Budova klitini prokaryotyv babies with signatures. Budova klіtini prokarіotyv (prenuclear)

prokaryotic cells- the price of the most primitive, even simple vashtovani, how to save rice with long-standing organisms. Before prokaryotyv(Abo prenuclear) organisms carry bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). At the present time, prokaryotic cells are seen in the independent kingdom of the shoots.

I can see Budov clitini prokaryotyv on the butt bacteria. The genetic apparatus of a cell of prokaryotes of DNA representations of a single ring chromosome is found in the cytoplasm and is not interchangeable from a single envelope. Such an analogue of the nucleus is called a nucleoid. DNA doesn’t confirm complexes with whites, and all genes that enter the chromosome store, “start”, so that information can be read from them without interruption.

prokaryotic clitina otochened with a membrane, as the cytoplasm from the cell line, established by folding, high-polymeric speech. In cytoplasm, there are few organelles, and there are few other ribosomes (bacterial cells have 5,000 to 50,000 ribosomes).

Budova klіtini prokarіotyv

The cytoplasm of cells of prokaryotes is permeated with membranes, so that the endoplasmic boundary can be formed, ribosomes are found in them, and the synthesis of bile acids is possible.

The inner part of the cell line of the cell of prokaryotes is represented by the plasma membrane, which is transformed into the cytoplasm by the Mesosome, which takes part in prompting the cell walls, reproduction, and the formation of DNA by the DNA. Dikhannya in bacteria go to the Mesosome, in blue-green algae in the cytoplasmic membranes.

In bagatokh bacteria in all the middle cells there are spare words: polysaccharides, fats, polyphosphates. Reserved speeches, included in the exchange of speeches, can continue the life of the clitine for the duration of the last period of energy.

(1-cell wall, 2-fold cytoplasmic membrane, 3-chromosome (cytoplasmic molecule of DNA), 4-ribosome, 5-mesosome, 6-invagination of the outer cytoplasmic membrane, 7-vacuoles, 8-membranes, 9-stacks photosynthesis)

As a rule, bacteria multiply in two. When a cell is pushed up, step by step, a transverse partition is established, it is laid in a direct call in the middle, while the daughter of a cell is dispersed, or else they get tied up in a characteristic group - lancet, bags, etc. bacteria - kishkova palichka skin 20 chilin underwent its number.

Sporulation is characteristic of bacteria. Vono to repair from the lacing of a part of the cytoplasm from the mother's cell. Detach a part to avenge one genome and is lined with a cytoplasmic membrane. We'll burn near the super-crossover virostaє klіtinna stinka, not rіdko bagatosharova. In bacteria, the process of being able to exchange genetic information between two cells is spontaneous. The state process drives the decline in the microorganism's minority.

Most of the living organisms are incorporated into the kingdom of eukars, which include the kingdom of roslin, mushrooms and creatures. European clergy big prokaryotev clitin, It is stored from the surface apparatus, nucleus and cytoplasm.

eukaryotic clitina

eukaryotic(Eucarіotnі)clergy to revenge the core the coordination of the life of the cell, in which there is a sluggish apparatus to the body, and the number organelles, I want to see the versatile functions. Most of the economies are aerobics, so that they can be vicious in energy exchange.

The cytoplasm of cells of prokaryotes is permeated with membranes, so that the endoplasmic boundary can be formed, ribosomes are found in them, and the synthesis of bile acids is possible.

As a rule, bacteria multiply in two. When a cell is pushed up, step by step, a transverse partition is established, it is laid directly in the middle, while the daughter of a cell is dispersed, or else they get tied up in a characteristic group - lancet, bags, etc. Bacterium is a gut stick of skin 20 chilin under its number.

Malunok 1 - Image of a cell of prokaryotyv

Malunok 4 - Budova jgutica of gram-negative bacteria.
1 - thread; 2 - hook; 3 - basal tilo; 4 - haircut; 5 - L-ring; 6 - P-ring; 7 - S-ring; 8 - M-ring; 9 - CPM; 10 - Periplasm; 11 - peptidoglycan ball; 12 - outer membrane

Budova kin of lower prokaryotes is significantly simpler (Fig. 1). With the full development of the nuclear apparatus of Budov, I am not the only one familiar with the development of the eukaryotic cell as prokaryotic.

One of the main structural components of a cell of procarotes is klinna obolonka (Fig. 2, 3). Before the storage of the bacterial shells, there are folding molecular complexes, which are stored from bins, polysaccharides and fatty rivers. Being zhorstkoy, won to serve as the yak bi skeleton of a cell, natayuyu singing form. The clinker shell of prokaryotes will set up a free bar on the way to the route of the razchinennyh words from the navkolishny middle in the middle of the clitini. Clitini cyanobacteria covered with elastic pectin shell. For some species of bacteria, on the surface of the cell, a ball slips into place, which will be like a bi case - capsule .

Up to the number of surface structures, clitin bagatoch bacteriums are carried by jgutics - organisms, which are even more thin threads, spinal, twisted or bent (Fig. 4).

Malunok 3 - Klіtinna stinka gram-negative bacteria (A) and Budova lipopolysaccharide molecules (B).
A. Klitinna stinka gram-negative bacteria 1 - cytoplasmic membrane; 2 - peptidoglycan ball; 3 - Periplasm; 4 - molecule bіlkіv; 5 - phospholipid; 6 - lipopolysaccharide.
B. Budova molecules of lipopolysaccharide 1 - lipid A; 2 - internal polysaccharide core; 3 - zovnіshnє polysaccharide nucleus; 4 - O-antigen

Dovzhina dzhgutikiv may have developed overwhelmingly with a new genus of bacterium. The number and growth of jgutikiv are characteristic of species. Deyakі vidi bakterіy mayut one jgutik ( monotrichs ( lophotrichs ), In the third є, one flagellum on both ends of the cellini ( amphіtrіkhі ), In the quarters, the stinks cover the entire surface of the clitini ( peritrichs ).

The cytoplasmic membrane is up to the obolons in the pits. Vona volodya vibrate penetration - skipping through the middle of the church and leading from her singing speeches. Buildings of such a building, the membrane plays the role of an organelle, concentrating lively speeches All the middle classrooms and spirits are named products of living. In the middle of the middle class, they are encouraged to make changes in the context of the new middle class of osmotic pressure. The cytoplasmic membrane is without steel. In addition, there is a lack of localization of a number of enzyme systems, a seed-cream of oxidative-essential enzymes, associated with the removal of energy (in eukaryotes, the stench is found in mitochondria). On a vidminu view of a clitin eukaritiv, in a prokaryotic cell on a day of a week. Clients of prokaryotes do not appear to be in the Golgi complex, or mitochondria, or to be spared in them, or in a cytoplasm that is normalized to the cytoplasm. The manifestations of pinocytosis and phagocytosis in prokaryotes are not in control. 3 organelles of only ribosomes and analogous ribosomes of eukaryotes.

In bacterial cells, special membranous structures are revealed - Mesosome The result was the retraction of the cytoplasmic membrane in the middle of the cell. The role of їх dosi is not sufficiently clarified. Learn about the fate of the mesosomes in the most important internal processes of the celline, the synthesis of the cells of the cell membrane, in the energy exchange.

All living organisms can be divided into one of two groups (procaryocy or eukaryoti) in the fallowness of the main structure of their cells. Prokaryoti - live organisms, which are stored in cells, as they do not lose the cell nucleus and membrane organelles. Eukaryoti are living organisms, such as revealing the nucleus, as well as membrane organelles.

Klitina is the fundamental warehouse of our everyday life and living things. Clients look like the main wake-up blocks of life and look at the meaning of what it means to be “alive”.

Let's take a look at a single life: "Live things - the whole process of chemical organization, how to build up with each other and healthy life" (Citon, 1986). The value is based on two theories - clerical theory and theory of biogenesis. Bula was first proponated in the end of the 1830s by the famous names Mattias Jacob Schleiden and Theodore Schwann. The stench was stardzhuvali, all living things are stored in klitin. The theory of biogenesis, proponated by Rudolf Virkhova in 1858, means that all living cells are born from existing (living) cells and cannot spontaneously appear from non-living mothers.

The components of the cell are placed in the membrane, which serves as a barrier between the external light and internal storage cells. The membrane membrane is a vibrant bar, which means that it is not necessary to pass the deyaky chemical speech, it is necessary for the vitality of the clitin.

A membrane membrane is used to regulate the transfer of chemical words from a cell to a cell by the following methods:

diffusion (the tendency of speech molecules to minimize concentration, so that molecules are displaced from an area with a higher concentration in a straight line to an area with a higher concentration, until the moment the concentration is violated);
osmosis (the debris of the razchinnik molecules through a partially penetrated membrane in order to improve the concentration of razchinenoi speech, as it does not collapse through the membrane in a snake);
selective transport (behind the additional membrane channels and pumps).

Prokaryoti - organisms, which are stored in cells, which do not dim the cell nucleus, or any membrane organelles. Tse means that the genetic material of DNA in prokaryotes is not tying in the nucleus. In addition, the DNA of procarotes is less structured than that of eucarotes. In prokaryotes, the DNA is single-circuit. The DNA of the eukarot is organized in the chromosome. Most of the procaries are stored only from one cell (one cell), ale, a few and a bagatoclinic. There are two groups: i.

Typical cells of procarotes include:

plasma (cell) membrane;
cytoplasm;
ribosomy;
jguts and drank;
nucleoid;
plasmidi;

eukaryoti

Eukaryoti are living organisms, cells that can replace the nucleus and membrane of the organelle. Genetic material in eukaryotes is located in the nucleus, and DNA is organized in the chromosome. European organisms can be single-line and large-scale. є eukarіotamі. Also, economies include roslini, mushrooms and the most simple ones.

Typical eukaryoti cells include:

nuclear;

Archaea, bacteria and blue-green algae are introduced to the prokaryotes. procarioti- single organisms, in some of the inner organs the nucleus, membrane organelles and mitosis are structurally formed.

Rosemary - from 1 to 15 microns. Main forms: 1) coca (kulyasti), 2) bacilli (palichkopodibny), 3) vibrooni (bend in the Komi viglyadi), 4) spirily and spirocheti (spirally twisted).

1 - coca; 2 - bacilli; 3 - vіbrіoni; 4-7 - spirili and spirochetes.

1 - cytoplasmic membrane; 2 - cell-va stinka; 3 - slizis-thawed cap-sula; 4 - cytoplasm; 5 - chromo-Zimnit DNA; 6 - ribosomy; 7 - meso-soma; 8 - photo-synthetic membranes; 9 - turn on; 10 - palu-tiki; 11 - drank.

The bacterial clitine is surrounded by a shell. The inner sphere of the envelope of representations by the cytoplasmic membrane (1), above which there is a cell wall (2); Above the cell wall in Bagatiokh bacteria is a mucous capsule (3). Budova and the function of the cytoplasmic membrane are eukaryotic and procaryotic and do not evolve. The membrane can accommodate folds, mesosomy(7). Stink mother Rіznu form(Mishkovidny, pipe parts, plate parts and іn.).

Enzymes grow on the surface of the mesosomes. Klitinna stinka tovsta, shchilna, zhorstka, stock mureina (head component) That інshih organic speech. Murein is a correct hem of parallel polysaccharide lances, sewn one with one short white lance. Regarding the peculiarities of the budget and the culture of the bacterium, there are gram-positive(Fight for Gram) that gram-negative(Not farbuє). In gram-negative bacteria, the stem is thinner, folded more and more over the murein ball of the call є the ball of lipids. Internal space of storage with cytoplasm (4).

Genetic material of representations by ring DNA molecules. The DNA can be cleverly divided into "chromosome" and plasma. "Chromosomal" DNA (5) - one, attached to the membrane, to place a few thousand genes, on the type of chromosomal DNA of the eukarot won not line, not tied with bricks. The zone in which the DNA is rocked is called nucleoid. plasmidi- post chromosomal genetic elements. It is a small number of DNA cells, not tied to bottles, because they are not attached to the membrane, to have a small number of genes. The number of plasmids can be flexible. Naybilsh vivcheni plasmids, which carry information about the drugs(R-factor), which take part in the state process (F-factor). Plasmida, which is united with a chromosome, is called episomi.

In bacterial cells, all membrane organelles are characteristic of eukarotic cells (mitochondria, plastidia, EPC, Goldzhi apparatus, lizosomy).

The cytoplasm of bacteria has ribosome 70S-type (6) and inclusion (9). As a rule, ribosomes are selected in polysomy. The skin ribosome folds into a small (30S) that great subunit (50S). Function of ribosomes: collection of polypeptide lance. Included can be presented with starch breasts, glucogen, volutin, and lynx splints.

Have bagatokh bakterіy є jgutics(10) i drank (fimbria)(eleven). The jigs are not surrounded by a membrane, they have a wiggly shape and fold out from spherical subunits of a flag. The number of subunits of rosette on the spiral and fit the empty cylinder with a diameter of 10-20 nm. Dzhgutik prokaryotyv, for its structure, nagaduє one of the microtubules of the eukaryotic dzhgutik. The number and size of juguties can be developed. Drank - straight thread-like structures on the surface of bacteria. The stench is thinner and shorter than jgutykiv. They are short, empty cylinders from a bilka pilin. They drank to serve to attach bacteria to the substrate, one to one. Before the hour of the con'yugation, a particular F-drank is established, for which the transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to the last is possible.

sporulation in bacteria - a way of experiencing unwelcoming minds... You argue to form yourself in favor of the same all-middle "mothers' cultine" and are called Endospori. You bet there is a high degree of resistance to radiation, extreme temperatures, hanging and other factors, how to wick the bend of vegetative cells.

Reproduction. Bacteria are multiplied in a stateless way - by two "mothers' families". Replication of DNA is taken before submission.

Rarely, bacteriums support statutory processes, in which recombination of genetic material occurs. As a result, nicoli bacteria do not develop gametes, do not get angry in the place of the client, but rather transfer DNA from the donor-donor to the recipient-recipient. There are three ways of DNA transmission: conjugation, transformation, transduction.

- single-straightening of the transferred F-plasmid from the donor cell to the recipient cell, so that they are in contact one with one. With a whole bunch of bacteria, one with one special F-piles (F-fimbriy) can be combined, along the channels of some DNA fragments and transferred. Conjugation can be broken at the onset of the following stages: 1) the opening of the F-plasmid, 2) the penetration of one of the F-plasmids into the recipient cell through the F-pill, 3) the synthesis of the complementary lancet on the matrix of the single-stranded DNA (F +), as well as in recipient cells (F -)).

transformation- single straightening of the transferred DNA fragments from the donor cell to the recipient cell, but not one to one. If there is a whole donor cell, a small fragment of DNA is “seen” from oneself, or the DNA is consumed in the navkolishnє middle of the population, for the bend of the cell. Anyone with a DNA drop is actively clinging to the recipient cell and waking up the “chromosome”.

transduction- transfer of a DNA fragment from a donor cell to a recipient cell for an additional bacteriophage.

Virusi

Viruses are composed of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and proteins, which form a shell around a nucleic acid, so that it is a nucleoprotein complex. Before the warehouse of deyakikh viruses enter lipids and carbohydrates. Virus to avenge one type of nucleic acid - either DNA or RNA. Moreover, the dermal nucleic acids can be either single-stranded or double-stranded, as linear or cyclone.

The size of viruses is 10-300 nm. Viruses form: kulyasta, palichkopodibna, threadlike, cylindrical and in.

capsid- the sheath of the virus, approved by the subunits, laid in the singing rank. Capsid of the capture of nucleic acids to viruses from other infusions, preventing the virus from precipitating on the surface of the client-ruler. supercapsid characteristic for complexly organized viruses (VIL, influenza viruses, herpes). The winery is about to go to the virus from the klitin-ruler and is a modification of the nuclear or cytoplasmic membrane of the klitin-khazyain.

As the virus is located in the middle of the patron saint, it is in the form of nucleic acid. If the virus is in the pose of a clergy-ruler, then wine is a nucleoprotein complex, and it’s a good form to be called virion... Virus may have a high specificity, so that the stench can be vicious for your life is strictly peerless to the gentlemen.

In the cycle of reproduction of the virus, it is possible to see the onset of the stage.

Besieged on the surface of the klitin-ruler.
Penetration of the virus into the cell-ruler (you can eat into the cell-ruler with a gate: a) "in'uktsii", b) the dissection of the shell of the cell with viral enzymes, c) endocytosis; having consumed everything in the middle of the clitini virus translate її bіlok-synthezu apparatus pіd power control).
Incorporation of viral DNA into the DNA of the patron saint (in RNA viruses, before the cym, the verbal transcription is detected - DNA synthesis on the RNA matrix).
Transcription of virus RNA.
Synthesis of green bricks.
Synthesis of viral nucleic acids.
Self-assembly and vikhіd from the clientele of daughter viruses. Let the cell be lost, or the new generation of airborne particles will continue to grow and vibrate.

Virus to immunodeficiency in humans is hostile to the head rank of CD 4 lymphocytes (helpers), on the surface of the receptor, which builds up against the surface of the cell VIL. In addition, VIL penetrates into cells of the central nervous system, neuroglia, and intestines. Immune system the organism of the people is entrained in their own powerlessness and does not appear in the snake of the protagonists of the old infectious diseases. The average triviality of life of the informal people becomes 7-10 years.

Dzherelom infected serve only lyudin - nose virus immunodeficiency. SNID is transmitted by a state path, through shelter and fabric, to avenge the virus to immunodeficiency, from the mother to the fetus.

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