Twelve ribs. Breast cells

ribs

Ribs, costae, 12 pairs, - vuzkі, іznої dozhinі kіstkovі plates, symmetrically spread out from the sides of the thoracic іddіl of the spinal stump.

At the dermal ribs, they expand the cyst part of the rib, os costale, the short cartilage - the costal cartilage, cartilago estalis, and two ends - the anterior one, the incisions to the sternum, and the posterior, the incisions to the spinal stump.

8th rib (A - inner surface; B - outer surface)

Kistkova part of the rib makes a head, shyku and tilo. The head of the rib, caput costae, is shattered on the th vertebral end. On nii є the suglobov surface of the rib head, facies articularis capitis costae. The surface on the II-X ribs is divided horizontally from the ridge of the head of the rib, crista capitis costae, to the upper, mensha, and lower, large, part, the skin, from which it is clearly connected with the costal fossae of the two side ridges.

Shyka ribs, collum costae, - the most ringing and rounded part of the rib, carried on the upper edge of the ridge of the shyki ribs, crista colli costae (I and XII ribs of the ridge do not appear).

On the cordon with 10 upper pairs of ribs on the shytsi there is a small hump of the rib, tuberculum costae, on which there is a hump of the rib, facies articularis tuberculi costae, articulating with the transverse costal fossa of the ridged.

Between the posterior surface of the collar of the rib and the anterior surface of the transverse ridge of the ridge of the ridge, the costal-transverse ridge, foramen costotransversarium, is established.

Tilo ribs, corpus costae, stretching from the hump to the sternal end of the rib, є the most advanced from the cyst part of the rib. On the day of the appearance of the hump there are only ribs, strongly curved, set up the ribs, angulus costae. At the I ribs, they are humped, and on the other ribs, there are more established ones to grow (right up to the XI ribs); only XII ribs of the kuta will not fit. The ribs are flattened on all sides. It allows the development in a new two surfaces: the inside, out, and out, out, and on the two edges: top, round, and bottom, gostry. On the inner surface of the lower edge of the lower edge, there are furrowed ribs, sulcus costae, then the middle artery, vein and nerve are covered. The edges of the ribs describe a spiral, the rib is twisted around its next axis.

On the anterior sternum of the cystic part of the rib є a fossa with a small shortness; rib cartilage is attached to it.

Rib cartilage, cartilagines costales (there are also 12 pairs), є extended cystic parts of the ribs. From I to II ribs of the stench step by step podvzhuyutsya and bezdnuyutsya without the middle of the sternum. Top 7 pairs of ribs - true ribs, Costae verae, the lower 5 pairs of ribs are grated ribs, costae spuriae, and XI and XII ribs are heavy ribs, costae fluitantes. The cartilages VIII, IX and X of the ribs do not go up to the sternum without the middle, but the skin from them is pressed down to the cartilage of the overlying rib. Cartilage XI and XII ribs (inodi X) do not reach the sternum and with their cartilaginous knots lie in the meatus of the cartilage.

A - 1st rib; B - 2nd rib (right; top view)

Deyak_specialities may be two first and two last bets of ribs. The first rib, costa prima (I), is shorter, a little wider than the ones, the upper and lower surfaces can be flattened horizontally (replace the outer and inner ribs). On the upper surface of the rib, in the anterior viddili, є the hump of the anterior vanishing joint, tuberculum T. Scaleni anterioris Name and appearance of the hump to lie slightly borne on the clavicular artery, sulcus a. subclaviae (a slid of the protagonist here of the same artery, a. subclavia), at the back of which there is a small shortness (the place of attachment to the middle outcropping, m. scalenus medius). In front of and up to the middle of the hump є, the furrow of the clavicular vein, sulcus v. subclaviae. Suglobova surface of the head of the I rib is cut with a comb; shyka dovga і thin; rib kut zbіgaєtsya from the hump of the rib.

The other rib, costa secunda (II), can be short on the outer surface - the hump of the anterior tooth joint, tuberositas T. Serrati anterioris

The eleventh and twelve ribs, costa XI and costa XII, may not be shattered by a comb on the surface of the head. On the XI ribs there is a kut, a shyka, a hump and a ribbed beard, the bends are weak, and on the XII the stench is visible.

sternum

The sternum, sternum, is an unpaired cyst of the podovzhenoi form with a de-opuque anterior surface and a seemingly curved posterior surface. The sternum is occupied by the anterior breast plate. On nіy razrіznyayut handle, tіlo і sword-like sprout. All three parts are surrounded by cartilaginous projections, as they ossify.

The handle of the sternum, manubrium sterni, is the most wide part, tovsta in the mountains, thinner and even below, on the upper edge of the jarp, incisura jugularis, it is easy to feel through the skir. From the sides of the jugular viralis, the clavicular viralis, incisurae claviculans, are displaced, - the movement of the sternum from the sternum to the clavicles.

Trochi lower, on the side of the edge, is located in the first rib, incisura costalis I, - the place of growth with the cartilage of the first rib. Still lower є not too much lagging - the upper part of the rib cage of the II rib; the lower dilyanka of the tsієї virіzki is located on tіlі sternum.

Tilo sternum, corpus sterni, 3 times as big as the handle, but even more. Tilo sternum in females is short, lower in choloviks.

The anterior surface of the sternum can be traced to the evil of the parts in the process of embryonic development in the viglyadi weakly twisting transversely to pass the line.

The cartilage of the upper edge of the body from the lower edge of the handle is called the synchondrosis of the sternum handle, synchondrosis manubriosternalis, with the whole tilo the handle converge, making it dull, with angiosis of the sternum. Tsey vistup is located on the level of the second rib with the sternum and is easy to feel through the shkira.

On the edge of the border, the sternum grows at least a few more and two different ribs, incisurae costales. - mice of sternum articulation with cartilage of II-VII ribs. One is not entirely located in the mountainous edge of the sternum and the cartilage of the II rib, іnsha - at the bottom of the lateral edge and the cartilage of the VII rib; chotiri povni virizki cover between them and develop III-VI ribs.

Dilianki of bichnykh viddiliv, so to lie between two houses with half-ribbed ribs, may form the shape of a dimple.

The sword-like sprout, processus xiphoideus, is a nikorotsha part of the sternum, which can be grown in size and shape, with a split top, or with an opening in the middle. Gostra is either blunt, the top is brutalized, either in advance, or in vint. At the upper end of the sword-like outgrowth, there is a distinct viral articulation with the cartilage of the VII rib.

Sword-like appendage fixes with the sternum synchondrosis sword-like sprout, Synchondrosis xiphostemalis. Before the elder, the sword-like outgrowth, ossified, grows out of the sternum.

One of the handles of the sternum, in the same sub-groups of muscular tissues, or in the medial lower ligaments of the sternum-clavicular-nipple-like meat, 1-3 breast beads are expanded, ossa suprastemalia. The stench comes from the handle of the sternum.

BREAST KLITINA

Breast cell, compages thoracis, store breast viddil spinal stop, ribs (12 pairs) and sternum.

The breast plate is made of the breast emptying, cavitas thoracis, which has the shape of a truncated cone, with a wide base from the bottom, and the truncated top - burns out. The front, rear and back sides, upper and lower openings, which surround the chest empty, are extended at the chest.

The anterior stem is shorter than the other stems, becoming the sternum and cartilage of the ribs. Roztashovuyuchis obliquely, more in front of their lower sides, lower upper ones. The posterior stinka is higher than the anterior one, fixed by the pectoral ridges and by the ribs from the heads to the grooves; її straight up vertically.

On the last surface of the back wall of the breast wedge, between the spinous ridges of ridges and cuts of ribs, on the off-sides, there are two zholobi - dorsal furrows; they cover the sides of the back. on internal surface breast cells, between the protruding corners of the ridges and vugillas of the ribs, also two cocks - legeny furrows, sulci pulmonales, are contaminated, to which the ridge part of the costal surface of the legends is attached.

Bichni stinki are higher than the front and rear, fixed with the edges of the ribs and are more bulky.

The space, surrounded above and below by two bony ribs, in the front - by the side edges of the sternum and behind - by ridges, they call them the middle ribs, spatia intercoslalia: the stench of vicious rings, the middle membranes.

The breast cell, compares thoracis, is surrounded by meaningful lines, two openings - the upper and lower ones are called apertures.

The upper aperture of the thoracic clitine, apertura thoracis superior, is smaller than the lower one, enclosed in front by the upper edge of the handle, from the sides - by the first ribs and from the back - by the length of the I thoracic ridge. Vona has a transverse-oval shape and is ripped in the area, nailed backwards and downwards. The upper edge of the sternum handle is located at the level of the second and third pectoral ridges.

The lower aperture of the thoracic clitine, aperlura thoracis inferior, is surrounded in front by the XII saber-shaped spine and the refined cartilaginous edges of the grave ribs by the costal arch, from the sides - by the large edges of the XII ribs and XII ribs

Rib arch, arcus coslalis, in the sword-like outgrowth, it opens up to the bottom of the sub-chest, angulus infrastemalis.

The shape of the breast bone in children is small (flat, cylindrical or finite). Some people have a higher breast cage, the under-chest cage is more hospitable and the intercostal space is wider, and the breast cage itself is higher, lower in particular with a wide chest cage. The sternum in choloviks is larger, wider and more cone-like, lower in females. The shape of the breast bone can also be deposited as a form.

Ribs on the skin side 12. All the stench with its hind knots should be surrounded by the thoracic ridges. The anterior knots of the 7 upper ribs are closed without the anterior sternum. tse true ribs, costae verae. Three offensive ribs (VIII, IX and X), which should be attached with their cartilage not to the sternum, and to the cartilage of the anterior rib, are called grave ribs, costae spuriae... Ribs XI and XII with front edges lie upright - up to floating ribs, costae fluctuantes.

Ribs, costae, Introduce vuzkі vignutі plates, wіll be stored in its back, nіbіlsh wіth, parts from the brush, os costale, wіll be used to the wіth spongy parts, And in the anterior, short, from the cartilage, cartilago costalis. On the dermal cystal ribs, the posterior and anterior knots develop, and between them there are only ribs, corpus costae. The back end is small, the head of the rib, caput costae, from the flattened surface, divided by a comb, behind an additional rib it is connected to the back of the ridges. At the I, XI and XII edges of the slope, the surface does not have a comb. Behind the head, a part is sounded - a shy rib, collum costae, on the upper edge of which there is a late comb, crista colli costae, located at the 1st and the last rib.

At the point of the transition of the shyka to the bottom of the rib, there is a hump of the rib, tuberculum costae, with a sloped surface for the connection from the sloped surface of the transverse ridge of the ridge. On the XI and XII ribs, the hump is wide, so that the ribs come out with the transverse outgrowths of the remaining pectoral ridges. Laterally, the hump of the ribs of the viginous ribs changes sharply, and at a certain point on only the ribs, the back of the rib, angulus costae, is located. At I, the ribs of angulus costae are hunched, and on the other ribs, they grow between the hump and the rib cuts grow up to the XI rib, and on the XII the ribs are knotted. On the inner surface of the middle ribs of the lower edge of the lower edge, there is a beard, sulcus costae, along which pass the mid-ribs. On the upper surface of the I rib, there is a practically important hump, tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris, m. scalenus anterior. Unbeknownst to the back of this hump, it is possible to bachiti a small furrow, sulcus a. subclaviae, in the yak, the artery is subclavicular, bent over the I rib. In front of the hump there is іnsha, more flat boron for the clavicle vein, sulcus v. subclaviae.

Sternum and ribs in x-ray imaging.

Oosteninnya. On radiographs of the sternum, one can see around the points of ossification: in the handle (1-2), in the til (4-13), from them the lower ones are seen in front of the people and in the first time of life, and in the xiphoid outgrowth (in the case of 6-20 rocks). The lower growth rate grows in 15-16 years, the upper one in 25 years, the sword-like growth grows up to the age of 30 years, and the handle is still bigger, if not expected. In the last resort, if synchondrosis sternalis is spared, it appears on the x-ray at the vigilance of the zone and the education of the hilt. One of the points of ossification of the sternum, close to the I rib, can be protected at the viglyad of the pre-cat, os parasternale.

Ribs to reveal ossification points:

ribs in the area of \ u200b \ u200bcuta; for a rakhunok neї kostenі tіlo, behind a vignette of an anterior knot, which is covered with cartilage (costal cartilage);
in the head ribs (epiphiz) i
in a hump (Apofiz).

The remainder will be in 15-20 years and grow up in 18-25 years.

In older adults, all 12 pairs of ribs are clearly visible on the anterior radiographs, while the anterior parts of the ribs are found on the back, overlapping with themselves. You need to grow in the cich nasharuvannyah, need a mother on the floor, where the back of the ribs are tied with a ridge stop and rostasovany obliquely - downwards and laterally. The front part is nahilenі downwards, a little in the vortex right - medially. after the transition knitted fabric in the cartilaginous tіnі front ends of the ribs yak bi are shaved.

On the radiographs, the heads and ribs appear to be superimposed on the thin and transverse ridges of the ridges. Close to the transverse outgrowths, one can also see the humps of the ribs and their connections. The options for the development of the ribs are of great practical importance, so called additional ribs (VII shinny rib and I transverse); XII pair of ribs yak light rudimentary variations stronger than the other ribs. There are two forms of XII ribs: saber-like, with a yak-yak, the rib is heeled down, і stiletto-like, if the small short rib is spread horizontally. The XII rib can be outward.

z'єdnannya ribs

Z'єdnannya ribs with sternum. The cartilaginous part of the 7 right ribs is joined with the sternum when in the middle of the symphysis, or, often, flat slopes, articulationes sternocostales. The cartilage of the first rib grows beside the middle of the sternum, framing synchondrosis. In front and back of the tsi the slopes are interchanged with interchangeable sounds, ligg. sternocostalia radiata, as on the anterior surface of the sternum, at once from the sides, they fix the shell, membrana sterni. The skin from the grave ribs (VIII, IX and X) is located by the anterior end of its cartilage from the lower edge of the pomaceous cartilage behind the supplementary spinal tissue growth (syndesmosis).

Between cartilages VI, VII, VIII, and inodi and V ribs є member, called artt. interchondrales, a thickened capsule that serves as a perichondrium. Back ribs with sternum і art. sternoclavularis to find food for a. thoracica interna. Venous vidtik - vidbuvaetsya in the same vein. See the limfi go on the glib lymph vessels in nodi lymphatici parasternales et cervicales profundi. Innervation rr. anteriores nn. intercostales.

Z'єdnannya ribs with ridges

Artt. capitis costae established by the articular surfaces of the heads of the ribs and foveae costales of the thoracic ridges. The slopes of the surfaces of the rib heads from II to X of the ribs are articulated dermally from foveae costales of two articulated ridges, and from the ridge of the rib head to mid-row disc internal corner link, lig. capitis costae intraarticular; Member I, XI and XII ribs are not lig. intraarticulare.
Artt. costotransversariae are established between the humps of the ribs and the costal fossae of the transverse protuberances.

At the remaining 2 ribs (XI and XII), there are slopes in the middle. Artt. costotransversariae change with additional links, ligg. costotransversaria. The offense of the joint of the ribs with the ridges is d_yut yak A single combination of the slope (overtal) with the wrap around, which is to pass the bridle of the shyki ribs. In such a rank, the ribs come together with the ridges and the sternum behind the aid of all types of z'єdnan. Here є synarthrosis in viglyadi syndesmoses (ligaments) and synchondrosis, symphysi (between small rib cartilages and sternum) and darthrosis (between ribs and ridges and between II-V rib cartilages). The emergence of all types of z'adnan, yak and in spinal stovpi, Imagining the line of Evolution and functional attachments.

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traumatologist

Iakіvannya tied with Ribs:

Both analyzes and diagnostics are required for the Ribs:

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ribs , Costae (Fig. 36-39), 12 pairs, - vuzki, ryznoy dozhini vignuti kisstkovy plate-Stinka, symmetrically spread along the sides of the thoracic end of the ridge stovp.

At the dermal rib, there is a larger cystic part of the rib, os costale, a short cartilage - costal cartilage, cartilago constalis, and two ends - anterior, incisions to the sternum, and posterior, vertebral malignancies.

Kistkova part of the rib makes a head, shyku and tilo. The head of the rib, caput costae, is shattered on the vertebral end. On niy є suglobova surface of the go-spritny ribs, fades articularis capitis costae. The surface on the II-X ribs is divided horizontally from the ridge of the head of the rib, cri-sta capitis costae, to the upper, lower, large, parts, the skin from which are clearly connected with the ribs by the dimples of the two ridges.

Shyka ribs, collum costae, - the most narrowed and rounded part of the rib, carried on the upper edge of the ridge of the shyka ribs, crista colli costae (I and XII ribs of the ridge do not appear).

On the cordon with til in 10 upper pairs of ribs, on the shytsi there is a small hump of the rib, tuberculum costae, which means the hump of the hump of the rib, fades articularis tuberculi costae, articulating with the transverse costal fossa.

Between the posterior surface of the rib shyka and the anterior surface of the transverse ridge of the elliptical ridge, the costal-transverse ridge, foramen costotransversarium, is formed (div. Fig. 44).

Til ribs, corpus costae, stretch from the hump to the sternal end of the rib,- On the day of the appearance of the hump, there are only ribs, strongly curved, forms a kut ribs, angulus costae. At the I rib (div. Fig. 36, A), it grows with a hump, and on the other ribs, it grows between the set ones (right up to the XI rib); only XII ribs of the kuta will not fit. The ribs are flattened on all sides. It allows the development of a new surface in a new two: inner, escaped, і zovnіshnyu, opukla, і two edges: upper, rounded, і lower, gostry. On the inner surface of the lower edge, pass the furrowed ribs, sulcus costae (div. Fig. 37), then cover the middle artery, vein and nerve. The edges of the ribs describe a spiral, the rib is twisted around its next axis.

On the anterior sternum of the cystic part of the rib є a fossa with a slight roughness; the rib cartilage is attached to it.

Rib cartilage, cartilagines costales (there are also 12 pairs), є extended cystic parts of the ribs. From I to II ribs of the stench step by step podvzhuyutsya і іnnuyutsya not in the middle of the sternum. Top 7 pairs of ribs - right ribs, costae verae, lower

5 pairs of ribs - lodge ribs, costat spurn, a

XI and XII ribs - hitky ribs, costae fluitantes. The cartilages VIII, IX and X of the ribs do not go up to the sternum, but each of them should be pressed down to the cartilage of the overlying rib. The cartilages of the XI and XII ribs (ino X) do not reach the sternum and with their cartilaginous knots lie in the veins of the cartilage.

Deyak_specialities may be two first and two remaining ribs. The first of the river, costa prima (I) (div. Fig. 36, A), shorter, a little shorter than the ones, may be horizontally flattened on the upper and lower surfaces (replace the outer and inner ribs). On the upper surface of the rib, in the anterior viddili, there is a hump of the anterior descending ointment, tu-berculum T. Scaleni anterioris. Name and appearance of the hump to lie slightly borne on the clavicular artery, sulcus a. subclaviae (a slid of a prolyag here of the same ar-terії, a. subclavia), behind what is known to be a small shortness (a place to attach to a middle descent m'yazi, m. scalenus medius). In front of and up to the middle of the hump є, the furrow of the clavicular vein, sulcus v. subclaviae. Su-vіkonnitsami surface of the head of the I rib is not divided by a comb; shyka dovga і thin; rib kut zbіgaєtsya with hump dit-ra.

Another rib, costa secunda (II) (div. Fig. 36, B), maє on the last surface of Shero-Khovatiya is the hump of the anterior dentate muzzle, tuberositas m. serrati anterioris

The eleventh and twelve ribs, costa XI et costa XII (div. Fig. 39), may not be underneath the crest of the slopes of the surface of the sprit. On the XI ribs, the kut, shyka, hump and ribs are borne, the bends are weak, and on the XII they are on the day.

sternum

The sternum, sternum (Fig. 40, 41), is an unpaired cyst of the podovzhenoi form with a vip-clouded front surface and a progressively curved back surface. Gru-Dina loses the front wall of the breast tissue. On nіy razrіznyayut the handle, only and sword-like sprout. All three parts are surrounded by cartilaginous bulbs, as they ossify.

The handle of the sternum, manubrium sterni, is a wide part, tovsta up, thinner and even below, on the upper edge there is a jugular, incisura jugularis, easily palpable through the shkira. From the side of the Yarem-noy, the clavicular virgins, incimrae claviculam, are broken, - the mice of the sternum from the sternum to the clavicles.

The crumbs below, on the side of the edge, are known to be the first rib, incisura costalis I, - the place of growth with the cartilage of the first rib. Still lower є not too much lagging - the upper part of the rib cage of the II rib; the lower dilyanka of the tsієї virіzki is located on tіlі sternum.

Tilo sternum, corpus sterni, 3 times as big as the handle, but even more. Tilo sternum in females is short, lower in choloviks.

The anterior surface of the sternum can be traced to the evil of the parts in the process of embryonic development in the viglyadi weakly Vira-deni crosswise blow the line.

The cartilage of the upper edge of the body from the lower edge of the handle is called the synchondrosis of the handle of the sternum, syn-chondrosis manubriosternalis (div, rice, 235), with a lot of the handle to converge, fixing the angles of the chest, in Tsey vistup is located on the rivni soch-Lenin II ribs with a sternum and is easily forgiven through the shkira.
On the side of the edge of the sternum, there were several different ribs and two different ribs, incisurae costales. - mice viznali-vati sternum with cartilage II-VII ribs. One is not entirely located in the mountainous edge of the sternum and the cartilage of the II rib, іnsha - at the bottom of the lateral edge and the cartilage of the VII rib; four dashes of ribs cover between them and form III-VI ribs.
Dilianki of bichnyh viddiliv, which lie between two half-ribbed viraz-kami, may form the shape of Polud unnyh zagliblyuyuchis-ny.

The sword-like sprout, processus xiphoi-deus, is a nikorotsha part of the sternum, it can be grown in size and shape, with a double top, or with an opening in the middle. Gostra is either blunted ver-Khushke is brutalized either in advance, or in vintzi. At the upper end of the sword-like tail, there is a nepovna viral, which is connected with the cartilage of the VII rib.

Sword-like outgrowth, synchondrosis of the sword-like outgrowth, synchondrosis xiphostemalis (div. Fig. 235). Old! I sword-like outgrowth, ossified, grows out of the sternum.

One of the handles of the sternum, in the middle of the chest, in the middle of the chest, but in the middle of the chest, but the key, because of not the kind of mouth, the strap is 1-3 of the chest, the ossa suprasternal. Stink with sp_vchlenami-yutsya with the handle of the sternum.

The side is set up by two dumbbells - back furrows: about them, they are covered with glibs of the back. On the inner surface of the thoracic cell, between the blowing sheets in a way, if pefiep, also happy

Two jolobi - legeny furrows, sulci pulmo-nates; before them adjoin the ridge part of the costal surface of the leg (see fig. 44).

The spaciousness, surrounded from the top and from the bottom by two curved ribs, in the front - by the Bichny edges of the sternum and from the back - by the telephones, they call them inter-ribs. spatia interco-stalia; the stench of vikonan zyazyami, intercostal spaces-them myaz and membranes.

BREAST KLITINA

The sternum, compares thoracis (Fig. 42-45), fold the thoracic viddil in the vertebral stop, ribs (12 pairs) and gru-Dina,

The pectoralis thoracic cavity, cavitas thoracis, which has the shape of a truncated cone, covered with a wide base from the bottom, and the truncated top - burn down. The front, rear and back walls, the upper and lower openings, which surround the chest emptying, are spread out at the bottom plate. the anterior stem is shorter than the other stems, becoming the sternum and cartilage of the ribs. Roztashovuyuchis obliquely, there is more going forward from the lower sides ", lower upper ones. The posterior wall is higher than the front one, fixed by the thoracic ridges and by the ribs from the holonoks to the grooves; її straight up vertically.
On the last surface of the back wall there is a group of clytins, between the spinous ridges of ridges and cuts of ribs, on the sides of the offense there are two zholobi - dorsal furrows: they are covered with glib ridges of the back. On the inner surface of the thoracic clitine, between the protruding tilts in the form of a ring, if pefiep, there are also two zholobi - legeny furrows, sulci pulmo-nates; before them adjoin the ridge part of the costal surface of the leg (see fig. 44).

Bichni stinki are higher than the front and by the day, fixed with the edges of the ribs and are more bulky.

Breast cell, compares thoracis. limited by the values \ u200b \ u200btinks, two openings - upper and lower, are starting with apertures.

The upper aperture of the thoracic clitine, arepiga thoracis superior (div. Fig. 133), is smaller than the lower one, surrounded in front by the upper edge of the arm, from the sides - by the first ribs and from the back - by the first thoracic vertebral body. Vona has a transverse oval shape and is located in the area, nahilen_ back to front and to the bottom. The upper edge of the handle of the chest is located on the level edge between the II and III thoracic ridges.

The lower aperture of the thoracic clitine, arepiga thoracis inferior, is framed in front of the XII swords-visible sprout and refined cartilage-vimі knots of the pompous ribs of the costal du-goy, from the sides - by the lower edges of the XII-thirteen children

Rib arch, arcus costaiis, at the sword-like outgrowth, heats up to the bottom, heats the corner, angutus infraslernaHs (div. Fig. 42).

The shape of the breast tissue in children is small (flat, cylindrical or finite). In some people, with a higher breast cell, the underbreast cage is more hospitable and intercostal dash, and the breast cell itself is higher, lower in particular with a wide chest cell. The sternum in choloviks is larger, wider and more cone-like, lower in females. The shape of the breast bone can also be deposited as a form.