The adventure of Russian words. About the adventures of some famous people and Virazs

Evidence and information from the Russian language

Before those: ETYMOLOGY

Words, like people, create their own history, their share. They may be mothers of relatives, rich in birth, and, for example, be orphans. You can tell us about your nationality, about your fathers, about your lifestyle.

Etymology- Section of science about language, which includes the idiom of words. The etymology also includes all the changes that occur in everyday life. And changes in the language occur gradually: new words appear, new meanings for long-known words, if the word is so lost that the word changes its sound. For example, the words bjol, bug and bug seem to sound like the same words. Immediately this word came from the language, everything was forgotten, and as soon as it was known to the skin and became accustomed to the meaning of “jizhchat”, “hudit”. And today no one has the idea of ​​calling bik, bjola and kozirka words that are relatives, although etymologically this is not the case.

These words have changed not in sound, but in sense. For example, the word “guest” is the name given to the people of today who came to see us, and in ancient times this was the name given to a visiting merchant (the same name was given to Tsar Saltan by Kaza A. Pushkin).

If the word dashing has little meaning of “filthy”, “filthy”, but nowadays it is used in the same meaning as “inveterate”, “smart”.

Another butt. Today the word infection has 2 meanings: it means like, and it also has the meaning of “infectious disease”. At the end of the 18th century, the word infection was used to mean “addition”, “advantage”.

In a word, what a great science is etymology! And it often happens that the story of a certain word turns out to be a substitute for another detective story.

You will learn about the origin of such words, as well as persistent phrases (they are called phraseological units) in our language by reading the following pages.

Dolonya

For our ancestors, the word dolonya sounded completely different: palm. The first meaning of the word bulo is: the side of the hand is cut down to the ground (down to the ground). Over the course of the year, the word palm underwent a rearrangement of sounds, and it began to sound differently: chovnik. And then (under the influx of panic into the literary language) the unvoiced o in the word turned into a: dolonyu. This is how the writing of this word, known to all of us, came about.

However, controversial words still live in the language in their primary form: valley (lowland), podil (lower), Podilsk (place in the lower part of the river).

Parasolka

Everyone knows and understands this word - it would seem that it is most important. Ale and vin have a whole history.

It came to us from Holland, having traveled across two seas, at the same time from the parasol itself, which in Dutch is called “sonnedek”, which means “cover” or “closed in the sun”. But the word “zonnedek” seemed extremely insignificant and insignificant for our family. That’s why they started to overdo it with the Russian one: they began to look for a bow and a piping behind the image that was already appearing on my lips.

So a parasol came out of the zone. The word that came out began to lead its own independent life. If you want to talk about a parasol of great size, then they change again after the symbol: bow - bow, edging - edging, parasol - parasol. The result was the word parasolka, like bachite, even less similar to the Dutch word zonnedek.

Carousel

Of course, you have more than once ridden on wooden horses or in the carousels, or maybe you have wondered why, besides the original seats, there are wooden horses and horses on the carousel? And the officials and horses wasted on the carousel not at all casually.

Just a century ago, around the hour of the Middle East, feasts and festivals began for saints - tournaments. The armored faces, wrapped in a vest, mounted on powerful horses, entered into single combat one after another. Often such personal fights ended in death, but there was nothing special about them and they did not consider such a result to be evil. The French king Henry II had once planned to take part in the celebrant tournament and compete with the famous celebrant Mongomery against the odds. This tournament took place in 1559, and then King Henry II was mortally wounded. From that time on, the face tournaments were forbidden. In their place, stake cuttings began to dominate the area. Such stribki were called “carousel” (from the Italian words carola - round dance and sella - saddle), which literally means “round dance at the saddle”.

The most boring carousels operated in Paris during the reign of King Louis XIV. In front of the royal palace of the Tuileries, richly adorned leaders and their luxurious ladies walked by. They divided into parties, simmered and swelled, settling the garni of the post.

During the French Revolution of 1789, fate discovered carousels that were more accessible to the common people - something to spin around, with horses and officials. This is how the carousel has been preserved to this day.

Pull the rope

When we are really timid, we say about us: “Pull the rope.” This comes from the recent past, since in Russia metal thread was used for embroidery in handicrafts. Maistram varto bulo vityaguvati taku thread with roasted dart. This thread was called “gimp”. To embroider it was also very important, full of work, and very laborious. Then they were born and started to pull the rope. Now no one knows what the gimp looked like, and they haven’t embroidered needlework using this method for a long time, but I have saved the look.

Simpler than steamed turnip

Ripa- the oldest sheep in Russia. Our ancestors loved syrah, boiled milk, and steamed turnips. It is very easy to prepare strawberry from ripi. From that time on, the soup is simpler than steamed turnips. So it seems about those who just want to earn money.

Register izhytsia

Izhytsia- The ancient name of the remaining letter of the ancient Slovenian abetka.

How is this letter connected with the threat of punishment? Adje spell izhitsya - means “to punish, to punish”, and also “to earn money for someone”.

Vinik is also in the old school spirit, in the Bursat society. And on the right, everything is that in the ancient Slavic Abbet there were 3 very accessible letters: fita, yat and izhitsa - stench became symbols of the problem of writing. Entire literature was written in a number of words (in many dozens of words) that needed to be memorized, learned, memorized. “The stomach is sick because of fat,” the scholars said in ancient times, as if they were learning the wisdom of literacy. At that time, they called Fita a school literate, a nerd, whose mind-blowing hustle had blown the folds of his skills. And about the ledars they said this: “The feat is approaching the lazy batig.” Spelling izhitsya literally meant “to be punished with cuts for non-victimization.”

Tsikavo, behind her external images, the izhitsa guessed an inverted batig or a bunch of trojans. It’s true, and it’s very funny and ironic to describe the hedgehog.

Over the years, this has been learned between school jargon and the emergence of a more literal meaning: “punish someone cruelly, read it.” Now you will begin to live as a threat and as a synonym for phraseological units: show that the crabs are overwintering; show Kuzka's mat.

There is no truth at my feet

“Side, there is no truth in your feet,” that’s what the Russian people have been saying for a long time.

There are different versions of this concept. A connoisseur of folk language and a speaker of the Russian popular speeches, Z. Maksimov associates the word justice at the feet of the average Russian court, which is called pravezh. Right - this is not a trial, but rather a reprisal against the fighter, in which he was beaten with bare feet and heels or was tortured while standing in the snow without boots or bast shoes. At that hour such orders appeared as if they were searching for the truth at their feet; the soul has sinned, but the feet are guilty; Give me the term, don’t kill other people’s actions.

Over the years, the truth has passed away, but the memory of him has been lost in the popular language, it has become a living thing, and the truth at the feet of the truth is silent and the story has become feisty. In truth, in the old days, a person who came to the booth and stood, shifting from foot to foot, did not know what to start with, guessed the fighter on the right. Then a frantic order came to the rescue, asking the guest to sit down and start an unsettled conversation: sit down, there’s no truth in your legs, so “there’s no need to stand on ceremony, let’s sit down next to each other and let’s talk calmly.” Much of what we know is truly connected with ancient and long-forgotten sayings, beliefs and rituals.

Cow and cow

In ancient times, a word for people was not just a symbol for objects and an understanding - it was a symbol. People sang that the word has magical power, that it can overcome evil and bring good luck. Do you want to know why, for example, cow meat is not called Cow? And the stars learned the word yalovichina? And what is the difference between the word yalovichina and the word cow?

Among the ancient Indian Europeans, there was one word for any kind of thinness - yalovich. And the word cow has little sense “horned yalovicho”. And for a long time, people raised cows not for the purpose of extracting meat and milk, but for sacrifice to their gods. And since people began to infuse cow’s milk into their skins, they replaced the real creature in the rituals of sacrifice with a horned figure baked from dough - a cow. It was appreciated that such a sacrifice could bring happiness and prosperity, they judged him like this:

On our name day
Spekli mi korovai!
The axis is so tall!
The axis is so tall!
Korovai, Korovai,
Choose whoever you want!

Now it is important to believe that the words cow and cow are closely related to one another. But in fact, just like the word cow, the word cow came into being.

Mittens, mittens, mittens

It is assumed that due to all the over-inflated water, the new ones are wearing mittens. The ancientness of this word is indicated by its widening in all or even all Slovenian languages ​​- Polish, Slovak, Czech, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.

The word mitten is made up of 2 roots: the first root is easy to define - tse ruka, the other - we know from the word viti. To come, mitten - means “wraps the hand.” It’s cool that in many Slovenian languages ​​there is a word nogavitsa - the name for a special leg garment that wraps around the leg. In Slovak Movi Nogavici it is “pants, trousers”, Poles and Czechs call Nogavitsy “pants”, in Slovenian Movi Nogavici it is “panchohi or shkarpetki”. And in the monuments of ancient Russian writing, offensive words are often heard - legs and mittens.

And the axle and the word mittens is a different story. From the very beginning in the language the word was used for the word rings or fingers of mittens (this name can be found in the Smolensk Charter of 1229). Over the years, the word has been replaced by one word, mittens, but through the eyes one can clearly see the old root of a finger, or “finger.” Mittens - these are mittens with fingers (with fingers).

And the axis of the similarity of the word mitten is based on more than one version. For example, M. Vasmer, having taken into account that the word mittens and the word mittens, which is common in Russian languages, became the name of the Varangian mittens. Another version (enshrined in the Etymological Dictionary of Russian Language edited by M. Shansky) tells us that the words varega and mittens vibrate in the ancient Russian varity and varovati, which in lived with the meaning “to bury, to protect.” There is an even simpler explanation of the meaning of these words. If we expand to a wide range of the names of the mitten, which are familiar in regional Russian dialects, then the middle of these names appears to be richly related to the processes of cutting the outside and preparing the mitten. The axis is called: knitwear, braids, felted mittens, wire rods (rolled mittens). Here you should put your gloves, mittens, and prepare the name of the process - cook (or boil). On the right is that the ready-knitted sprouts from outside were boiled in dill so that the smells became softer and warmer. It turns out that mittens are “boiled mittens.” Dahl's dictionary has the following order: “I need a mitten with a warga.” What does won mean? It appears that the Russian boule has wide-width rings and special names for the upper and lower mittens. Of course, most often such names appear in the evening, in the Urals and in Siberia - where it is not uncommon to wear two pairs of gloves at a time. There are such local names: tops, tops, spidks. And in some localities, mittens are called upper skinned or cloth mittens, and wargs, lower mittens, knitted. Zvіdsi, songs, i viraz, records of Dahlem.

red gold

In Vidoma's clerk, not chervona khata kutami, but chervona pirogi, the chervoniy pikmetnik chervoniy means “kind, accepting.” And such old expressions as chervoniy ptah, chervony zvir mean “the most beautiful bird” or “the most beautiful animal”, and “the most beautiful roads that give precedence to the wise birds or animals”. Dahl wrote in his dictionary like this: “The red game, the tall one, all types of snipe, also the roe, the swan, the capercaillie and others; the red beast is the witch, the wolf, the fox, the rice and others.”

Today's Russians have a lot of information about the ancient meaning of the word chervoniy. First of all, we have the constant epitome of folk poetry: the red maiden, the song of the word red. Chervoniy here means “garniy, beautiful, welcoming.” At the top of M. Nekrasov’s “Village Children” there are rows in which the word chervoniy has its meaning:

Play, children, go free,
That's why you've been given childhood.

In the ancient names, chervoniy gate, chervoniy kut, the chervoniy appendage, chervoniy, means “rozhlovaniy” and “honor, ceremonial.” The same meanings are laid down in the powerful names of Chervone, the village and Chervona Square.

The meanings of “the most beautiful, acceptable”, “beautiful, embellishment” were the highest meanings of the chervoniy note.

To indicate color, a completely different word was used - red. This was the case in the ancient Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian languages. Since the 18th century, a new, different meaning for the red mark has appeared in Russian dictionaries. This has become one of the main meanings. For a long time, the primary importance is saved even in persistent cycles and speeds.

In the 19th century, the note of chervony had another meaning - “revolutionary”. The name Chervony Prapor was expanded by European languages ​​during the revolution of 1848. It is not without reason that the meaning of the word has become significant in Russian.

At the same time, in current Russian language, the word “prikmetnik chervoniy” is not only a more expressive, but also a richly meaningful word.

Pigalitsa

What does the word pigalitsa mean? This word has 2 meanings. Pigalitsa is the name given to a small bird, lapwing. Ale pigalicia is often called a human of small stature, incomparable. Vcheni respect that this is a sound-derived word - so it came into play in the language as a sound-inheritance of the cry of the chibisu. And the chibis shout like this: pi-gi, ki-gi!

"Evidence and information from the Russian language" V.A. Krutetska. Additional materials, relevant information, useful facts. Pochatkova school.

Speaking to my dear friends, we rarely think about how the words that we vikorista say have changed, and how their meanings could change over time. Etymology is the name of the science about the history of vocabulary and the meaning of words.

New words appear literally every day. Some people don’t care about language, others lose it. Words, like people, create their own history, their share. They may be mothers of relatives, rich in birth, and, for example, be orphans. The word can tell us about your nationality, your fathers, about your adventure... Well, the devil’s “portion” comes from the history of the adventure.

Pennies

Since today, when we say the word “pennies”, we immediately think about foreign currencies, then pennies in Russia are incredibly small. In Russian language, this word could be wasted in two different ways. Such as Iranian traders and mandrians, who had coins called "tenge" (Persian dāng "coin"), and the Tatar-Mongols, who later conquered the territory of of Russia.

Moreover, the core of this root in Turkic languages, which also includes the Mongol-Tatar language, could be three different speeches. First of all, the supreme heavenly deity of the Turkic-Mongolian pantheon is Tengri. In another way, penny collection from trading areas is tamga (originally “stamp”, “druk”). Before the speech, our mitnitsa came out. And, thirdly, the Turkic coin tängä, the name of which, with the help of an additional suffix, was created into the word “tän”, which means a squirrel. In this case, an analogy can be drawn with the ancient Russian word “kuna” (marten), which was the name for 1/22 hryvnia. Here the functioning of the hutra in the role of pennies in the early stages of matrimony development is demonstrated.

Divchyna

It would seem that everything would be so simple: a girl is like a girl. If you dig deeper, it becomes clear that the Proto-Slavic *deva takes its cob from the Proto-European word *dhē(i̯), which means “smoke, grub for the help of breasts.” Whose speech is close to children (children), which comes from the same root. Let's take a look at the old Russian word "to go" - "to puff out your breasts."

Boy

It's not so easy with the boys. This word, which means everything, resembles the original Slavic *parę - a variegated nickname like parob'k' (here you can guess the Ukrainian lad), which goes up to "rob" (boy).

The main root here is *orbę, which is also “child” and “slave”, which evolved from one of the meanings of the word “robe” - “orphan”, and after all, the orphans themselves began to consign the most important work around the house.

Supper

Russian words that mean the reception of izhi, may illuminate the logic of the discernment. The drink is like eating “by the wound,” which means an interval of an hour—“stretching the wound.”

Obіd having disappeared from the old prefix *ob- and the root *ed- and meaning, in the future... “to get together”. And of course, following the rules of normal eating in our latitudes, hedgehogs are most welcome.

It may be that it’s time for supper, but if everything has already been processed, you can get down to business. Dahl tells us about this in his dictionary, but after all, the word “evening” is similar to the ancient Russian “ug”, then “pivden”. And all to those who sat down to dinner when the sun fell immediately on the afternoon.

Pillow

People have been fighting over this word for centuries. It is further assumed that the pillow is the same as what is placed under the ear. Vasmer, Shanskiy and Black chants, what are those that are inflated with water (down, feathers, cotton wool and holofiber, be it unkind). And also less serious, then emotional versions of this word: 1) those who cry when they need to lose their SOUL, and 2) those who are CHOOLED

Fool

It seems that the most important bad people were born into the world of Archpriest Avakum. Thus, in the 17th century, their works called rhetoricians, philosophers, logicians and other “champions of demonic wisdom”, like buffoons.

However, the root, which is what this word resembles, is already ready to take on a unique meaning. Philologists respect that “fool” resembles the Proto-European * dur (bite, sting) and initially means “bitten”, “stung”, then transforms into “crazy, godlike, sick” (like a bite) and then transforms into "bad, bad." Before the speech, the ritual of dedicating the buffoon still continues until the wedding. In one version, the candidate may survive a viper bite before starting his professional activity.

Bjola

Who would even think that bjola and bik are relatives. And since, from a biological perspective, the stench is one and the same, it is far away, but philologically, the stench is like brother and sister.

On the right, in that it resembles a stench from one of the proto-Slavic roots, which meant the sound of a singing character. Before speaking, the old word “buchati” (jizz, buzz) and visor appear. The bjola itself was written in ancient Russian like this - it was, but after the fall of the reduced and stunned B before the appearance of its inferior appearance.

Tsikavo, have you ever wondered what the word “Russian” means? What sense does it have in Slovenian languages, besides the fact that it is in the name of one of the Slovenian peoples? Singingly, the rich will immediately know the Swede and, after all, the confirmation that lies on the surface: the “Russian” representatives of our people began to be called because of the color of their hair (“Russian” hair). However, the evidence that lies on the surface does not always turn out to be correct.

Today it has been established that the words “Rus” and “Russian” have had a significant meaning in Slavic languages ​​for a long time. And what we see is that the words themselves are non-Slavic. Moreover, if we continue to perish, then it turns out that the people and peoples who bore these names in ancient times were not Slavs. Accepted before the war with the Slavs, the Russians themselves were not the Slavs for every hour after the war with them.

In addition, the deeds have long noted that in ancient documents the very name of the people with their names “Rus” was Rizna - rugi, rogi, ruteni, rui, ruyan, rani, reni, rus, rus, rosi, rosomoni, roksalani. True, others are categorically unsuitable with this thought, firmly, because under various similar-sounding names in ancient times they represent different peoples.

Alas, the search for the meaning of the words “Rus” and “Russian” continued. And it became clear that this is important in different languages ​​- different! In one case, this word is translated as “chervoniy”, “rudiy” (in Celtic words). In another way - as “light”, “white” (from Iranian languages). In the third case, the name "Rus" sounds like the Swedish "Rhodes" (rowing on cheerful chavnys).

Thus, it is already a lot of trouble in the historical science to have discussions about the ethnic differences of the Russians. Kim stinks? What ethnicity did you belong to?

Now, the word “Russian” will first appear in a speech about the beginning of the 4th century of our era. True, the riddle was suggested by the dzherel, written a thousand years later, in the 14th century. The Byzantine writer of the first half of the 14th century, Nikephoros Grigori, talks about Russian the prince who captured the court seat for Emperor Kostyantin in the first third of the 4th century. For example, from the 4th century Russian"voi" fought with the Byzantine emperor Theodosius, and also attacked the "Selunsky city".

Beginning in the 6th century, "rusiv" It is already steadily occurring in various languages ​​- Arabic, Western European, Byzantine. Moreover, the Russians operate in the vastness of all of Europe: from the Caucasus to the Pyrenean Mountains, from the shores of the Baltic Sea to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The axle has only a few small butts:

773-774 The French poem about the Burnt Dane (XII–XIII centuries) will make sense Russian Count Erno, who is so crazy Russian Zagin, who captured Pavia - the capital of the Lombards - from the army of Charlemagne. In Pivnichny Italy Rus' occupied the Gardi area near Veroni.

OK. 778 rub. “Song about Roland” (records XII–XIV centuries) is called rusiv among the opponents of the Frankish army.

The end of the VIII – the beginning of the 9th century. At the song "Sesi" Russian Veleten F'erabras enters the battle of Giteklin-Vidukind of Saxony against Charlemagne. "F'erabras iz Russia" - velvet "with a beautiful mane of blond and curly hair, a ruddy beard and scarred features."

OK. 821 rub. Geographer Bavarian calls rusiv instructing iz khozars, and navіt deyakhi rosiv here in the middle of Elbi and Sali: Atorosi, Vilirosi, Khozirosi, Zakidi.

844 rub. Al-Yakubi reports about the attack rusiv to Seville in Spain.

The list of these riddles can be continued for a long time. Moreover, this has raised mysteries about the “non-traditional” nature of the possible relationship to the future Russian state, which struck the lands of similar Slavs at the end of the 9th century.

In general, it has long been understood that on the map of ancient Europe of the 1st-9th centuries, then, if the Old Russian state had not yet emerged, the name “Rus” would be even wider. Today it is clear that there are several different races of Russia in the Baltics. In Western Europe, the name “Rus” can be found on the banks of the Dnieper, Don, Carpathian Mountains, in the Danube, on the shores of the Azov and Caspian seas, near Crimea. In Western Europe - on the territory of present-day Austria, as well as in Thuringia and Saxony. In addition, “Rus” entered the warehouse of the Vandal kingdom near Southern Africa.

What did they say about Rus'? Who tied the stinks among themselves? How little did the future Russian state have to do with the living of similar words? And what about the Mali, what about the Russians themselves? All these are great mysteries...

Guess the riddles that tell us and those stories that tell us about the people of the Russian state, including those from Russian chronicles. In fact, the ancient German traditions contain different versions of the “Russian” tradition, they say one and the same. "The Tale of Bygone Years" presents two versions of the Russian history. The oldest version identified the “Rus” with the Polyan tribe and brought them, along with other Slavs, from the upper reaches of the Danube to the Norik. According to another version, which appeared at the end of the 11th century, Rus' - the Varangian tribe, “called out” for the princedom in Novgorod, and then transferred the name “Rus” to the Kiev land for Oleg Vishchem. (It’s important that the inhabitants of Kiev, except for the Kiev princes, until the end of the 11th century did not know the name “Rurik”, and the founder of the dynasty was respected by Prince Igor). Another, third version, is presented in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, the author of which expedition of the Russians connected with the Pivnichny Black Sea and the Don basin. (Before the speech, the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” still does not know the legend about the call of Prince Rurik and will not remember it, but it’s already the end of the 12th century!)

But in one thing the greatest number of ancient and foreign writings converge - Slovaks and Russians right up to the 10th century. were completely different peoples. The Slovenes are peaceful farmers who themselves rob the head of their tribal union. The Rus are powerful traders and warriors, like a small blood-disputed community with a strong hierarchy, subordinated to the “young” and “elder”. According to contemporary accounts, the Russians were the social elite of Kievan Rus and dominated the Slavs. Arab geographers wrote about this in the 9th–10th centuries, the Byzantine Emperor Kostyantin Porphyrogenitus (10th century), “The Tale of Bygone Years” and many others.

At the beginning of the 17th century, a new version appeared, the creator of which was the Swede P. Petrey, who first called the Rus - Swedes. In the eighteenth century, this version was developed by German historians who served in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The first of them was Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer, who sent requests to Russia in 1725. We appreciate that the Rus and the Varangians are the only Norman (or German-Scandinavian) tribe that brought sovereignty to the Slovenian peoples. True, Bayer, who decided to study about the cob of Russia, without knowing the Russian language and without intending to read it. Bayer's followers in the 18th century. There were also Germans - G. Miller and L. Schletser. This is how the Norman theory of the Russians’ march came to an end, which is the main thing.

Strongly opposing M.V. to the great Normanists. Lomonosov, perekonany, that the Russians, who came before the similar Slavs, at that time were already Slavs themselves and spoke the Slovenian language.

And from that moment on, there has been a constant, uninterrupted discussion in domestic and foreign historical literature - who are the Russians? Over the past three hundred years, the scientific world has established a number of ideas, a number of points of vision. However, it is worth remembering that every theory of the ethnic march of the Russians cannot be considered completely complete. Historical science continues to be in search...

Persha dumka: russi - tse slov'yani.“In the middle” of this point of view there are also two different thoughts. Some historians respect the Russians with Baltic words and assert that the word “Rus” is close to the names “Rügen”, “ruyans”, “rugi” (Princess Olga in the 10th century was called the “queen of rugs” by Western Europeans). In addition, many Arab geographers describe the “island of the Russians” in three days a day, which is close to the size of the island. Rügen.

Other historians recognize the Russians as the people of the Middle Dnieper region. Please note that in the Nadnipryanshchina the word “ros” (River Ros) is pronounced, and most Arabic words clearly place the Russians on the day of Western Europe. And the name “Russian land” in the chronicle initially meant the territory of the glades and northerners (Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl), on the lands of which there is no sign of the influx of Baltic words. It is true that we have always known that the word “Rus” is not Slovenian, but Iranian. They respect that the Dnieper Slavs assigned this name to the Scythian-Sarmatian tribes long before the establishment of the Old Russian state.

Another thought: Rus' is not Norman-Scandinavian. There are a number of arguments that can be used to prove your idea of ​​the ancient norms. First of all, the Emperor of Byzantium Kostyantin Porphyrogenitus in his work “On the Administration of the Empire” gave the names of the thresholds of the Lower Dnieper Slovenian and Russian. According to the Normanists, the Russian names of the rapids are the same as the Scandinavian names. In another way, in the treaties established by Prince Oleg the Great and Igor the Old from Byzantium, one can recognize the names of the Russians, although they are clearly not Slovenian. The Normans believed that they smelled of German origin, and the names of Oleg and Igor were the Scandinavian “Helga” and “Ingvar”. Thirdly, Finns and Estonians have long called Sweden “Ruotsi”, and Sweden, along with Finland, has separated the province of Roslagen.

Research by other scientists has shown that all three arguments can be valid. First of all, the names of the Dnieper rapids will be more accurately explained not in the Scandinavian language, but in the Iranian language, in addition to the Alanian (Ossetian) language. The names of the Russians in the treaties with Byzantium may be of Alanian, Celtic, Venetian, Estonian origin, but not of German origin. The name Oleg has a parallel in the Iranian name “Haleg”. The third argument of Normanity was seen back in the 19th century, noting that the name “Roslagen” appeared only in the 13th century, and the names of “Ruotsi” (Finnish “Kraina Skele”) were called by the Finns and Livonia.

The third thought: the Russians are the Sarmatian-Alanian people, the Roxolans. The word "rus" ("rukhs") in Iranian languages ​​means "light", "white", "royal". According to one version, on the territory of the Middle Dnieper and Podonnia at the VIII - on the beginning of the IX century. The Russian Kaganate was a strong power of the Rus-Alans. Before this, the Slavic tribes of the Dnieper and Podonnia included the glades, the inhabitants of the Pivnochi, the Radimichi. The Russian Kaganate is known to both the incoming and outgoing letter makers of the 9th century. Also in the 9th century, the Russian Kaganate was defeated by nomadic Ugrian peoples, and many Rus-Alans emerged as a result of being one of the initiators of the creation of the Old Russian state. It is not for nothing that Kievan Rus has preserved many traces of the Alanian culture, and historians respect the princes Oleg Vishchy and Igor the Old as having come from the Russian Kaganate.

The fourth point of view: the Russians are the people who lived in EuropeI– VArt. The stars appeared in the ruins unknown. It is also clear that the others were close to the Celts and the ancient Illyrians. At 1st Art. Not. They lived along the deserted coast of the Baltic Sea on the territory of Nishnya Pivnichnya Nimechchina and on the island of Rügen (theirs can be found in the Roman historian Tacitus, who was alive in the 1st century AD). On the cob, 3rd century. Not. From Scandinavia to Europe, the German tribes invaded - ready. The invasion was about to spread throughout Europe. About half of them were lost on the island of Rügen and on the nearest coast of the Baltic Sea. The other part was destroyed as far as the Baltic states. And another great group of warriors went to the day before the Roman Empire. There they were allowed to settle in the cordons of the Roman power - along the Danube River, in the Roman province of Norik (in the territory of New Austria). At V Art. Our families and friends founded their power here - Rugiland. Before speaking, Rugiland is called “Russia”, “Ruthenia” in written languages. “Royce” and “Roisland” as separate counties existed for a long time in Thuringia. “Ruthenia” was called the island of Rügen.

Rugiland, as an independent power, has founded dozens of rocks. Ale in the other half of the VI century. having recognized the attack of the conquerors. Some friends left Rugiland and went to Skhid. Along the Danube River, they became friends with the Slavs, gradually settled down and began to call them Russians. Then, together with the Slavs, the Russians moved to the banks of the Dnieper. Archaeological excavations confirm two stages of such migration: from the beginning of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century. and in the other quarter of the X century. (Dnieper tribe - Galyavina-Rus).

People who have lost their lives on the pristine shores of the Baltic Sea and on the island. Rügen, near VII-VIII centuries. mixed with the Slovians and Varin-Varangians. Nezabar Baltic people began to be called Rus, Ruyans and Rutens. And the island of Rügen began to be called Ruien, Ruden and Rusie. On the cob of the 9th century. The Slovakian Rus, who were exiled from their native lands by the Franks, began to move to the shores of the Baltic Sea. In the other half of the 9th century. the stench reached the lands of the Ilmen Slavs, as the new settlers were called Varangians-Rus.

What a thought. Trying to pay attention to all the facts to testify about the founding of all kinds of “Rus”, current historian A.G. Kuzmin propagated another version of the Russian march. In my opinion, the word “Rus” has been around for a long time among various Indian-European peoples, meaning, as a rule, the noble tribes, ed. This explains the meaning of various languages ​​– “red”, “light”. Both this and the other colors among the ancient peoples were signs of a panicky tribe, a “royal” family.

The early Middle Ages retained three unrelated peoples who bore the name "Rus". The first ones are the circles that were formed by the ancient Illyrians. The others are the Ruthenians, perhaps the Celtic tribe. The third are the “Rus-Turks”, the Sarmatian-Alani of the Russian Kaganate in the steppes of the Don region. Before speaking, middle Arabic authors know them as “three types of Rus”. All the Russians were in contact with the Slovenian tribes for an hour, were susida of the Slavs, and later became Slovenians.

From the lands of similar words, the Russians of different ethnic origins came along different routes and from different places - from the Baltic States, the Danube, from the banks of the Don and the Dnieper. On similar Slavic territory, the massacres of the Russians united into the “Russian dynasty,” which became the ruling family of the Russian state they created. That’s why in the 9th-12th centuries. Ancient Russia had, at the very least, several genealogical retellings. Some versions are similar to the “Russian family.” They call the "ancestors" of the Rus: in the "Tale of Bygone Years" - Kiy (from the Danube), Rurik (from the Western Baltic), Igor (from either the Western Baltic or the Western), and in “Words” about the campaign of “Igor” - Troyan (possibly from the Black Sea region). And behind each of these retellings there were sung traditions, political and social forces and sung interests, including the claims of these and other Russians for control of the ancient Russian state.

How many mysteries would it give rise to, one might think, even from simple food – what does the word “Russian” mean? The axis of how many hidden parts of history are revealed to us when we begin to look for clues in this power supply. But how many sides of history are still closed for us, how can we check our primer! Well, for example, in the Skhidnaya Baltitsa there were two unfathomable “Russies” to us - “Cherna”, or “Chorna” (at the top of the Niman) and “Bila” (the outgoing Dvina). An even greater mystery is the Black Sea Rus', which is sometimes associated with the Indo-Aryans. Later, Russian chronicles will reveal the riddle of “Purgas Rus'”...

One thing is clear - the established Russian state suffered the fate of the massacre of the people, but they lost one thing - the Slovenians. In addition, you know, even the behavior of the Slovenians is a great one and a great historical mystery. Start respecting...

Zakharov Volodymyr

Russian language is the soul of Russia, it is sacred. Our share is in the words that we understand. Why is it necessary to speak out about the historical processes that are taking place in the new; Based on similarities between Old Slavonic and Russian, obtain material from historical grammar to illustrate modern phenomena. The richness of the spiritual light of scholars comes from a comprehensive analysis of the text, which includes the key concepts of Orthodox culture: everyday life, temple, family, obligation, honor, love, humility, beauty, as well as work on the etymology of the surrounding word.

Vantage:

Forward view:

The vomiting etymology of the secrets of Russian words

Work study

DBPOU RV PU No. 36 Zakharov Volodymyr

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Russian language is the soul of Russia, it is sacred. Our share is in the words that we understand. Why is it necessary to speak out about the historical processes that are taking place in the new; Based on similarities between Old Slavonic and Russian, obtain material from historical grammar to illustrate modern phenomena. The richness of the spiritual light of scholars comes from a comprehensive analysis of the text, which includes the key concepts of Orthodox culture: everyday life, temple, family, obligation, honor, love, humility, beauty, as well as work on the etymology of the surrounding word.

1.Science of etymology

Etymology - (Greek ἐ τ ῠ μολογ ί α "correct meaning of the word")

The subject of etymology as a branch of linguistic knowledge is the process of forming the vocabulary warehouse of the languagereconstruction vocabulary warehouse of the language of the most recent period (call pre-literate).

Semantics, as a branch of linguistics, informs people who know the words and grammatical rules of any natural language, which is effective in conveying, with the help of other foreign information, information about the world (society and power) This is the inner light), which means that you are first faced with such tasks and understandings , which information about the world should be kept in one’s mind until further understanding, as one senses it first.

U vocabulary dermal language is a significant fund of words, ligaments, forms and meanings of the language, since the structure of the word cannot be explained on the basis of the patterns of word illumination that exist in the language. Historical changes in words obscure the original form and meaning of the word, andiconic The nature of the word means the complexity of the reconstruction of the primary motivation, then. the connection between the primary forms and the meaning of the word. The method of etymological analysis of the word is the meaning of that, if, in any language, whichverbal models, based on what kind of material, in what form and with what meanings the word appeared, and also what historical changes in its original form and meaning changed the form and meaning given to the successor.

As an independent linguistic discipline, semantics has been seen quite recently, for example, in the 19th century; the term “semantics” itself for the branch of science was first introduced in 1883. French linguist M. Breal, who highlighted the historical development of linguistic meanings. Even until the end of the 1950s, the term “semasiology” was widely used, so that it was not necessary to understand the name of one of the branches of semantics. However, the principles that concern the knowledge of semantics were posed and, in some other way, also prevailed in the most ancient linguistic traditions known to us. And one of the main reasons that irritates us about the loss of respect for language is the incomprehensibility of what it means that the written word (text) that has been written down to us in our sleep and as part of it means. This has long had an important place in the study of the darkening of small signs and entire texts - one of the most important types of activity in the field of semantics. Thus, in China, in ancient times, dictionaries were created to take revenge on the deterioration of hieroglyphs. In Europe, ancient and middle-century philologists became glossy, then. the obfuscation of foolish words in the monuments of writing. In fact, the rapid development of linguistic semantics began in the 1960s; Nina is one of the most central branches of language science.

In the European scientific tradition, the study of the relationship between words and “languages”, objects that they were considered to be, was first developed by ancient Greek philosophers, and other aspects of this concept continue to be clarified. Let's take a closer look at placing the word before "speech".

2. Walking around

Asphalt. Tsikavo, which is what this Greek word meant, since there were no asphalt sidewalks and highways yet. Revealed by an ancient Greek dictionary. First warehouse A - Locked up. Name sfalmu - Misfortune, misfortune, bad luck. Well, the main meaning is trash. Prefix w A transforms this word into pronunciation, giving it a bitterness. Asfaleya means: reliability, reliability, security. In that very word asphaltos Bula is named in Ancient Greece for the resin of coniferous trees. Looks like resin and goes by name asphalt - the road is tarred.

Birch. Type of word white The words “birch”, “whiteness”, “squirrel” have been around for a long time. Birch is a tree with white bark; white squirrel - a variety of squirrels of a very rare and expensive breed that was taken away by the color of the hutra; “White from white” to “old from old” simply meant unprepared white linen, then whiteness from that linen, then whiteness burned.

Durnitsi. When the first ships arrived in Russia for Peter I, they spoke in German, accompanying their words with strong gestures, they explained the device of the goldfish, its installation, recognition, using their hier und da, which is German yu means here and there . In the Russian language, this awareness turned into fools , Which means little understood and unnecessary.

I pay shabbyly.Everyday, homely, everyday. After a meal In the last century, cheap fabric was called - after the nickname of Zatrapeznov, and was produced in a factory like that.

Nezgrabny . You can find out the word from some Russian writers ungrabable

Good, folding: “Okay, unforgettable words come by themselves” (A. Kuprin). Writers vikoristuyut some of the folk tales. Walk away from the old word man - Order, beauty.

Zvidsi is clumsy and clumsy - Garniy, stately; ungrabable - ungraspable, unsubtle.

It's not possible. Why not - wisely, it is important to state what it is possible . It sounded like a prick lz and was a long-term tribute to the name lie - Freedom. Follow the meaning of the word lie mi bachimo in our current ones pilga, bark ; Okremo won’t get too close.

Osvita. Respect that the word tse is a copy of the German - a picture, an image, and the whole word means - illumination. Word illumination can be found in Russian church books already in the 17th century, and German influences could hardly have penetrated into them. Imovirnishe, direct link from Old Slaviccreate-create,sklasti, in the Slovenian wayimage - likeness.

Vibaciti. The etymology of this word may seem unconvincing. Davnioruska simple, In our simplest terms, it meant straight, unbent. I'm sorry It is of little importance for him to straighten, and then allow the wine, bending in a bow, to prostrate. Viguk “Probach meni!” meaning: “Let me raise my head, let me fall from my knees...”. Vibachiti means to be free, to earn money.

Veselka. The word fun It has been recorded in Russian dictionaries since the 18th century. This word is similar to the Slavic one, created as an accessory radium have a lot of fun. From the beginning the word veselka It was all about something fun, and then - something brilliant, brilliant. The meaning of the word fun This significance of fun is confirmed by the fact that in some regional races fun called rainbow, fun.

River. One of the most archaic, oldest words of our language. There is a dispute with the ancient Indian rayas - flow, flow, with the Celtic river - the river from which the Rhine was born geographically. It's amazing, there's a hundred in the depths river meant - turbulent flow, stirrups.

Ditina. So garne, dear word, and for the hikes we are tied to the ogidnym slave . At the old Russian roblechi meant a small slave, a child of a slave. Ale slave, chi rob, meant todi - orphan. Step by step, the meaning was quickly removed - just a child, and the child was transformed under the influx of assimilation.

Dobu. Whenever it was possible d_b - Shut up. So, just like the dichotomy of day and night, its totality, this word was understood from the beginning.

Armchair. The word will remain until the death of the Russians. There is an old common word for words armchair, What is the meaning of the proto-Slavic language to cut, rub something. From now on armchair - This is cut through, slicing, notching, as well as fox grass.

The sense we know is: “images of any objects on paper, a plan for what” the word armchair Russian language has been adopted for a long time. Accepted from 16th Art.

Visnovok

Etymological analysis makes it possible to develop interest in the Russian language, the path of social rights, the development of linguistic sensitivity, broadening of horizons, and vocabulary. Mechanical memorization of words, the text without confusion and interpretation, and in an important and insignificant form, the removal of knowledge.

Working on a word begins the formation of coherent language, and etymological analysis contributes to spelling literacy.

We don’t often think about this, how the words that we vikorista have changed, and how their meanings could change over time. Nowadays words are entirely living essences. New words appear literally every day. Some people don’t care about language, others lose it. Words, like people, create their own history, their share. They may be mothers of relatives, rich in birth, and, for example, be orphans. You can tell us about your nationality, about your fathers, about your lifestyle. The modern science of etymology deals with the history of vocabulary and similarities.

Railway station

The word resembles the name of the place "Vauxhall" - a small park and entertainment center not far from London. The Russian Tsar, who saw this place, fell in love with him - especially the creepy one. This year, he entrusted British engineers with a short route from St. Petersburg to his castle residence. One of the stations in this area was called “Vokzal”, and this name later became the Russian word for any kind of railway station.

Hooligan

The word hooligan is an English term. One version is that the nickname Houlihan was worn by a famous London brawler who caused trouble to the residents of the place and the police. The nickname has become a banal name, and the word is international, which characterizes a person who grossly destroys the great order.

Orange

Until the 16th century, Europeans had heard a lot about oranges. Russians - even more so. Oranges won't grow in us! And then the Portuguese sailors brought these delicious orange coolers from China. And they began to trade them in susids. The Dutch word for “apple” is appel, and the word for “Chinese” is sien. The word appelsien is derived from the Dutch language and is a translation of the French phrase Pomme de Chine - “apple from China.”

Likar

Apparently, in the old days they rejoiced with various spells and spells. An ancient healer said to the sick man in the same way: “Go, sickness, the sand is quick, the fox is dense...” And muttering over the painful discord of words. The word “doctor” is a native Slavic word that is derived from the word “v’yati”, which means “to speak”, “to speak”. So, what is the same word as “brekhati”, as for our ancestors it also meant “to speak”. Guess what, in the old days doctors lied? So, only this word did not immediately take revenge on the negative sense.

Shahray

For a long time, Rus' did not know the Turkic word “kishenyu”; even pennies were carried in special hamants - purses. From the word “moshna” and made “shahrai” - fakhіvets from theft from the scrotum.

Restaurant

The word “restaurant” means “meaty” in French. This was the name given to one of the Parisian taverns in the 18th century after Boulanger laid down a living meat broth until they were served.

Givne

The word “shit” is similar to the Proto-Slavic “govno”, which means “cow” and is initially associated with cow “cakes”. “Yalovicha” - “great horned thinness”, also known as “Yalovichina”, “Yalovicha”. Before speaking, from the same Indo-European root is the English name for a cow – cow, and also for the shepherd of these cows – cowboy. That is, the expression “shitty cowboy” is not just a joke, but a deep dispute of connections.

Heaven

One version is that the Russian word for “heaven” is similar to “ne, no” and “bisa, besiv” - literally a place, rather than evil/demons. However, another interpretation is certainly closer to the truth. Most Slovenian words have words similar to “sky,” and smell is probably similar to the Latin word “nebula.”

Slantsi

The Radyansky Union knows that the producer of gum slippers is the Polymer plant near the Slantsa town in the Leningrad region. Many buyers appreciated that the word “Slates” was embossed on the soles – hence the name. Then the word entered the active vocabulary and became synonymous with the word “slippers.”

Galimattya

For example, in the 17th century, the French doctor Galie Mathieu treated his patients with heat.
It gained such popularity that it didn’t stop at all the visits and sent its funny puns by mail.
This is how the word “nonsense” came about, which at that time meant “kissing heat,” a pun.
The doctor has confirmed his name, but now realizes a completely different place.