Endoplasmic framing of the budova cricket and function. single membrane organelles

What is the spіlny at the rotten apple and the headgear? The process of fruit spinning and the process of turning the head into a toad of tying with one and the same phenomenon - autolysis. Carrying on them are unique structures of clitin - lizosomy. Critical lysosomes with a size of 0.2 to 0.4 microns do not cut not only these organelles, but not only the tissues and organisms. Smells take revenge from 40 to 60 new lysing enzymes, before such fabrics literally melt on the eyes. About the structure and functions of our internal biochemical laboratories: lysosomes, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic hedgehogs, you can find out in our lesson. We will also talk about clitinnyh inclusions - a special type of clitinnyh structures.

Topic: Fundamentals of Cytology

Lesson: Budova klitini. Endoplasmic framing. Golgi complex.

Lizosomi. klіtinnі inclusions

Mi prodovzhuumo vivchati organelles klitini.

All organelles are distributed on membraneі non-membrane.

non-membrane We looked at the organelles in front of the busy, nagadaєmo, before them ribosomes, the cell center and the organelles of the ruch, were brought to them.

mid membrane organoadiv development single membraneі two-membrane.

At the tsіy part of the course we can understand single membrane organelles: endoplasmic edge, Golgi apparatusі lizosomy.

Krim tsyogo, we can see it inclusion- non-permissive coverage of the clients, as they know and know in the process of life of the clients.

endoplasmic hem

One of the most important indications, crumbling behind the aid of an electronic microscope, is the bulging of a folding system of membranes, which permeates the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. The number of membranes in the framing was called EPC (endoplasmic edge) (Fig. 1) or EPR (EPR). EPC is a system of tubes and empty tubes, which penetrate the cytoplasm of cellini.

Small. 1. Endoplasmic framing

Zliva - the middle of the cells of the cell. Right-handed - okremo vidіlena

membranes EPS(Fig. 2) may be the same as Budova itself, as well as a plasma membrane (plasmalemma). EPC loans up to 50% of the volume of clients. There is no shaving or entry into the cytoplasm.

develop smooth EPCі shorts, abo granular EPC(Fig. 2). On internal membranes Shorstkoy ENP the ribosomes grow out - here is the synthesis of bilks.

Small. 2. Vidi EPC

Shorstka EPC (mal) carries ribosomes on the membranes and is responsible for the synthesis of protein in cells. Smooth EPC (right-hander) does not take revenge on ribosomes and leads to the synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids.

On the surface smooth EPC(Fig. 2) Any synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids. Specimens synthesized on EPC membranes are transferred into tubes and then transported to the point of significance, de-deposited or deposited in biochemical processes.

Shorstka EPC is more beautifully developed in cells, which synthesize drinks for the organism's needs, for example, the hormones of the endocrine system and people. And smooth EPC - in quiet cells, like synthesizing zukru and lipid.

In a smooth EPC, calcium accumulates (it is important for the regulation of all functions of the cell and the whole body).

The structure, like a year yak complex abo Golgi apparatus (AG)(Fig. 3), for the first time in 1898 came into being the Italian doctrine of Kamillo Goldzhi ().

In detail, vivchit the Budova Golgi complex with a meaning behind the additional electronic microscope. This structure can be found practically in all cells, and is a stack of composites of membrane mice, i.e. tanks, and a system of bulbs, called Golgi bulbs.

Small. 3. Golgi complex

Malice is in the cells, in the middle of the organisms.

Right-handed - the Golgi complex with a protruding membrane bulbs

From the internal tanks, there is accumulation of speech, synthesized by the cell, that is, E. Bilky, in carbohydrates, lipids.

In the cichs, the cisterns are speechless, EPC, Learn some biochemical re-development, pack in membrane bulbs and delivered to a quiet place of residence, no need. Smell take a part in dobudov cell membrane for they are called ( secreted) 3 cells.

Golgi complex inducements from membranes and loosening of the order from the EPC, but not to use the channels.

All the speeches synthesized on EPC membranes(Fig. 2), carried over to Golgi complex v membrane bulbs When you come out of the EPC and get angry with the Golgi complex, you deceive yourself in the background.

One function the Golgi complex- a collection of membranes. Records, from which membranes are stored - bilks and lipids, as you already know, - come to the Golgi complex from the EPC.

At the empty sites of the complex, there are dialects of membranes, which are set in special membranous puffs (Fig. 4), the stench is re-sucked in cytoplasm in the mice, as a membrane is needed.

Small. 4. Synthesis of membranes in cells by the Golgi complex (div. Video)

The Goldzhi complex synthesizes practically all the polysaccharides that are necessary to induce the cultivation of the cultivar roslin and mushrooms. Here the stench is packed in membranous puffs, delivered to the clinker and angry with her.

In such a rank, the main functions of the Golgi complex (apparatus) are the chemically re-introduction of synthesized into EPC speechvins, synthesis of polysaccharides, packaging and transport of organic speech into cells, formation of lysosomy.

lizosomy(Fig. 5) appeared in a large number of eukarotic organisms, but especially in cells that were built up to phagocytosis. The stench is a one-membrane bear, reminiscent of hydrolytic or herbal enzymes, such as lipases, proteases and nucleases, T. E. Ferments, which break down fats, bottles and nucleic acids.

Small. 5. Lizosome - membrane plump, which can take revenge on hydrolytic enzymes

Instead of lysosomes to a low acid reaction, these enzymes are characterized by a low pH optimum. Membranes of lysosomes insulate hydrolytic enzymes, do not give them ruinuvatie components of cellini. In cells of twins, lysosomes have a rounded shape, їх diameter - from 0.2 to 0.4 microns.

In growing cells, the function of lysosomes is great vacuoles. In the case of young people of Russia, it is especially quiet, who knows, it is possible to notice a small amount of money, how to play lizosomes.

The purchase of rechovins, yaki klitina deposited, vikoristovu for their needs, or for the sake of seeing calls, I call clitinny inclusions.

In front of them corn starch(Stocked in carbohydrate from rosemary) abo glycogen(Reserve carbohydrate of foodstuffs), specks of fat and also granules bilkiv.

The reserve of lively speeches grows in the cytoplasm in a manner that does not appear as a membrane.

EPC functions

One of the most important functions of the EPC - lipid synthesis... To that, EPC is a loving person is represented in quiet cells, de-intensively being involved in the process.

How can you see the synthesis of lipids? In the cells of twins, lipid is synthesized from fatty acids and glucerin, which comes from the same (in cells of roslin, the stench is synthesized from glucose). Synthesized in the EPS, the lipid is transferred to the Golgi complex, de "ripening".

EPC is presented in the cells of measles supranirkovy and in statics, where steroids are synthesized, and steroids are hormones of lipid nature. Before steroids, the hormone testosterone and the life hormone eestradiol are used.

Another function of EPC is participation in the processes detoxification. In the cells of the stove, the shorts and smooth EPCs take part in the processes of foreign shkidlivy speech, which comes to the body. EPC has seen it from the body.

In the meat cells there are special forms of EPC - sarcoplasmic reticulum... The sarcoplasmic reticulum is one of the types of endoplasmic reticulum, which is present in the transverse tissue. Its main function is to take the ionic calcium, and the introduction of it into the sarcoplasm is the middle of myofibrils.

Secretory function of the Golgi complex

Functional complex Goldzhi є transport and chemical modification of speech lines. Particularly kindness is seen in secretory rooms.

Yak butt, you can bring cells to the bottom, which synthesize the enzyme of pancreatic juice, when it goes into the duct of the ball, to get into the twelve-fingered zone.

Bilki serve as a suitable substrate for enzymes, which can be used in the Golgi complex with EPC. Here they see a biochemistry, the stench concentrates, packs up in the membranous puffy and moves to the plasma membrane of the secretory cell. Because the stench is seen to be called for additional exocytosis.

Ferments of podshlunkovoy are secreted in an inactive form, so that the stench does not ruin the cell, in which it settles. The inactive form of the enzyme is called proenzyme abo benzimogen... For example, the enzyme trypsin, is established in the inactive form of trypsinogen in the vigor of trypsinogen in the fodder zone and passes into its active form - trypsin in the intestine.

The Golgi complex also synthesizes an important glycoprotein - mucin... Mucin is synthesized by cells of the intestinal tract, mucous membrane of the intestinal tract and dichloro pathways. Mucin to serve as a bar'er, for the patronage of the roztashovani from him to the epithelial clitini from the native poshkojen, to the Persha of Chergu, the mechanic.

In the slunk-intestinal tract, the mucus tract is located on the lower surface of the epithelial cells from the rough breast. In the chick paths and in the intestinal tract, mucin is preyed upon, our body is permeated by pathogens - bacteria and viruses.

In the clitines of the root of the root of the roslin, the Golgi complex secretes mucopolisaccharide mucus, the yak lays down the roots in the ground.

In the salmon on the leaves of comahoid roslin, crabgrass and Zhiryanka (Fig. 6), the Golgi apparatus viroblya sticky mucus and enzymes, for the help of which they can catch and digest the vid.

Small. 6. Sticky leaves of coma roslin

The Golgi complex also takes care of the fate of the approved resins, gums and waxes in the cells of the roslin.

autolysis

Autolysis - tse self-leveling klitin, scho vinikak vnaslidok vivilnennya vmistu lizos all the middle classrooms.

The managers of the whole lizosomi zhartoma are called "the leaders of suicide." Autolysis is a normal manifestation of ontogenesis, it can be widened on the outskirts of the clitine, and on the entire tissue, or an organ, as it grows when the tail is cut off the head before the hour of metamorphosis, i.e., when the head is turned into a toad (Fig. 7).

Small. 7. Resorption of the toad's tail to autolysis in the course of ontogenesis

Autolysis will be taken into the fabric, so you will be left without a robot.

On top of that, autolysis was spared by the clitin because it was bent, so you could be spared, as the food was smelled by itself, if the stench did not get frozen.

In such a rank, we looked at the main single membrane organelles of the cell: EPC, the Golgi complex and the lysosomy, they took over their functions in the processes of life of the cell and the organism as a whole. The link was installed between the synthesis of the speeches in the EPC, the transport in membrane bulbs to the Golgi complex, the “dosed” speech in the Golgi complex and the visions from the cells behind the additional membrane bulbs, including lysosomes. We also talked about inclusions - non-perceptible structures of cellini, which are the purchase of organic words (starch, glucogen, droplet olii or granules of white). With the help of text applications, we can create a picture about those processes of life, which appear on the bedrock, appear on the function of the whole body (synthesis of hormones, autolysis, accumulation).

Home zavdannya

1. What organelles are they? How do the organelles come from cells?

2. Do you have a group of organoids in the towers and roslin?

3. How many organelles are introduced to single membranes?

4. What are the functions of the EPC vicon in the cells of living organisms? How do you see the EPC? What is it tied with?

5. What is the Golgi complex (apparatus)? Why should I stock up? What are the functions in the rooms?

6. So also lizosomy? Why is the stench needed? In which cells of our body does the stench actively function?

7. Yak tied one to one EPC, Golgi complex and lizosomy?

8. So also autolysis? If you are looking for something?

9. Talk with friends about autolysis. How is it biologically significant in ontogeny?

2. YouTube ().

3. Biology 11 class. Home biology. Professional training / V.B. Zakharov, S.G. Mamontov, M.I. Sonin ta in. - 5th ed., Stereotype. - Bustard, 2010 .-- 388 p.

4. Agafonova I. B., Zakharova E.T., Sivoglazov V.I. Biology 10-11 grades. Home biology. Basic r_ven. - 6th ed., Supplement. - Bustard, 2010 .-- 384 p.

Among the organelles of cells are nayr_snomantic є one-membrane organelles. The cytoplasmic formation of the cytoplasm in the eyes of the bulbs, tubules, and mice is otochened with membranes. Up to one membrane organelle, there is an endoplasmic mesh, Golgi complex, lysosomy, vacuole, peroxisomy, and so on. In general, the stench can take up to 17% of the volume of clitini. Single-membrane organelles establish a system for the synthesis, segregation (visualization) and internal transport of macromolecules.

endoplasmic hem, Abo endoplasmic reticulum (in lat. Reticulum - net) - single-membrane organelles of eukaryotic cells in the view of a closed system of tubules and flat membrane mice-cisterns. The EPC was first seen by the American doctor K. Porter in 1945 for the help of an electronic microscope. EPC is an organelle that distributes the cytoplasm into compartments and is tied to the plasmalemma and nuclear membranes. For the participation of EPC, the nuclear envelope is formed in the period between the pods of the clitin.

budova . EPC approve cisterns, tubular membranous tubules, membrane bulbs-vesicles(Transport of speech, synthesized) and internal speech - matrix s a great number of enzymes. Reticulum avenge proteins and lipids, middle rich phospholipids, as well as enzymes for the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates. The membranes of the NPS, similarly to the components of the cytoskeleton, are polar: from one end, the stench grows, and from the second, it falls to the edge of the fragment. There are two types of endoplasmic framing: shorts (granular) i smooth (agrarian). Shorstka EPCs of ribosomes, which set up complexes with IRNAs (polybots, or polisomy), and the presence of all living cells (for the blame of spermatozoa and growth of special cells), however For example, a highly developed shorstka of the EPS may cause the appearance of cells in the lactic acidosis, hepatocytes, fibroblasts (cells in the production of colagen), plasma cells (producing immunoglobulins). The smooth EPC is not with maribosomes but with a thin look. Vona perevazhaє in cells of supra-nirkovy saloses (healthy synthesis of steroid hormones), in meat cells (taking part in the exchange of calcium), cells of the main salines of the slunk (the fate of the visible hydrochloric acid).

functions . Smooth і shorstka ЕРС show special functions: 1) to the interdivision - I will make sure that the growth of cytoplasm is in order; 2) transport - zd_ysnyuєtsya transferred to the cells of the necessary speeches; 3) synthesizing - Insight into membrane lipids. In addition, the skin from the type of the EPC has its own specific functions.

Budova EPC 1 - vilny ribosomy; 2 - EPCs empty; H - ribosomes on EPC membranes; 4 - smooth EPC

View and functions of EPC

Twarin and people. The functions of the warehouse center of the cellin are flexible and connected in the main with synthesis, modification and transport

Forwardly endoplasmic hedgehog Bula was revealed in 1945 rotsi. American studies by K. Porter watched one of the first electric microscopes for help. Three o'clock, I have an active life.

The cells have two types of organelles:

• Granular, or shorstka endoplasmic mesh (covered with no ribosomes).
• Agranular, or smooth endoplasmic mesh.

The skin type of the reticulum is very special and has absolutely different functions. Let's see more details.

Granular endoplasmic sieve: budova... An organelle of є systems of tanks, bulb and tubules is given. Walls are stored from bilipin membranes. The width of the empty space can vary from 20 nm to decile micrometers - everything here lies in the secretory activity of the cell.

In few specialty cells, which are characterized by a low rate of metabolism, EPC is represented by deprived of a large amount of depleted cisterns. In the middle cells, the yak actively synthesizes blocks, endoplasmic hedge is stored from the empty tanks and rounded systems and channels.

As a rule, granular EPC is tied to the membranes of the nuclear envelope behind the additional tubules - this is the very order of the folding processes for the synthesis and transport of protein molecules.

Granular endoplasmic mesh: functions... The yak is already dying, the entire surface of the EPC is covered with cytoplasms from the side by ribosomes, yak, yak vidomo, take part in the EPC - the process of synthesis and transport of protein spolucs.

The organelle is responsible for the synthesis of the cytoplasmic membrane. Even in a large number of stems, the protein molecules were transported behind the membrane bulbs in order to be further modified and distributed according to the consumption of cells and tissues.

In addition, in the empty tanks of the ENP tanks, there are some changes in the bottle - for example, the addition to the new carbohydrate component. Immediately, the great secretory granules are set up as an aggregation.

Agranular endoplasmic sieve: budova and functions... Budova smooth EPC for deyakі vіdminnostі. For example, such an organelle is stored only from tanks and not a system of channels. Complexes of such EPC, as a rule, may be smaller, and the axis of the width of the tank, navpaki, is larger.

Smooth endoplasmic framing is not important for the synthesis of blue components, but a number of important functions are not less important. For example, the synthesis of steroid hormones in humans and all backbone creatures is also seen here. The very fact is that a smooth EPC in the clits of supra-nirkovy zalozes to finish off the great one.

In the cells of the EPC liver, the viroblya needs enzymes, which take part in the carbohydrate exchange, and in the drop in the glycogen. At the same time, it is also the case that the cells are susceptible to toxicity. In the cisterns of the central organelle, the synthesis of the hydrophilic component is observed, which is why it is necessary to come to a toxic molecule, the increase in the size of the blood and the slaughter. Tsikavo, in hepatocytes, which are constantly fed into the inflow of toxins (otrut, alcohol), practically all the cells are occupied by smooth EPC cisterns.

In the oleaginous cells, a particular type of smooth EPC is the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Wine is a calcium depot, regulating, in such a rank, the processes of activity and calmness of the cell.

It can be seen that the functions of the EPC are versatile and even more important for the normal functioning of a healthy cell.

What is the endoplasmic sieve? de vona perebuvatime? і yaka її role? and by making the most beautiful

View from Kostyantin [guru]
To be in the room. The main function is to fix and structure the organelles of the cell, to change the living words.

from Kasper[Active]
Endoplasmic hemisphere, abo reticulum-internal tubular system, vacuole and other membrane adaptations, as well as the function of adapting the adult compartments of the clitine, and taking into account the participation in the transport of prototypes of all receptors, synchrophytes, peptidases

from Dmitro Kiyashov[Newbie]
Chuєsh, Special Cabinet Vilucheny Profi (596) ... And then the people don’t know how it is possible to see a friend and read it there? Singingly, having put the food price on a special occasion, it’s not a good idea ... Why is it wrong? And then everything in the Internet is so clever, like "I see a handler, that is simple, think." Yep, exactly.

from YOgey Makeunko[Active]
To be found in the cells of the European Union (cells have a core). The lettering is smooth and short. It is a collapsible system of membranes, which can be used to create empty spaces (not empty) in the middle of the cells, on the surface of the short endoplasmic hedgehog (EPC) there are more ribosomes (organelles for the synthesis of bilks). Serve the EPC for the synthesis of specific molecules of cellini (fat, oligosaccharides), the preparation of high-energy speech, the synthesis of white, if there are visions from the cell or on the surface (there can only be a short EPC).

from Eskimo[Guru]
You must be suffering from the cim?) On my cell. There is a transport system in the cells, in which there is a synthesis of a number of phrases, necessary only for the cells themselves, in those types and bags for the cells of the high-cell organisms.

from koristuvacha videaleno[Active]
see the handler from the biology)) so і about the mitochondria, і about the EPC, and according to the client's organelle to finish the report)) definitly already exactly))
well, axis options
Endoplasmic hedgehog (endoplasmic reticulum) - organoid of cellini eukarot. It is a system of empty, tubules and tubules, formed by a membrane; є transport system and the system of fluvines in the cytoplasm.

from Petro[Guru]
Endoplasmic framing is an organoid eukarit; the number of resulting tubules, vacuole and "cisterns", surrounded by cytoplasmic membranes with ribosomes rosted on them. The endoplasmic framing serves as a regulatory system of the cell, through which the processes of exchange of words go through. Razrіznyayut smooth and granular endoplasmic framing.

from 3 responses[Guru]

Vitannya! Axis dobirka team based on your nutrition: what is the endoplasmic sieve? de vona perebuvatime? і yaka її role?

Clitini tvarin and roslin, as well as one-liner, in principle, are similar for their budova. The details of the budovi clitin are tied to their functional specialization.

The main elements of all cells are the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The core can be folded into a bud, changing in the early phases of a clerical development, or a cycle. The core of a non-dividing cell takes about 10-20% of the total amount. It is stored in karyoplasms (nucleoplasms), one abnormal nucleus (nucleol) and nuclear envelope. Carioplasma is a nuclear cic, or a cariolymph, in which there are threads of chromatin, which confirm chromosomes.

The main power of the clitini:

• obmin rechovin
• sensitiveness
• health before multiplication

Klіtina lives in the inner middle organism - shelter, lymph and tissue of rіdina. The main processes in cells are oxidation, glycolysis is the splitting of carbohydrates without acidity. Penetration of Vibirkov's clitini. I start to react to a temple or a low concentration of salts, phago and pinocytosis. Secretion is the adoption and vision of mucous speech by cells (mucin and mucoid), so that they can seize from the school and take part in the adopted speech.

See rukhiv klitini:

1. amoeboid (pseudopods) - leukocytes and macrophages.
2. kovzne - fibroblasts
3. flagellate type - spermatozoa

Rozpodil klin:

1. indirect (mitosis, caries, meiosis)
2. straight (amitosis)

In case of mitosis, the nuclear speech grows more and more among the daughter cells, so that the chromatin of the nucleus is concentrated in the chromosomes, which are split into two chromatids, which is the superposition of the daughter cells.

The structure of living cells

chromosomes

Obligatory elements of the nucleus are chromosomes, which may have a specific chemical and morphological structure. Smell take an active part in the exchange of speeches in the clientele and may be directly related to the decline of the transfer of power from one generation to the last. Slid, however, mothers on uvaz, well, I would like to fall back and take care of all the cells as a single system, nuclear structures, and the chromosomes themselves, to borrow at a special place. Chromosomes, on the basis of the organelles of the cell, are unique structures, which are characterized by a progressive structure. The stench cannot be used to substitute one for one. The imbalance of the chromosomal set of cells must be produced in the endocrine shell until the end of the bend.

cytoplasm

The cytoplasm of klіtini viyavlya to complete the folding budova. The introduction of the technique of thin images and electronic microscopy made it possible to pat the fine structure of the main cytoplasm. It has been installed that it remains to be stored in parallel folded structures that are folded, where the plates and canals are visible, on the surface of which other granules with a diameter of 100-120 Å are folded. This statement is called an endoplasmic complex. Before the warehouse complex, various differentiated organelles are included: mitochondria, ribosomes, Goldzhi apparatus, centrosome in cells of lower twins and roslin, tvarin - lysosomes, in roslin - plastids. In addition, the cytoplasm appears in a number of inclusions, which take part in the exchange of the cells of the clitin: crumbs, specks of fat, crystals of sechovina, etc.

membrane

Klіtina is otochened with a membrane (from the Latin "Membrane" - shkіrka, plіvka). The functions are even more flexible, but the main one is zhisna: you won’t get the internal in the place of the clientele from the inflows of the new middle. Zavdyaki vyrostam, folds on the surface of the membrane of the cell, it is easy to get in between. The membrane is permeated with special beads, through which there can be a change of singing words, the necessary clientele, or else to be seen from it. In such a rank, through the membrane, there is an exchange of words. Moreover, it is even more important that the speeches are passed through the membrane vibirkovo, for the rakhunok of what in the cells there is a necessary set of speeches.

In roslin, the plasma membrane is covered with a scythe shell, which is deposited with cellulose (klitkovini). The lining of the vicon will be built and supported. Vaughn to serve as the inviting skeleton of the clitini, nourishing the singular form and growing, overwhelming the overworldly swelling.

core

Roztashovans in the center of the clan are adorned with a two-layer shell. To the makulyastu, the shape will be twisted. Column - karyolemmy - maє pori, necessary for the exchange of speech between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Instead of the nucleus of the child - karyoplasma, in which there is the shilny tiltsya - the nucleus. They see granularity - ribosomes. The main mass of the nucleus is nuclear proteins - nucleoproteins, in nuclei - ribonucleoprotein, and in karyoplasm - deoxyribonucleoprotein. The cell is covered with a clinker shell, which is stored from blue and white molecules, which may have a mosaic structure. The shell will secure the exchange of speech between the clergy and the middle class.

EPC

There is a system of tubules and empty ones, on the walls of which ribosomes grow out, so that the synthesis of the protein is ensured. Ribosomes can grow and grow into the cytoplasm. EPC is of two types - short and smooth: on the short EPS (abo granular), ribosomes are free-flowing, as the synthesis of bricks is good. Ribosomi is making membranes in a short-haired viglyad. The membranes of the smooth NPS do not carry ribosomes on their surface, in them the enzymes for the synthesis and splitting of carbohydrates and lipids grow. Smooth EPC viglyad is a system of thin tubes and tanks.

ribosomy

Dribni tiltsya with a diameter of 15-20 mm. Zd_yisnyuyut synthesis of bilkovy molecules, їkh folding from amino acids.

mitochondria

Tse two-membrane organelles, the inner membrane of high mass - Kristi. Vmist empty - matrix. Mitochondria have a large number of lipoproteins and enzymes. Central energy stations of klitini.

Plastida (the power of only the eyes of the roslin!)

Їх вміст near the cells - the main peculiarity of the growing organism. There are three main types of plastids: leukoplasts, chromoplasts and chloroplasts. The stench may be depleted. Barrenless leukoplast is found in the cytoplasm of cytoplasm of non-fermented parts of roslin: stems, roots, bulbs. For example, it’s rich in the bulbs of cartopels, in which starch grains accumulate. Chromoplasts are found in the cytoplasm of stems, fruits, stems, leaves. Chromoplasts will make a zhovtu, chervona, orange-colored roslin barn. Green chloroplasts take place in the cells of leaves, stems and other parts of the dewline, as well as in the growths. The size of chloroplasts is 4-6 microns, the stench is often oval in shape. In the willows, in one bed, there are a few dozen chloroplasts.

The green chloroplast of the building passes into the chromoplast - that is, the leaves are green, and the green is red when it is ripened. Leukoplast can be transformed into chloroplast (green bulb of cartoplast on light). In such a rank, chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leukoplasts are built up to a mutual transition.

The main function of chloroplasts is photosynthesis, so that in chloroplasts on the light, there is a synthesis of organic speech from inorganic ones for the transformation of sleepy energy into the energy of ATP molecules. The chloroplasts of the growing roslin may be 5-10 microns in size and form a double-convex shape behind the shape. Chloroplast dermal effusion with a sublayer membrane, which can be vibrated. The name of the shrinking membrane is smooth, and the inner one has a folded structure. The main structural unit of the chloroplast is thylakoid, a flat two-membrane beetle that plays a role in the process of photosynthesis. At the membrane of the thylakoid, the growths are similar to those of mitochondria, which take part in the lance of the transfer of electors. Tilacoid stacked in piles, scoop up stacks of coins (from 10 to 150) and called grains. Grana can fold budova: in the center of the growth of chlorophyll, discharge with a ball of a bottle; Then the lipoid ball grows, I know the blocks and chlorophyll.

Golgi complex

The whole system is empty, separated by a cytoplasmic membrane, which can be shaped. Accumulation of alcoholic beverages in them is bіlkіv, fats and carbohydrates. The synthesis of fats and carbohydrates on membranes. Confirm lizosomi.

The main structural element of the Golgi apparatus is a membrane, which will fit packets of consolidated cisterns, great and other pukhirts. Cisterns for the Gol'dzhi apparatuses with channels of endoplasmic hedgehogs. Crumbled on the membranes of endoplasmic hedgehogs, polysaccharides, fats are transferred to the Golgi apparatus, accumulate in the middle of the structures and "pack" in the view of speech, ready either before being seen, or before being wicked in the process of life itself. Lizosomes are installed in the Golgi apparatus. In addition, I take care of the fate of the increased cytoplasmic membrane, for example, before the hour comes to the cellin.

lizosomy

Taurus, separated from the cytoplasm by a single membrane. By substituting enzymes in them, they accelerate the reaction of splitting folding molecules to simple ones: bile acids to amino acids, foldable carbohydrates to simple ones, lipids to glucerin and fatty acids, as well as to destroy parts of clitini, cysts. Lizosomes have more than 30 types of enzymes (speeches of a protein nature, which increase the speed of chemical reactions in dozens and hundreds of thousands of times); The splitting of words for additional enzymes is called lysis, which is like the name of an organoid. Lizosomes are established either from the structures of the Golgi complex, or from the endoplasmic hedgehog. One of the main functions of lysosomes is the fate of the internal over-etched grubs. In addition, lysosomes can ruin the structure of the cell itself at the time of admission, during the development of the membrane and in a number of other types.

vacuoles

They are empty in the cytoplasm, zapovneni with keratin juice, a place of accumulation of spare lively speeches, shkidlivy speeches; stench regulate vm_st vodi in klіtinі.

clinic center

It consists of two small children - the center of the center and the center of the sphere - a deflated cell of cytoplasm. An important role in the development of blood cells

Organels ruku klin

1. Dzhgutiki and vіyki, which are the virginity of the klitini and the same type of budov at the tvarins and the roslin
2. Myofibrils - thin threads up to 1 cm with a diameter of 1 micron, roasted with bunches of bridles of myaz fiber
3. Pseudopodia

Requirements for growing and growing cells

Until the signs, which are similar to roslinny and tvarinni klіtini, it is possible to bring the offensive:

1. I am going to the Buda system and structure, so that the nucleus and cytoplasm are revealed.
2. The exchange process of speech and energy is close to the principle of health.
3. І in food, і in roslinnіy cells є membrane of Budov.
4. The chemistry warehouse of the clitin is much alike.
5. The cells of the growing line and the creatures present a similar process of the cell's time.
6. Roslinna klitina and tvarinna is a single principle of transferring the decay rate to the code.

The main reasons for the Russian and Ukrainian clitinoy

Krym zagalnye signs of Budovia and the living of the Russian and foodstuffs, the sensation and particularity of the skin rice from them.

In such a rank, it can be said, that the growth and the quality of the cells are similar to each other in addition to the important elements and processes of life, as well as to the fact that there are a lot of ideas in the structures and exchanges.