The lips are seen from the cysts. Lip parts of the brush butt and short

Є support the backbone of the human body. Sukupn_st of the whiskers to become a skeleton (div. Fig. Before the statty M'yazi). The bone is foldable in biological and mechanical education. Vaughn store with vlasne knitted fabric, cystic brain,… … persha medical aid- popular encyclopedia

The renowned viewer and the X-ray image of the fracture ... Vіkіpedia

Budova and the form of skeleton cysts- When the necessary mechanical properties of the brush are added, the nodularity and mechanical properties will be taken care of in the warehouse. Bone in 2/3 is stored from non-organic speech (calcium salts) and 1/3 from organic speech (osein). Soli ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

kistka- (os) organ, which is stored from decilkokh fabrics, head from yaky єkistkov. The skin is flexible in shape, it begins to form, it is transmitted in a drop-by-step manner by the features, by the minds of the functions, including ... ... Glossary of terms and understand from the anatomy of people

Break- Break, any damage to the integrity of a solid object (Wegner), in this case of a brush. P., being the result of the most important injuries, put one of the most important chapters of traumatology. For Bruns' statistics (London Hospital 300,000 ... ...

mієloma- myeloma, myeloma, fluff from the elements of the cystic marrow, one of the types of myeloblastic fluff. Termin M. for the first time proposes in 1873 rotsi Rustitsky (Rus tizky) for the designated puffin, which grows in multiplex (myeloma multiplex) in the ... Great medical encyclopedia

SCURVY- (from the Polish dziegna thin bn), for the grief (from the Dutch scheurbuik, skorbek virazki in roti), avitaminosis, which develops when there is a trivial lack of, or it’s not enough, it’s characteristic of S. Tsingamizuyu to visit me. Great medical encyclopedia

Yuing SARKOMA- (according to the description of the American pathologist J. Ewing, 1866-1943) - an angry pukhlina, who is spared to become a head rank among children and adults (often among boys), as well as among older adults up to 30 years; Localization is important in the next ... ... Encyclopedic Vocabulary of Psychology and Pedagogy

I Osteopoikilia (Greek. Osteon cyst + poikilia stringiness, pluminess; synonyms: hyperplastic Osteopoikilia, deseminated osteopathy, genital osteopathy, sclerosing osteopathy ... medical encyclopedia

- (vulnera) Anything that is tied to the broken integrity of the backward curves or mucous shells. a sheath, which can be seen from a saddle (excoriacy), when there are no curves. R. is characterized by zanyannyi zvnіshnіkh curvatures, bleeding ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus і І.А. Efron

One of the main powers of creaturely organisms is the ability to become attached to a great deal of light behind the aid of a ruch. In the organism of people, they see 3 types of ruch: amoeboid debris of bloodsheds, instantaneous deluge of blood, and dexterity, as a rule. The handles, which store the body for the body, are brought into the fold with the help of them and at the same time with them and with the slopes they set up the support-bag apparatus. The whole apparatus is oversubscribed, support, preservation of its form and position, as well as the function of the vicon, interlocking empty spaces, in which the internal organisms are located.

V support-rocking apparatus I see two parts: passive - kisstki and spoluky that active - cross-smugasti m'yazi.

The number of cystoks, which are given for the help of a good, cartilaginous or cystic tissue, is called a skeleton (skeletos- hanging).

The function of the skeleton is summed up, on one side, by its participation in the robotic support-arm apparatus (the function of importance in Russia, support, protection), and from the other - by the biological powers of the cystic tissue, the winter, by the blood-making participation in the mineral volume.

SKELETON ROSE

A great part of the human population goes through in the process of embryogenesis the last stages of development: repetition, cartilage and cyst.

on early stages the skeleton of the embryo of representations is spinning with a string, or a chord, like a vine with a clitin mesoderm and growing along a neural tube. The chord іsnu extending the first 2 mіs of intrauterine development and serve as the basis for the establishment of the ridge.

In the middle of the 1st month of the intrauterine life in the mesenchyme there is a purchase of clines near the chordi and the neural tube, which is being transformed into spinal stovp, Yakiy will replace the chord. Some of the mesenchymal purchases are set up in some of them, forming the primordial skeleton of the embryo - the model of the maybutus cysts is often overturned. tse peretinkova (semi-tissue) stage the development of the skeleton.

Most of the cysts, behind the vignette of the cysts of the crypt of the skull, individuals and the middle part of the collarbone, pass more than one - cartilage stage. When there are a lot of overturned parts, the skeleton is replaced by cartilaginous tissue, as it develops with mesenchymia on the 2nd month intrauterine development... Klitini build the building of the video industry shilne speech- chondrin.

On the 6th-7th, they repair the brushes - kistkova stage the development of the skeleton.

Retail sales with good fabrics be called direct ossification, as well as kistki - the first ones. The osvita of the cyst on the muscle of the cartilage is named indirect ossification, and most of them are called second. The embryo and the fetus experience intense ossification, and a large part of the skeleton of the newly born nodule is deposited in the cyst tissue. In the postnatal period, ossification processes develop and end up to 25-26 years.

The development of cistkovo fabrics. The density of both direct and indirect ossification is raised until the cyst tissue is established from special cells - osteoblasts, old mesenchies. Osteoblasts are circulating in the middle of the cysts, in which calcium salts are deposited in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals. At the early stages, the development of kistkova fabrics on the basis of coarse-fiber budov, on in different stages- lamellar. It should be seen as a result of the application of organic or inorganic speech in the view of the plates, which are rotated concentrically around the growth of the vessel and the formation of the first osteoni. In the world of ossification, cyst crossbeams are formed - trabeculae, which surround the midsection and receive the approval of the spongy speech of the cysts. Osteoblasts are transformed into cells - osteocytes, otochenі by kіstkovy speech. Along the osteocytes in the process of recovery, there are lines - tubules and empty ones, through which vessels pass, as they play an important role in the harvesting of cysts. The superficial balls of the connective tissue model of the maybutny brush are transformed into an oxym, which serves as a dummy for the growth of the brush into the container (Fig. 12-14).

Small. 12.Human skull on the 3rd month of development:

1 - lobova brush; 2 - nasal brush; 3 - slippery brush; 4 - wedge-like brush; 5 - upper slot; 6 - willow caster; 7 - ventral cartilage (from the cartilaginous primordium of the first chimney arch); 8 - bottom slot; 9 - awl-like outgrowth; 10 - drum part of the skrone brush; 11 - flap of the skrone brush; 12, 16 - tim'yana kistka; 13 - large wedge-like brush; 14 - healthy channel; 15 - small krilo wedge-like brush

Small. 13. The development of the cyst: a - cartilage stage;

b - ear of ossification: 1 - point of ossification in the epiphysis of the cyst; 2 - cistkova fabric in diaphysis; 3 - growing into the cyst of blood-bearing vessels; 4 - to be formed empty with cystic marrow; 5 okistya

Small. fourteen.Newborn Skeleton:

The procedure for the adoption of the knot fabrics to go through the anti-aging processes - the ruining and removal of the folds of the knits with the advances made to the new knitting fabrics. Ruynuvannya kistkovoi fabrics and zd_snyuyut especial klitiny - bone destructors - osteoclasts. The process of ruining the chain fabric and replacing it with a new one will take place during the development period and prevent the growth and internal rewiring of the basket, as well as changing the callous form in the sound mechanical activities on the copy.

ZAGALNA osteology

The skeleton of a man is stored in more than 200 boxes, in which there are close to 40 unpaired, and in some boys. The brushes become 1 / 5-1 / 7 masses of tila and are attached to the heads of the head - the skull, the brushes of the tulub and the brushes of the upper and lower pictures.

Bone- an organ that can be stored from decal tissue (cyst, cartilaginous and translucent) and little power of judgment and nerves. Skin brush is made, stitched just like budova, shape, position.

Classification of stocks

For the form, function, budget and development of the basket to be divided into groups

(Fig. 15).

1.Dovgі (pipe parts) kіstki- the chain of the skeleton of the vіddіlu kіntsіvok. The stench is prompted from the compact speech, roasted along the periphery, and from the inner spongy speech. In the tubular knuckles, the diaphysis is developed - the middle part, which is to take revenge on the bone marrow empty, and the epiphysis - the bone marrow and the metaphysis - the diaphysis between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

2.Short (lip) parts: wrist cuffs, in front of the mold. The cysts are prompted from the spongy speech, sharpened by the thin plate of the compact speech.

3.flat brushes- bones of the crypt of the skull, scapula, pelvic bone. They have a prodigy of spongy speech, the mensh is rooted, not in the spine of the cist.

4.Incorrect (change) bills encouraged to fold and ride in both rice and other groups. To them to be introduced

Small. 15. See a lot of people:

1 - dovga (tubular) brush - shoulder brush; 2 - flat brush - scapula; 3 - wrong (zm_shana) k_stka - ridge; 4 - korotosha, nіzh persha pipechasta wrist - phalanx of fingers of the wrist

ridges, cysts of the base of the skull. The stench is established from a number of parts, which may cause development and development of Budov. For the values ​​of groups of stocks, you see

5.Stand-alone cases, to take revenge on the empty ones, store them up and down with a slimy sheath. The cyst of the skull: upper slit, forehead, wedge-like and mesh parts of the cyst.

The skeleton system is also treated in a special way.

6.Sesamovidnye kistki(Nadkolinok, pea bristle), rosted in your tendon and additionally support robotic joints.

relєf kistok Visnachatsya shorstkosti, boroznami, openings, channels, humps, growths, dimples. shorts

and extensions є by means of attachment to the meshes and links. In canals and grooves, tendon, judgment and nerves are rosted. Open the dots on the surface of the brush - a mingling of the sudins, how to live the brush.

Chemistry warehouse of stocks

Water (50%), organic speech (28.15%) and inorganic components (21.85%) enter the storehouse of a living cistka of an older layer of people. Spice-and-hanging fruit trays cover approximately 2/3 of non-organic riches, represented by the head rank of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium salts. Salts are made in folding boxes, which are stored from submicroscopic crystals of hydroxyapatite. The organic speech of the cyst is the chain of collagen fibers, whites (95%), fat in carbohydrates (5%). The words give the keys springiness and elasticity. There are more than 30 osteotropic microelements, organic acids, enzymes and vitamins in the warehouse of the bottles. Features of the chemistry warehouse of the hand, the correctness of the organization of the collagen fibers, the same axis of the hand, and the easy rosetting of the crystals in the hydroxyapatite, without the provision of the cyst tissue, the mechanical lightness, A cold storehouse of stocks to lay down for a lifetime (for children they have organic speech, for people of a kidneyed age - inorganic), for an organism, functional navantage and in. When there are a lot of problems, the chemistry warehouse of the stocks changes.

budova kistok

Macroscopically, the brush is stored from the welded on the periphery compact speech (substantia compacta)і labial speech (substantia spongiosa)- a lot of cist beams in the middle of the cist. The cross-bars of the rosette are not smooth, but apparently the lines of the straightening and stretching, as they go on the singing of the drawer. The skin brush is most likely to be the most quiet of the minds in which to be found (Fig. 16).

From the lip of the frequent speech in the main prompting of the lip part of the cyst and the epiphyse of the tubular cysts, from the compact - the range of the tubular cysts. The cartwheel is empty, which is in the common pipe of the cart, is whitewashed with a semi-woven column - endosteum.

Small. 16. Budova kistki:

1 - metaphysis; 2 - nodular cartilage;

3 spine of the epiphiza;

4 more compact diaphiz speech;

5 bone marrow empty in the diaphysis, filled with the cystic marrow (6); 7 - ostya

The spinal cord and bone marrow empty (in tubular cells) are filled with the cystic marrow. Razr_znyayut chervoniy i zhovty k_stkoviy mozok (Medulla ossium rubra et flava). From the 12th to the 18th century, the red cystic brain in the diaphysis is replaced by zhovtim.

The name of the cyst is embedded in the bones, and in the cases of the cysts - the globular cartilage.

around(Periosteum)- connective tissue approval, which is stored in older adults with two balls: internal osteogenic, to avenge osteoblasts, і last fibrous. Owing to the richness of blood-bearing vessels and nerves, which are in your hands. Outside the cyst is tied with collagen fibers that penetrate into the cyst, as well as with vessels and nerves, which pass from the edge into the cyst behind the living canals. Ostya є the growth of the hand in the future and take care of the fate of the hand in blood. For a bone fracture, a cyst is renewed for a fracture. On the other hand, the structure of the bone changes and the bone-forming building is weaker, so the fractures of the cysts in the old age are going to go on.

Microscopically, the cyst is stored in the cyst plates, which are rostatus in the singing order. The plate is fixed with collagen fibers, leaked by the main speech, and cystic cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. In the plates, there are thin tubules, in which there are arteries, veins and nerves.

Copy plates to be distributed on the outside, so that they can enjoy the brush from the outer surface (Anniversary records) from the side of the empty carton (Internal plates), on osteon plates, concentrically roztasovany near the blood vessels, і interstitial, roztashovany mіzh osteons. Osteon is a structural unit of cyst fabric. There are 5-20 cystic cylinders, inserting one into the second and flanking the central canal of the osteon. Krim channels osteons, vid_lyayut in kistki piercing lively channels, tie the canals of the osteons (Fig. 17).

Bone is an organ, the call and the interior of Budov, which is given a change and renewal by stretching out the life of the people of every kind of life. Perebudovaya kistkovoy fabrics are seen as a result of interconnected processes of ruinous and tenacity, so as to preserve the high plasticity and reactivity of the skeleton. The processes of establishing and ruining the cyst speech are regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems.

Mind the life of the child, transferring the sickness, pouring the constitutional features of her body onto the development of the skeleton. Being engaged in sports, physical work stimulates the overload of the hand. Kistki, which see a great deal of money, conceive of overbudding, which leads to the development of a compact ball.

Blood circulation and innervations of cysts. The blood supply of the cysts is healthy to come from arteries and arteries of arteries. The arterial tubes penetrate through the vein openings in the boxes and spread lastly to the capillaries. Daily supervised arteries. It is necessary to get to the handles of the nearest nerves, so that gossip is done in the nerve. One part of the fibers of the whole gossip will end in the ostya, іnsha, superficially blood

Small. 17. Microstructure of the hand:

1 - ostya (z two balls); 2 - the river is compact, which can be stored in osteons; 3 - spongy tongue from the crossbars (trabeculae), which is whistled over the endostom; 4 - cyst plates to mold the osteon; 5 - one 3 osteons; 6 - cyst cells - osteocytes; 7 - blood-bearing judges, which pass in the middle of osteons

nasally judge, pass through the living channels of osteons and reach the cystic brain.

Food for self-control

1. List the main functions of the skeleton.

2. Do you know what stages of development of human cysts in the process of embryogenesis?

3. What about perichondral and endochondral ossification? Aim the butt.

4. On each of the groups, are they classified by the form, function, design and development?

5. How many organic and non-organic speech should be entered before the warehouse of the shop?

6. Would you like to cover the brush with a semi-fabricated call? Yaka yogo function?

7. What is the structural unit of cyst fabric? Is Chim Won introduced?

KISTKI TULUBA

Promotion of kistok tuluba

Tulub cysts develop from sclerotomes - the ventromedial part of the somites. The embryo of the skin ridge is formed in half of the two suspension sclerotomes and lies in the gaps between the two suspension myotomes. The purchased mesenchymal tissue expands towards the center of the ridge in the dorsal and ventral strands, establishing the rudiments of the arches of the ridge and ribs. The stage of development of the stocks, as it was meant earlier, is called overflowing.

Replacing the mesenchymal tissue of the cartilaginous tissue should be replaced by the establishment of the surrounding cartilaginous centers in the middle of the ridge, in the duo and the rudiments of the ribs. On the 4th month of the intrauterine development, the cartilaginous ridge and ribs are established.

The front ends of the ribs grow with the young rudiments of the sternum. Nadal, until the 9th, the stench grows between itself along the middle line, molding the sternum.

spinal stovp

spinal stovp(Columna vertebralis)є the mechanical support of the whole body and lay in 32-34 from one of the other ridges. New design has 5 views:

1) shiny z 7 ridges;

2) chest with 12 ridges;

3) crosswise with 5 ridges;

4) kryzhovy from 5 grown ridges;

5) kuprikovy with 3-5 grown ridges; 24 ridges є vilnyi - true i 8-10 - pardon, Growing up between yourself in two boxes: kryzhi and kuprik (Fig. 18).

Kozhen ridge maє tilo (corpus vertebrae), torn not anteriorly; arc (arcus vertebrae), I will surround you at once ridge opening (for.vertebrale), presenting in sukupnost ridge channel. There is a ridge canal spinal cord... From the arc to enter the spikes: unpaired spinosus (processus spinosus) furrows back; two transverse outgrowth (processus transversus); guys topі lower slopes of edgings (processus articulares superior et inferior) may be straight vertically.

At the middle of the arch with the bottom є the upper and lower ridge virazki, which is flanked in the ridge center of the ridge, open (Forr. Intervertebralia), de pass nerves and judges. The backbone of the youngsters may have characteristic signs that allow one to see one from one. The rise of the ridges grows from the top to the top of the line in conjunction with all the new options.

Shiyni ridges(Vertebrae cervicales) lateral opening (For. Transversarium), The spinous spine of the II-V ridges is doubled, only small, oval in shape. In the openings of the transverse protrusions, pass the ridge arteries and veins, so that the brain and spinal cord get bloodless. On the ends of the transverse outgrowths of the VI thier ridge, the anterior hump is called sleepy, until you can squeeze the sleepy artery for the sore throat of the hemorrhage. The backbone at the 7th shinny ridge has made it, it is good to feel it and is called the ridge. Especially Budova Mayut I and II Shiyni Ridges.

perspiring(C I) shiiny ridge- atlant(Atlas) MA anterior and posterior arch of Atlanta (Arcus anterior atlantis et arcus posterior atlantis), two

Small. 18.1. Ridge stop: a - side view; b - viglyad behind

Small. 18.2. Two upper sheer ridges:

a - first shiyny ridge-atlas, top view: 1 - transverse opening on the transverse protuberance; 2 - anterior arch of the Atlantean; 3 - front hump; 4 - tooth fossa;

5 lateral mass from the upper angular surface (6); 7 - back hump; 8 - back arc; 9 - furrowed ridge artery;

b - another shiyny ridge - axial abo axis, rearward view: 1 - lower slope ridge; 2 - tilo axial ridge; 3 - tooth; 4 - the back of the sloped surface; 5 - upper sloped surface; 6 - transverse protrusion with one opening; 7 - spines

Small. 18.3. Sjomy shiyny ridge, top view:

1 - arch of the ridge; 2 - transverse protrusion with a transverse opening (3); 4 - tilo ridge; 5 - upper sloped surface; 6 - ridge hole; 7 - spinning spine (which found the upper ridges)

Small. 18.4. Chest ridge, side view:

1 - tilo ridge; 2 - upper Rebrov fossa; 3 - upper slope ridge; 4 - arch of the ridge; 5 - transverse outgrowth with a costal fossa (6); 7 - spinous spine; 8 - lower slope ridge; 9 - lower ribs fossa

Small. 18.5. Across the ridge:

a - view of the transverse ridge from above: 1 - nipple-like outgrowth; 2 - upper slope ridge; 3 - transverse outgrowth; 4 - tilo ridge; 5 - ridge opening; 6 - arch of the ridge; 7 - spinous spine;

b - across the ridge, side view: 1 - mid-spine disc, Scho z'єdnu tila ridges; 2 - upper slope ridge; 3 - nipple-like outgrowth; 4 - lower slope ridge; 5 - mid-spine hole

Small. 18.6. Kryzhi i kuprik:

a - view from the front: 1 - upper saglobovy outgrowth; 2 - kryzhove krilo; 3 - lateral part; 4 - transverse lines; 5 - kryzhovo-kuprikovy slope; 6 - kuprik [kuprikov ridge Co I -Co IV]; 7 - top of kryzhiv; 8 - open the front kryzhov; 9 - mis; 10 - pіdstava kryzhіv;

b - looking backward: 1 - upper saglobovy sprout; 2 - humpiness of krizhiv; 3 - ear-shaped surface; 4 - lateral kryzhovy ridge; 5 - middle kryzhovy ridge; 6 - medial kryzhovy comb; 7 - Kryzhova schilina; 8 - kryzhovy rig; 9 - kryzhovo-kuprikovy slope; 10 - kuprik [kuprikov ridge Co I -Co IV]; 11- kuprikovy rig; 12 - open the rear kryzhov; 13 - lateral part; 14 - kryzhovy channel

lateral mass (Massa lateralis atlantis) and transverse protrusions with openings. On the last surface of the anterior arch, the front hump is visible (Tuberculum anterius), on the inner side - the fossa of the tooth (Fovea dentis). On the last surface of the rear arch, there are good bends of the rear hump. The dermal lateral (bichna) mass is ma angled surfaces: on the upper surface - the upper, on the lower - the lower.

Axial ridge (axis) (C II) grows from the other ridges of the tim, which is the most common in the outgrowth - the tooth (Dens), MAKE the front and rear slopes of the surface.

chest ridges(Vertebrae thoracicae), at the bottom of the ridges, on the side surfaces, there are two rib pits - upper and lower (Foveae costales superior et inferior). On the cutaneous transverse into I-X ridge є Rib fossa of the transverse outgrowth (Fovea costalis processus transversis) for connection with ribs. The vinyatk becomes I, X-XII ridge. On the I ridge at the upper edge of the body there is a further pit, X ridge is less than the upper half-pit, and XI and XII - one more pit in the middle of the floor.

across the ridge(Vertebrae lumbales), the most massive, take at once with the kryzhovy ridges the main focus, which falls on the ridge stovp. Їх nodules rots sagittally, on the upper nipples nipples (Processus mammilares). The spines of the outgrowths may be horizontally straight.

Kryzhi, Kryzhov ridge(Vertebrae s acrales) the grown-ups grow up in one basket - Kryzhi (Kryzhov ridge I-V)(os sacrum); (Vertebrae sacrales I-V). Develop the basis of kryzhiv (Basis ossis sacri), zvernene vgora, top (Apex ossis sacri), straight down, and lateral parts (Partes lalerales). The anterior surface of the crooks is driven into the empty pelvis, the posterior opucleus and a number of combs. On the anterior pelvic surface (Facies pelvica)є 4 guys front kryzhovyh open (Forr. Sacralia anteriora), with transverse lines (Lineae transversae), Follow the growth of the bodies of the Kryzhovikhrebts. On the dorsal (posterior) surface (Facies dorsalis)- also 4 bets of rear kryzhovy openings (Forr. Sacralia posteriora).

On the dorsal surface of the curves є 5 curve ridges: unpaired middle (Crista sacralis mediana), paired medial

niy (Crista sacralis medialis) i lateral (Crista sacralis lateralis). The stench is a kind of growth of awns, slopes and transverse growths. At the lateral parts of the curves, an ear-shaped surface is seen (Facies auricularis)і hunchiness of krizhiv (Tuberositas ossis sacri), services for the preparation of the pelvic cycle. Pіdstava kryzhіv z'єnuuetsya from the V transverse ridge to the bottom of the approved misu, promontorium, like to go into the empty pelvis.

Coccyx(os coccygis)- a small number, as a result of the evil 3-5 rudimentary ridges. Naybilsh of rosvinny I kuprikovy ridge, scho there are surplus of sloped ridge - kuprikovy horns (Cornua coccygeum), z'єdnitsya s kryzhovy horns.

skeleton breast cancer

Before breast bone skeleton(Skeleton thoracis) sternum and ribs.

sternum(Sternum)- unpaired flat brush. They have a handle (Manubrium sterni), tilo (Corpus sterni), sword-like sprout (Processus xiphoideus)і virіzki: along the upper edge of the handle there is an unpaired jugular virіzka (Incisura jugularis)і paired clavicular viralis (Incisura clavicularis), on the lateral surfaces of the sternum - 7 ribs each (Incisurae costales).

Ribs (I-XII)(Costae) stored in cyst and cartilage parts. Costal cartilage є anterior edge of the rib, which at the 7 upper ribs is located behind the sternum. develop true ribs(I-VII) (Costae verae),grave ribs(VIII-X) (Costae spuriae) and it is good to end in the front end of the wall hitky ribs(XI і XII) (Costae fluctuantes). At the cyst part of the rib, you see the head (Caput costae). The head of the rib goes into the vuzka chastina - shyka (Collum costae), and a shyka - in the wide part of the rib cage - only the ribs (Corpus costae). At the point of transition of the shyki into the tilo of the rib, the kut of the rib is established (Angulus costae). There and then the ribbing of the hump of the rib (Tuberculum costae) from a sloped surface for the formation of a transverse ridge of an elliptical ridge. On only the ribs, they expand the outer and inner surfaces.

On the inner surface of the bridle of the lower edge, there are furrowed ribs (Sul. Costae)- next to the rest of the nerves and nerves.

Deyak_specialities budovi may have I rib and 2 remaining ribs. On the I ribs they see the upper and lower surfaces, the inner and outer edges. On the upper surface є the hump of the front to the vanishing (Tuberculum m. Scaleni anterioris), from the furrow of the clavicle vein (in front) from the furrow of the clavicle artery. XI and XII ribs do not hide the shyki, kuta, hump, furrows, comb on the head.

Evidence and anomalies in Budov kistok tuluba

The number of ridges can change. So, there can be 6 sheeny ridges in the form of an assimilation of VII in the 1st chest and an increase in the number of chest ridges and ribs. In some cases, the number of pectoral ridges and ribs changes up to 11. Possibility of sacralization is the V transverse ridge of growth up to the curves and lumbarization is the appearance of the I ridge. Frequent splitting of the arch of the ridge, as it is possible in the lower ends of the ridge, especially often in the transverse (Spina bifida). Splitting of the sternum, the anterior end of the ribs and the addition of lateral ribs and transverse ribs are observed.

The shape and position of the cysts, cartilaginous projections, and the adjacent parts of the cyst are determined by the shape and position of the cysts.

Food for self-control

1. How did you see the backbone stop?

2.What are the characteristics of the 1st stage of the second ridges from the other ridges?

3. List vidmіnnі signs shiny, pectoral, transverse ridges and curves.

4. What are the differences on the breastbone and for whom is the stench indicated?

5.How many ribs and features do people have?

6. Do you know anomalies in tuluba cysts?

КІСТКИ КІНЦІВОК

The buds of the upper and lower cakes have a lot of alcohol. The skeleton of the girdle is expanded and the skeleton of a new picture, which is stored from the proximal, middle and distal views.

Indications in budovy of the upper and lower draws of ideas for the distribution of the functions: the upper draws are attached for displaying versatile and thin rucks, the lower ones - for support when. The kisstki of the lower kintzivka is great, the belt of the lower kintzivka is a little rude. The belt of the upper kintzivka is ruffled, the kisstki may be of the lesser size.

The development of kitstok kintzivok

The rudiments of the skeleton of the upper and lower kintzivok appear on the 4th intrauterine development.

All kitskivka kіntіvok pass 3 stages of development and only clavicle - dvі: repetitively and kіstkovu.

Classes of the Verkhnyaya Kintzivka(Ossa membri superioris)

Belt of the upper kintsivka

Belt of the upper kintsivka (Cingulum membri superioris) fold from the scapula and collarbone (Fig. 19).

scapula(Scapula)- flat brush, in which the rib (front) and rear surface are extended (Facies costalis (anterior) et posterior), 3rd edge: medial (Margo medialis), top (Margo superior) from the virizkoy scapula (Incisura scapulae) i lateral (Margo lateralis); 3 kuta: lower (Angulus inferior), top (Angulus superior) i lateral (Angulus lateralis), care for a deep depression (Cavitas glenoidalis). Suglobova depression is lifted towards the shoulder blade by a shykoy (Collum scapulae). Above the і on the slope depression of the supra-angular and sub-articular hump (Tuberculum supraet infraglenoidale). Above the lateral cout, the rostral outgrowth is formed (Processus coracoideus)і acromion, trivial in the scapular spine, where the supraspinatus and infraspinatus fossa are divided. The ribs on the surface of the scapula are bent and called the subscapular fossa (Fossa subscapularis).

clavicle(Clavicula)- the tube is bent, in such a way it is visible (Corpus claviculae) and 2 points: sternum (Extremitas sternalis) and acromial (Extremitas acromialis). The sternum is expanded, there is a suglobovu surface for the sternum; the acromial end is flattened and pressed against the acromion of the scapula.

Small. 19. Kistki of the upper kintsivka, right, front view: 1 - collarbone; 2 - sternum, clavicle; 3 - scapula; 4 - rostral outgrowth of the scapula; 5 - slope depression of the scapula; 6 - shoulder bag;

7- coronal fossa of the shoulder brush;

8- medial nadischelok; 9 - block of the shoulder brush; 10 - vineyard; 11 - hunchiness of the litter brush; 12 - lithova kistka; 13 - the head of the lithovoy brush; 14 - wrist hand; 15 - I-V pasternally; 16 - phalanges of fingers; 17 - awl-like outgrowth of the promenade brush; 18 - exchange k_stka; 19 - head of the exchange brush; 20 - the crest of the great hump; 21 - bearded; 22 - great hump; 23 - malium hump; 24 - the head of the shoulder brush; 25 - acromion

Small. twenty. Plechova kistka, right, rear view:

1 - block of the shoulder brush; 2 - borodenal nerve; 3 - medial nadischelok; 4 - medial edge of the shoulder brush; 5 - the size of the shoulder brush; 6 - the head of the shoulder brush; 7 - anatomical shyka; 8 - great hump; 9 - surgical shyka; 10 - deltoid tuberosity; 11 - furrow of the exchange nerve; 12 - lateral edge; 13 - a fossa of a lactic outgrowth; 14 - lateral supramini

Vilna part of the Verkhnyaya kintsevka

Vilna verkhnya kintzivka (Pars libera membri superioris) to be stored in 3 viddiliv: proximal - shoulder (Brachium), middle - before (Antebrachium) and distal - brush (Manus). Skeleton of the shoulder of the warehouse

Shoulder bag(Humerus)- additional tubular cistka, in each case, at least - diaphragm and 2 knots - proximal and distal epiphizi (Fig. 20).

Upper end of the shoulder brush and set the head (Caput humeri), yaka vidokrelena from the anatomical shykoyu (Collum anatomicum). Immediately after the anatomical shy roztashovani 2 humps - great and maliy (Tuberculum majus et minus), trivial to the bottom in the comb, divided by the intertubercular furrow (Suclus intertubercularis).

There is a surgical shyka at the crossing of the upper end of the shoulder brush in tilo (Collum chirurgicum)(Fractures are often found here), and in the middle of the cyst there is a deltoid tuberosity (Tuberositas deltoidea).

Behind the tuberosity, the furrow of the promenal nerve is removed (Sul. N. Radialis). Lower horse-shoulder bone - myschelok (Condylus humeri). Yogo lateral view or set the medial and lateral

ny overgrowth Behind the medial epigastrium, pass the boron of the lytic nerve (Sul. P. Ulnaris). At the front of the lower end of the shoulder brush, the block of the shoulder brush was removed (Trochlea humeri), for a member of the shoulder brush, and the head of the elbow of the shoulder (Capitulum humeri), for a member with an exchange brush. On the back of the block on the back surface of the lower end of the brush, there is a fossa of the lactic outgrowth (Fossa olecrani), on the front surface - vintseva (Fossa coronoidea).

Kistki beforeplichchya. The skeleton is stored in front of 2 tubular cysts: the lactic, rosetted from the medial side, and the promenade, rosted laterally (Fig. 21).

Liktyova kistka(Ulna) in the area of ​​the proximal epiphysis of the ma 2 outgrowth: upper lіktyovy (Olecranon) and the bottom of the day (Processus coronoideus), how to flank the block-shaped line (Incisura trochlearis). On the lateral sides of the vintsevoy outgrowth (Incisura radialis), and lower and back - hump (Tuberositas ulnae). Distal epiphysis of the head, from the medial side from which to enter the awl-like tip of the copy (Processus styloideus ulnae).

Small. 21. Lіktyova і exchange of the brush of the right front, view from the back: 1 - lіktyovy іdrostok; 2 - head of the exchange brush; 3 - gusseted circumference; 4 - shyka of the exchange brush; 5 - the hunchiness of the exchange brush; 6 - exchange kistka; 7 - lateral to the surface; 8 - back surface; 9 - back edge; 10 - awl-like outgrowth of the promenade brush; 11 - awl-like outgrowth of the literal brush; 12 - back surface; 13 - medial surface; 14 - back edge; 15 - lithova kistka; 16 - vineyard

Promeneva kistka(Radius) I have a head (proximal epiphiz), secured in the mountain with a flat hole for joining from the shoulder blade, on the lateral surface - a crooked circle for joining with a literal blade. Below the head є shyka, lower and more medially than hunchiness (Tuberositas radii). The distal epiphysis of instillations, from the lateral side, is a spine-like outgrowth and a wrist-shaped protuberance to the surface.

brush brushes(Ossa manus) turn on the hands of the wrist, palms and phalanges of the fingers (Fig. 22).

wrist cuffs(Ossa carpi, ossa carpalia) Stored from 8 dr_bnyh trays, roztashovanih in 2 rows. To enter the proximal warehouse (vvazayuly from the side great finger) Scaphoid cyst (os scaphoideum), napivmіsyachna (Os lunatum), trigonal (Os triquetrum) and pea (Os pisiforme).

The distal row includes a trapezium (Os trapezium), trapezoidal (Os trapezoideum), capitate (Os capitatum)і hook-shaped (Os hamatum). The wrist brushes can be used to create one-by-one and one-to-one wrist joints.

p'yastkovy kistki(Ossa metacarpi, ossa metacarpalia) It is stacked with 5 pastoral cysts (I-V), dermal tissue, podstava (proximal end) for connecting with another row of wrist cysts and head (distal end). Slopes of the surfaces of the bases of II-V p'acleal cysts are flat, at the 1st cyst - sydlopodibna.

fingers(Ossa digitorum);phalanges(Phalanges). The first (I) finger has 2 phalanges - proximal і distal, іnshі - 3 each: proximal, middle and distal. cutaneous phalanx (Phalanges) ma tilo, proximal end - subdivision and distal end - head.

Visits in Budov of the Upper Kintzivka

The individual features of the collarbone rotate during development and growth.

The shape and size of the scapula are also small. In females, the scapula is thinner, lower in choloviks, in 70% of right-handed people, the right scapula is larger. The individual visibility of the shoulder brush stays on the size, shape, step of twisting - the turn of the lower epiphysis called the upper one. One of the kistok before the meal, part of the exchange, may be outside the day. The offense of the hand can be raised in every way.

Small. 22. Brushes, front view:

1 - key-trapezium; 2 - trapezoidal brush; 3 - checkbox; 4 - one-time copy; 5 - trigonal brush; 6 - pea bunch; 7 - hooked brush; 8 - knuckles p'yastka; 9 - phalanges of fingers; 10 - capitate cyst

Food for self-control

1. Do you want to place the bristles up to the waist of the upper cinematography and the latest cents?

2. Name the cysts that go to the fold of the proximal and distal rows of the cysts of the wrist.

3. List the slopes on the surface of the shoulder cysts and in front of the shoulder. What is the smell for?

Kistki nizhnyaya kintsevka(Ossa membri inferioris)

Lower kintsivka belt

Belt of the lower prints (Cingulum membri inferioris) performances by paired pelvic balls. In front of the stench, come one by one, behind - with the crosspiece, framing the cyst ring - the basin, in the seat for the pelvic organs and the support for the tulub and the lower edges (Fig. 23).

Tazova kistka(os Sokha)(Fig. 24) to be stored in 3 growing cysts: club, pubic and sidnichnoy. Until 14-17 years old, the stench is lost for the help of cartilage.

Tila tsikh three kistok fix a swivel hole (Acetabulum)- a shortcut from the head of a stegnova brush. The acetabular depression is surrounded by an edge, which at the bottom is interrupted by a virizkoy (Incisura acetabuli). The bottom is the pit of the kulsovoy depression (Fossa acetabuli) along the periphery, surrounded by a deep-sloped pivmisyatsevoy surface (Facies lunata).

Klubova kistka(os tlium) store from tila (Corpus ossis ilii) i krila (Аla ossis ilii), one side of one on the inner surface of the brush arc-like line (Linea arcuata). The krilo club kistki is a wide kistkovy plate, it grows like a wobbly and ends up with the edges of the club comb (Crista iliaca). In front of the comb is the upper front club spine (Spina iliaca anterior superior), behind - top butt club spine (Spina iliaca posterior superior).

Lower the upper anterior and posterior spines, the lower anterior club spine is shattered (Spina iliaca anterior inferior)і lower rear club spine (Spina iliaca posterior inferior). The clubs are connected with the help of music and sounds.

On the club comb, there are 3 wide joints of the anterior black wall. The inner surface in the front view is reduced and

Small. 23. Kistki lower kintsivka, front view:

1 - krizhi; 2 - kryzhovo-podzdopsy joint; 3 - upper throat of the pubic cyst; 4 - symphysial surface of the pubic cyst; 5 - lower throat of the pubic cyst; 6 - head of a small brush; 7 - sidnichny hillock; 8 - only small basket; 9 - medial overmischelka of the stegnous brush; 10 - the medial mychel of the Great Cyst; 11 - the hunchiness of the great-silky brush; 12 - tilo great kistka; 13 - medial brush; 14 - phalanges of fingers; 15 - molds; 16 - kistki Peredpliesno; 17 - lateral cyst; 18 - fibular cyst; 19 - the front edge of the Great Bastard; 20 - head of a small-sized brush; 21 - lateral mycelia of the great oligocyst; 22 - lateral supramischel of the stegnous cyst; 23 - pads; 24 - stegnova kistka;

25- the great spit of the stegnova brush;

26 - shikka stegnova brush; 27 - head of the stegnova brush; 28 - club krill; 29 - club crest

Small. 24. Tazova kistka, rights: a - zovnishnya surface: 1 - club kistka; 2 - zvnishnya lip; 3 - line line; 4 - inner lip; 5 - front sidnichny line; 6 - upper anterior club spine; 7 - lower day line; 8 - lower anterior clubbing spine; 9 - nearly a surface; 10 - locking comb;

11- the lower head of the pubic cyst;

12 - locking beard; 13 - acetabular virazka; 14 - locking opening; 15 - head of a small basket; 16 - only small basket; 17- sidnichny hillock; 18 - small sciatic viral; 19 - ischial spine; 20 - acetabular fossa;

21- great ischial virizka;

22- back lower sidnichna spine; 23 - dorsal upper sinus spine;

b - inner surface: 1 - club comb; 2 - club hole; 3 - arc-like line; 4 - club hump; 5 - ear-shaped surface; 6 - great ischial virizka; 7 - ischial spine; 8 - small ischial virizka; 9 - only small basket; 10 - head of a small basket; 11 - locking opening; 12 - lower throat of the pubic cyst; 13 - symmetrical surface; 14 - upper throat of the pubic cyst; 15 - pubic hump; 16 - the crest of the pubic cyst; 17 - club-pubic pidnesennya; 18 - lower front club spine; 19 - upper front club spine

I'll make a club hole (Fossa iliaca), and at the back go into the ear-shaped surface (Facies auricularis), connecting with the shaped surface of the curves. Behind the ear surface there is a club hump (Tuberositas iliaca) for attaching links. On the new surface of the club krill є 3 shorts for the family links: lower (Linea glutea inferior), front (Linea glutea anterior) and rear (Linea glutea posterior).

At the cordon mіzh club and pubic kistki є club-pubic subdivision (Eminentia iliopubica).

sciatic bone(os ischii) swiveled down to the bottom of the swivel depression, maє tilo (Corpus ossis ischii) i gilka (R. Ossis ischi). Just take care of the fate in the set swivel trap, and the throat will come to the bottom of the pubic cyst. On the back edge of the body there is a cystkovy vistup - ischial spine (Spina ischiadica), yaka viddilya veliku sidnichny virizka (Incisura ischiadica major) see little (Incisura ischiadica minor). At the point of transition from til to gilka there is a sidnichny hillock (Tuber ischiadica).

pubic cistka(Os pubis) maє tilo (Corpus ossis pubis), upper and lower head (Rr. Superior et inferior os pubis). Tilo to become the lateral part of the brush and take care of the fate in the established swivel depression. Medially, the knuckle is turned up to the adjoining knuckle of the opposite side and is secured by the cystic surface (Facies symphysialis). On the upper surface of the upper sleeve, the crest of the pubic brush (Pecten ossis pubis), which end in front of the medial pubic hump (Tuberculum pubicum).

Vilna part of the lower picture

Vilna nizhnyakіntsіvku (Pars libera membri inferioris) to be stored in 3 viddiliv: proximal - stegno, middle - homilku and distal - foot.

The skeleton is stegna to become stegnova kistka(Femur)(Fig. 25).

Price of finding tubular skeletal cells. They develop thin, proximal and distal epiphysi. Upper, proximal epiphysis of the head (Caput femoris), connecting with the swivel depression of the pelvic cyst; in the middle of the day, the head is covered with hyalin cartilage. On the head, the fossa of the head of the stegnova brush is cut (Fovea capitis femoris), scho є. Below the head there is a shyka of the stegnum brush (Collum femoris).

On the cordons of shiyki and tila stegnova kistki there are 2 vistupi - Rozhna, Great and Maliy (Trochanter major et minor). Great twisting of the lateral seams. Maliy twisting the seams lower and lower. In front of the road, get out of the intertrochanteric line (Linea intertrochanterica), behind - intertrochanteric crest (Crista intertrochanterica).

Tilo stegnova brush in front is smooth, behind є shorstka line (Linea aspera). They have a medical lip (Labium mediate), go up to the intertrochanteric line, and the lateral lip (Labium laterale), end at the top with a sidnichnoy tuberosity (Tuberositas glutea). At the bottom of the lip and diverge, flanking the tricot form to the bottom of the surface (Facies poplitea).

Lower, distal epiphys expanded and representations of medial and lateral virostics (Condyli medialis et lateralis). Bichni viddili virostki in mayut shorstki vistupi - copper

Small. 25. Stegnova brush, right, back surface:

I- fossa of the head of the stegovy brush; 2 - head of the stegnova brush; 3 - shyka of the stegnova brush; 4 - great spit; 5 - intertrochanteric comb; 6 - malium is born; 7 - comb line; 8 - sidnichny tuberosity;

9-medіyna lip shorstkoyu line;

10 lateral lip with a short line;

II- type of stegnova brush; 12 - pedestal surface; 13 - lateral supra-submischel; 14 - lateral mycelium; 15 - interminocular fossa; 16 - medial mychel; 17 - medial nadischelok; 18 - bring the hump

nii and lateral supernucleus (Epicondyli medialis et lateralis). The offense of the virostum is covered with cartilage, which is the first to move from one virost to the other, framing the patellar surface (Facies patellaris), until the pads lie down.

pads(Patella)- a sesamoid cyst, which develops in the tendons of the chotirigolum quilted. Win over the shoulder, applying strong meat and grabbing the colony slope in front.

homily represented by a large-scale (medially retouched) and a small-sized brush (Fig. 26).

Velikogomilkova kistka(Tibia) small and widened cones - epifizi. In the proximal epiphysis, there is a medial and lateral virost (Condyli medialis et lateralis), the upper slope surface of which is located behind the slope surface of the stegna virost. Slopes on the surface of the virost in the distribution

Small. 26. Velikogomilkova and small homilkovy kistki, rear view: 1 - Mischelkovy pidnesennya; 2 - peroneal slope surface; 3 - more lively openings; 4 - back surface; 5 - tilo of the great city; 6 - medial brush; 7 - kistochkova boron; 8 - medial edge; 9 - line of soleus ointment; 10 - top of the head of the small-sized brush; 11 - head of a small-sized brush; 12 - back edge; 13 - back surface; 14 - more lively openings; 15 - lateral to the surface; 16 - lateral cyst; 17 - medial comb

inter-microflora (Eminentia intercondylaris), in front and back from where there is an interscapular field - the place where the links are attached. On the back-lower surface of the peroneal swelling surface (Facies articularis fibularis), It is necessary for making a small brush head.

Distal epiphysis of the chotiricut form, fixing medially to the medial ankle (Malleolus medialis), and laterally - small virizka (Incisura fibularis) for a small-sized brush. In the first place є the hump of the Great Bastard (Tuberositas tibiae)- the place where the tendon of the chotirigolum is attached is quilted.

Small business(Fibula) thin, widened at the head viglyadі (Caput fibulae), and at the bottom it is twisted into a lateral brush (Malleolus lateralis) for collecting from the ramming key.

foot handles(Ossa pedis)(Fig. 27) include 3 parts: tarsus, metatarsus and fingers. kistki in front of the mold (Ossa tarsi, ossa tarsalia) include 7 spongy cysts, which fit 2 rows - proximal (ram and p'yatkovy cysts) and distal (scaphoid, cuboid and 3 wedge-shaped).

Small. 27. Foot handles, right, top view:

1 - p'yatkov kistka; 2 - ram brush block; 3 - battering ram; 4 - checkbox; 5 - media wedge-like brush; 6 - intermediate wedge-like brush; 7 - I metatarsal cyst; 8 - proximal phalanx; 9 - distal (nigtyova) phalanx; 10 - middle phalanx; 11 - humpiness of the V mold brush; 12 - cube-shaped brush; 13 - lateral wedge-like cyst; 14 - tubercle of the p'yatkovoi brush

Battering ram(Talus)є with a good pair of brush and small brush of the foot. I see it tilo (Corpus tali), shyku (Collum tali), i head (Caput tali). Thin from above and from the sides there are slopes of the surface for connection with homogeneous cysts.

p'yatkova kistka(Calcaneus) ma hillock p'yatkovoi kistki (Tuber calcanei).

Chovnopodibna Kistka(os naviculare) to lie on the medial side of the foot and to go in front of the three wedge-like ones, and behind the ram-like wedge.

Cubopodibna kistka(os cuboideum) to be located on the lateral side and be located from the IV and V molds, to the back - from the p'yatkovo, and from the medial side - from the lateral wedge-like cysts.

Wedge-shaped cysts: media, industrial and lateral (os cuneiforme mediale, intermedium et laterale)- roztasovani mіzh chavnopodіbnoy kistkoyu and pіdstavi 3 first metatarsal cysts.

molds(Ossa metatarsi; ossa metatarsalia) It is stored from 5 (I-V) tubular brushes, which can be supplied, only the head. The slopes of the surface should be brought together with the brush in front of the forest, one by one, the head - from the protruding phalanx of the fingers.

Finger handles; phalanges(Ossa digitorum; phalanges) represented by phalanges (Phalanges). The first toe has 2 phalanges, and 3 phalanges each; The foot brushes are not laid out in the same area, but at the arc's view, fixing the late and transverse crypt, which will secure the spring support for the lower picture. The stop spirals to the ground with dots: the mound of the p'yatkovy brush and the heads of the mold whiskers, sometimes I and V. The phalanges of the fingers only slightly poke the earth.

Vidmainnosti in Budov kistok nizhnyaya kintsevka

Tazova list In women, the upper half of the pubic brush has a greater amount of gin, lower in the case of the children, the krill of the club and the humps are raised vertically, and in the case of the people, the stench is more vertical.

The acetabular depression may be underappreciated;

Stegnova kisstka grows according to the increase, steps of the vigin and twisting of the diaphis. In people who have been sick, the bone marrow is empty of the stegovykis, the head is changing.

discounts decrease and, as a result, the dinner of the lower prices changes.

From the handles of the most individual views of the great hand of the great hand: the development of the shape, the transverse transformation of the diaphysis and the steps of the twisting. Even more rarely, one of the weekends of the home is on a daily basis.

At the foot there are additional brushes, as well as the splitting of some brushes; There can be additional fingers - one or two.

X-ray anatomy of tulub and kitties

X-ray exchanges allow you to look at the bunch of living people, assess their shape, size, internal budov, the number and the minimum of ossification points. Knowledge of X-ray anatomy of cysts to help determine the norm of the pathology of the skeleton.

For X-ray dosage of ridges, we use the images (X-ray) of the wide, thoracic, transverse, crotch and kuprikov areas in the normal and anterior-posterior projections, and, if necessary, in other projections. on roentgenograms

Small. 28. X-ray of the shoulder cyst, medial-lateral (bichna) projection: 1 - clavicle; 2 - rostral outgrowth; 3 - acromial ridge of the scapula; 4 - slope depression of the scapula; 5 - the head of the shoulder brush; 6 - surgical shoulder of the shoulder brush; 7 - the diaphysis of the brachial bone; 8 - vintsevaya fossa of the shoulder brush; 9 - superposition image of the head of the spine and the block of the shoulder brush; 10 - the fossa of the lіktyovy appendage of the shoulder cyst; 11 - exchange of the basket; 12 - lithova kistka (according to A.Yu. Vasil'ev)

the ridges in the bichniy projection show the trunk, arches, spinous spines (ribs are designed on the chest ridges); transverse outgrowths are designed (applied) on the body and bottom of the arches of the ridges. On the signs in the front-to-back projection, it is possible to see transverse protrusions, the body, on which arcs and spinning protrusions are designed.

On the radiographs of the cysts of the upper and lower images in the anterior-posterior and general projections, the details of their relays begin, as well as the internal budovi (more compact and the lip of the speech, the empty spaces in the diaphysis), As the X-ray promin last passes through a chain of cyst structures, then they are superimposed one on one (Fig. 28).

Slid vrahovuvati, which in newborns and children in connection with the incomplete ossification of the cases of the hand can be presented fragmentarily. In some adults (13-16 years) and young (17-21 years), in the epiphyses of the most common cysts, swears are more likely to occur, as well as some epiphyseal cartilages.

Roentgenograms of the skeleton, worms of the brush, storing up with bags of ossification, serving as objects for the designation of people in anthropology and ship medicine.

Food for self-control

1. Do you want to place the cards up to the belt of the lower prices and the names of the new ones?

2. List the appearances (humps, lines) on the boxes of the lower picture, the service of the ear and attachment of the words.

3. Do you know what kind of slopes do you know about the lower edges of the bottles? What is the smell for?

4.How many drawers are there before the stock of the foot? How many shops?

5.In what projections on the roentgenograms do you see the brushes of the upper and lower figures?

SHORT VIDOMOSTIES ABOUT SKULL CASES

scull(Cranium)є the skeleton of the head. The new one sees two views, development and functions: cerebral skull(Neurocranium)і face skull(Viscerocranium). The first one I will make empty for

the brain and other organs are perceived, another form of the cob part of the herbal and dichotomous systems.

Have a cerebral skull skull star(Calvaria) and rozstasovan at the bottom the foundation(Basis cranii).

The skull is not in a single monolithic brush, but is shaped by a path of different species from 23 kistok, part of which are guys (Fig. 29-31).

Cysts of the cerebral skull

Potilichna kistka(os occipitale) unpaired, roztashovuutsya behind. At niy razryznyayut basilar part, 2 lateral parts and lus. All parts are surrounded by the great opening (For. Magnum), through the yake, the dorsal brain sinks into the head.

tim'yana kistka(Os parietale) a pair, rostashovuєtsya in front of the tilting, looking at the chotirikutnoy plate.

lobova kistka(Os frontale) unpaired, placed in front of the others. У ній є 2 intimate parts, mold the upper wall ochnitsa, lobova luskaі nasal part. All the middle of the brush is empty - the lobova sinus (Sinus frontalis).

gratchasta kistka(os ethmoidals) unpaired, roztashovuєtsya between the cysts of the cerebral skull. Stacked horizontally gratuitous records go uphill pіvnyachim comb, go down perpendicular plate and the most massive part - grattoolabіrintu, prompted by numerical Few of the frequent midterms. Go to the labyrinth upperі middle nasal shells, and also hooked sprout.

Skroneva kistka(os temporale) a pair, the best is foldably vashtova from the cysts of the skull. At them, the structure of the last, middle and inner voice, important judges and nerves, is developed. The kit has 3 parts: luskat, pіramіd (kam'yanistu)і drum. On the lusky part є willowy growthі lower slit fossa, take the fate in the established skrone-lower slit slope. At the pyramid (stone part) there are 3 surfaces: front, rear and lower, on which there are numerous openings and furrows. Open the door to see how you can go behind other channels, to pass all the way through the shops. go down nipple-likeі subulate outgrowths. Drum chastina, naymensha from usіkh, roztashovuut around callous auditory open. On the back surface of the place to be internal auditory openings.

Small. 29. Skull, front view:

1 - nadochnyamkova virizka / otvir; 2 - tim'yana kistka; 3 - wedge-shaped brush, great krill; 4 - skroneva brush; 5 - ochnitsa; 6 - orbital surface of the great krill of the wedge-like cyst; 7 - willow caster; 8 - infraorbital opening; 9 - pear-shaped aperture; 10 - upper slot; 11 - teeth; 12 - opening for food; 13 - bottom slot; 14 - anterior nasal spine; 15 - opener; 16 - lower nasal concha; 17 - middle nasal concha; 18- under-eye edge; 19 - gratchate brush, perpendicular to the plate; 20 - wedge-like wedge, small krilo; 21 - nasal box; 22 - nadochnyamkovy edge: 23 - lobova virizka / otvir; 24 - lobova kit

Small. thirty.Skull, right side view:

1 - lobova brush; 2 - wedge-shaped frontal seam; 3 - wedge-shaped lusk seam; 4 - wedge-like cascade, large krill; 5 - nadochnyamkova virizka / otvir; 6 - mesh part; 7 - slippery brush; 8 - nasal brush; 9 - infraorbital opening; 10 - upper slot; 11 - bottom slot; 12 - opener for food; 13 - a willow cot; 14 - forged arc; 15 - skroneva brush, awl-like outgrowth; 16 - call rumors; 17 - skroneva brush, nipple-like outgrowth; 18 - skronev k_stka, luskata chastina; 19 - lambda suture; 20 - per capita key; 21 - tim'yana kistka; 22 - luskate seam; 23 - wedge-shaped seam; 24 - screw suture

Small. 31. Skull, rear view:

1 - zvn_shn_y potilichny vistup; 2 - tim'yana kistka; 3 - lambda suture; 4 - skroneva brush, luskata chastin; 5 - skroneva kistka, piramida, kam'yanista chastin; 6 - nipple-like opening; 7 - skroneva brush, nipple-like outgrowth; 8 - skroneva brush, awl-like outgrowth; 9 - wedge-like cyst, crylo-like outgrowth; 10 - open; 11 - teeth; 12 - bottom slot; 13 - the upper slit, undergrowth; 14 - openings of the lower slit; 15 - standby brush; 16 - pillary mycelium; 17 - opener; 18 - lower wines line; 19 - upper shiina line; 20 - find the viy line; 21 - potilichna maidan; 22 - sagital suture

Rumors of the brush, there are all the middle skinny cuts, look out in the section "Vchennya about the organization of the senses - estesiology".

wedge-shaped brush(os sphenoidale) unpaired, rots in the middle of the base of the skull. She has 4 parts: tilo i 3 wager vidrostkiv, of which 2 bets are aligned laterally and named malikhі great krill. The third pair of growths (Krylopodіbnі) brutalized to the bottom. At tili there are empty (Wedge-like sinus) and perishing (Turkish sidlo), in which to take revenge on gipofiz. On the outgrowths, open the furrows and channels for the passage of the vessels and nerves.

Facial skull cysts

Upper slot(Maxilla) a pair, roztashovuutsya in the center of the individual and z'єnuuet from the usim of the yogi with brushes. At niy razryznyayut tilo i 4 an adrenaline for what forehead straightening up the hill, alveolar- way down, pіdnebіnniy- medially, but willow - laterally. At tili є there is a lot of empty - maxillary sinus. There are 4 surfaces on the basis: anterior, infratemporal, orbital and nasal. Lobovy and willow outgrowths are obtained from the same cysts, the small ones - from the analogous one teeth alveoli, in which teeth take revenge.

Bottom slot(Mandibula) unpaired. Tse dina ruchoma cranial bone. maє tilo i 2 gilki. At the bottom of the gap and above it alveolar part, how to take revenge teeth alveoli. At the meeting hall є підbоддя виступ. The head includes 2 sprouts: mycicle, end the head of the lower slit to illuminate the skrone-lower slit slope, i vintsevy,є Місцев attachment of meat.

Vilichna kistka(os zygomaticum) parna, maє foreheadі early growths, get together with the same keys.

pіdnebіnnna brush(os palatinum) steam room, rostashovutsya behind the upper slit. Store in 2 plates: horizontally, connecting with the infantile spine of the upper slit, і perpendicular, adjacent to the nasal surface of the upper slit.

sl_zna kistka(os lacrimale) a pair, roztashovana in the front part of the medial wall ochnitsa; nasal box(os nasale) parna, є front bristle, yak form empty nose; opener(Vomer)

unpaired brush, which will fix the posterior part of the nasal septum; inferior nasal concha(Concha nasalis inferior) parna, lying down to the nasal surface of the upper slit.

Name

lip parts of the brush (short handles) - bones of the skeleton, so that you can combine the smallness and compactness with the enclosed looseness. On the basis of the tubular (new) cysts, the width of the lip segments is approximately equal to those of the large ones.

budova

The lips of the brush are made with a very thin spine of tissue, thinned out by a thin ball of compact speech.

Put on the lipsticks

To the lips of the wrist and the front of the mold. Some of the spongy cysts include sessile cysts (including pads), flat cysts (ribs and sternum) and small cysts (including ridges).

Write an overview about the article "Lips of the cyst"

Notes

posilannya

Urivok, which characterizes the lips of the brush

Zdavalosya b, what a tsikavogo can you say about the brush? Bone and bone. Have mercy, say є scho.

They are also the creatures of the cyst skeleton of lyudin, animals, birds, ribs, children go, let and swim. No stench, like worms, or slimaki, bully with the abuse of the earth's surface: not to be stripped, not to climb a tree.

The distance, the bristles of the skull capture the brain and the organ, the breast tissue - the thoracic organ, and the cysts of the pelvis - grow through the gut. The owners of the kistkas themselves with the meat attached to them pretend to be closed empty with their own "microclimate", in which one and only one can live and nerves, І heart і fast fibers, і nіzhna nirkova fabric on. For a million years of evolution of the people, the skin brush has given its unique shape, which is one of the best for the revival to stand before it. Above all, they “put on” a ball of cartilage for an unbroken cartilage for robotic slopes, or a custom suture was made on the edge of the bristles (in the skull) (“blinks”). And yet in them channels were established for the passage of nerves and blood-bearing vessels, the surface was covered with grooves and humps for attaching muzzles.

Bone- an organ that can be stored from decal tissue (cyst, cartilaginous and translucent) and little power of judgment and nerves. Skin brush is made, stitched just like budova, shape, position.

Kisstki lyudyni anatomy z rodzinka

Chemistry warehouse of stocks

The bins are stored from organic and non-organic (mineral) springs. Bone is a synthesis, an "alloy" of organic and inorganic speech. First of all, it’s muckyness (because of acid filth and inorganic production, the brush can be easily tied up at the university), other, mineral (inorganic) - miracles: step-by-step window "showcase" to the axis) (later

Phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and calcium should be added to the mineral springs. Stink of a hard copy and store up to 70% of the entire copy. Kistki may transfer the building to the roof of the mineral speech.

Organizational speeches should be made to change the spring and elasticity from all the keys to 30%.

The chemistry warehouse of the kistka is quite a lot to be used by people. In a childish and childish one, they rewire organic speech, in a summer one - they rewire inorganic. It is also possible to use a strong inflow to the chemistry warehouse of the kit:

1. zagalny camp to organism,
2. rіven physical navantazhen.

Bone is a "comor" of phosphorus and calcium. Without these elements, neither a robot nor a heart, nor a heart, nor an organ is necessary. And if there are no items in the list, there are few stocks to be used. Also, since the cysts “go to the right” to the various organs, naturally, at the same time, the taste of these changes will change, the descriptions of the symptoms of fractures are described in the old one who simply turned into a slope, and the cysts grow screaming.

Because of the correctness of our food and the way of living, it is not only the robot's heart but the brain, but the mill of the knotted fabric, which is not uniform in structure. The names of the wonders are covered by the recruiting speech on the teeth of the tooth, and all the way to the brush "sponge". Here in nіy mіzh solid "arches" - crossbeams "float" chervoniy abo zhovty cystkovy brain: zhovtiy - tse adipose tissue, Chervoniy - hematopoietic tissue. Itself in the middle of the flat cysts (ribs, sternum, skull, shoulder blades, pelvic cysts) there are cells of red blood. It's also a shelter for us, no need to explain. I know "thank you" to the kistka!

Budova kistok people

Budova brush on the butt of the tube (the little ones are lower).

7 - ostya,

6 - cystic zhovty moss,

5 - bone marrow empty,

4 - more compact diaphiz speech,

3 - the spine of the epiphiza,

2 - nodular cartilage,

1 - metaphysis.

Cover the brush with a fully-woven sheath, as it is called okistiam. Outside the viconu of the Kisstkoustvoryuyuchі, I will save and trophіchnu function.

Collagen fibers enter the warehouse of the last cyst ball. Smell the taste of the tastes. There are blood-bearing judges and nerves right there.

The inner knuckle ball is a knot tissue chain. Before the warehouse of the knuckle, there is a sprinkle of types of tissue (cyst, cartilage, and complete), protein of the cyst tissue, which is most fertile.

Store the cistkova fabrics on:

1. clitin (osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts),
2. mіzhklіtinnoї speech (the main speech і collagen fibers).

Here the growth and development of the clients will take place, for the help of which there are growth and development in the list. In the case of cystic growth, it is necessary to obtain additional information from the cells in the middle of the neighborhood, and in the additional production - as a result of the growth of the cartilage plates, which are located on the cells of the cysts. The growth of the cyst is due to hormones in growth. Kistkovy grows up to 25 rubles. And the replacement of the old cyst speech on a new one, all the life of the people will be taken over. If we are stronger on the skeleton of the new design, we will be more efficient in the processes of the cyst renewal. Tim himself has become a little bitch.

The bone of a human being can reach a plastic organ, which is constantly overdriven by various factors (external factors). So, for example, with a trivial recumbent position for an hour or a sedentary way of living, if there are changes in the mouths on the handles, it’s over-wake up in the sickly so and often lip speech of the hand. As a result of what the brush is groaning and weak.

see kistok

Vidomo 5 groups of stocks:

I - airway (resh_tchasta) k_stka

II - dovga (tubular) kit

III - flat brush

IV - lip parts (short) cysts

V - zmіshana kistka

airway cyst

Before incontinence, such cysts of the skull are introduced: forehead cyst, wedge-shaped, upper slit and mesh. Їх specialty, є the manifestation of the empties of the empties.

pipe parts

The tubular parts of the basket are located in the structural form, deduced from the great amplitude of the collapse. The tube parts of the basket are very short and short. In front of, stignia, shoulders and homies are located in the first place. And short - in the distal part of the phalanges of the fingers. Piping parts are stored from epiphysis and diaphysis. Internal part diaphysis is similar to the cystic brain of the red color, and the epiphiz-cyst to the red color. The pipe parts of the basket are even more modern and can be showcased, whether I am physically nurturing.

lip parts of the brush

The stench is very short and very short. The sternum and ribs are deposited in the third labial cysts. And from the short ridge. The entire cistka is stored from the spongy speech.

flat brushes

Flat brushes are stored from 2 plates of compact discs. Between the cimi plates there is a spongy tongue. The flat beads are folded into the cranium and sternum. Flat brushes serve the function of a zakist.

change of the list

Zmіshanі cysts are located in the base of the skull. The stinks are stored from decal parts and display different functions.

sickness of kistok

Bone is not a stone, won’t be alive, won’t have my nerve and Sudin system, And at once with blood in her, she can consume an infection, having experienced osteomyelitis - firing the cystic brain and the cyst itself. Microbiology wicks a little bit of blood-bearing capillaries and thrombosis - clogging (it's all one, like putting a rowing on a string: everything, lower than її, visihaє and іvmiє).

The whole process is to lead up to the point where the part of the spongy speech, like cutting off the grazing from the given capillary hedge, withering and partly dissolving the gnome - "baking" confusion of the dead blood cells with the "fragments" of the broken bones. Accumulation of gnіy shvidko "vipalyu" by myself in a basket empty, in a yak, yak tanya tsukor, to lie in a small part "rosmoktatisya" їm a cyst fragment (sequestration), and to collapse along the road of the best support, I melt everything for myself.

Ale the empty kisstki maє mezhi. The first, which has accumulated in this closed space, has baked "cut through" its road, shukak vikhid, wicked through its own intellectual unbearable beat in the challenge of the city: simple, open, pulsating. Until then, osteomyelitis, as if you were a gnarly, wicked temperature increase to 40 ° C, chills, fever, head b_l, Nudotu and navit bloody. It is clear that such a sick person has no time for sleep or sleep.

In a short time, lodging infusion, if it is, nareshty, "to harden" the brush, і, vyyshovshi on the її surface, to memorize the space between them, in front of them, having seen and melted around. Between the vibes of the vivid mingle, more, more, the more the axis of the heart will be remembered, and it will be tightly stored (to pretend to be phlegmon). I todi win started to “rattle” the walls of the new “dungeon”, whispering to the weakest place. More will be renewed with new strength. I, nareshty, go from the middle of the melting to the skir and wiry on the surface.

Yak they gave birth to a long time ago: de gniy, there is a blame for the problem. So there and go: for the rosette of the gn_ynik to rob the surgeon, or the ailment to bring the right to the self-scoring of the empty in the handles. The most successful result: the brush is cleaned from infection, the structure is renewed, the fistula (channel, where the pus is laid) is overgrown.

The only option is the infection "canned" in the case and check at any given hour. Piyatstvo, visnazhennya, mentally shocked and іnshі cause to lead to a sharpening (chronic now) osteomієlita, and the drama is repeated again and again. Here, it is also necessary to frequently visit the "white" shop, and all one guarantee of a general policy is not important.

Since then, we have looked at only one option for the reduction of cysts - osteomyelitis. And also there are cold ailments: і tuberculosis, і syphilis, і rheumatism of cysts and lobes. Would you come in to pick up some kistok?

• Zapobigannya fractures: if you fall, fall like a "lantuh", do not think that your coat will become obstructed. Abo, falling, wrap the system and "roll" into the kul, yak yazhachok.
• being careful of the teeth.

Why - for the teeth? To that, it’s like “kistki”, “erase” the names and are available to look around. If you don't want teeth with brushes, you can judge about the self-respect of the described system. Butt? A lot of children and grown-ups see an excess of licorice blackness and crunching teeth, then obesity and diabetes develop, and soon weakening by such a "regime" the body is ready to go (and to create) if it comes to settle in this new infection.

It seems: a little untruth gives rise to great nonsense. Do not break your mind, be honest with it, and see if you are aware of the turbo engine.

Tipi kistkovyh z'udnan

The human skeleton has three types of cyst-like things:

unruly... Z'єdnannya vіdbuvaєtsya by the way of growth of kistok. One must go to the cranial bone for the additional help of the new appearance of one of the cuffs, so that one can enter in the same form into the lost one. Tse z'єdnannya is called a cyst suture. It’s a good idea to get the cysts of the skull to capture the brain.

semi-sub... Between themselves, the bristles are enclosed by cartilaginous gaskets, which are elastic and springy. For example, the cartilage pads, which are located between ridges, the ridge is rocking dull.

ruhome z'єdnannya... Yak, as a rule, the tse of the slopes. In one of the members of the brush, there is a slope depression, in the yak the head of the brush is placed. The head and the depression go one by one for the size and for the shape. The entire surface is covered with smooth cartilage. The folds of the bristles are close to each other, and there may be internal joints between them and the resulting fabric. The entire kistkova surface is located in the darkened sumts. They also have a sleazy birth, as a vicon, the role of a martyr and change, rubbing between the hollow of one hand and the head of one hand. For example, the tazostegnovy and the shoulder joint.

KLASIFIKATSIYA KISTOK

In the skeleton, the development of the offensive parts: the cysts of the tulub (ridge, ribs, sternum), the cysts of the skull (cerebral and facial), the cysts of the belts of the shoulder (scapula, clavicle) and pelvic (club, lobkov, synovial) shoulder, frontal wrists and wrists) and lower (stilted, homologous wrists and feet).

The number of extra cells that enter the warehouse of the skeleton of an older human being is more than 200, of which 36-40 are retouched in the middle line of business and unpaired, and among them are boys.

For a calling form, they develop a series of short, wide and short changes.

However, in Galen’s hours, it was only for the same familiarity (the name form) to appear one-sided and to serve as a butt of the formalism of the old descriptive anatomy, inasmuch as he was absolutely the same child during his future life, the function of So, up to a group of flat brushes, they carry a small brush, which is a typical curved cyst, bone endesmally, and a scapula, which serves for the support-arm apparatus, bone on the ground of cartilage and induces the lip of the spine.

Pathological processes also occur in a different way in the phalanges and wrist wrists, I want them to lie down to short wrist wrists, for example, in the ligaments and ribs, covered up to one group of larger wrists.

To that, it is more correct to develop a handbook on the basis of 3 principles, on which the guilt was prompted by an anatomical classification, - form (budovi), function and development.

From this point of view, you can start the classification of cysts:

I. Tube parts of the basket: 1. Dovgy; 2. Short

II. Lip parts of the basket: 1. Dovgy; 2. Short; 3. Sesame;

III. Flat cysts: 1. The cysts of the skull; 2.Bones of belts

I. Tube parts of the brush. The stench is prompted from the spongy and compact speech, when I fit the tube with the empty bottle: to vykonuyut all 3 functions of the skeleton (support, zakist and rukh). Among them, there are more tubular parts of the cage (shoulder and cage in front of the lining, stegno and cistki of homily); short tubular parts of the cyst (metacarpus, metatarsus, phalanges) represent short important arms; from the epiphyses of the enchondral in the ossification є only in one (true) epiphysi (mono-epidural cysts).

II. Lip parts of the brush. It is motivated by the fact of the spongy speech, covered with a thin sphere of the compact. Among them, there are more spinal parts of the cyst (ribs and sternum) and short (ridge, wrist, Peredplesno). Sesamovy kistki, i.e., similar to sesamovy grains of sesame growth, are similar to sesame grains of sesame growth, the name is similar to that of the spine (colony cup, pea-shaped brush, sesamovy knots of the toes); function їх - additional attachment for robotic communication; development - of the enchondral in the tendon, such as stench and change. Sesame knuckles grow close to the slopes, bury the fate in their hands and arms, even with the skeleton bones without being tied in the middle.

III. Flat brushes:

a) flat cranial bones (lobova and time). Funkts_ya - overwhelmingly zagist (on the edge of the brush); budova - diploe; ossification - on the basis of the resulting fabric;

b) flat knuckles of belts (scapula, pelvic knobs), function - support and back; budova - especially from spongy speech; ossification - on the ground of cartilage tissue.

IV. Zmіshanі kіstki (kіstki of the base of the skull) - here are the drawers, where you get angry from decіlkoh parts, so there is a different function, budov and development. Before the small cysts, it is possible to bring the clavicle, to develop partly endesmally, partly on the enchondral.

V skeletons development of the offensive parts: the skeleton of the tulub (ridge, ribs, sternum), the skeleton of the head (the bones of the skull and individuals), the belts of the cysts - the upper (scapula, collarbone) and the lower (pelvic) and the ribs of the bones brushes) and lower (tightly, bristles and feet).

number of okremich kistok To enter the warehouse of the skeleton of an older layer of people, more than 200, of which 36 - 40 are roztasovani in the middle line of tila and unpaired, and іnshі are boys.

For the calling form Razrіznyayut kistki dovgі, short, flat and zmіshanі.

However, Galen added only one at a time I will acquaint(The new form) appears to be one-sided and to serve as a butt to the formalism of the old descriptive anatomy, since it is absolutely different for its budovaya, functions, and the walkers of the brush can use it in one group. So, up to a group of flat brushes, they carry a small brush, which is a typical curved cyst, bone endesmally, and a scapula, which serves for the support-arm apparatus, bone on the ground of cartilage and induces the lip of the spine.

Pathological processes also occur in a different way in the phalanges and kistkakh wrist, I want it to lie down to short bristles, or in quilted ribs, secured to one group of large bristles.

That's right distribution of the list on the basis of 3 principles, on which the guilt is prompted by the anatomical classification: form (budovi), function and development.

From the point of view, you can start classification of stocks(M.G. Pririst):

I. Tube parts of the brush. The stench is prompted from the spongy and compact speech, when I fit the pipe from the empty bottle; to show all 3 functions of the skeleton (support, support and ruh).

Among them, there are more tubular parts of the case (the shoulder and the case in front of the lining, steeply and the case of homily); short tubular parts of the cyst (pastern, mold, phalanges) represent short important arms; from the epiphyses of the endochondral in the ossification of the ossification є only in one (true) epiphysi (mono-epiphyseal cysts).

II. Lip parts of the brush. It is motivated by the fact of the spongy speech, covered with a thin sphere of the compact. Among them, there are more spinal parts of the cyst (ribs and sternum) and short (ridge, cysts of the wrist, in front of the mold). Sesamovy kisstki are introduced to the spine of parts, i.e., they are similar to sesamovy grains of sesame growth, and they look like a name (pads, pea-shaped beads, sesamovy knots of fingers and toes); function їх - additional attachment for robotic communication; development - endochondral in the tendon. Sesame folds grow close to the slopes, bury the fate in their set up and take the hands in them, and even with the skeleton bones they are not tied without the middle.

III. Flat brushes:
a) flat bones of the skull(Lobova і time'yanі) I have a different function. The stench is prompted by 2 thin plates of compact speech, diploe, Diploe, - spongy speech, scho to avenge the canals for the veins. The chain of the handles is developed on the basis of the resulting fabric (the shape of the handbag);

b) flat belts(Scapula, pelvic cysts) function to support and support, stimulate the spine of frequent speech; grow on the ground of cartilage tissue.

IV. Zmіshanі cysts (cysts of the base of the skull). Before them, there are bridesmaids, who are angry about the decal parts, which may fail to function, budov and development. Before the small cysts, it is possible to bring the collarbone, to develop in part of the endochondral, part of the endochondral.

The cysts form a solid skeleton, which can be folded from the ridge stem (ridge), sternum and ribs (tulub cyst), skull, upper and lower cysts (Fig. 1). skeleton (Skeleton) viconu functions of support, ruku, zakistu, as well as є depot of mineral salts (mineral speech). Chervony cystovy moss, rosetting in the middle of cysts, viroblasts of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, etc.) of the I immune system (lymphocytes).

The human skeleton is stored in 206 boxes. From them: 36 unpaired and 85 guys.

Classification of stocks

With the help of urahuvannya form and budovy, dovgі (tubular parts) of the brush, short (lip part), flat (wide), change and overwhelming brush (Fig. 2).

dovgі kistki May podovzhene only kistki - diaphiz, and instigated kintzi - epiphizi. On the epіphіza there are slopes of the surface for making use of suspended brushes. The part of the previous list, which is located between the diaphysis and epiphysis, is called a metaphysis. Among the pipe-parts there are two pipe-parts of the brush (shoulder, stegnova and іn.) And short pipe-parts of the brush (p'yastkov_, molds and іn.).

Short handles, Above sponges, may be cubic or polygonal form. Such wrist-boxes will grow in quiet parts of the house, and there is a great deal of rupture due to the added mechanical nesting (wrist-boxes and in front of the forest).

flat brushes fix the empty walls, display the functional functions (bones of the skull, pelvis, sternum, ribs, scapula).

Small. 1. Human skeleton. Front view.

1 - skull, 2 - spinal stovp, 3 - clavicle, 4 - scapula, 5 - shoulder blade, 6 - anterior cysts, 7 - wrist cysts, 8 - palatal cysts, 9 - phalanges of the fingers of the hand, 10 - stegnova knuckle, 11 - pads, 12 - fibular knuckle, 13 - great knuckle, 14 - knuckles in front of the forest, 15 - phalanges of the toes, 16 - molds, 17 - knuckles, 18 - industrial knots, 19 - tazova knots , 21 - lithova cyst, 22 - ribs, 23 - sternum.

Small. 2. Riznoy form kisstki.

1 - airway cyst, 2 - dovga (tubular) cyst, 3 - flat cyst, 4 - lip parts (short) cysts, 5 - small cyst.

change of the list can be folded, їх parts can be seen in the form of flat, spongy cysts (for example, ridge, wedge-like cyst of the skull).

stand-alone cases to take revenge on the empty ones, whitewash with a mucky sheath and store them up. Such empty parts of the cranial cysts (lobova, wedge-like, mesh parts, skronev, upper slit cysts). The appearance of the empty heads in the cages will lay down the heads. Tsi empty serve as resonators for the voice.

On the surface of the skin brush є underneath (growths, bumps), which are called apophyses. Tsі mісція є місція attachment of muses, fascias, sounds. In men, there are nodules and nerves on the surface of the cysts є furrows, virazki. On the surface of the skin brush live open(Foramina nutritia), through which blood vessels and nerves pass through.

budova kistki

The buds have a more compact and spongy mouth (Fig. 3).

Compact river (substantia compacta) Confirming a range of tubular brushes, curving the bells and whistles, as well as short (lip parts) and flat brushes. The compact mouth of the cyst is pierced with thin channels, the walls of which are fixed with concentric plates (from 4 to 20). The central canal of the skin at the same time with the soothing plates having been given the name osteon, or Haversian system (Fig. 4). Osteon is a structural and functional unit of the cyst. Between osteons there are inserted, intermediate plates. The famous ball of the compact speech of the statements of the most delicious plates (Fig. 5). The inner ball, which will intertwine the cyst-brain empty, moldings

Small. 3. More compact and more spongy. 1 - spongy (trabecular) chasm, 2 - compact chasm, 3 - living canal, 4 - living openings.

Small. 4. Osteon Budova.

1 - osteon plates, 2 - osteocytes (cyst cells), 3 - central canal.

Small. 5. Microscopic budova brush (small amount).

1 - okistia, 2 - external navkolishny plates, 3 - osteon plates, 4 - central canals (osteon channels), 5 - cyst cells, 6 - inserted plates.

Small. 6. Cystkova clitina (osteocytitis) in cystkovy lacunae.

1 - cystkova lacuna, 2 - cystkova lacuna, 3 - stinka lacunae.

internal flushing plates. Cyst plates are stimulated from cystic cells (osteocytes) and microflora leaked with calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and other chemical elements. At the brush there are semi-woven fibers, which may appear in the suspension plates according to an orientation. The outgrowth of the cyst cells is rostered in the miniature lacunae to avenge the cyst (tissue) ridin (Fig. 6).

Through the presence of significant quantities of salts of young chemical elements in the cyst tissue, which can be seen on the X-ray promenade, the basket is clearly visible on the X-ray signs.

The mouth of the river (substantia spongiosa) prompted from the cyst plates (beams) with the middle between them (Fig. 7). Kistkovi beams are straightened to fit the forces of the vice and the forces of stretching (Fig. 8). Also, the rosetting of the cyst beams with a uniform new transfer of vice to the brush, which will give the brush a great advantage.

Small. 7. The lip of the mouth is til and the alveolar part of the lower slit on late vision. Part rights. 1 - dentition alveoli, 2 - lip part of the alveolar part of the lower slit, 3 - compact mouth of the dental alveoli, 4 - lip part of the mouth of the lower slit, 5 - compact mouth of the lower slit, 6 - the mouth of the lower slit - microscopic outgrowth, 9 - head of the lower crevice, 10 - viral outgrowth of the lower crevice, 11 - vintsevy outgrowth of the lower crevice.

Small. eight. Scheme of rostashuvannya kistkovyh crossbeams in the sponge mouth of the tubular brush. 1 - line squeezing (vise), 2 - line stretching.

All the bunches, the cropped surfaces, covered with a half-cloth sheath - around(Periosteum), yak mintly grown with a cyst (Fig. 9). Walls of cystic carcinomas empty, as well as midway in the spongy speech of a thin, semi-tissue plate - endostom, yak, yak and ostya, viconu bone-forming function. The osteogenic cells of the endosta are formed by the inner plates of the compact cyst speech.

budova skeleton

With the urahuvannyam of budov and the cysts and their functions, they develop the axial skeleton and the supplementary skeleton. The skeleton of the tuluba (ridge stems and cysts of the thoracic clitine) and the skeleton of the head (skull) enter the warehouse of the axial skeleton. To the additional skeleton, carry out the upper and lower cistes.

One of the most important acts of attaching to organism until the midst of the day is ruh. It looks like a system of organs, before which the bush is brought in, it’s given and іmazi, so at once to become the apparatus of the ruch. All the knots, which are taken from oneself for the help of a good, cartilaginous and knotted tissue, in the whole store the kistiak. The skeleton of the second half is a passive part of the apparatus, and it is attached to the skeletal cells of the skeleton with an active part.

Vchennya about kisstki name osteology, Vchennya about z'єdnannya kistok - arthrology, About m'yazi - myology.

The skeleton (skeleton) of a grown-up human being becomes ponad 200 of the same cysts (Fig. 23); I will fix the solid foundation of the body.

The value of the skeleton is great. Because of the peculiarities of your body, it’s not just the shape of your body, but your inner body. The skeleton of power has two main functions: mechanicalі biologic... Manifestations of mechanical function є support, zahist, rukh. The basic function is to attach to the soft tissues and organs to the small parts of the skeleton. The zakhisnaya function is reached by a path to illuminate the empty parts of the skeleton, in which the life is important to the organization. So, in the empty skulls, the brain, in the thoracic empty legs and in the heart, in the empty basin - the sechostatus organisms.

The function of the ruk is summarized by the ruling of the large number of copies, which represent the role of the importance and be brought into the ruff by the words.

As a manifestation of the biological function of the skeleton, it participates in the exchange of words, especially mineral salts (importantly calcium and phosphorus), and participation in blood formation.

The skeleton of a man extends to the number of heads: the skeleton of the tulub, the skeleton of the upper pictures, the skeleton of the lower pictures, and the skeleton of the head - the skull.

budova kistok

The skin brush (os) is an independent organ, which can be folded into a bud. Make the base of the cyst more compact and spongy (trabecular) fluvial. The name of the cyst is included in the periosteum (periosteum). The winch is to form the slopes of the surface of the cysts, which do not obscure the ointment, but cover it with cartilage. All the middle of the cyst is replaced by the cystic brain. Kistki, like all organisms, provided with vessels and nerves.

Compact speech(Substantia compacta) to become the final ball of all the flowers (Fig. 24) and is a great illumination. It should be stored in strictly organized, slammed parallelly expanded cyst plates. The compact discs of the bagatech cysts of the cyst plates have osteoni. Skin osteon (div. Fig. 8) includes 5 to 20 concentrically displaced cystic plates. The stench of fucking itself inserted into one cylinder. The cystkova plate is stored from the well-known microcrystalline speech and clitin (osteocytes). At the center of the osteon there is a channel, in the new one there is a passage. With the suspended osteons, the insertion of the cyst plates was removed. At the surface of the ball of the compact speech, in front of the edges, there are the general, or the back, the cyst plates, and at the inner ball on the side of the cyst-empty there are the internal general bone plates. Insert and general plates do not enter the osteon store. There are perforating channels at the outermost plates, the judges pass through the holes in the middle of the basket. In small cases and in new cases of the same copy, the compact speech pattern is not the same.

sponge(Substantia spongiosa) roztashovane under the compact speech and there is a glade of thin bristle beams, which are interlaced in different straights and create custom hedges. The basis of the qix of the crossbeams is to become a lamellar cyst tissue. The cross-sections of the spongy speech are rostashovani in the singing order. Їх direct response to the set of forces of squeezing and stretching. The force of the squeeze is pummeled with a grip on the brush of the vagi tila people. The force of the stretching is to lay down from the active thrust of the muffs, which is poured onto the brush. Oskіlki offended dіyut dіyut on 1 kіstka at once, the crossbeams of the spongy speech fix a single beam system, so that the equal distribution of forces for the whole kistka will be saved.

periosteum(Ostya) (periosteum) is a thin, aly thin layer of connective tissue plate (Fig. 25). It is stored in two balls: inner and outer (fibrous). The internal (cambial) sphere of performances with loose fibrous tissue with a great number of collagen and elastic fibers. At the same time, judges and nerves pass through, as well as there are cystic cells - osteoblasts. The original (fibrous) ball is stored in a special fabric. I take care of my fate in the food basket: from it through the opening, the judges penetrate into the compact speech. For a rakhunok ostya grows a bunch of growth in tovshchin. In case of fractures of the cyst, the osteoblast will become active and take part in the formation of a new cyst tissue (at the moment of the fracture, cystic callus is established). Ostya is sculpted from the cyst behind the help of bundles of collagen fibers, which penetrate from the eye into the cyst.

Cystkovy brain(Medulla ossium) є hematopoietic organ, And also the depot living talk... It is located in the cyst in the middle of the spinal speech of all the cysts (between the cyst crossbars) and in the channels of the tubular cysts. Two types of cystic marrow are developed: chervonia and zhovty.

Chervoniy k_stkovy mozok- lower reticular tissue, horned with blood-bearing vessels and nerves, in the loops of which there are blood-forming elements and blood cells, as well as cells of cystic tissue, which take part in the process of cystic cleansing. Dosed blood cells at once penetrate into the bloodstream through the walls of loosely wide blood capillaries with slit-shaped pores (stinks are called sinus capillaries).

Zhovtiy k_stkovy mozok to be the head of the fatty tissue, which is the origin of the color. During the period of growth and development of the organism in the cages, it is fermented with a red cyst, and, in general, it is replaced by a spice. In a grown-up human being, a red cyst is found in the spinal cord, and the zhovtia is in the canals of the tubular cysts.

per happy news, Chervonium cystkovy moss, as well as thymus zalosa, are invaded by the central organs of the blood-forming organism (і immunologic zhistu). In the cervical cystic marrow, from the blood-forming cells, erythrocytes, granulocytes (granular leukocytes), blood plates (thrombocytes), as well as B-lymphocytes and T cells intercepts are established. The alternators of T-lymphocytes with the flow of blood come to the thymus zone, de-transformed into T-lymphocytes. In- and T-lymphocytes from the cervical cystic marrow and thymus prone to the peripheral organisms of the blood (lymphatic universities, spleen), in which they are involved in the proliferation of active cells in the presence of antibodies

Chemistry warehouse of stocks... Water, organic and non-organic speech enter the warehouse of the bins. Organizational speech (axis and inn.) Sound elasticity of the brush, and inorganic (the main grade of calcium salt) - її hardness. There are two types of speeches that come from the beginning of the day. Spіvіdnіchennya organіchny and inorganic speeches in kistkas change from a turn, to be considered on іh authorities. So, in the elders, instead of organic speeches, they change in cistes, and inorganic ones change. As a result of this cycle, it becomes more screaming and it is easier to break.

development of stocks

The cysts are developed from the embryonic tissue - mesenchymia, and from the lost middle germinal leaf - mesoderm. In its own development of the stench, there are three stages: 1) connective tissue (overretching), 2) cartilage, 3) cystkov. The clavicle becomes the collarbone, the cranial bones of the skull and the large part of the facial bones is in the skull, which, in its development, minus the cartilaginous stage. Kistki, which go through two stages of development, are called primary, and three stages - secondary.

The process of ossification (Fig. 26) can be different in a way: endesmal, enchondral, perichondral, periosteal.

Endemic ossification is seen in the semi-tissue pledges of the maybutnio cyst of the establishment of osteoblasts. At the center of the bookmark there is a core of ossification, as the process of ossification progresses, which expands along the entire area of ​​the cyst. When there are a lot of surface balls, the resulting tissue is stored at the viglyad of the periosteum (okistia). At such a cyst, it is possible to develop a small growth of the primordial ossification nucleus at the viglyadi hillock (for example, a hillock of a small cyst).

Enchondral ossification of the ossification in the cartilaginous bookmarks of the maybute cyst at the viglyad in the ossification of the ossification, moreover, the cartilage tissue on the front is determined and not replaced by the cyst, but ruined. The process extends from the center to the periphery and to produce spongy speech. As an analogous process from navpaki, from the outer surface of the cartilaginous rudiment of the cyst to the center, then it is called perichondral ossification, with an active role to lay the osteoblasts of the perichondrium.

As soon as the process of ossification of the cartilaginous bookmark of the cyst ends, the further is the insertion of the cyst tissue along the periphery and growth in the process of ossification of the periosteum (periosteal ossification).

The process of ossification of cartilaginous anlages of certain cysts will be repaired at the end of the 2nd month of inner uterine life, and, in these cases, it will be completed before the end of another ten years of life. Slid respect, but the small parts of the cysts ossify not once. More cartilage tissue is replaced by cysts in the area of ​​metaphysics of tubular cysts, develops the growth of cysts in a new form, and also in the meshes of attachment of muses and chimes.

form of stocks

For the shape of the development of dovgі, short, flat and wedges. Dovgі and short kistki in fallowness from internal budovi And also the special features of the development (ossification process) can be added to the pipe parts (long and short) and lip parts (long, short and self-contained).

pipe parts prompted from a compact and labial speech and to waste bone marrow empty (canal). Among them, they are important to the ruff and to become the bristle of the proximal and middle types of the teeth (shoulder, front, stegno, homilka). At the dermal tubular brush, the middle part is expanded - diaphysis, Abo tіlo, і two kіntsі - epifizi(Dilyanki kistki mіzh diaphysi and epіphіses are called metaphysis). The short tubular parts of the palms are also important for the storage of the skeleton of the distal parts of the palms (metacarpus, metatarsus, fingers). On the basis of some of the most common tubular stinks, these are mono-fusion processes - only one of the episodes has an ossified core, and the other epiphys (the extract of the cyst) is based on bone loss.

lip parts of the brush May the overwhelming spine of Budov and the call of the thin ball of a compact speech (do not obscure the middle of the channel). The ribs and the sternum are extended to the most spinal cysts, and to the short ones - the ridge, the cysts of the wrist and іn. In this group, there can be included and sessile cysts, which develop in the tendons of the mucous membranes of the nearby slopes.

flat brushes It consists of a thin ball of spongy speech, which is roasted between two plates of compact speech. Before them carry a part of the cysts of the skull, as well as the scapula and pelvic cysts.

change of the list- chain of drawers, which were trivialized from decorative parts Rіznu formі development (bristles of the base of the skull).

z'єднання кісток

There are two main groups: without interruptions - synarthrosis and interruptions - diartrosis (Fig. 27).

synarthrosi- the cost of making the keys for the additional support of a ball of tissue, which borrows more from the interleaves between the keys and parts. The spoluks, as a rule, are not very bad, and they develop there, the deduction of one list is not very large. For the synarthrosis, the day is rugged. Falling from the fabric, from the bottom of the cyst, all synarthrosis are subdivided into three types: syndesmosi, synchondrosis and synostosis.

syndesmozi Abo fibroznі z'єdnannya, - tse without interruptions dnannya for additional fibrous fabrics. The most common type of syndesmosis є ligaments. Before syndesmosis, membranes (spillages) and shvi are also introduced. The ligaments and membranes are prompted by the powerful fabric and the micro-fiber. Shvi - sometimes thin prodigies from the resulting fabric, for the help of which one can get around all the bones of the skull.

synchondrosis, Abo cartilage s'єднання, - є The price is springy, because from one side it allows for rupture, and from the other side it is amortized in case of collapse of the item.

synostosis- unruly for the help of the knot fabric. With the help of such a transfer є the growth of Kryzhovy ridges into a monolithic cistern - Kryzhi.

By stretching the life of people, one kind of uninterrupted knowledge can be won over by the people. So, deyakі syndesmosi and synchondrosis ossified. In addition, for example, ossification of the seams between the bones of the skull is seen; synchondrosis, appearing in childish mіzh kryzhovy ridges, pass into synostosis, etc.

Mіzh sіnarthosis and dіarthrosis є transitional form - hemіarthrosis (semi-joint). In general, in the center of the cartilage, in the center of the cyst, є vuzka schilina. To hemarthrosis, pubic symphysis is introduced - a connection between the pubic cysts.

dartrosis, abo swamp(Solid, or synovial z'udnannya), - tinkering with crumbling, for which the manifestation of some basic elements is characteristic: a slope capsule, a slope light, a synovial line and a slope on top. Suglobi (articulationes) є the broadest kind of creation in the skeleton of people; in them, the exact dose is taken into account for the singing strains.

suglob capsule I will leave empty slopes and will prevent airtightness. It is stored in the outer - fibrous and inner - synovial membranes. The fibrous membrane grows out of the periosteum (s) of the cysts, where it becomes segmented, and the synovial membrane - from the edges globular cartilage... The synovial membrane in the middle is covered with endothelial cells, which increase the smoothness and shine appearance.

In some slopes, the fibrous membrane of the capsule is moaning in the muscles, and the synovial membrane is set in the muscles of the viper, which are called synovial bursae, or bursae. The stench, as a rule, is rostasovani near the slopes under the meat or sinews.

suglobova empty- the width of the line, is surrounded by sloped surfaces and a synovial shell, hermetically insulated from the fabric, so that the slope is soaked. The grip of the empty slope is negative, so that the grip of the slope surfaces is closer.

synovial ridina(Synovia) є the product of the exchange of the synovial membrane and lump cartilage. Tse of the hole, the gluing of the ridin, behind its warehouse, there is a lot of blood plasma. Vaughn will keep the slopes empty, squeeze and cover the slopes of the surfaces of the cysts, and lower them rubbing between them and shrinking the wrinkles.

Slopes on the surface of the bottles cover with cartilage. The articulating surfaces of the articulated cartilage are more smooth, which is more smooth, and the elasticity of the cartilage is more flexible when it comes to collapses.

The slopes of the surfaces behind the shape are drawn with geometric figures and they look at the surfaces, cut out as a straight or crooked line around the smart axis. When a straight line is wrapped around a parallel axis, a cylinder is driven, and when a curved line is wrapped, a ball is formed in the form of a curvature, a ball or a block is formed. (fig. 29). In bagatokh slopes, one slope surface has the shape of a head, and іnsha - the shape of a depression. Rise of the sleeves in the slopes to lay down from the growth of the arch of the head and the arc of the depression: chim more growth, tim more obsyag rukhiv. Suglobov surfaces, which appear one to one, are called congruent.

In some slopes, in addition to the main elements, є additional: slopes of lips, slopes of discs and menisks, slopes of rings.

suglobova lip to fold from the cartilage, to grow at the viglyad, the lining near the deep slope, which makes it bigger. The suglob lip is covered with shoulder and tazostegnous suglobs.

slopes disksі menisky stimulated from fibrous cartilage. Roztashovany in a duplicate of the synovial shell of the stench vprovadzhuyutsya in the empty slope. A hillock disc, when you cut the empty hulk by two, does not get between itself; The men_ska of the empty slopes will not turn up. For its own calling cola, discs and menus of growth with a fibrous membrane of the capsule. Disk є in a skrone-lower-slit slope, and meniski - in a colonic slope. The joints of the articular disc are wobbly and straightened in the slopes.

slopes dividing into intracapsular and capsular poses. The intracapsular ligaments, covered with a synovial membrane, are located in the middle of the corner and are attached to the articulating cysts. Extracapsular ligaments zm_tsnuyut a corner capsule. Immediately, the stench is infused into the character of the rucks in the slopes: the ruff of the rucks is poured into the singing straight and can be surrounded by the rucks. Krim zvyazok, in the changing slopes take the fate of the muzyazi.

There is a great number of sensitive nerve ends (proprioreceptors) at the joints and capsules of the slopes;

To determine the nature of the collars at the slopes, carry out three mutually perpendicular axes: frontal, sagittal and vertical. Around the frontal axis, flexio and extensio are seen, near the sagittal axis, abductio and adductio, and around the vertical axis, rotatio. In some slopes, it is also possible to have a circular rox (circumductio), with which a brush will describe a cone.

Falling along a number of axes, near which there may be a fall, the slopes are subdivided into one, two and three. Cylindrical and block-shaped to single-axial slopes are represented, to biaxial - elliptic and lateral-shaped, to three-axial - kulyasti. In trivial slopes of moss, as a rule, a great range of rukhiv.

Flat slopes develop little crumbling, so there is a lot of rusticity. The slopes of the surfaces of flat slopes look like the shape of the slopes, so there is a great radius.

Falling from a number of boxes, where there are loamy slopes, there are more simple ones, in which there are two boxes, and folding, in which there are more than two boxes. Suglobi, anatomically shaped like one out of one, but in which they can be seen only one hour, are called combinated. With the butt of such slopes there are two skrone-lower slope slopes.