rule No. 4

Vikorist PresentSimple, after spilok if,assoonasbefore,when,till,until,after,incase in the propositions of the hour and minds that lie until the next day:

• When I finish School, I will go to my grandparents in the countryside. - KoliII'll finishschoolII'll gobeforemydiduseviіgranniesVvillage.
• After you study Your homeland, you will turn around, where you left. - PislyaTogo, yakyouVivchishgenealogicaltreeyoursfamilyyouViyavish, inwhomyoulook like.
• Your elder brother will certainly help you if you ask- YoursseniorBrotherobov'yazkovomore helptoby, yakschoyouyogaask.

Rule No. 5

The order of words in English speech is as follows:

Extends + addition + direct addition + indirect addition + furnishings

Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + adverbal modifier

• Isentyoualetterlastweek. - I sent you the last year.
• I saw Mike in the club. - IbachivMikeVclubs.
• It was sunny yesterday. - Yesterdaybulosleepy.

In Russian speech, liberties are allowed, and in this there is no clear order of words, everything depends on the emotion invested in it. In English proposition everything is clear and simple.

Rule No. 6

Phrase words (word + appendix) in English have their own meaning, along with the meaning of their translation. For example:

To look- marvel; to look for- Shukati

To put- put, put; to put on- dress up

Equalize:

• Put plates on table, please. - Postavplatesontable, please.
• It is cold outside; put on your coat. - OnstreetsCold, dress upcoat.

Rule No. 7

The most basic rule for the written and unmarked articles in English language is: the unmarked article is placed where nothing is known about the subject; The song article is used there, where it is known about the subject.

• I see a The girl walking down the street is very beautiful. - Ibachumaiden. The girl who is walking along the street is very good.

Rule #8

Finished - ed Typically, the past hours have been deprived of the right words. Wrong words form their shape for every hour of the day. For example:

Look-looked ALE! Bring-brought -brought

Rule #9

There are 4 types of food in English language:

We go to theater every Saturday. - Miwe goVtheaterskinSaturday.

• General(zagalny): Do we go to theater every Saturday? -Miwe goVtheaterskinSaturday?
• Special(special): Where do we go every Saturday? -Kudimiwe goskinSaturday?
• Alternative(alternative): Do we go to theater every Saturday or every Sunday? -Miwe goVtheaterskinSaturdayor elseskinweek?
• Disjunctive(separate): We go to the theater every Saturday, don’t we? -Miwe goVtheaterskinSaturday, NotSochi?

Rule No. 10

To put together a non-personal proposition, you need a borrower It:

• It is cold today. - TodayCold.
• It is morning. - Early.
• It is difficult to translate this text. - Tseytextfoldablere-translate.

Rule № 11

After the spilok asif,asthough(nachebto, nibi, nibi) in the mental way, word toru in the third individual the same forms emerge boules:

• She speaks so proudlyas if she wasn't guilty. “She looks so proud, otherwise she’s not guilty.”
• Tom looks as though he were rich. - VolumelooksSonibiVinrich.

Rule No. 12

Mental-spontaneous propositions in the 1st and 3rd individuals are created using additional words Let's:

• Let's I have a look at these pictures. - Let me look at these photographs.
• Let's him sleep, he is tired. - Giveyoumutake a nap, vintired.

Rule No. 13

Everyone knows what the word is many gets used to the numerical names, and the word much- With unhealed ones. Ale, as soon as you are wondering, doubting, have forgotten the rule and don’t understand that the name is in front of you, kindly vikorist concurrence with your words alotof. It is possible to approach both types of names.

• Many birds - a lot of birds
• Much sugar - a lot of sugar

Rule no.14

Without meaning, English words are polysemic, so they can have a single meaning. This lies in the context and place of the proposition. To understand the translation more accurately, go to the dictionary and clarify in what context the word is used.

• Toshoot- capture on video; toshoot- shoot
• Country- Kraina; country- village, village

Rule No. 15

Dieslovo do You can replace the main word in the sentence. For example.

Grammar is an element of language, thoughts about how to fundamentally disagree with each other. Many people respect that without knowledge of grammatical rules, a multilingual victor has the right to recite language in an impossibly clear manner. But often the grammar of English language for beginners becomes the same thing. They get lost in the numbers, spell words incorrectly in sentences, and as a result, they come to the end of the day to read the grammar - it’s not a burden, and you can completely do without this tedious task.

However, you just need to know the grammatical rules so that you can correctly put together a phrase that matches your vocabulary. In other words, this knowledge indicates how competently you can speak and write English.

Why is it necessary to learn grammar?

What is meant by this term? Grammar is a set of simple rules that must be followed when learning this or any other language. These rules are important and necessary, just like the rules of any sport, such as football or basketball. Since there are no such rules, gambling is simply impossible. There is a lot of talk about this: if there were no rules for merging, people would not be able to understand each other. Therefore, the development of English grammar is one of the most important and significant stages in the development of foreign language.

Of course, the rules of the language are more complex, and the rules of the language are lower. There is no single approach to developing a grammatical harmony, and even the skin fakhivets creates a powerful technique that is different from others. Some people need to learn the rules and learn the rights to reinforce them. Others believe that it is easiest to learn grammar using various types of games and situations. Whatever method you choose, remember these rules and recommendations that will help make it easier and speed up the process of getting started.

The ProLingvo course contains the basic rules of English grammar that allow understand immediately very richly: up to 90% of the fusion is achieved with just a small amount of service materials and a very small amount of construction.

Pochatkivtsi can Quickly learn the basic rules, get over to the right-simulators with the correct understanding of the rules, read and hear a lot, so that practice vocabulary ta svidshe start talking.

No need to cram the rules! The rules are given only for awareness, and if it is important, then it is best to move on to the texts. Those that appear in the texts, you quickly recognize, easily memorize, and then speak.

Peculiarities of English grammar

• The main importance of the grammar of English and Russian language - words will never change : names and names don’t shy away (so you won’t have the chance to cram word forms: “ bus", "bus", "by bus"..., in English only bus), words do not change according to persons ("take", "take", "take", "take"..., in English only so And there is no ending -s: she so s ).
• One word in English can be a word, a name, a note, etc. designate an action, an object, a characteristic of an object. It is more important for him to show respect for:
  • a) the role of service officers (who worked from the butt);
  • b) the formation of the word shodo other words.
  Don’t be afraid to get lost - it’s all about nutrition practice and exercises ProLingvo hovering on the surface will help you acquire the necessary skills.

Finished

At the end of the day, give special respect for the first hour.

The letter that appears most often is -s:

• it shows the number of names
  • table (table- [table])
  • tables (tables- [tables])
• appears in the third individual. ( here you go)
  • I like it(I deserve this- [ay like it])
  • he likes it (you deserve this- [ay likes it])

* There are some features that you will learn from our online course.

Words can take forms with the following endings:

• -ed : added to the word to highlight the past hour
  • I liked it(I was honored with this- [ I like t it ])
• -ing: added to the word and in this form it takes part in the light of a number of hours, and also this word can be transferred by a name (we will figure it out at your hour).

Service words

Meaningful words change little. The consistency of a phrase can vary greatly depending on the use and non-use of important grammatical service words. The introductory course on English grammar emphasizes the service words itself.. You can use a dictionary even without our help, although our miracles have the right to make recommendations to easily memorize words.

Borrowers

A lot of time is spent on the cob course. Your task is to learn to recognize and correctly learn borrowers (to be more automatic in their learning, as in Russian language we don’t worry about which borrower to choose: I, me, me, my...).

Adopters

The most important element of English grammar: in English, words are not changed by substitutions, but subscripts appear, and they are conveyed by the users themselves. Don’t bother cramming receivers. There is only one recipe - do not forget to practice with the texts (we talk about this more than once and on the site you will be given effective rights with them).

Article

The song may be difficult for cobs article- a grammatical category that Russian language does not have. The article can only be “identified” by regular reading and great common practice. So be respectful and have three patience.

Hours and daily routine

How can we convey without grammar that the idea is not happening now, but in the past or future hour? Need to say what clock system in English it is also excused and represents one of the complex sections of English grammar. Let’s start reading and “understanding” the words that have their place in the speech at a given hour, so that you can then easily understand the replacement of the English hours that can be written in (to understand the table, it is important to note Use the words to be and to have).

To put it simply, the addition of words will be reduced to a combination of words to be (buti) that to have (mother) + the form of the word, of which there are not many (as in the image of a constructor with a limited number of elements).