Short-haired type. Golkoshkiri - Creatures and Roslins

The phylum Echinodermata is characterized by the following signs.

1. Holkoskirs are radial and also call pentapromenal symmetry, since their ancestors were bilaterally symmetrical creatures.

2. A skeleton of foamy plates with spikes, heads, which can be washed on the surface of the body, etc., develops in the underhair.

3. The internal organs lie near the wide, empty body (whole).

One of the most original figures will be based on the complex differentiation of the part into the whole into a number of systems, including the coverage of the entire ambulacral (aqueous) system of the organs of the arm.

4. Є circulatory system; Organs of the diet are weakly excused; There are no special organs visible.

5. The nervous system is primitive and partly lies entirely in the skin epithelium or in the epithelium of the areas of the body wall that are sunken in the middle.

6. Holkoskin separate pieces. Eggs require complete radial crushing. The development of naked cats is characterized by a dipleurula larva, which undergoes folding metamorphosis.

Golkoshkiri (Echinodermata) - a type of spineless deuterostome creatures. Their characteristic sign is radial symmetry of the body, but it is secondary and developed under the influx of a low-impact way of life; The oldest naked cats were bilaterally symmetrical.

Another characteristic of the Golkoshkirkh sign is ambulacral system, which consists of filling the same channels and serving for the flow, breathing, dotika and vision. Again, due to the relaxation of the channels of the ambulacral system, the skins stretch along the direction of the hand, looking at the ground and any object. When the lumen of the channels is sharply reduced, water drains out of them, and as a result, the body pulls the body forward.

The intestine looks like a long tube or a large pouch. The circulatory system consists of circular and radial vessels; The flow of blood is influenced by the axis complex of organs. The product is produced by amebocytes, which are excreted through a rupture in the body, called the breakdown products. The nervous system and organs are a little weak. The openings of the naked skins, standing at the gates, will drain around the exchange and fill most of the body with the insides, regenerating them over the course of many years.

All naked skins will mix with the stately way; Seaweeds, brittle stars and holothurians are produced until the end, with the onset of regeneration of the half that is rejected. The pool is located near the water. The development proceeds from metaphorosis; It is a free-swimming larva (in some species, the larvae are lost to the females in the brood chambers). Young naked people live to be 30 years old.

The type is divided into two subtypes; The riveted naked skins are represented by sea lilies and some extinct classes, free-eared ones - sea stars, sea urchins, holothurians and brittle stars. There are approximately 6,000 living species, and twice as many species have become extinct. All naked skins are sea creatures that linger in salty water.

Let's take a brief look at the main classes of Holkoshkirikhs.

Sea lilies (Crinoidea) are a single current class of sea lilies. There is a mouth at the center of the cup-like body; From here comes a crown of feathery loosening changes. With this help, the sea lily will bury the plankton and detritus that it eats. A stalk up to 1 m long or numerous loose sprouts, with which the product attaches to the substrate, come down from the stem. Stemless sea lilies can easily rise and float. The number of species is almost 6000; Of these, at this hour there are less than 700. Sea lilies emerge from the Cambrian.

Most of the sea stars (Asteroidea) in the most common species are called the shape of a flattened penpentate, similar to the penpentula. However, among them there are more than five different views. There's a lot of them that are very well done. Sea Stars are huts built completely upside down behind the help of numerous ambulatory legs. All kinds of twisting boats, enveloping the victim, for example, a mollusk, and poisoning its position with the body. Close to 1500 species; From the Ordovician. Decades of sea stars are known to feed on commercial oysters and mussels. The crown of thorns ruins coral reefs, and a dose of water can cause severe pain.

Sea urchins (Echinoidea) are another class of sea urchins. The disc-like or round body up to 30 cm in size is covered with skeletal plates to support long and thin heads. One of the most important purposes of these heads is protection from enemies. Some sea urchins feed on detritus; in others, to scrape water from a stone, using a mouth with a special chewing apparatus -

This book completes a four-volume cycle of information about creatures. The first part is spineless. The stench lives everywhere: permeates the wind, the earth, and the earth’s waters from the surface to the deepest depths. How do you control the eighties and what are your zvichki? Can an octopus sink a ship? Myth or fact, what does a scorpion, oozing with a ring of baked voguilla, inflict on itself? A book about the truth. “Victory Creatures” talks about the evolution of various representatives of the world of creatures, including humans. How can we explain that the Devonian fish has survived to this day, even as the giant lizards died out in the Mesozoic? The complex and mysterious path of the evolution of creatures is seen in the context of the progress and development of life on Earth.

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This is a unique group of creatures, unlike anyone else, a similarity of the ancient (they appeared in the Precambrian) and the obscure. Russian ceremonies I. I. Mechnikov, having studied the developments of the Golkoshkirikhs, has long since established evidence that the paths of the Golkoshkirih evolution are close to the chord creatures. Therefore, the deeds of the descendants began to vibrate chordates, and from them spinal and naked creatures. But their voices do not sound too loud for all fakhivs.

Over six thousand species of naked cats have already been described (and twice as many as extinct). Holkoshki were classified and classified in different ways. We take as a basis the system adopted by the Radyanskys, which has five classes in the type of sea lilies: sea lilies, sea goblets, or holothurians, sea urchins, sea stars and similar ones. they are brittle stars, or snaketails.

Representatives of all five named classes are already classified as one type. There was a lot of sweet rice in them.

First and most importantly, the lower nature has endowed the naked cats - this is the name of the ambulacral system, which no other creature has.

The main purpose of the ambulacral system is peresuvannya. However, some turtles have other functions, for example, functional ones, while sea lilies, brittle stars, and other urchins also have functional ones. This system consists of a circular canal that opens the mouth, and five radial canals that come out of the new one, and is filled with water that may not be damaged by sea water. From the radial canals, other canals lead this line to the ambulacral legs of the creatures, at the ends of which, as a rule, suction cups grow.

Far from power is the peculiarity of all naked people - the plan of Budova, which is a multiple of five. The ambulacral system, the nervous system, the circulatory system, and other organs operate on a multiple five-fold plane of life.

Zreshtoyu, skeleton. VIN on VIDMINA VIDS DISHS INSHRETNIVE IN THE MADENTS OF THE SNITH (VAPNINIS) I vIANICA KRIHIT, ICIP PID MRROSKOP Carbonate CALTSIA, YAK LED EXPLUSIONALY KLITINI SHKIRI. This grain grows over time, comes out of the cell that gave birth to it, and at the sight of the trypromenean plate now lies in the interclinal space. Instead of unraveling, joining with other similar gilts, the edges of the plates that have grown, become angry and create a thick shell, either more or less loose or a thick edge, or united one with one like the spine tsiv" (Z. I Baranova). However, holothurians have a different knuckle: surrounded by small plates, spots in the skin.

As the name indicates, the skin of the naked cats is formed by different heads and humps. And sea stars and urchins have on their surface something that is not found in any other creature - pedicels that have disappeared from their heads. These are kind of small pincers or tweezers that produce special meats. The stench sits on the crumbly legs (of sea urchins) and the buildings that have accumulated some kind of waste, alternately collapsing one to one, passing them from one department to another, moved closer to the company, and in such a manner, like a relay race, deliver the captured video bottles directly to the mouth hedgehog. Some hedgehogs have stinks for defense: they are equipped with a poisonous vine, and then the “bite” of these tweezers is not safe for small enemies. These “pincers” in many seaweeds are so strong that, having grabbed hold of a crab or worm that attacks them, they crush it and do not let it go for several days until it stops breaking. However, the main purpose of the pedicillary, as they are important, is to cleanse the skin from any dirt that is stuck between the heads.

Ofiuri svichaynogo appearance

Ophiura "head of the gorgon Medusa"

Lancet-headed sea urchin

To protect against enemies, naked skins, closed sea-eyes, can provide a more effective defense. These are the main rank of waste words that are found in different fabrics and become painful and bring death to many creatures. For example, saponin has been seen from such clear streams of sea stars. It is not safe because it damages red blood cells. The fish, placed in the water, in which the “juices” of the seaweed tissues are dissolved, quickly dies, showing clear signs of exhaustion.

“Unkind actions on humans have so far been noted only in Acanthaster planci. This large arm, completely covered with long heads, the sea star lingers along all the shores of the Indian and the western part of the Pacific Ocean, from the Red Sea to the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. As soon as a person injects himself into her neck, he immediately develops a very strong pain that lasts for years. The injection site swells, becomes tender and exhibits paralytic signs. Sometimes a feeling of boredom creeps into your throat and vomiting begins. Obviously, the skins of the cows, which cover the heads, contain detachable buds, instead of which they are consumed when pricking the wound" ( Hubert Fechter).

It has been established that several other species of sea stars have severed heads. Those that are endowed with sea urchins (for example, the canopies of Echinothrix and Diadem) have long been known. Their heads are up to 30 centimeters long!

“Those hedgehogs with sharp heads for help ... of the number of eyes point their heads in that hole, the signs are threatened by danger ... Other types of hedgehogs do not point their heads, but “about every mishap” sway them back and forth in a sickly manner for the entire hour and forward. If you step on a severe sea urchin with great heads... then the heads not only stick into the human body, but also break off, screaming at once from the gaps of further suppuration. This is the root... which calls out to people the confusion, the unwinding, the relaxation of the muscles of the ends and faces, the poison" ( M. I. Tarasov).

“Shadow falls on the hedgehog-diadem - he immediately turns his head on the shadowed surface of his body. The meat that seals on the corner that connects the heads to the shell, trims them gently, as if the bagnets are attached. If the shadow breaks or the person touches the hedgehog, the greedy manipulation of the long heads immediately begins, which often tightly unite one after another in like tufts - under the water one can hear the mute rattle of knitting needles. The thinnest heads stick deep into the skin and break off there. The injection site will burn and hurt for a good hour, but there are no serious consequences after this” ( Hubert Fechter).

What is important here is how neatly the Balistes fish deals with the hedgehog-diadem. Carefully scooping it up in one or a handful of heads, lifts it up from the bottom and throws it to the bottom. He repeats this cunning maneuver over and over again until the hedgehog falls head over heels. There are no thorns around the mouth, and the fish happily grins in this unprotected place.

Purple sea urchin

Blakytna Morska Zirka

The streams that are seen like sea glasses near the water, carry a specific smell that is burning into the waste of many creatures. Particularly rich in fish, turtles, sea urchins and brittle stars.

Most naked cats reproduce exclusively by state methods. Those who do not care about their offspring lay their eggs directly in the water, where their development becomes congested (and, especially in cold waters, live-bearing naked cats). The eggs hatch into tiny larvae (no larger than a millimeter, however, in one sea star the larvae are even larger – 1.5 centimeters). Depending on the species of the creature, the breeding season and other minds, the larvae of the blackheads swim with the mass of plankton scattered in the surface balls of the sea, from several days to two to three months. Then they settle to the bottom and transform into the naked-haired species assigned to them by nature.

Decades of sea lizards, brittle stars and sea cucumbers multiply in a simple way: one creature is divided into two or more parts. Then the “piece” of skin that is formed in this way, growing tissues and organs, is transformed into a full-fledged, completely “complete” one with a great appearance.

It is not surprising that the skins are built before autotomy and further regeneration. Collected by the enemy, let's say, behind the scenes, the sea star to the short-lived meats itself appears like a lizard in such fits of the tail. Holothuria, without hesitation, without pity, throws out its insides right in front of its ready-to-devour meat and, while the hut devours them, hastens to quickly flow in, catch up in the mule and the sand. And the actions of the naked people “sometimes fall into pieces” due to serious problems!

"Company" Ezhakiv-Diadem

Carnage of sea urchins. Ped No. 2 depicts a tiara

Sea urchins, covered with metal armor, do not particularly require such extreme self-calibration. Alas, there is a stench as the payment for living is given by their hydraulic legs, heads and pedicles.

Later, all parts of the body lost in unsafe situations will be restored in a shorter term: in the hijak, who sacrificed their insides to holothurians, the stench will grow again in nine to twelve days. The hand of the sea star is thrown out, as if it will not be caught by the enemy, call the gina, but in Linkia it continues to live and after an hour from it, with one hand, a new whole sea star grows ka!

Turbot about offspring is one of the greatest forms of behavior of creatures. And what do you think? These thoughtless, seemingly primitive creatures - holothurians, sea lizards and urchins - reveal this maternal turbo. Not everything, but a lot of people. For example, sea cucumbers always carry their small children on their backs. In others, it is even more seriously placed on the right: the juveniles sit on their backs, but in special brood chambers, covered by foamy plates to the animal (just like a toad!). Acts of the clogging zirki, as well as to the Pali Tarantuliv, the ties to the dits of their backs at Vygudi Transport Zasoba, the Navpaki, to be shone with his own TILL, and in one clover, Bila Rota was known. In one type of sea starfish, the juveniles resemble the special vigor of the hull. These are the sea stars, in which for an hour the eggs mature, a special brood chamber is installed on the back, covered with spit with openings through which water circulates. The eggs, and then the young, develop under this kind of tent. As soon as they grow to one-half centimeter, young eyes lose their childish socket.

Sea lilies are the essence, even if the will of re-drying is completely reduced. Sit all your life on the floor, attached to the new long, bunky stems, clasping your hands in a loose bun, really similar to a lily flower. All other naked skins will whine their bottoms without a turbo. However, it is not only the horizontal surface of the stench that can be transferred. Perhaps all the sea stars and a lot of husks will appear on the slope of the rock, and some of the stars will move along the smooth glass station of the aquarium. Only a few sea cucumbers swim near the same water - leading, it seems, a pelagic way of life. They are commensals (spivmeshkans) among the Golkoshkirkhs. For example, the heads of live sea urchins often provide a bite, butt and end to various brittle stars (as well as cardinal fish and other shrimp). They smell like brittle stars, a company of sea lilies settle in, taking part of the captured urchin into them, and “not giving in to the rulers of the dirty mischief.”

Holothurian massacres

Carnage of sea lilies

All the naked skins (except for the indestructible sea lilies) will bury themselves in the mule for an hour. The mule is rich in sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and starfish.

"Most of the naked cats eat cooked hedgehogs, and some of them thrive especially on coastal algae or bring in surplus ground algae" ( Z. I. Baranova).

Sea urchins, as shown by monitoring them in aquariums, are everywhere. They devour stinks and dead fish, and other carrion, live daphnia, other sea stars and fish, turtles, water relatives, as well as algae of all kinds, lettuce, tree canopy and ... a lot of ground peas.

On the other hand, naked cats can fast for a long time. Decades of sea stars, for example, did not eat anything for 18 months and were lost alive.

“Rocks, either granite or basalt, are sometimes drilled by sea urchins, where the water is shallow and the surf is strong. Some stoves are only sized for one bag - a loaf, and some have whole cauldrons about a meter deep and a third of a meter in diameter, where there are dozens of cauldrons the size of an apple or a fist. This way of life is used by sea urchins from drying out during periods of rapid or other decline in water, from the loss of their huts, and from the impacts of the surf" ( M. I. Tarasov).

“It is completely clear that for drilling such hard rocks as granite, people must use a special drilling machine. And to be honest, their gaps and teeth are more marvelous. The very appearance of the chewing apparatus, called the colossal Aristotle’s lighter, clearly brings its significance. This is a real drill, a quiet one, that gets used to the metal masters" ( P.E. Vasylkivsky).

Ale tsim with his sverdlo sea urchin is less than grise granite. The work is slid through quickly, and the stove, immediately drilled into the stone, is ready. Then it begins to become more intense. It spins, spins in the middle, its heads are scraped along the roughly hewn walls, they are scraped and polished to a shine.

A sea urchin, and below “Aristotle’s lekhtar”, equipped with an oral apparatus for gnawing, drilling, chewing and other “teeth”

Holkoskira are found only in seas and oceans at all latitudes and at all depths - from the littoral to the abyssal (10 thousand meters above the surface).

“All naked skins... are very sensitive to the least desalination of water. Stinks every day in the Caspian Sea, in the Baltic Sea are represented by all three species, and in the Black Sea - by only eight species, and in the Barents, Karsk, Chukchi and Okhotsk Seas they become the main part of bottom-dwelling creatures" ( Z. I. Baranova).

However, the minimum and maximum growth between them is very different: the smallest holothurian can be a few millimeters long, and the largest (giant holothurian) can be five meters long!

Longevity is quite good: sea urchins have an average of 10–15 rocks, perhaps 35, and sea urchins have 20 rocks or more. The life of sea cucumbers is shorter - five years, perhaps, and more.

Not all sea stars have more than five changes, but there are six, seven, all, sixteen... and finally fifty! A critical eye sits at the end of the skin exchange. It’s really bad: it’s only light in the dark. The lengths of some sea stars are even short: they only protrude beyond the edges of the central disk-body. Such stars are similar to pentacles.

The barked sea stars sparkle even brightly: yellow, orange, red, sometimes gray, green, blue or violet. Live near the coast to the deepest depths of the ocean. One sea star was caught near the Philippine depression - 9990 meters above the surface!

The tens of sea stars are very large: up to a meter across.

The animal creature does not have such thick legs as the naked ones: their stench, as we already know, is “hydraulic.” Critical, thin and stretchy, like gum. The legs sit on the exchanges, on the lower side. When the sea star rises, the legs swell. Water is pumped under pressure from their ambulacral organs. The water stretches the leg, it stretches forward, touches the stone, and the water is pumped to the other legs. And they called away. The legs, which were looking at each other, clench and pull the sea star forward.

Naturally, the seaweed grows a lot – 15–20 centimeters per vine (9–12 meters per year)! If it flows and attacks, then move twice. Listen to the jokes and say that there are six meters per day. Any species that the sea stars spit on becomes even more dry. There are a lot of stars, mules, seaweeds, and other turtles and ravines. The others are completely crushed, and as soon as a large turtle is caught, the sea star embraces them and begins to pull the chair from the chair (at which the traction force develops up to 5.5 kilograms). The shell is tightly closed, so the sea’s mirror can’t be opened again, but it’s not in a hurry - it’s going to take a while. The flesh of the turtle, which washes the chairs, simmers, and the mother-of-pearl little bottle opens. Then the seaweed hangs its little cape through its mouth and stuffs it into the shell. There is a hatch - right in the middle of the shell - and it poisons the mollusk. Even a stretchy boat, if placed in a small gap in the sink (if the chairs are separated by only 0.2 millimeters!) can be squeezed through and the water can even penetrate to the top.

Bagatoruka Morska Zirka

Unknown on the right: a sea star, it appears, you can poison the urchin not only in the middle of your body, but also just near the sea water!

Sea stars seem to manage to throw their boat on living fish. The fish swims and grabs the sea star everywhere. And she’s sitting on her back, looking at her with her little legs, and using her hook, she’s poisoning the still-living fish. Truly the miracles that nature creates, wonderful for the miracles of the Kazkovs!

They didn’t believe it for a long time, they thought that the sea stars eat more than dead fish: how can we catch them live fish! Ale Dr. Gudger from the American Museum of Natural History has collected a lot of evidence that has convinced the skeptics. Now few people doubt it. The sea star grabs the fish that it casually caught on it by its fins. What does it mean? With pedicle tongs, which are thickly overgrown on her back. Then wash out the fish that you have squandered in your traps, bend over and bring the fish bottle to your mouth, tail first. Then the boat pops up and closes it.

The sea stars are quiet, toothless, and howl like ice. And what kind of huts are they! The sea has a great problem with them: all the lions and tigers on Earth cannot eat as much meat as starfish eat it. And oysters, and pearls, and fish, and brittle stars, sea urchins, their relatives, crabs... And crustaceans like stars - none. What can they be used for? Khiba on tuk for good. And the axis of sea urchins sings to people.

Milk and caviar of sea urchins are the main subject of culinary cravings. And those and other even living products. In the caviar of sea urchins – up to 34.9 parts of fat, proteins – 19.2–20.3 parts. It's salted and salted, greased and pickled.

Natural sea urchins are found mainly among residents of the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, Western and Western America, New Zealand and Japan.

“Cleaned hedgehogs on the birch tree are opened, the caviar is removed from the scallop and boiled in a cauldron over low heat until it looks like a thick paste with the color of jellied wax, after which they are put back into the cleaned scallop Ezhakov. Hedgehog shells made from boiled caviar are sold by retailers individually. The small Creole population lives with such a large number of hedgehogs that in places on the island their shells create the purposes of grief" ( Z. I. Baranova).

The shells of sea urchins themselves are good enough: the material that fits in them is very durable, does not burn, does not wrinkle. This scallop of sea urchins is not immediately thrown out as unnecessary waste, but is boiled in boilers to prepare barn for the skin and trim.

This scaralapa, which is rich in calcium and phosphorus, is a good garnet for poor-native lands.

Trepang is a popular delicacy of the Primorsky regions. This is a holothurian (approximately forty species that survive). I, as a typical holothurian, the sea cucumber has a body outline similar to a cucumber, so these creatures are often called sea cucumbers and sea cucumbers. The sea cucumber guesses a cucumber, if you lie still, otherwise, it’s worm-like in its arms. If you get stuck, you can squeeze so hard that you end up on your butt. The skin on his back has spikes (and because of the stench, this is the price of sea cucumber at the grub market). And on the ventral side there is a mass of small ambulatory legs. Colors range from dark green to dark brown. Live on rocky ridges either during the day or in thickets of seaweed (no closer than 50 meters).

A young, single-tongued sea cucumber can weigh fifty grams, while growing up - up to four or five - and in every way increase its weight (up to a year such sea cucumber is about 30-40 centimeters).

Sea cucumber meat is rich in proteins and valuable mineral salts. Iodine, for example, is 100 times more than that of any spineless creature of the sea and land (and 10 thousand times more than that of yowlovich!). The capacity in a sea cucumber is a thousand times greater than that of a fish. Sea cucumber is infused with sea cucumber meat with chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, manganese, magnesium, cobalt, honey, saliva, iodine and many other elements that are so abundant in sea water and poor land soil. How does this holothurian attempt to accumulate so many valuable words? And she is good for nothing other than all other living creatures and detritus (to put it simply, a mule)…

“Japanese doctors prescribe sea cucumbers to overtired and weakened people, which in distant lands are called “sea ginseng”... The meat of sea cucumbers has a rich consistency, in sight and predicts the boiled cartilage of sturgeon fish » ( Gifts of the sea).

Catch sea cucumbers using trawls, dredges, spears, or they are collected by divers. They are found mainly on the shores of Japan, China, Malaya, Indonesia, Polynesia and the Philippines, and also on a smaller number – on the coasts of Africa, America, Australia, Italy and in the Red Sea .

The light production of one species of sea cucumber - the Japanese stupang - exceeded 8 million tons in 1981! It’s just not Drukar’s mercy, but it’s even richer. This is what it says about naked creatures in another volume “The Life of Creatures” (2 editions of M.: “Osvita”, 1988).

China, in addition to its rich population, imports almost 3 thousand tons of sea cucumbers worth 5-6 million dollars.

Trepangs are sold dried, boiled, salted, smoked, as well as canned: in vegetable juice, olive oil, tomatoes, salt rozchini. The whole thing is filled with broth, which comes from the sea cucumber meat, which enhances the taste and appearance of the canned food.

In Samoa, sea cucumbers are eaten raw, in the Philippines - greased.

In our stores, if you sell sea cucumbers, then, for everything, in dried form. (This is the correct protein concentrate: the protein content is 81.8%!) To prepare all the herbs described below, you need to prepare the dried sea cucumbers: they need to be well soaked in warm water in a carbon powder, such as stasis when dry. Then pour cold water and, alternating two-three times, soak the sea cucumbers in it for 24-30 years, until the stench swells like a trace. Cut the stems of the sea cucumber, clean the excess guts and cook for another two to three years until the meat becomes soft.

Now I’ll list a few recipes for preparing sea cucumbers, selected with many recommendations from the book “Gifts of the Sea”.

Far-flung sea cucumbers. Cut boiled sea cucumbers into bars. Chop the pork in the same way. Fry them in a frying pan with the zibule and pepper, then mix with the sea cucumbers, add tomato paste, beetroot, sour cream and simmer for all fifty khvilins. Garnish with potatoes, fresh vegetables, tomatoes, cucumbers, etc. 150 g sour cream, one tablespoon of tomato paste, salt, spices).

Trepang pate. Pass the sea cucumbers through a meat grinder. Before the minced meat has been trimmed, “add finely chopped tsebul, coated with olive oil, melted top butter, salt and pepper... When serving, pate with finely chopped hard-boiled eggs” (for 50–60 g of dried sea cucumbers, two or three tsibul i. one or two dining rooms spoons of rose oil, cups of topsoil, herbs, salt, spices for relish).

Yak I at the vipad with the squids of the same molusks, Gotya RIZNI SALATI with three -tapanams, papikski, omelet, vіnegret, soup, borschi, hodgepods, cabbage soup ... I think, spijah, spijuts on those non -bagato, I have said about the Kulinarni Virobi Z And trepangіv, mister Shvidko’s attention is drawn to the preparation of the names of the herbs and the power. We have few seafood products, and the human body’s need for them is very difficult. So don’t be hungry for “seafood”, but when your skin is wet, bathe them.

Holkoshkiri are an independent and even unique type of creature. According to the plan of their life, they are not at all comparable to other creatures and, at all times, the peculiarities of their external organization and the original shape of the body, which suggests a star, a flower, a cul, an ogi. It’s too bad, I’ve been trying to get respect for myself for a long time. The name “golkoshkiri” was given by the ancient Greeks. In ancient times, sea stars, sea cucumbers and sea urchins were already separated from the world of creation, and the history of the cultivation of these creatures is associated with the names of Aristotle and Plenius. In the XVIII century and on the cob of the XIX century. They have been studied by such people as Klein (Kiein, J.), Linnaeus (C), Lamarck (J.V.) and Cuvier (G.). However, most of the old zoologists paired the naked-haired with either the husky or the intestinal-empty.

Name promenists or zoophytes, is preserved for the naked-haired species right up to 1847, when H. Frey and R. Leuckart saw them as a separate independent type, indicating the importance of the naked-haired species of the promenal, Eating gut-empty creatures.

The coming works of such scholars as Ludwig (N.), Agassiz (A), A. Kovalevsky, I. Mechnikov, Theel, N., Mac Bride, E. W., Lieberkind, I., Ficher, W. K., Mortensen, T. M. That is, they have significantly expanded the information about the systematics, anatomy and embryology of naked cats, about the differences between other representatives of this type. The Russian teachings of the Swordsmen, with their robots from the development of the naked cats, established their sporidity with the gut-branchs, showing that the throats of the naked cats are closely related to the throats of the chordate creatures. The Danish scientist Mortensen not only developed a system for current and copal classes of naked cats, but also gave a classification of larvae in parallel to the system of adults. It is especially important that the fragments of the larvae of algae, even as adult forms, lead a pelagic way of life and are often treated as independent organisms.

Among the Radyansky descendants, who especially richly accumulated knowledge about naked-skinned creatures for the development, it is first necessary to note A. M. Dyakonov and D. M. Fedotov, who with their work on anatomy, morphology, development, regeneration ї, phylogenies and paleontologies of this group were hidden in I am the position of the bare-knitted middles of the second-mouthed ones.

At this hour there is no doubt in the mind of those who Holkoshkirich type be brought up to the group of the most highly organized spineless creatures - to groups of deuterostomes.

Golkoshkiri appeared to the Earth a long time ago, over 520 million years ago. Surpluses of these creatures can already be found in deposits of the Early Cambrian. Volodinya with a fragrant skeleton has been able to achieve good preservation of naked cats at the vikop camp, so our history is better known to us than the history of other spineless ones, especially since the peculiarities of the skeleton of naked cats are significant in the world You are allowed to judge all the living creatures.

In the Paleozoic era, the ancient Holkoshkirs reached great numbers and great diversity of forms. These are essentially bilaterally symmetrical, with the head form attaching the creature to a bag-shaped, spindly or cup-like body, covered with plates near the front of the shell.

Most of the creatures were brought to subtype of attached necks - pelmatozoa(Pelmatozoa), up to five classes: heterosteles(Heterostelea), cystidea or cystoidea(Cystidea), blastoids(Blastoidea), edrioasteroids(Edrioasteroidea) sea ​​lilies(Crinoidea). A z subtype of free-floating naked cats-Eleuterozoa are only one small class of Ophiocistia, which has a total of 5 canopies and at least 10 species, which are bounded by the Paleozoic, the decision of which class subtype is reaching its full development at this time. Representatives of the class Ophiocistia (Fig. 122) have a disc-like or skewed body, with less protruding bones and thickly covered with plates. The mouth is located in the center of the side, crushed to the substrate, and then secured with soft crumbly cracks. These creatures appeared in the middle Silurian and appeared in the middle Devonian.

The most ancient and primitive forms that are closest to the ancestors of naked creatures lay before heterostele class(Fig. 122). There was a small pouch-shaped compressed body, reduced radial symmetry, and a small number of signs that brought them closer to the lower chordate creatures and the lancelet. Characteristic rices of the naked cat type begin to develop significantly in cystidae, which have been drowning in the seas for 500-400 million years. At the connection with the attachments to the substrate, the radial symmetry was unraveled and fixed, and the appearance of pentaradial symmetry could be prevented. Cystideus were of a supervariegated form (Fig. 122), flourished in the Silurian and died out in the Devonian. It is quite incredible that they are similar to blastoids and sea ​​lilies. Blastoideus(Mal. 122) were even stronger forms, which died out during the Permian period without losing their offspring. Acting representatives class of sea lilies have survived to this day.

Vikopni sea ​​lilies(Fig. 122), represented in the Silurian, Devonian and Lower Carboniferous, starting with Fisher, 5 thousand. species that existed in up to 5 paddocks, most of them died out until the end of the Paleozoic. A few of their representatives moved into the Mesozoic era and gradually emerged. However, at the beginning of the Mesozoic, approximately 180 million years ago, a new group of sea lilies appeared. zagіn articulate(Articulata), representatives of which have not only been preserved to this day, but are still reaching their greatest development.

Hydroasteroids(Fig. 122), dating from the Early Cambrian to the Carboniferous, were apparently similar to early cystids, although the most primitive representatives of them were close to cystids at the same time in their organization. However, the stench is still a small sign that they are close to the sea stars, so they are often called sessile sea stars. The edrioasteroids were dissolved on the substrate and burned out. Most of them grew to the substrate with a wide surface of the body and very few small stems, and some forms, obviously, did not grow to the substrate, although they lay undisturbed at the bottom. In this manner, the evolution of the ancient classes of naked subtype pal'matozoa Most of the time passed in the Paleozoic, and to this day there are only one Zagin to the class of sea lilies.

Nina live in sea lilies, of which there are approximately 6,000 species, including the class of sea lilies, going up to subtype of free-floating naked cats - eleutherozoa(Eleutherozoa).

Among the current naked cats (Table 17) are divided Morskie Zirki class(Asteroidea) with a bright or richly colored body and mouth, expanded at the center of the lower side, fermented to the substrate; class Ofiuri, or Zmієhwistki(Ophiuriidea), very similar to sea stars, but with exchangers, strongly laced with a disk; class Sea Hedgehogs(Echinoidea) - most of the creatures, without drawn-out changes; class Sea goblets, or Holothurians(Holothurioidea), - pouch-like or worm-like creatures, the mouth and anal opening of which may always be located at different ends of the body; class Sea Lilies(Crinoidea) - flowers that can be guessed, with very loosened exchanges, whose mouth and anus are close and lie on one side, furious uphill.

The body dimensions of naked cats vary between 5 and 50 cm, and in some cases they do not exceed several millimeters, and in others they can reach up to 2 m.

Before us, the classes of naked cats are even common and they are divided into one type of one, but, regardless of the great variety of forms, the stench bears a completely low sign of power only to these creatures, as they indicate the complexity of the march of the entire group, and on the path of evolution. It’s true that even the bare skins have a special aquiferous (ambulacral) system, which consists of a series of thin-walled channels on top of each other, creating a promenal plan that is a multiple of 5, and a highly apologetic skeleton, which in its activities, in damage from other spineless creatures, and internal .

The ambulacral system in most forms serves for rocs, dots, and in sea lilies and some hedgehogs it has a dichotomous function. In its most typical form, it consists of an annular canal, which leads to the oral opening from the inner side, and 5 radial canals (Fig. 123), which exit from the annular one and end either blindly or slightly We're growing up as a teenager.

The radial canals, passing along the inner side of the ambulum, in pairs give rise to the ambulatory pedicles, which are called the ambulacral pedicles. The legs are thin cylindrical, stretchable tubes that are secured to the ends of the suction cups before being removed. At the base of the skin there is a thin-walled patch or ampoule. Between the radial canals (intermediately) and the annular canal of the ambulacral system come thin-walled, highly stretchable, often even large-sized sacs - field bulbs, which serve as reservoirs in the middle of the ambulacral system. The number of field bulbs varies greatly, sometimes they can be found in one interradial space, in other forms the smell can be daily. Interradially, an unpaired stony canal is connected to the annular canal, so named because of the hardness of its walls, as it accommodates the deposition of calcium carbonate. At its protruding end, the rocky channel connects with a recumbent platy, which in most forms lies on the surface of the rock, which is called a madreporous platy or a madreporite. The veins are penetrated by small openings - pores through which sea water enters the ambulatory system. The details of the actual function of the ambulacral system may be subject to a number of changes both in different classes and within the same class, pen and family of naked cats. Thus, in some holothurians the radial canals are greatly shortened to the level of short stumps or disappear altogether. In some starfishes, brittle stars and holothurians there is a number of stony canals and a number of madrepore plates, and in most holothurians the stony canal is connected with the outer core and at the same time with the madreporite hanging empty body. In sea stars, urchins and representatives of the same enclosure, the ring canal has special grape-shaped appendages, which are formed from simple or flattened tubes. These are Tiedeman's bodies, the meaning of which has not been precisely established. Particularly great changes will occur in the function of the ambulatory legs. For example, in sea lilies, the stench of ampoules, viewing discs, and hosts does not serve as organs of the roc, but rather serves as a sensitive and dihal function. Two pairs of legs, white mouths, transform into mouth tentacles, which help with buried hedgehogs. In many sea cucumbers in the same specimen, both legs are equipped with suction cups, and legs with less suckers are transformed into papillae and other functions are formed, and in representatives of two pens holothurians, the legs on the body begin to reduce and disappear. The mouth tentacles of holothurians are often modified by legs.

Among sea urchins there are also species with ambulatory legs that vary greatly in form and function. They have a series of terminal, rosette-like, and brush-like legs that perform other functions. Regardless of such changes, their main significance in sea stars, most sea cucumbers and urchins is the transfer of creatures to the bottom of the seas. In this case, the core of the ambulacral system flows from the rings into the radial canals, and the leads from the lateral forks enter the ampullae at the bottom. Soon the shortened pulp from the ampoules is transferred to the legs, which are strongly stretched, and the soles of the legs stick together with the substrate. As a result, the flesh of the sole (suction cup) is compressed, remains pressed, and a rarefied space is created between the sole and the substrate, which enhances the attachment of the foot to the substrate. Attaching the legs to the substrate in a vice with water and adhesive mucus, which can be seen as slimy suction cups, is very soft, so that when you try to remove the product, the legs that are attached will slide they are shaved off and the bottom is exposed to the substrate. When the legs that have fastened come to a shortening, the whole body of the creature is tightened, and the core of the legs that have fastened will again find itself in the ampoule that has been relaxed until that hour. The valves found in the ampoules regulate their filling.

Another characteristic feature of the naked skins is the size of their body, which is a multiple of 5, which is indicated by the fact that their body is divided into 10 parts (sectors). The sectors in which the ambulacral legs and radial canals of the ambulacral system are expanded are called bulacrums or radii. They are characterized by interradial sectors, which are called interradii or interambulacrums. In different classes of naked cats, radii and interradii have different expressions. In some, the stench is from the burning body of the creature (holothurians and sea urchins), in other radii it can be strongly drawn out, creating hands and unruly exchanges, sometimes calling hands. In such cases, the creatures swell in a star-like form (stars, brittle stars). Some exchanges can become tree-like, which is typical for brittle stars, which are silky, or dividing pinnately, like sea lilies. In clear-like forms, the number of exchanges can also change from 5 to 16 and up to 50. Sometimes among the basic five-promena forms, even six-promena specimens can be formed.

No less characteristic of the rice type of naked skins with an ambulacral system and a varied plan is the presence of a furry skeleton embedded in a semi-woven ball of skin. The skin of naked cats consists of a single-sphere integumentary epithelium, a thick ball of the cutis, or a wet skin, and a new ball of the veil epithelium, which encloses the second part of the body, or the skin. The outer surface of the epithelium in most forms (which can be called holothurians) is protected by wounds that are spread unevenly. The action of these is due to the presence on the surface of the body of the cooked streams of water that go to the singing directions and the servants for feeding the hedgehogs, breathing and cleansing the body from the brood. The outer epithelium of the skin has a large number of slimy cells that produce mucous, sticky or excruciating secretions, and in some species there are thickened mucous cells, the secretion of which causes the destruction of organisms . Here, too, there is a supply of pigmented cells, which will provide a nice garnish and freshness to the skinless creatures. The cutis, which underlies the outer epithelium, is made of a similar fabric into which three balls can be cut. Its lower, inner ball develops pulps, which are greatly reduced in sea cucumbers, which create the skin-meat sac, and are significantly reduced in sea lilies, hedgehogs, and most of the brittle stars. 'a tongue with a developed mіtsnogo skeleton. In the outer ball of the cutis, under the epithelium, skeletal elements are formed; therefore, in their appearance from the mesodermal ball, the stinks are more reminiscent of the integumentary brushes of the spinal cords of creatures, rather than the shells of animals.

To invigorate your bones, you need to use calcium carbonate in the sea water. Behind its appearance, the skeleton of all naked cats is internal and shows the appearance of a grain of calcium carbonate visible under a microscope in the middle of the cells of the tissue. As the grain grows, it swells into a tripromene form, falls from the clump that gave rise to the cob, and becomes an interclintial, venomous body. With further development of the exchange of the foamy calf, they begin to unravel, the seed heads join together one by one, and the small holes in the plates close and close. Larger plates of the skeleton come out in a row of many different plates with their edges, which will always stain the lip structure. The shape of the skeletal elements that are formed is specific and is transmitted in the fall. It plays a role in the formation of skeletal elements in the body. Although the shape of the skeletal elements of the naked ones is very diverse, but all of them have the inherent optical and crystallographic power of a single crystal of fumes. Likewise, until the remaining skin, the skeletal element of the naked skin is subviously unbroken. However, the skeletal elements of naked cats are not simply foam spar crystals, which is why their pet’s veins and appearance are less broken than those of foam spar crystals. These are biocrystals that appear in the plasma of cells mainly from calcite with minor additions of organic mass. Therefore, the smell is not surrounded by crystal surfaces, and their shape is determined by the activity of the internal cellular light plasma. The plump skeleton of holothurians can be weakly and folded from a series of evenly fragmented plates of extremely varied shapes, which we may observe in all holothurians and in the ambulacral legs of sea urchins, or even and a tight development (all other classes of golkoshkirs). In the end, it consists of a good number of small plates that can squeak together seamlessly one after another in the appearance of a thick scarl, or create less friability or a tight border, or join one with one in a similar way ridges. Skeletal scarves often bear on their surface various heads, humps, granules or special vascular organs - pedicellaria.

Volodinnya with such a skeleton with heavy growths served as a basis for calling these creatures bare-haired, although not all representatives of this type have heads.

Among the skeletal elements, perhaps the most noticeable are the pedicle organs. Stinks occur in sea stars and urchins in great numbers and with variable heads. Often the pedicellaria reach such folding that it is important to reveal their similarity to the original head of a skeletal scarf. Thus, sea stars have a number of simple pedicellaria that sit directly on the body of the creature and have 2 heads, extending one to one, or two (double pedicles) or a number of chairs, often spread out in a row (comb) sti peditselarii), peditselarii become more narrow durable, rather rickety chairs (small 142), with teeth, ridges and sit on a special stand. Such pedicles often form tufts or rolls around the heads and can be attached to the body of the creature using a soft neck or haircut. The stench is very crumbly, filled with meats that will slam and open chairs. The main function of such pedicels is to clean the skin from foreign particles, to protect the soft parts of the skin from being damaged by various foodstuffs. Often, pedicellaries serve to bury the waste, but sometimes the stench is vicorized as an attack or protection agent and is protected by a destructive plant. The isolated pedicellaria are found in sea urchins together with other types of pedicellaria, which have gained further development and the complexity of their organization is aligned with the pedicellaria of sea stars.

The skeletal scarves of the bare-knitted ones often get worn out when worn out. Changes in skinless cats are manifested not only in the current forms and placement of skeletal plates, but also in the development of internal organs. Thus, the nervous and circulatory systems of the goblet, like the previously discussed ambulacral system, are due to the proliferative type and may undergo similar growth.

The nervous system of the goosefoots is quite primitive, consisting of three branches, two of which are called the hyponeural and apical systems, and most importantly the orchid. The stench is very different and sometimes very weak in different classes of this type of creatures, as well as the third, sensitive branch (ectoneural system) is very consistent and kindly excused among all naked cats. All three parts of the nervous system are closely connected with each other, so that with such a division of function, without any connection it would not be possible to effectively transmit the associated nerve irritation to the muscles, joints and our organs. The skin, from the names of the sections of the nervous system, consists of a nerve ring and radial nerve structures, which comes from a number of which corresponds to the number of ambulacrs (Fig. 124). The ring and nerve bundles are composed of nerve cells and nerve fibers and nerve centers that are compressed and teased. The largest surface on the oral side of the creature is the sensitive (ectoneural) branch of the nervous system, which lies in sea lilies and directly in the external epithelium of the ambulacral grooves, and in snakes Exodus, sea urchins and holothurians - in the epineural canals, which form closed walls around the tube. The nerve ring of the ectoneural system gives rise to a gourd or stravochod, and radial surges in most forms reach the end of the ambulacria, repeating folds of straightening of the exchanges and strong throats to various organs. Deeper than this system and the thin ball of healthy tissue that forms within it, there is another, the orifice of the nervous system - the neural system. In holothurians, the ectoneural and hyponeural systems are so closely connected to each other that for a long time they were not separated. Most significantly, this caused nervous system problems in sea lilies and brittle stars due to increased looseness of changes, and in brittle stars, the radial nerves create ganglionic connections, which strengthen the nerves to the core. ulcers of the ridges of the exchanges. The third branch is the apical entoneural system, which grows even deeper than the anterior one, on the side of the prostellar mouth, and the connections with the epithelium of the empty body. This ruchian system is present in sea cucumbers, weakly developed in sea lizards, urchins, brittle stars, and even in sea lilies, and has lost sufficient development. In sea lilies, it resembles the handle of exchanges and its parts and has a folding shape.

The children of such a nervous system, if important developments are removed from the ectoneural vein, many naked cats become even more sensitive to current teasing, although the organs feel they have a weak excuse. Numerous sensitive cells, single or in groups, are evident on the ambulacral legs of sea stars, brittle stars, hedgehogs and sea cucumbers, the skin of the hands of sea lilies, oral tentacles, etc. bud., serve as organs to the dotik. Special organs of vision are sharpened evenly in small cats, although all these creatures have a significant sensitivity to light. The greatest discoloration of the eyes is caused by the formation of the eye pits (Fig. 125), and in most of the sea stars. The stench is located at the end of the skin at the base of the terminal tentacle of the radial channel of the aquifer system. Weaker eyes are narrowed in the anterior part of the body of some sea cucumbers. Such eyes indicate little brightness, but rather separate from other objects. The pigmented patches of sea urchins, grown, like sea stars, over the ends of the radial channels of the aquifer system, are also sensitive to light and can be seen as reduced eyes. Regardless of those that light irritation is carried out head-on through the eyes, seeing them does not reduce the creature’s sensitivity to light. Thus, even in our White Sea, the sea star Asterias rubens, with the ends of the exchanges cut at the same time from the sides, continues to rise in the face of even bright light and even strong darkness. Other naked skins, such as brittle stars, which do not smear the organs of the eye, respond strongly to changes in lightness, since the entire skin of the naked cats is diffusely responsive to lightness.

I feel the smell and relish in the naked cheeks of the good apologies. The stinks can smell the savory irritation on significant parts, although the sense of smell and relish in them is weak and represented by numerous sensitive cells grown on the ambulacral legs, tentacles of the brittle stars, and the oral legs of the urchins. iv, on the tentacles of adjacent holothurians. Acting zoologists value organs of relish that are also small, ice-marked to the eye of creation - spherids, which is similar to all sea urchins. The stench grows close to the mouth in the middle of the ambulacry and is composed of a thick lining that strongly bends the light, covered with a wicker epithelium. The spherids (Fig. 125) are connected to the carapace by a short stalk, which is based on sensitive cells and a plexus of nerves. The remaining functions of these organs are not explained. The similarity between the static organs of jellyfish and the stench of sea urchins may play the role of organs of sense of satisfaction, or organs of relish.

Static organs that allow creatures to be identified, top and bottom, and fatherhood (Fig. 125), which are found only in two families of holothurians, representatives of which either live on deep depths or burrow into the sand. The otocysts take the shape of a bulb to accommodate a splint or a large number of other otoliths, and are directly connected to the radial nerves.

The circulatory system of the naked skin is also influenced by the common type. It consists of a ring of the mouth and five radial blood vessels that go into the ambulacrum between the radial nerve ducts and the canals of the aquifer system (Fig. 126). In seaweeds, urchins and brittle stars on the side, the protilage is the mouth and another ring of the circulatory system, which gives the stomach gills up to the arteries and connects to the first ring with a special axial organ, characteristic only of the gallops wild creatures. Budova will be looked at from afar. However, the circulatory system in naked cats is a system of multiple lacunae, lower blood vessels. It has less walls and is filled with gaps in the fluffy fabric. The middle of the circulatory system behind the warehouse is close to the middle of the empty body and ambulacral system. The circulatory system of naked cats can now be equated with the lymphatic system of spinal creatures, since its main purpose is to distribute living speech throughout the body. Therefore, in the general walls of the intestine there are blood-bearing lacunae, or, like in sea cucumbers and sea urchins, the dorsal and ventral blood vessels are well developed, which periodically flow quickly, which cries out a weak rush of “blood”. There is no pulsation, essential for the circulatory system, in naked cats, but there is also a pulsation of the pericardium, the walls of which, like in chordates, create the heart. The pulsation of the pericardium generates a weak flow of the circulatory system; there is no proper flow of “blood” in naked cats, and gas exchange, so characteristic of the circulatory systems, is not established in them. The gas exchange function is limited when the body is empty.

Closely related to the circulatory and nervous systems is a system of canals lined with epithelium and which develop from the water-reinforced sections of the lower body. This system of channels drains blood vessels and is therefore called the pseudohemal (perihemal) system. It is formed from a ring near the pharynx or a duct extending between the ambulacral ring and the perioral nerve ring, and five radial canals that enter the ambulacrum and pass between the radial nerves and the ambulacral canals. linen. The core of the pseudohemal system suggests that the body is empty, containing a large number of amoebocytes, and the close expansion of this system to the nervous system makes it possible to assume that it will serve to vitalize the nerve cords and is destroyed I'm crushing them. The pseudohemal system is variably developed in different species. Thus, in sea urchins and holothurians there are only radial channels of this system, and in sea lilies they burn, as a rule, for a day.

The promenal plan of naked cats often manifests itself in the expanded state organs. The article system consists of a article cord and article lines, which are created as a result of the first. The most interesting and primitive natural system of sea lilies. They have heavy weights in the form of five thick cut stitches that pass at the exchange and are straightened, repeating the straightening of the rest. Their terminal needles become particularly swollen at the exchanges, called kicks, and look like empty blind spots. The products are developed from the walls of the bags in the middle of the stirring and are removed through the holes in their walls. Sea stars, brittle stars and hedgehogs have the appearance of a pentacut ring, the walls of which, growing, give rise to plant stems, grown interradially. The nests of the sea stars have the appearance of five pairs of grape-shaped sacs, which are soft, which are placed at the base of the exchanges, or go far into them. The smells appear as short channels between the exchanges. The ofiurs have numerous different sections that have five pairs of special bronchial bags (bursae) on the inside of them. The articular openings open directly in the articular bursa, which emerge from the external middle through narrow slits located on the oral side of the disc at the base of the changes. In sea urchins, five grape-shaped buds are located at the upper part of the shell, and in many irregular urchins, the back ridge is destroyed. In holothurians, the correct development of the elements of the state system is completely lost. They have a single structure that consists of a bunch of simple or straightened tubes. All tubes are connected into one duct, which in most forms opens in the anterior part of the body, in the dorsal interradius.

Disruption of pentapromenal symmetry in current naked cats occurs frequently. Thus, all holothurians and irregular sea urchins are bilaterally symmetrical creatures and clearly have the anterior and posterior ends of the body that are visible. And in all other naked-haired plants, except for some rich-colored stars, gelatinous brittle stars and lilies, in which one is wary of an increase in the number of stony canals and madreporous plates, it is actually possible to carry out more one plane of symmetry, regardless of the promenista Budova, through the position of the axial complex of organs, expanded at least one of the interradiuses. This rice of modern naked cats has been reduced by them from bilaterally symmetrical ancestors, so the bilateral symmetry of holothurians and irregular urchins is likely to be seen as a secondary phenomenon, associated with the loss of radial symmetry before How do we connect with the transition from them to a way of living that comes back?

The axial complex of organs is even characteristic of naked-haired cats and has a wide range of different organs. The creation of the ambulacral, circulatory and vascular systems, as well as the secondary emptying of the body. The main storage parts of this complex are the stony canal, the madrepore plate with pore canals, the axis organ located at the bottom of the stony canal at the outer sac, two fortified sections of the secondary emptying of the body (left and right axis sinus) to avenge the axis organ , and, decide, the articular cord, the accommodations in a special division of the empty body - the articular sinus. The axial organ produces plexuses of blood vessels that come from the oral blood vessel ring, the pericardium (right axial sinus) and a significant amount of tissue, as well as oral cells - amoebocytes. The function of the axial complex is varied, but not sufficiently explained. In addition to the pulsating pericardium, there is a surge in the circulatory system; the flow of tide and inflow of sea water through the madrepore plate regulates the stationary hydrostatic pressure in the ambulacral system and removes unnecessary fluids; The axial organ serves, on the one hand, as a place for the accumulation and removal of decay products from the body, on the other hand, as a lymphatic gland that creates amoebocytes - cells, which are very dry in the middle of the empty body. It is possible that the axis organ, connected with the cords, is also an organ of internal secretion. The axial complex of organs is present in sea stars, urchins and brittle stars, although the formation and functioning of organs in different classes is different due to the displacement of the organs. In sea lilies and holothurians, the axial complex of organs is absent, and there are only stony and pore canals, which often open up from the middle of the body.

In most forms, the whole naked skin has a significant capacity, lined with the cervical epithelium, to contain the intestines and most of the innards, covered with this epithelium. Only sea lilies have a ligament with a significant number of intertissue mesodermal strands that fill the empty body, and among the brittle stars, which have special ectodermal bursae (bursae) that are deep in are given to empty bodies, their obligations change sharply. The secondary emptiness of the body arises from the two posterior coeloms of the larva, and the mesentery, which strengthens the right and left coeloms of the larvae, is greatly reduced in many mature larvae and is preserved in sea cucumbers. I'm following the intestinal tract. The empty body is filled with an empty or perivisceral core, even clear and close behind its warehouse to sea water, which contains the home of proteins and a large number of cell elements. This empty land is found in peaceful Russia, called by the ancient epithelium, which flows through the empty body, and plays an important role in the processes of speech exchange. Cellular elements (amebocytes), which are located in the perivisceral region, take part in the distribution of living organisms and in the observed products of decomposition.

The empty space is also important in the processes of breathing: in young animals, the perivisceral region has red blood cells with hemoglobin; In addition, a large number of respiratory organs are created by the walls of the empty body. Thus, the external oral, strongly loosened (peristomal) gills of most sea urchins are a pinched, water-strengthened section of the secondary empty body - oral, or peripharyngeal, whole, spread out around to the walker. Through the walls of the finches, covered with a super thin ball of skin, the water penetrates into the empty water. The skinned zebras, or daddies, look thin-walled and have smaller bulbs than sea stars. In addition, the primary role in dihanna is obviously played by the ambulacral legs and other thin-walled appendages of the ambulacral system, since in a number of forms, a pigment similar to hemoglobe was found in the legs of the ambulacral system well. Most naked cats will require sour and liquid in poorly ventilated aquariums. Prote organs dikhannya stench are blamed for weak chemicals and chemical reactions. The urinary organs – aquatic organs – are absent in holothurians. In these sea cucumbers, which have aquatic life of the day, the dicholic function can obviously be exerted by the oral tentacles, intestines, thin skin of the body, and the nape, appendages of the back, ambulacral system, through which the acid penetrates. In brittle stars, breathing is provided through thin-walled pouch-like chambers, the bursi, which are expanded at the base of the exchange and are periodically supplied with sea water to the shortened dorsal wall of the disc and the outside and empty vulva. The physiology of the respiratory system of naked cats has not been sufficiently studied, but it is entirely clear that various organ systems can participate in respiratory processes in addition to other functions.

The organs of poisoning are, however, at fault in different classes of Golkoshkirs, which is associated with the difference in the methods of food and with the different nature of the representatives of these classes.

The herbal system begins with the mouth, which is dependent on the methods of food that can be used to ensure the skeleton or to relieve it. In holothurians, the mouth, with tentacles, which help when catching fish, passes, like in sea urchins and lilies, from the bud into a short ectodermal gourd, and then into a long narrow endodermal intestine, the end of which significantly exceeds the dove of the creature's body. The intestine creates loops (Fig. 127), which lie at the second empty part of the body and are suspended to the wall of the body through the mesenteric membranes. Representatives of these three classes can be divided into the anterior, middle and posterior sections of the intestine. The posterior end of the intestine opens into what is called a protruding (anal) opening, which in sea lilies grows near the mouth, in hedgehogs - on the side of the mouth, at the proximal mouth, or at the edge of the scalp. In holothurians, the hindgut expands to reach the voluminous muscular cloaca, which in most species opens at the posterior end of the body. In the sea starfish, the brittle head has a hood and the mouth extends directly into a large, pouch-like pouch, attached to the body wall by mesenteric cords. The brittle sac has a folded shape, with radial and interradial growths, and ends blindly; fragments of the brittle star do not stain the hepatic appendages, the hindgut, or the anal opening. The sea stars have 5 pairs of liver vines, so you can go to the exchange and clearly see the grass juices. Thus, the intestinal canal of the naked cats preserves the features that have been reduced by current animals from their bilaterally symmetrical ancestors. It mostly develops from the primary intestine and does not have a proliferative life. The influx of pentapromenal symmetry is indicated only on the intestines of sea stars, which produces five pairs of liver buds.

The process of pickling the naked skins is not enough. It appears that the intestinal walls contain a large number of cylindrical cells that see grass juices, as well as a large number of amoeba-like cells. They have enzymes found: lipase, amylase, maltase, invertase, trypase and others, if not installed, different enzymes are created.

There is very little knowledge about the process of seeing naked products decomposed, especially the process of seeing rare substances. In naked cats there are no special organs of vision, and the function of vision is limited to numerous amoebocytes, which are found in a large number of people throughout the world, so the vision may have a diffuse nature. In one episode, amoebocytes are thrown out as a way to rupture the walls of the body, and they form a place with the finest surfaces. In another type, amoebocytes, together with breakdown products, are deposited in various parts of the body, producing large prepared masses.

From the well-detailed characteristics of the holothurians, it emerges that the promeniste of Budova - the singing world creates a phenomenon, the fragments of the axial complex of organs, Budova's intestinal canal, the state system of holothurians, let us know about the primary bilateral symmetry And many other creatures. The advanced development of naked cats also makes it important that they resemble a bilaterally symmetrical long-lived ancestor.

The development of the naked skins is first accompanied by folding transformations from the passage of the stage of pelagic double larvae. All classes of developments in the early stages proceed less similarly, but then beware of the significance. In most forms of reproduction, only eggs are laid directly in the water, and then they hatch and develop. After crushing, as a rule, externally, of the radial type, a type blastula is created, covered with veins. At one pole of this blastula there is a deep invagination (invagination), which gives rise to the endodermal midgut, and the blastula transforms into a gastrula. The first important change in the gastrula is made by adding whole intestines to the sides of the first intestine. The procedure for their creation is even more precise in various larvae, but the most basic and primary for them is the creation of three pairs of sacs, further apart from the larvae the first intestine produces 3 pairs of whole sacs. iv. At this stage, the development of the larvae of the nymphs is most similar to the ctenophores, the level of which was first established by Mechnikov (1874). Further, in contrast to most worms, arthropods and mollusks, the first mouth of the larva, or blastopore, transforms into the anal opening, and the oral opening is created by a sudden way of invading the ectoderm of the ventral side on The sustrich disappears at the end of the first period. A similar structure has power over pogonophora, naphochordates and chordate creatures, which brings them closer to the holodids and allows them to be brought to the group of deuterostome creatures.

After the displacement of the anal opening to the ventral side, the larva of the naked-tailed larva becomes completely bilaterally symmetrical, with a convex dorsal and depressed ventral side, located on the colooral veil and three pairs of coelomic sacs. This stage of development of larvae is called the pre- and post-urological stage for most naked cats. With further development in different classes of naked cats, dipleurol shows significant changes, which appear especially in the form of the new form and the form of the colo-oral crown. The shape of the dipleurole changes least in holothurians. Its larval stage, called the auriculum (Fig. 128), is oval in shape, with a mouth that lies at the depth of the cervical depression and oozing with one rim of fleeting howls, as well as a skeleton with the appearance of various microscopic bodies. The larvae of sea stars are called bipinaria, ophiurophiopluteus, and sea urchins are called quinoplutheus. All of them are characterized by the presence of special cords on the body, secured with threads, which allow them to swim safely. The larva of sea lilies - up to a year and a half - is distinguished from others by having a small mouth and a baryl-like body, cut not with a strong cord, but with a loose cord. Wheat rings. Next, all lilies still go through the stage of a pentacrinus type larva, attached by the stem to the substrate.

The dimensions of the naked larvae are even insignificant, their length is less than 1 mm. The period of their life in plankton is very different and is determined by both the type of creature and the absent minds. Thus, when the larvae of the same species reproduce, they hatch in plankton for 2-3 years, but the mating stage can last up to 2-3 months. Then, in order to transform into a creature similar to their fathers, the larvae of the naked cat undergo even greater changes. In sea urchins, stars and brittle stars, most of the body of the larvae and organs are formed and gyne. However, in holothurians, the development of the small anterior part of the larva atrophies, and the body of an adult individual begins to develop. The naked skins are already growing at full speed, with the continuation of a long life, state maturity reaches within a few years. The above-mentioned types of larvae are the main ones for various classes of naked larvae, but please note that the current appearance of the larvae and the way they are transformed into an adult organism change not only from family to family, but y in sight in sight.

While living in plankton, the larvae can be carried to large areas where adult forms live. This, on the one hand, is a positive fact that harmonizes the diversity of the species. On the other hand, as planktonic organisms, the nymph larvae are eaten by other creatures, but are compensated by the production of extremely large numbers of eggs, which ensures the survival of the species.

Already often naked cats swear about their offspring (Table 21). Sometimes the mother covers the eggs with her body and drinks them. Sound, the young are born in the singing places of the mother’s body, and then grow throughout the entire body. In naked-haired cats, viviparity occurs when the embryo develops in the middle of the mother's body, is placed near the empty body, or in the arterial tubes, or in the bursal openings (in brittle stars) and is taken away from the new food, necessary for development. Viviparity is especially widespread in Arctic and Antarctic species. And here the developments are direct, without the stage of planktonic larvae.

The pattern of reproduction in naked cats occurs intermittently and without reproduction, when the body of an adult organism is divided in one piece or into a bunch of pieces. The skin half and parcel renews the lost parts. This method of reproduction is observed in several sea stars, brittle stars and other sea cucumbers.

In connection with unstated reproduction, it is even more typical for naked skins to demonstrate regeneration, which means the renewal of the surrounding organs and parts of the body. Quite often, in the case of hostile minds or when attacked by an enemy, the skins are thrown out (automatically wash away) parts of the body, the fillings are thrown out, and sometimes they fall apart into scraps. The fluidity of the renewal of the spent parts varies and depends on the temperature. Thus, in tropical forms, regeneration proceeds faster during the influx, less in arctic and boreal forms, or in winter. Regeneration of wasted parts in young individuals is faster, less so in older individuals, and even insignificant regeneration is possible in the case of naked cats. This zahisne korisne pristosuvannya is very weakly blamed on sea urchins. Their body is covered with a soft shell, which protects against external damage, so sea urchins can squirt and then recapture only the pedicles, heads and ambulacral parts of unfriendly minds. legs.

Although there is little evidence of the trivial life of naked cats, it is entirely certain that they live a long time. On the scarves of the skeleton of the young naked-haired ones there are river growth rings. There are 35 rocks counted behind the shells of these rings of the great sea urchins. Decades of marine stars reach their original dimensions up to 14 years. Ofiuri may live for 3 to 4 years or a little more.

All naked skins hang around, including in the seas, and are even sensitive to the least desalination of water. Stinks are present every day in the Caspian Sea, in the Baltic Sea there are only 1 species, and in the Black Sea there are only 8 species, then in the Barents, Karsk, Chukchi and Okhotsk seas they become the main part of bottom creatures. Very few species can tolerate a decrease in salinity - up to 20-24 g of salts per 1 kg of water (20-24°/00) and sometimes occur in estuarine areas; However, other species are wonderfully felt near water with extremely high salinity. A good example is the Chervone Sea, which has a salinity of 43-47 g of salts per 1 kg of water and is clearly populated by highly tempting fish. Holkoshki live in the seas and oceans of all latitudes of the earth's coastline, on very high-altitude soils and depths - from the tidal zone to the maximum depths of ocean depressions, which are deeper than 10,000 m. These smells are confined to the singing depths and are concentrated either in the littoral or at sublittoral and bathyal zones, or the animals linger in the abyssal zone, and between the adjacent groups of naked cat species, the distribution of water increases with depth. However, among the naked-haired species, a significant number of species are revealed to be of Eurabic forms, the range of vertical width of which exceeds 5-7 thousand. m. Such species can grow on different clays, especially among brittle stars. For short-necked fish, seasonal migrations from the depths to the shores were identified and, for example, associated with breeding periods and temperature changes.

The stage of association of the naked skins to the singing soils is different. It is common for sea cucumbers, sea urchins and brittle stars to live on muddy soil or sand, but representatives of these classes give preference to rocky soil. However, it is absolutely clear that the nature of the soil does not play a similar role in the wider skin. A more important role, obviously, is played by the salinity and salt storage of water, as well as depth, currents, temperature, the history of the development of seas and oceans, and a whole series of biological factors. Among the naked cats there are species that provide superior temperature. Thus, arctic forms grow only at temperatures close to 0 ° C, and high-arctic forms exclusively at negative temperatures, while arctic-boreal species are eurothermal, so they can tolerate fluctuating temperatures. Among the boreal species there are also eurythermal forms, which are lost in winter on the intertidal zone, in the snow cover, and the majority of species from the cold weather go to deeper waters. Holkoshkira are particularly well represented among the fauna of tropical seas and coastal zones, which is associated with more constant high temperatures and highly diverse minds living in these areas near both cold and peaceful seas. greater depths. Prote in the remaining two regions of the Holkoshkira reach their numerical strength and often take part in the development of older groupings and biocenoses, being the main forms of most of them. There is a rich fauna of the Pacific Ocean, as well as a rich fauna of the Atlantic Ocean. Some species of naked cats may reach a wide distribution across all oceans, others may have dispersed habitats (bipolar, amphiboreal and amphipacific species), others may be confined to the tropical, boreal arctic. deep or Antarctic regions. There are a lot of species, the canopy and family of cattails are endemic to the northern regions, and they miraculously characterize both the littoral and deep-water fauna of various regions. Therefore, the zoogeographical significance of naked cats is even greater.

The North Seas play an important role in the global economy of the sea, being the largest and most common inhabitants of the sea. Like molluscs and other creatures, they take part in the absorption of the sweet salt deposits of sea water, surviving in the process of eating a large amount of salts, especially calcium carbonate, from which the skeleton will be formed. Holkoskars may be able to extract radioactive substances from the water, which will accumulate in them near the middle of the empty body. In addition, naked skins serve a variety of creatures. For example, cod, haddock, flounder, catfish and other fish eat a significant number of brittle fish and sea urchins. There are also sea urchins and sea otters. Large molluscs and crustaceans feast on the shells and necks. On the other hand, there are a lot of naked-haired people who eat various creatures themselves. Starfish are especially nimble, as they can eat fish that exceed the size of their body, and often attack oyster banks and fishing nets. The naked deeds are fighting against the people. Among them, the most important are natural holothurians - sea cucumbers, of which there are over 40 species and varieties. The oldest living sea cucumbers are residents of China, Japan, and the islands of the Indo-Malayan archipelago. However, in these regions, sea cucumbers are more likely to be harvested, since the high price and reduced productivity of the fishing area are outpaced by the wide production of these creatures. In China, according to its ruling authorities, sea cucumbers are comparable to ginseng root and are called “the root of the sea.” Besides sea cucumbers, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea there are also species of sea urchins, the eggs of which are deposited in the urchin. Holkosherks are a wonderful object for experimental embryological studies, and in recent years, their eggs, especially sea urchins, have often been found in cosmic cavities, revealing the influx of cosmic and other exchanges in living organisms. Brown skins are also brown for humans, since various everyday materials, such as Derbyshire and Belgian marmur, trachytic vapnyak, are formed mainly from the surplus of these creatures. In addition, a number of hollyfish copalinas, especially sea urchins, are identified as core forms important for stratigraphy.

In the middle of today's naked plants, the stems of sea lilies are firmly attached to the substrate, and all other creatures are very dry. Cause the holothurians to use the soil on both horizontal and vertical surfaces, rarely burrow into the ground, or, if alone, holothurian species lead a pelagic way of life and can become part of the same water. Burying in the soil is widely available in all groups of naked cats, including lilies, which have a connection with their own method of harvesting the ambulacral furrows, which will always be clean. Most forms are buried in the soil to a small depth, removing part of the body and part of the space above the soil. Burying in the soil of the rich naked cats is associated with food. Such creatures shackle the soil vibration-free, and the burial of the soil with the veins that are in the new one is mechanically released simultaneously with the forward movement of the creature forward in the soil. The soils are thickened with a large number of sea cucumbers, sea urchins and many starfish. Most naked cats eat cooked urchin, but some of them also eat coastal algae or excess terrestrial plants.

Regarding the relationship between the naked and phylogenetic relationships in the middle type, there are still numerous hypotheses. It is a well-known fact that the appearance of naked cats dates back to a long time ago, from the end of the Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian, over 500 million years ago, there were already representatives of the rich classes of naked cats known to us, behind the culprit... oturia, reliable excesses of any manifestations of carbon fiber. It is assumed that the naked cats died in the Precambrian and those found among them probably have a slightly weak skeleton, which did not hide their preservation in copalina. Based on the data of embryology, human anatomy and paleontology, it is believed that the ancestors of the naked cats are obviously small, bilaterally symmetrical, with an elongated body, with five pairs of tentacles, a tube-like intestine and three pairs of tentacles. dashing Their mouth is on the front part of the body, the anus is on the back.

These creatures led a near-bottom way of life, which brought them to a certain asymmetry in life. The closest people to such an ancestor were representatives of primitive classes of the pelmatozoan phylum - heterosteles and cystids, in which a transition from bilateral to radial symmetry was already planned. Attached to the substrate by the right side of the front end of the body of the creature, as is the case with representatives of this subtype, the mouth was displaced to the left and up, the anus to the right, and the appendage of the promenaneous plane was formed. Thus, the evolution of pelmatozoa went directly to the development of radial symmetry, and in the highest representatives of this type, a number of sea lilies, which are wary of increasing the number of rocky channels, there This includes the entire structure of the intestines and the method of drainage of the grooves that produce view of the company.

Shodo pohodzhennya subtype eleutherozoa There is no single thought. Most zoologists note that the smell is similar to pelmatozoa, but there is a lot of rice in the organization of the rest, from which it is possible to identify the former. The evolution of the eleutherozoa subtype was directly related to the renewal of bilateral symmetry in connection with the atrophy of the stem, with the transition to a crumbling way of life and active burying of urchins.

There are differences between the food and the relationship between each other of the same type. It is quite surprising that different classes of eleutherosis do not have a sleeping ancestor, but resemble pelmatosis from different groups. Among the eleutherozoa, the closest to each other are sea stars and brittle stars. The first come from the Cambrian, the other from the Silurian. In all classes of pelmatosis, the closest to the stars and ophiurs are the edrioasteroids according to the appearance of their ambulacras. Therefore, based on the data of consistent anatomy and embryology, it is assumed that the stars and brittle stars in the core of two close and often parallel stoburs were intensified into Early Cambrian asteroids c. Among today's sea stars we respect the most primitive obviously plates of mirrors(Phanerozonia). Which of the enclosures of current brittle stars is more primitive has not yet been precisely clarified, but who cares which is the most primitive banishment of the glistening brittle(Euryale).

What's the fuss? class of sea urchins The first representatives of some origins from the early Silurian, such signs as the presence of an axial set of organs and a cord, even bring them closer to the stars and brittle stars. Their similarity with brittle stars is evidenced by the morphology of the larvae and the actions of their biochemical power. It is entirely possible that the hedgehogs resemble forms that are close to earlier ones. edrioasteroids. However, some zoologists, such as Mortensen, believe that there may be a difinitic (subequal) approach. The most ancient hedgehogs of the family Bothriocidaridae are associated with cystidae, and the most ancient hedgehogs are associated with edrioasteroids. Among today's hedgehogs the most primitive people are respected corralling elastic hedgehogs(Lepidocentroida), most of these forms died out.

Holothurians stand much stronger than other holothurians, but they have a number of primitive features, such as the state system, which suggests their long-standing similarity and similarity with cystidae. Due to the weak development of the skeleton, the paleontological history of holothurians is probably unknown. Most authors agree that holothurians belong to the eleutherozoan subphylum, but that they have emerged independently from other classes of this subtype. More primitive people respect driving holothurians with tree-like tentacles(Dendrochirota).

The life of creatures: in 6 volumes. - M: Enlightenment. Edited by professors N.A. Gladkov, A.V. Mikhev. 1970 .

• Biological encyclopedic dictionary

GOLKOSHKIR- (Echinodermata), one of the types of created world. All I. bottom sea creatures, some of them highly friable, sometimes sessile (part of sea lilies). Suchasni I. divided into 5 classes: sea stars (Asteroidea), snaketails, or brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

- (Echinodermata) a type of creature with a clear promenian (usually 5-promenian) symmetry of the body, a solid external skeleton, strengthened circulatory and herbal, as well as nervous and ambulacral systems. The stinks become one of themselves... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

- (Echinodermata) a type of spineless deuterostome creatures that form a pentapromenal symmetry and a special water-bearing (ambulacral) system. Most of their representatives have a skeleton (from aragonite), which forms a tablet that has grown among themselves and... Geological encyclopedia

The term was introduced by Blainville (1816) and then stagnated until it was introduced by Cuvey (the marvelous Theory of T.). At this time we are accepting the following: 1) The simplest (Protozoa) single-celled creatures or colonies, which represent absolutely... Encyclopedic Dictionary by F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efrona

- (Echinodermata) type of spineless creatures; sea ​​free-handed or attached, or else radially symmetrical creatures with a foamy skeleton and an ambulacral system. Type I. come together with... ... Great Radyanska Encyclopedia

- (Echinodermata) a type of sea creatures without spines that have a frothy skeleton with heads or spines; includes classes of sea lilies, holothurians, sea urchins, etc.; besides tropical species I. they are exhausted and may be unsafe for those who bathe; Great medical dictionary

Secondary… Wikipedia

There are over 6,500 species that hang around the sea and oceans, both in deep waters and in shallow waters.

The body of naked-haired animals is 5 mm to 5 m long, May promenevu (radial) symmetry(most often five-promene symmetry).

The body shape of naked cats is very varied: with flexible metamen (sea stars and lilies), kulasta (sea urchins), barrel-shaped, drawn in an oral-aboral direction (holothurians). The half of the body is divided into half a day, and the half of the body is cut into pieces oral pole(as if his mouth was widening) that aboral pole(Roztashovanny anal opening). Most naked cats are animalized with the oral pole down and howl on the oral side.

The curves of the necks are made up of two balls: external- single-spherical epithelium, that internal, made of fibrous fabric, different elements develop wap skeleton, Often with numerous heads and spines. In sea stars, the skeleton is made up of thick plates, spread out in rows and usually bears prominent spines. The body of sea urchins is laid out against the furry shell of rows of tightly knit scarves with long heads to sit on. The skeleton of holothurians is formed from small fluffy bodies of various shapes, scattered throughout the skin.

All the skins are shaking water-vascular (ambulacral) system, with the help of which they can become overshoes, and representatives of certain species – dotik and navіt dihati. The water-vessel system is represented by a circular canal, which is the origin of the stravokhod, and

Five radial channels that come out of the new one in the exchange. The rest are given to the bottom of thin, strongly drawn and stretched tubes, with a suction cup on one side and a bulb on the other. In addition, the system is connected through a channel through which water flows. Drying the bottom works better when the bottom of the tube is filled, often with suction cups at the ends.

Nervous system naked cats may radialna budova: view subpharyngeal nerve ring come in radial nerve cords for the number of body changes. Authorities sorry weakly. Primitive Vichka in sea urchins they are spread at the ends of their movements, and in sea urchins - on the upper part of the body. And so organi dotiku.

Circulatory system depend on it develops two ring vessels, one of which opens the mouth, and the other - the anal opening. Yes radial judges A lot of sea stars are saved from a lot of exchanges.

Travna system begins open the mouth, here we go in short Stravokhid, further slut, intestineі anal opening(In some species it is daily).

Organs dihannya serve with sea stars and hedgehogs zebra skins- Thin-walled lesions on the upper side of the body. A number of naked cats have similar through the curves of the body or at parts of the canals of the water-ship system.

Special organs of vision naked cats have none. Products of exchange are available for viewing through the walls of the channels of the water-ship system.

Golkoshkiri zazvichay separately, but they become sharper and hermaphrodite. Rozvitok comes with a number of folding re-creation (metamorphosis). The larvae of naked-faced fishes (bilaterally symmetrical) swim near the surface of the water, and in the process of transformation they develop radial symmetry and switch to a way of life that returns.

They are treated at a high level regeneration. A sea star's body can change in just one change.

Class Sea Lilies

Among sea lilies there are sessile and freely floating forms. The mouth and anal openings of these necks open at the upper part of the body. All sea lilies live on various planktonic organisms. Breathe on the surface of the body. There are 5 tentacles, but they can grow up to 200 or more teenagers.

Class Morskie Zirki

These are low-fragility creatures that last from 5 to 50 changes. Its mouth opening is located on the underside of the body. Sea squirrels eat mostly dead creatures, as well as animals that lead a sedentary lifestyle. Decades of small sea stars feed on commercial shellfish. The scutum of these naked cats can twist through the mouth opening and wrap around the buttocks.

Among the sea stars there are hermaphrodites and separate states. Reproduction without article and article.

The fertility of sea stars can vary: for one individual from several dozen to 200 million eggs. In the shallow waters of the freshwater seas, sea ice freezes and thaws in the spring.

Class Sea Hedgehogs

Let's cover the soft-smelling creatures with a tough shell with fluffy heads. Representatives of various species can shift their bottoms for their help. The mouth is filled with a rattle-like apparatus (five teeth) and grows on the lower side of the body. They graze on algae, sessile creatures, and mules. One female produces up to 20 million eggs.

Sea urchins of several species are careful about their offspring: the smell of eggs and young on the body.