Vіkova periodization of people. During the development of the people

Periodization of vіkovo development (vіkovі period of development of people)

The rise of the team's distance on a unique and unrepeatable stage becomes the problem of periodization of development.

For example, meaning L. S. Vigotsky, most of the proponated ideas of periodization, with respectful analysis, appear formal, do not ruin the essence of development. Criticizing at that hour the ways of the child's life on the stage of the day, in writing, for the periodization to come from the last, but may not be worth the internal processes, but to go through the mindlessly until the quiet winter

Nutrition about the development of ontogenesis on the outskirts, in the general stage of development, the stage, or the phase of the tradition, altogether and earlier, to become aware of it. Criteria, on the premises of which such a rise is carried out, as well as the change, the number and length of time of the establishment of certain periods, according to the specific requirements.

Meta be-like periodization - indicate on the line the development of a point, that one from one clearly independent period is seen. Meals are deprived of that - that I am going to summarize yakisne freedom. Happy hour S. Hall, P. Blonsky, A. Gesell, 3. Freud, J. Piazhe, L. S. Vigotsky, E. Erikson, D. Elkonina and I. We have seen special stories to encourage periodization.

Psychology is victorious about the most significant periodization.

1. Childish vіk - from the people up to 1 rock.

The process of popularization is an important, turning point in the life of a child. Psychologists call the whole period - the crisis of new marriages. Causes of the crisis of the neonatal crisis:

Physiological (people, a child physically comes to mind from mother).

Psychological (the psyche of the new-born child є a set of innate insane reflexes, which add to the child in the first year of his life).

Providnuyu dіyalnіstyu tsіgo period є emotional spіlkuvannya children from grow up. Ditina has mad reflexes - dyshal and smoktal, dumb and organic reflexes. Deyaki reflexes є atavistic ("grasping"). The main part of the child's hour is to sleep. Until the end of the period, there is a rumor and good health and autonomy. New: Elementary Forms of Receiving and Missing.

2. Early dynasty - from 1 rock to 3 rock.

Providna activity is subject, by means of which є mastery of the functions of objects, revelation in the ways of working with them. Cei period is sensitive to the acquisition of movi. Autonomous mova is becoming more mature. Up to 1 rock the vocabulary of a child is stored in 10 words, and up to 3 rocks - already 1000-1500 words. In the midst of the most psychic functions of the domination. At the end of the day, some elementary forms are promoted, such as transferring, but not creatively. The little child is not a good vigadati, zbrehati. Only until the end of the early childhood at the new age it is possible to say not the ones who are right.

Uvaga and memory of dissatisfaction. Misleading є naco-dіevim, vono znono on sprynatі and dії with objects. To fix the transition period - the crisis of 3 years - one of the most important moments in the life of a child. Tse negativism, obstinacy, zneznennya, as well as a crisis of self.

3. Preschool age - from 3 to 6-7 years.

The center of the social situation є the growths yak nosy suspension functions (the growth is the mother, the doctor, etc.). At the same hour, the child is not in the serpent, really brother the fate of the life of the grown-ups. Dane wipe out in the country, as in the provincial business. The price is the same, as it allows the life of the grown-ups and children to be modeled. We will understand, comprehend, comprehend, analyze and analyze in preschool children. The new one sees a lot of things - caution, discernment, joke. Children know the basic colors and types, they can describe the object by its shape and size. The stench will take over the system of sensory etalons Doshkilne dity - vіk, the most friendly (Sentizivnі) for the development of memory. Young preschool children have a memory of mimicry. In the middle preschool week (between 4 and 5 rocks), an impressive memory is being built. Svіdomo, tsіles straightforwardly remembering and making it happen only occasionally. Allow the stench to be included in the type of activity, some of the stench is consumed in the group, and when the visitor is old enough, and it takes an hour to prepare children for school education. Misleading and sprinkling of knitted fabrics is clear, but to speak about the naco-shaped milling, which is the most characteristic of preschool age. Unimportant to such a childish childish logic, the preschool children can correctly achieve and complete the folding skills. The development of the motivational sphere is observed: the most important mechanism is the superiority of motives. Ditina started to work with the ethical norms adopted in the suspension. Before the end of the preschool age, the self-awareness of the preschool child is being formed to an intensive, intellectual and special development, so you want to get involved in the central newly established preschool children. Self-assessment is developing. Also for the whole period is characterized by the state of identification and learning to oneself in the hour. On the basis of the determination of special evidence, there is a crisis of 7 rocks. The main signs: 1) the loss of bezposrednosti (between the bazhanyam and the inner experience of the one that is meaningful for the child); 2) demeanor (the child is going to be from myself, it’s just a bit of a taste); 3) a symptom of "girkoy tsukerki" - a child is rotten, ale it is not possible to show it. Psychological readiness for school is a foldable statement, so allowance to reach a high level of development of motivational, intellectual spheres and the sphere of confidence.

4. Younger school age - from 7 to 11 years.

A new social situation of development will be established in the school, the center of which is the teacher. Providna activity - navchalna - is a special form of activity of learning, it is tailored to the substitute for itself as a sub'ukta navchannya. Dominating function in a young school age is from a naco-figurative to a verbal-logical misidentification. The analysis of the reception is starting to synthesize. Memory develops in two directions - power and quality. 2 times increase in respect, increase in style, change and distribution.

5. Pidlіtkovy vіk (childhood) - from 11 to 17 years.

The main special feature of the whole cycle is the development, as well as the development of all sides. The social situation of development is a transition from a fallow dynasty to an independent and general growth. Providious performance of a podlitka є splitting with one-licks. Central to the new affirmation of adolescence is "feeling of old age" - putting the podlitka up to himself, yak up to the mature one. The development of self-awareness (the form of "I-concept" is a system of internal narrow-minded manifestations about oneself, the image of "I"). The nature of the accentuated. The pubertal crisis (which is not the whole of the adult period) is manifested: 1) the crisis of identity - the abandonment of one's “childish self”, assimilating to oneself in light, philosophically comprehending to oneself in the moment of authority - “who should I be in authority?”, 2) Often by authority є hto і from pіdlіtkіv, it is not easy to insinuate from outside the authorities, 3) by a sexual crisis - even types of manifestation, tied to statutory metamorphosis.

6. Youth - from 18 to 22 rock.

The primary activity of the school is the primary professional, the implementation of the professional and the special aspirations of the young people and the children. Leading the way from senior pupils borrow motives, tied with self-meaning and preparation to an independent life, with further statements and self-illumination. Tsi motives make a special sense and become significant. A characteristic feature of the early adolescence is the formulation of life plans. The central mental process of youth is the development of self-awareness. The most important psychological experience of early adolescence is the insight of one's inner light, learning of the powerful mental states, and at the same time, its own uniqueness, dissimilarity to those characteristic of early adolescence for fears of self. A superbly important component of self-awareness is self-talk.

7. Doroslіshannya - from 23 to 29 years.

Social development є working team, new family, navkolishnє suspension. Specialties: 1) the slap of the fellow's life, 2) accepting the other half, 3) the life in the new family, 4) the role of the father (cob), 5) the development of the kar'єri, 6) the style of life, 7) the taking of the goiters ... Main new solutions: knowledge and navigation

planuvannya family budget. During the crisis of the whole period, there are inter-communication talks and conflicts.

8. Transitional period - from 30 to 35 years.

At the end of the period there is a change of assessments, likening and receiving goiters; trivaє batkivska role; revaluation of the significance of people. There is a reassessment and improvement of the solution, so that there is no difference, care, style of life. Women reach a peak in the development of their sexuality, and the people repair, navpak, see the first signs of old. The whole period of time to grow up with an ear of age for older children, especially for older members of seven particular problems. Children have "their own life", as there may be little like a house, because they are not like a daddy.

9. Age - from 36 to 50 years.

The whole hour of the completion of a critical period in the family life, which, as a matter of fact, can end with stable changes or even a hundred times before separation. Apparently, the new situation is not only mastering new social roles (grandmother and grandmother, father-in-law and father-in-law, mother-in-law and father-in-law);

life, so і before life vzgalі. The successful development of the crisis in the middle of life is evolving, including the reformulation of goals, thus the current period of "new stability". At about 50 years of age, many people in Bagatio are pretending to have a psychological phenomenon, as it is accepted to be called a "crisis of identity" (a free crisis of the powerful self). There appears to be a loss of a sense of the new, the perception of "the return from life", a decrease in the level of professionalism. Lyudin, as she sounded respectful to herself, for a need, for a special person, as a result of her social status, viyavlya, who became the only one. Winning sense in their abilities, inability to live, disappearing without seeing life, developing attitudes, reasons for being perceived not all at once, but being able to grasp, experiencing, etc.

10. Pohiliy vik - 51-65 years.

Pohiliy vіk - all the time I go to retirement, so that the people are in front of the peninsula, they take on the "merits of vіdpochinok". At the end of the period, the hormonal activity of enzymatic processes, the intensity of the exchange of words, decrease. Establishment of the connection in a pose is experienced by the Lithuanian people as a potential readiness to be your own knowledge and admiration of the people. I am glad to see the natural heritage of development in the self-concept of dialogue of witness, as transferring the ability to stand on the point of view of the people. The establishment of a special purpose to the perfection of the establishment is one of the reasons for the establishment of a special development of the people in the whole business. This period is characterized by its static stagnation - the link has been interrupted at the present hour, ottozhennya vlastnyh phantoms with be-like young manifestations of life. Wonderful in people її special qualities, all the hour and moment of life for showing in the world of day-to-day qualities of people - their love for people and life, for example. Tsey period zagostryuєtsya are diagnosed with ailments, which are manifested in ailments.

11. Age - over 65 years old.

The time period is characterized by a ringing development. There are changes in the anatomical and physiological budget. Dullness and activity of mental processes, dullness of the growth of sleep, death of memory, in the first place on the current days, it is important to comprehend information, it is important for people to go down in the middle of the journey , as they lived a burnt-out emotional life, become calm, know joy in a great university). The life of the old people in the main warehouse is at a loss: living old and close, with the entrance to retirement, there is a wide variety of busyness, weakness and overwhelming social connections. Bringing biological and social changes supervising the actions of transforming specialties: mercy is transformed into curiosity, flexibility in rigidity, stiffness and daring - in permanent dullness. Infantile rice is often in the foreground; from those who want to cleanse themselves, mothers will get away and respect (often manifesting dissatisfaction through "disrespectful people", etc.). Old people have a unique change in their life, all the more often they rush into the past in their thoughts (like a good memory). Minule (devil boules young, healthy, grabbed active social roles) it is not easy to oppose the fair and not the spiteful one, the devil is old, sick, self-conscious.

However, close to 70% are in retirement can continue to work and know a lot of new jobs. The activity of lithuanians will reduce their self-esteem, so it should not be overwhelming to limit the range of activities available. In addition to compensating for the baggage of mental shortcomings in the new life, there is also a wealth of professional and life-long admiration and supervising wisdom, gratification and positive power of specialness. With good minds, Lyudin will surely have a high level of psychic performance.

Periodization of viku - the whole of the interconnection of human life on the outskirts of the stage according to biological, private social and economic characteristics. The number of "stages" for the development of people from their people can vary from three to 24. The most simple and universal classification includes three main periods: dignity, maturity and old age. The ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras (IV century BC), having developed the chotiri period in the life of the people, bring it to the current time of fate: becoming - "spring" (0-20 years); youth - "lito" (20-40 years); power development - "autumn" (40-60 years); v'yanennya - "winter" (60-80 years).

Our country has adopted an offensive periodization scheme (Table 1).

Table 1

Vіkovі perіody life of people

For the whole scheme, it is characteristic of the act of advancing the old age, while the main demographic tendencies of the XX century - the improvement of the average triviality of life - are characteristic.

There is a sense of intelligence, being set up between periods in a smart way: individually and historically, the stench can change in that direction. Especially, it should be carried to the period of old, if you can easily reach the old age from one side, from one side, and from one side, from one side, and from one side.

At the same hour, there is a thought, but the "recession" period of the life of the people is to be repaired already in 30-35 years, if it is still possible to move from youth to maturity, and when you see the change, you should be able to slow down. From 45-59 years of age, before the retirement, you will be able to see the vision of the “average” for the physiological and social features.

The upcoming period of the most abducted period after him can also be characterized by a significant activity and protection of professional praise, to the same age as the stage of life cycle - physiological age - to be repaired from 75 years of age. Dovgozhiteli (after 90 years) can already be seen as a model of a transient physiological elder.

Svorіdna vіkova periodization of Abkhazians - an ethnos with a high visitor. They are called "categorical", not chronological. For the skin category to describe their social roles, the thresholds are not clearly fixed. For example, the category of young people is from 18 years to being married, or from 15-17 years to being married. At the same time, the link of pre-living with a high social camp in the suspension and the family is transmitted. For the sake of the old people, the heads of families were included, and the development of the cult of ancestors and chanuvannya of "living ancestors" also took place. Tim himself is set up by the beat, a moral and psychological climate, which helps the self-assertion of the elders. Old people (people over 50-60 years old) cherish all the state, large and ideological lives of the groups.

I will arrange my own rice - "social imagination" ("implication") of a happy and valuable member of the group. Tse is formed in the Abkhaz ethnos of the "spravzhny old", as in the frivolous it could be no longer stale in the form of a real biological dovolittya. It went like "socially dovolittya" - the elevation to the status of a co-resident - a dear old - people who have not yet reached the whole life. Ethnologists vvazayut "socially happy" self-indigenous ethnocultural phenomenon, which, in their own minority of Evolution, is ordered by social laws. As a whole, I am re-entrusted with specialties, giving them the prestige of the elder and active happiness. In the history of the people, there will be an intuitive knowledge of paths to the continuation of human life.

3.2. Basic medical and biological concepts of old human body

Older people are a universal and regular biopsychological process, which is characterized by deeds, developmental behavior, and unhealthy progressives, and gains in this world of all biological organisms. The old age before the decrease in the life of the people and in the small bag is the beginning of the triviality of the life.

Show the old revolution, characteristic of the deyakyh organs, will appear already in the third ten years of life. The atrophy of the thymus (thymus) can be repaired in the middle of the day, and up to 30 years of age, it may not start. Yachniki are allowed to innovate up to 50 rockets or to find new ones. In the central nervous systems, the old age of the development is seen in the development of the term. In the course of the old days, changes can be made against the growing speed. For example, changes in the skeleton develop earlier, but progress more often, so that in the nervous systems, changes grow more rapidly, but rather more shvids.

Characteristic is the peculiarity of the period of old - the development of prestressing mechanisms, such as bi-galvanizing, trusting the extinguishing of life functions. Tse so the titles of the process "vitauktu" (from the Latin. Vita - life, auctum - zbilshuvati). So, when some cells are bent, they take on the function.

For older people is characterized by a great individual versatility at the rate and intensity of their manifestation.

In modern gerontology, for the assessment of the processes, the old ones see the following:

– heterochronism - vіdmіnnіst at hі stanіnya obіdnіnya okremikh klіtin, tissuein, organіv and systems;

– heterokineticity - old age with ryznoy shvidkistyu;

– heterocatenation - the recognition of changes, in the case of such a strangulation of some processes and activation of others.

With such a rank, the old one is trivial, an uneasy process, which is the beginning of the hour and the nature of the old elder - the final stage of life.

The preliminaries of biology and medicine allowed us to make two meals more importantly - ifі yak to fix the old. Naybilsh smoothly explained, what vono see, discover the causes and mechanisms of this manifestation.

In the processes of aging, the changes of organs and tissues are spreading, so that they are viciously injected. Amused by the old changes - the process of physiological processes, such as, on the thought of the bagatokh in the first place, they are not primarily affected, but all the same lead to the interim functional capabilities of the body and the reduction of the efficiency of the economy to

Unimportant to the great interest of the great specialties and broad categories of the scientific community to the problem of old age, we still don't know exactly what it is, scho yogo wiklikє. There is no end to the single universal and complete theory of old. Є numerical hypotheses, it is not often often taken one by one, but to look at the development of the same and quiet processes. In general, the hypothesis is to take into account all the ryvni - from the molecular to the systems of regulation of the organismic organism, so as with all the importance and primary significance of the molecular genetic changes, they will be more important in explaining all the old ones. On the new skin new biological organisation, they determine their apparently new mechanisms, which lead to the old.

According to the point, the main food about the nature of the old was given by the famous philosopher of antiquity Aristotle (384-322 BC): Is it an old natural process or ailment? Yak vidomo, a long-standing Greek verse on the new one, as follows: “The sickness the old age has always been poured. Old age is a natural ailment. " The price did not waste its value in our hour. I want to see something uncharacteristic, but old is a natural process, it’s insanely, and those that are in vyshchian ridge and especially in humans with a characteristic form of aging є an increase in the number of pathological changes, which appear to be a sudden symptomatology The specific peculiarity of the period is even laconic, albeit as if by the old-time likar Galen, who wrote that when I was healthy in the old age it was clear to see that I was in health in any middle life, representing every day. The appearance of the ancient physician confirms the results of the fortunate survivors of the past, whose victories have transformed 100 years.

Until the number of the earliest hypotheses to be made about the old age, as a progressive task of living life, - for example, from the days before the Aristotel and the Hippocrates of the theory of "old age" or the "growth of life" navit pіznіshe.

Molecular genetic hypotheses. Naybіlshu respect zvvychay to screw up molecular-genetic hypotheses, to explain the process of aging by the primordial changes of the genetic apparatus of the clitini. The great part can be divided into two main options. For the first type of vіkovі the change of the genetic apparatus, the clin looks like a fallback programmed, for the other - as vypadkovі. Such a rank, old can be programmed by a regular process, a logical inheritance of growth and maturation, or the result of the accumulation of special grants in the system of preserving and transferring genetic information.

As soon as you hit the first thoughts, then the old ones by the day of the old advanced development, which are fastened in the evolution of the last, are turned on and displayed in the genome. Todi, when "stretching" the development program, will adapt the robot "biological year", which sets the pace of the old program. For example, in the past, in the past about food in a young life (creatures from "advanced lives"), one sees confidence in growing up, and, even more, and older, I want the mechanism to be far from so simple. It is transferred to ensure the growth and improvement of the statutory dosage and the improvement of the residual growth of the body to bring about the improvement of the triviality of life. Tobto, old, like and іnshі stage and ontogenesis, is controlled by genes.

Gene-regulatory hypothesis. According to the hypothesis, the primary changes occur in the regulatory genes - the most active and most abducted DNA structures. Transmitting, so that the genes can start the tempo and the end of the inclusion and the release of the quiet structural genes, which lie in the structures and functions of the cells. Direct evidence of trocha DNA changes. For an hour, it was a matter of getting over the link between the old and the DNA dies, which could speed up in size when they were old. It was caused by the development of a special chromosomal enzyme, which overshadowed the old DNA and the aged rejuvenation of the people (V. Wright and spirits).

hypothesis of pardons Bula first proponated by L. Orgela (1963). Vona primed on susceptible, which is the main reason for the aging and accumulation of genetic ears, in the result of mutations, which can be vague (spontaneous), as well as due to the accumulation of ultra-damaging factors (radiation damage) chemical reactions and іnshі). In this way, geni can simply use the ability to properly regulate these processes in conjunction with the accumulated DNA.

It is especially significant to be so called "vilny radicals" - highly active chemical parts. In addition, the stench accumulates in tissues and, due to its activity, can be used to load the robot with DNA and DNA. In the experiments of N.M. Emmanuelya (1972) has reached the continuation of the life of laboratory creatures with the introduction of speeches, which ring out radicals, the first for all the so-called antioxidants (methionin, vitamin E and іnshі). The result is to be looked at as an indirect indication of cinnamon very radical hypotheses.

At the same hour, there is a special system of reparation (tobto, renewal, in Latin Reparatio), which will ensure that the structure of DNA is not easily recognized and that it is necessary in the system of transmission of decay information. In the slides on decilkoh species of creatures, the link between the activity of DNA repair systems and the triviality of life has been shown. To transfer to a weakened condition in old age. The role of reparations clearly appears in the fall of early age and rapid shortening of triviality of life. It should be borne, persh for everything, before the fall-back ailments of reparation (progeria, Turner syndrome, deyaki formi of Down's ailments and іnshі). At the same hour, there is a new data on the numerical reparation of DNA, as an argument against hypotheses of pardons. In the statute under the name "Science zaprechu strіst" French preacher R. Rossion (1995) vvazhaє, in the light of facts the theory of accumulation of pardons in nucleotide sequences in the glance. All the same, reparation, mabut, do not produce up to 100% correction of the ear.

An astonishing look at some of the molecular genetic hypotheses of the old, robotic, but hardly programmed and unprogrammed positions of the genetic apparatus can be hard to beat one by one. In the process of aging, the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, that is, the way of life, ecology can be integrated into the pace of the old. In other words, the announcement about the old age as the inheritance of development and differentiation, the inevitable result of the course of the biological year, but also to start the program of biological development, as well as not to introduce the new age-old

Neuroendocrine hypotheses. The neuroendocrine system of humans is the main regulator of their life functions. To this, from the very ear in gerontology, hypotheses were actively broken up, so that the provincial mechanisms of old age on the original body with the primary damage in the neuroendocrine system, which can lead to secondary snakes in the tissues, were actively destroyed. At the same time, more early announcements about the primary significance of the change in the activity of this particular hall (hypophysis, thyroid, but especially, the state of the hall, etc.) , and the whole neuroendocrine situation is to organism.

To achieve the wide popularity of hypotheses, how old are the first changes in hypothalamus. Hypothalamus is an intermediate brain, a generator of biological rhythms to the body, which plays a role in regulating the activity of internal secretions, as it communicates through the central endocrine hall.

According to the hypothesis of "hypothalamic years" (Dilman, 1976), the age is seen as a deterioration of the inner middle of the body, due to the growth of activity of the hypothalamus. In summer, the secretion of hypothalamic hormones (liberins) and a number of hormones of the hypophysis (gonadotropin, somatotropin), as well as insulin, are rapidly growing. Alle the order of stimulation of some structures of the hypothalamus, when they are old, they reduce their activity, and lead to the "deregulation" of the sides of the exchange and function of the body.

Proof of the establishment of the general biological complex theory of the establishment of the central organism of images in adaptive and regulatory hypotheses(Frolkis, 1975). Vona spiral on the backbone of the announcement about the changes of self-regulation to organisms in the old days of their organization as the cause of the old. A touch of processes є destruction in adaptive capacities. The managers of the irregular nature of the cycle of vikovyh changes, pristosuvalny mechanisms develop on the old ravines of life, fixing the regulatory genes. The concept of neurohumoral regulation is the basis of the concept of neurohumoral regulation in the mechanisms of the old-fashioned body, the basis of the concept of neurohumoral regulation, so that the sphere of the psyche, emotions, myase of preference, reactions in the blood circulation systems, and regulation regulatory theory, looking at the old yak folding, internal superintelligent process. V.V. Frolkis (1995) vvazhaє, that the elders' ailments can also lie down because of the activity of singing genes. Otzhe, it is possible to let the links of viral pathology with the gene-regulatory mechanisms of the old one.

The order of changes, changes, disorders of hormonal status and a number of functions, the whole period is characterized by the same important adaptive mechanisms. So, for example, when the secretion of thyroid hormones decreases, the sensitivity to them of specific tissues ("targets") is increased.

Prior to molecular genetic and neuroendocrine hypotheses, they are immune hypotheses old.

The immune system is tightly tied to the adaptation, attachment to the body to stress, to wicked by the snakes of the midst. The immune system is healthy, and the organism from the invasion of viruses, bacteria, fungi and other foreign substances is healthy. When old, the function is diminished, it consumes its efficiency in a number of specific buildings. Z tsim is tied to the adjustment of the organism's elimination to a number of illnesses, especially to the so-called autoimmune ailments, in the basis of which the health of the organism is lost in recognition of its "own" library from "strangers". In young people, there are hundreds of young autoantitils, which are violated against the power of antibodies, signified by changes. The period from 40 to 80 years can be increased by 6-8 times. All the price is up to self-alignment and old organism, yogo "immunological development". Criticism of the hypothesis is made to the point that it’s not about the primary snakes. Oskilki the immune system itself is even more collapsible, and the regulation is not completely fixed, try the “rejuvenation” not even with the whole preparation: “pidbadioreni” by the fantastical immune reaction can cope with the autoimmune process.

Lymphoid hypothesis. The new version of the immune theory of old is based on the evidence of the old age as a decrease in the intensity of the self-improvement of the body and the loss of its efficiency, on the insane connection of the immune system from the old To transfer, as the reason for the early decline in immune functions є the need for interconnection of growth, with a number of lymphocytes, control over the processes is attributed to the subtype of most important types of mechanisms of growth, as well as participation in the keys of growth. The weakening of the whole function of lymphocytes can zoom out and reduce the potential health of the cells to the age of old. The morphological substrate of the old, on the thought of the authors of the hypotheses, is the hypothalamus, which is the primary regulating inflow to the immune system.

As an argument to be induced, in the wake of the day, the results of the transplantation of the regulatory nuclei of the hypothalamus to the old creatures allowed them to update a number of private functions (statute, immunity and іnshі) and reach the indicators of the out-of-age rejuvenation.

At the end, it can be concluded that, until the present hour, there is a great number of fundamental tributes about the day, the special features and mechanisms of the processes of old on the older stages of biological organization. Although nearly 300 hypotheses are already propounded, the theory of ontogenesis has not yet been established. It’s crazy that you’ve taken in yourself a lot of things in order to take revenge in the dreary hypotheses. In any case, it’s obvious that some of the older people will start from two groups of factors - genetic and environmental, - not a single universal reason for the old, but the mechanism is not often related to a complex phenomenon - old.

The understanding of "vik" can be seen from the child's aspects: from the point of view of the chronology of the subjects, the biological processes of the organism, the social formation and the psychological development.

Vіk hunt all life path. Witnessing it to mend from the nation and to end the physiological death. Vіk showing the way of the people to the concrete podії in the life of the people.

Popularity, growth, development, old age - all the life of the people, from which and to form the whole earthly path. Appearing at the light, the lyudin felt her first step, and the distance, in an hour, passed all the last.

Classification of new periods from the point of view of biology

The single classification is not іsnu, in the early hour, the won was in the first place. Intersecting periods to mate with a song, if there are significant changes in the body of people.

The life of a people is a chain of periods between key "points".

A passport, or a chronological one, may not be used as a biological one. Itself for the remainder can be judged about how you will see your robot, how can you display your body. Biological question can be presented as a passport, as well as in the form of a passport.

The classification of life periods is discernible, the basis of which was the understanding of the vik on the basis of physiological changes to the body:

Take a look at the vikov period of the life of the people

Already from the era and the land of the day and philosophers have missed out on the criteria for the gradation of the main life stages.

for example:

• Chinatown's weekly extended life into 7 phases. "Bazhanim", for example, called itself from 60 to 70 years. The period of development of spirituality and wisdom of people.
• Old Greek Vcheny Pyfagor ototozhnyuvav the stage of life of the people with the pores of fate. Kozhen trivav 20 rock_v.
• Ideas of Hippocrates became the pillars for a given period of life. Vіn vіdіliv 10, before dinner in 7 years of leather, repairing from the people.

Period of life for Pythagoras

The ancient philosopher Pythagoras, zgіdno by the stages of buttya people, ottozhnyuvav їkh from the pores of fate. Vіn vidіlyav їkh chotiri:

• Spring is the ear and development of life, from the people up to 20 years.
• Summer - youth, from 20 to 40 years.
• Autumn - development, from 40 to 60 years.
• Winter is dying, from 60 to 80 years.

Period for Pyfagor mali the triviality is equal to 20 rock. Pythagoras, having respected, that everything on Earth is determined by numbers, to which wines are put not only to mathematical symbols, but rather to those who are supposed to be a magic snake. The numbers allowed youmu to also form the characteristics of the cosmic order.

Until the time of his birth, Pythagoras had also used the "quaternary" as an understanding, and that had been torn apart from the invisible manifestations of nature, for example, by the elements.

Period of the life of the people (behind Pythagoras) and their changes may be based on the idea of ​​the age-old turn. Life is vital, as it is one season, and people are a part of nature, they are alive and develop according to the laws.

Understand "feast for rock" for Pyfagor

Ottozhnyuchi vіkovі promіzhki life of people with pores of fate, Pifagor, emphasizing respect for that:

• Spring is the hour of the ear, the birth of life. Ditina grows, with the malt absorbing new knowledge. Yomu around tsіkavo, ale all leave to see at the viglyadі gris. Ditina rozkvitaє.
• Leto - period of maturity. Lyudin bloom, yogo attracts everything new, still unheard of. Prodovzhuyuchi razkvitati, lyudin not indulge in their childish merrymaking.
• Autumn - the lyudin has become a stature, temporarily important, the colish gaiety has turned into a fancy and slow-paced.
• Winter is the period of thought and education. Lyudina has gone through a larger part of the way and is now looking at the results of her life.

The main period of the earthly journey of people

Looking at the individual, you can see the main period of the life of the people:

• youth;
• zriliy vіk;
• old age.

On the cutaneous step, people are growing new, looking at their values, changing their social status in suspensions.

The basis of іnuvannya to become a period of life of people. The peculiarities of the skin from them are tied to the ages, the wines in the otochenn, the camp of the soul.

Features of the main stages of specialization

During the life of people, people lose their specialness: the skin stage is complementary to the front, bringing new things with them, those who have not yet been in life.

Youth attracted maximalism: to see a collection of rosy, creative health, the basic physiological processes of advancement of completion, to develop a callous viglyad, self-respect. At the end of the day, a system will be established to repair the cost for an hour, to improve self-control, to see a revaluation of the desperate. Lyudin started out straight from her life.

Having reached the threshold of maturity, the people are already reaching the singing peaks. The professional sphere of loans has a stable position. The period of time to grow up due to changes and to the maximum development of social status, the decision to be taken is thought out, people are not unique in their vision, the price of this year's day, you can try to make your own mind Tse vіk dosyagnen, pіdkorennya peaks and і rejection of the maximum possibilities for their development.

Older age is more tied with losses, less with habits. Lyudina has finished her work, change of social development, there are inevitable physiological changes. However, all one Lyudin can be engaged in self-development, in more and more ways, to develop more on the spiritual level, on the development of the inner world.

critical points

Naivazhlivіshі period of life of people tied with wines in organіzmі. They can also be called critical: the hormonal background changes, through which changes are seen in the mood, there is a sense of gratitude, nervousness.

Psychologist E. Erikson saw 8 crisis periods in the life of people:

• Summer period.
• The entry of the people in the age of life is thirty.
• Move to a quarter dozen.
• Sorokar_chchya.
• The middle of life is 45 years.
• P'yatdesyatirichchya.
• Fifty-fiveyears.
• Fifty-sixth years.

There are no podolannya "critical points"

More skins from the performances of the periods, people switch to a new development, when it’s difficult to rewire, but they won’t get on the way, and until the new peaks of their life were established.

The child sees his father and learns to independently know his own direct in life.

At the third ten, Lyudin is looking at his principle;

Up to the fourth ten, people get mired in their lives, go through the meetings, fix their thoughts in a more rational way.

In the middle of the life of a man, he begins to conceive, who is rightly alive. It appears that bazhannya is zrobiti, it’s too much to forget about the new one. There is a feeling of discouragement and fear for one's life.

In 50 years, there is a hope of physiological processes to be healthy, to see changes. However, having already correctly arranged her life priorities, her nervous system is very stable.

The 55 years have wisdom, people enjoy life.

In 56 years of Lyudin, it is more thought about the spiritual life of his life, developing the inner light.

If we are preparing the nobility about the critical period of life, then it will be calm and painless.

visnovok

Lyudina herself is virіshu, according to certain criteria, I have been responsible for her life and her contribution to the understanding of "vic". Tse mozhe buti:

• Purely zvnishnya privablivist, yaku lyudin is pragmatic to promote in all available ways. I vvazhaє themselves young, leave the permissiveness of call.
• Rozpodil life for "youth" and "end of youth". The first period is trivial, as long as you can live without goiters, problems, changes, other - if there are problems, life is difficult.
• Physiological changes to the body. Lyudin clearly follows the changes and reflects her wisdom from them.
• The understanding of the vіka is tied with the camp of soul and svіdomosti. Lyudina saw her soul and inner freedom.

The rest of the life of the people is reminiscent of a wickedness, the bazhans are learning new, and all organically share the wisdom and spiritual wealth of the inner light, people will be always young, unimpressed by the weakening of physical organisms.

Vіkovі period - a variety of terms, timing, as necessary for the completion of the singing stage of the morphological and functional development of the tissues, organs, systems of the organism and the whole organism as a whole.

The vision of a period of time is quite clear, and the announcement of a period of time is unmistakable. For practical purposes, such a rosette is necessary. Criteria for which types of life start, that is, those who live during the period of people, their triviality, lie among a number of factors. Tse, in the first place, the biological specialties of the body, in a different way, social factors (mind the dovkilla, the level of life), in the third, the level of scientific knowledge and the defense of health. May be a significant factor, how to pour yak into the camp of a healthy people, and so on to your eye.

By extending the life cycle of people - from conception to death - see three main periods:

The period of growth and development, the formation of functional systems, is easy up to morphological, status, psychological development;

Period of general stability, development of functional systems to the body;

The period of disappearance, weakening and destruction of functional systems from the hour to old organisms, which is the insistence on reproductive function.

Between them and those chi nshimy vikovyh periods it is not always possible to clearly stand, especially among the stratum of the people. Rozpodil on vіkovі period naybіlsh is broken down in detail for childhood, and it seems, first for everything, stage of maturation of the nervous system, internal organs, zhuvalnuyu apparatus, becoming a vyshoy nervous dіyalnosti. It’s worth explaining to you that in the childhood it is clear that new changes counter the dynamism, shvidshe. For the period of childhood, there is a characteristic uninterrupted process of growth and development, if the organization and functional systems and children change all the way up to the visible boundaries.

Period of a child's life before the period of intrauterine development, in which case it is possible to see stages(Abo period) of the membranous (the first 2 months) and placental (from the 3rd to the 10th month) development.

In such a rank, in a childish vіtsі they see:

A. Intrauterine stage:

1) the stage of the embryonic development (the first 2 months);

2) the stage of the placental development (from the 3rd to the 10th month).

B. extrauterine stage:

1) the period of new birth (up to 4 times);

2) period of breastfeeding (from 4 months to 12 months);

3) in front of a preschool, or a senior nursery, period (from 1 to 3 years);

4) preschool period (from 3 to 6-7 years);

5) the youngest school period (from 6-7 to 11 -12 years);

6) senior school, or middle school, period (from 12 to 16-18 years). It is also more detailed and readable.

In the current period.

On the other hand, in the life of a grown-up people, one can also see a singing stage, for example, a period.

In this hour, I see the coming period in the life of the grown-up people:

1) Yunatskiy Vіk (from 16 to 20 years in women, from 17 to 21 years in women);

2) adulthood (from 20 to 55 years for women, from 21 to 60 years for men). Win, in his own heart, grows up for two periods:

a) from 20 to 35 years for women, from 21 to 35 years for men;

b) from 35 to 55 years for women, from 35 to 60 years for men.

Children of the past see in a grown-up vice such a group:

a) young vіk - up to 45 rocks;

b) middle age - 45-60 years.

On the cordon of an adult and a sick person, with a glance at the importance of being seen in the body of processes, there is a special period of prominence - the clamacteric period (from 45 to 60 years in women, from 50 to 60 years in children);

3) abduction (from 55 to 75 years for women, from 60 to 75 years for men);

4) old wik (from 75 to 90 years);

5) late old age, or Macrobiotics (about 90 years; such people are called co-residents).

In the stages of people's life, you can see some of the most important, critical periods, so called "hot spots" in your biography, which are characterized by more significant physiological, psychological and morphological personnel, such as otochenya. Until such periods lie, first for everything, period new marijuana, period state maturation (pubertal), climacteric and period of summer and old age.

Such critical periods and in adulthood and in the connection of stinks like physiological, as well as in a larger world with psychological and social peculiarities of that period of life. The third "hot spot" of the biography of a people (Persha is the period of new-bornness, a friend is a puberty), as it falls for the period from 20 to 25 years (with a spirited amount of time in the wilderness of ethnic and cultural features of the quietness ... The whole period is generally created for both men and women. The onset of "hot spots" of life stages of a person and a woman does not go astray. For women, the price is close to 30 years, for people - close to 40.

The cutaneous period has its own characteristic features, it can be found in both organs and systems (Table 1.3), as well as mental and intellectual spheres.

Table 1.3 Features of great people

In the individual development of people, there are two periods: intrauterine and post-uterine. The intrauterine period is a whole hour, if the formation of the organs and parts of the body, the power of the people, is being seen. The Danish period lasts for the embryonic phase (the first 8 months), the cob development of the embryo develops and the establishment of organs, and the fetal phase (3-9 months), extending further development of the fetus. The post-uterine period is the period when the new person prodovzhu svіy development posture tіlom mother. Vіn triva from the moment of the people to death.

The life of the people of the people is divided into groups of different types of morphological and functional features:

1. new people - at the time of the people up to 10 days;

2. Breastfeeding - from 10 days to 1 day;

3. early dynasty - 1-3 rock;

4. the first dignity - 4-7 years;

5. other dynasty - 8-12 years old - boys, 8-11 years old - women;

6.addle age - 13-16 years old - boys, 12-15 years old - children;

7.Yunatskiy Vіk - 17-21 g - Unaki, 16-20 years - Dіvchata;

8.grown up (1 period) - 22-35 years - choloviks, 21-35 years women;

9. adulthood (2 periods) - 36-60 years - cholovik, 36-55 years of women;

10. abducted vic - 61-74 - choloviks, 56-74 - women;

11.the old man - 75-90 years - people and women;

12. other residents - 90 years and more.

Skin vіkovy period is characterized by morphofunctional features. So, at newly born The child's head is round, large (1/4 of all dozhini is tila, in the older one - 1/8), and when the child is 34-36 cm. Shia and breasts are short, they live long, legs are short, arms are dovgy. The musculature is weakly rooted.

breast period characterized by the growth and development of organs and systems. For rіk dovzhina tila children increase in the middle by 25 cm, and reach 10-11 kg.

V period of early childhood Growing up to grow up: increasing masi and dovily tila grow up more and more, but not on the first place. All the organizations of the child in the whole period of time will change, improve their performance, develop and develop their muscles and skeleton.

V period of the first dynasty Growing up to dovzhina reloading over zbіlshennyam masi tila. Growing up of children on the 4th and 5th growth of life is easy to grow up and on the road in the middle 4-6 cm on the river; on the 6th and 7th growth of life, an increase in growth is significant - up to 8-10 cm. The first period of life, such as dressings with functional changes in the endocrine system. Up to the 5th time, the muscles develop, especially on the legs, the muscles become strong, the patronage of them grows.

V period of another dynasty It grows in width, protects in an hour to repair the rate of maturity, and until the end of the period it will be able to grow up to dove, tempi which is higher among girls. In 10 years, there is the first crossover - dovzhina and masa tila of the girls overwhelm taku lads. The muscular system is developing as hard as possible, however, children’s backs are weak and cannot be completely trimmed in the correct position, which can lead to a rotten setting and vicious ridge. Improving the growth of the function of statues, so that it will not provide any anatomical and physiological insights into the development of lads and children.

V summer period We will see the status of the maturity, and we will accelerate the process of supervising by physical development. In the middle age they see more mature age (among women from 12 to 16 years and among boys from 13 to 17 years) and young (among children from 16 to 17, among boys from 17 years).

In physiological age-related adolescents, the growth of hormones is increased, the main ones are growth hormones, hormones, thyroid hormones, insulin. Tilki їkh overnight and together with a fashionable development will take care of the development of the child in a timely manner. The status of the diagnosis should be repaired from the manifestation of the secondary status signs: pigmentation of the primary organs, hair on the pubis and in the groin depressions. The status of the ripening of the girls is about 2 rocky earlier, not among the boys, and in the given stench, it is more likely to ripen. The whole period they have to fix at 10-12 years. In 8-10 years, the rounded stegon and the middle, the widening of the pelvis, are indicated. At 9-10 years, the navkolososkovy gurtok is raised above the nape of the breasts. In 10-11 years, there are single pubic hairs and in groin depressions; In 11-12 years, you can have a persistent menstruation. At 15-16 years of age, regular menstruation arises, spurs farther hair on the pubis and in groin depressions, milk deposits grow. At the same time, during the period of maturity, there is an intensive growth in the mid-morning period, as well as growth in the middle seizure by 12 rocky and reaching 9 cm at the peak. At 15-16 years of age, the step is zupinka growth.

In lads of the term, the ear and the tempo of the development of the statical maturity are pricked in the arches of wide fringes. Most often, the ear of statistic dosage is estimated at 12-14 years. In 10-11 years, there is an increase in the size of the cell and the statutory member. In 11-12 years - pigmentation of the scrotum, ear of hair on the pubis, farther away is the growth of the statical member and the ear. At 13-14 years old - an ear of a snake to the voice, a growth of hair in the groin area, on the upper lip, development of muscles. At 14-15 rocky - the progress of the statistic maturation, the first pole, is farther away. For 18-20 years - the completion of the statutory maturation, hairiness for the cholovich type. The peak of speed grows up to 14 rock and reach 10-12 cm in the rock. At 18-20 years of age, a step is meant for growth.

Yak in lads, so in females it is one hour due to the increase in growth of the growth of vaga tila, in the middle up to 3-5 kg ​​per pik. All parts of the body, fabrics and organisms develop quickly and quickly. The pace of growth is not the same. The inconsistency of the growth of the surroundings of the tila viklik and the hourly failure of the coordination of rucks - there is a lack of grabbing, inconsistency, immobilization. At the end of the period, it is necessary to respectfully stitch for the delivery of the pad.

Зріли вік add two periods. The first period (among men 22-35 years old, among women 21-35 years old) is meant to increase the growth and style of functional changes, so that optimal development can be achieved. The shape і budova tіla changes a little, it means that the body of the skeleton grows for the opening of the new balls of the cyst speech on the surfaces of the whites. The morphofunctional development of the body is completed. Show the maximum of the great functions to be brought up to 20-25 years, for whom I will show you the steps of decreasing the intensity. In 20-25 rockies, it is ideal and proper for the whole people of masa tila.

In another period (in choloviks 36-60 years, in women 36-55 years), the actions of neuroendocrinal overbudov are seen, the function of the state of the disease (climax) is reduced. Klimax supervises significant changes in physiological functions (the concentration in the blood of hormones in the statovyh valoses decreases, the function of the thyroid gland, thymus, nadnirnikiv decreases). In the world of old and primordial changes lead to secondary ones: atrophy of curvature, faintness, fatigue, shortness of skin, growth and loss of hair, quickness and tone of musculature, laxity. There are first signs of key illnesses, who are in charge of the older age. The proportions of the matter will become overwhelming, but before the end of the period, they will be repaired.

Lіtnіy and old wіk characterized by a change of energy processes in cells and changes in the activity of dichlorine enzymes. The regulation of the functions of organs and systems is changing significantly. In addition, there is a significant change in the passionate power of the heart. Among the old and young people, the frequency of the heart rhythm decreases in the camp of calmness.

In such a rank, the development and development of people has a number of laws:

· Growth and development to lie according to the genotype of a person, however, due to the interconnection of the sukupnosty gene, one with one and the other factors of the most recent middle-class, it can be added to the phenotype;

· Development and development of the individual is carried out in stages. At the dermal stage in the body, there are several and bright changes, which will increase the lack of escaping the process;

· The skin period of human ontogenesis is manifested by characteristic morphophysiological features.