Hto shattered the clіtinnu. Yak changed the announcement about the clients and formulated the current establishment of the clerical theory

In the middle of the 19th century, the Schwann and Schleiden theory was formed. Nimetsky biologists have brought, that the cell is the basis of a living organism, and the pose of a cell of life is impossible.

History

The witness of the church in 1665 by Robert Hooke bowed the ear to the microsite. In the 1670s, the natural rock of Marcello Malpigi and Neumia Gru described the know-how in the roslin as "mishka or bulbashka."

The Dutch naturalist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek designed and completed microscopes and, since 1673, published the replacement of the simplest, bacteria, spermatozoa, erythrocytes.

Microscopes of the XVII-XVIII centuries could only give information about the cells. However, it’s enough to lay the foundation for a new science - cytology.

The history of the clinic's development is tied to the development not only of biological sciences, but of new technologies, which have added in detail to the development of the culture and behavior of the client. Reference information on cytology was brought to the ear of the 19th century.
A number of significant dates on the way for the formulation of the clerical theory:

1825 Rik - Physiologist Jan Purkine reveals a kernel in a chicken egg;
1828 rik - biologist Karl Ber vidkriv and describing the ovum of the people as the development of a new life;
Rik 1830 - botanist Franz Menn describes the cell as a structure, in which the exchange of rechovin is made;
1831 Rik - botanist Robert Brown, describing the core in a lecture, and having set up, just like, an obov'yazkovuyu part be-like a clitine;
1838 ric - botanist Mattias Schleiden vyaviv, that all tall fabrics are stored in cells;
1839 rik - biologist Theodor Schwann, standing up, that organisms are stored in cells, which are similar to Budova;
1855 Rik - Rudolf Virkhov's likar made it clear how the clergy can do things.

Schwann is the author of the classic theory. Inspired by Schleiden's robbery (that is why I am interested in being the author), he formulated the basic principles of the classical theory, which are fair dosi. Until the end of the 19th century, boules were diagnosed with mitosis and meiosis, and the theory, which took science into account, was updated.

TOP-2 statsI read at once at once

Small. 1. Theodor Schwann.

Unimportant to those who Schleiden is Schwann's natchnennik, who has hung up the pomilkov theory about those who are new to the nucleus. Likewise, Schleiden did not recognize the variety of tall and traditional cells.

provision

The main position of the clerical theory is that all living things are stored together with similar cultines. With the development of science, Schwann's position was updated, and modern theory:

klitini - morphological and functional unit of budov and organisms (vinyatok - viruses);
all cells are similar (homologous) for Budova and chemical warehouse;
cells are trained to metabolism and self-regulation for the development of robotic organisms;
clitini to be distributed viklyuchno rozpodil;
cells of large-scale organisms are specialized according to their functions and processing in fabrics and organisms.

Small. 2. Klіtini roslin, bacterіy, tvarin.

Viruses are transferred to the non-cellular form of life. However, the power of living organisms is manifested through penetration into the cell.

value

The position of the clerical theory may be of great significance for the Evolutionary ceremony. The cage, which is a structural unit of all living things, is united by the biosphere and pidtverzhu spilnja the walking of living beings.

The significance of the stem of the clinical theory is important for the development of medicine, selection, genetics and the establishment of new sciences:

biohimia;
molecular biology;
biophysics;
bioetics;
bioinformatics.

modern methods cytology allows you to see the images of the most simple ones, the stitches behind the processes that are seen in the cells, the models of organelles and molecules.

Small. 3. Suchasnі methods of cytology.

Who did you know?

Briefly about the clerical theory, the history and the provisions. The main essence of the theory is that all organisms are composed of structural units - klitin. The creators of the theory are the famous biologists Schwann and Schleiden. The theory is drawn to the development of cytology and the development of an important role in the development of genetics, molecular biology, breeding.

Test by topic

assessment of additional information

Average rating: 4.5. Total otrimano estimates: 300.

Significance of histology and zavdannya

Histology - the science of budding tissue on the microscopic level. Histos in walnuts stands for webs, and logos stands for vchenyas. The development of the center of science has become possible with the microscope's wine passage. In the other half of the 17th century, the staff of the microscope and the technology of preparing the images, looking into the thin fabric of Budova, went into the distance. Skin dosage of small organs and fabrics of food bulo vidkrittyam. Microscopy in biology vikoristovu already more than 300 years.

Behind additional histology, not only fundamental problems are developed, but applied research, important for veterinary and zootechnics. A great inflow to growth, development and formation of productive yarns of food is nadastan їh health. Ailments are produced to morphological and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs. The knowledge of the changes is necessary for the establishment of the cause of the fallout of the creatures and the successful likuvannya. To this, histology is closely tied to pathological anatomy and is widely used in diagnostics of ailments.

The course of histology includes:

cytology- insight into the structure and functions of the cellin and embrology- a statement about the formation and development of tissue and organs in the membrane period (from the delayed egg production to the population or the development of eggs).

We will fix it with cytology.

klitka- an elementary structural unit of organism, which is the basis of its life. Vona has all the signs of the living: infusion, zesty, contraction, exchange of speech and energy, building before reproduction, taking over genetic information and transmission to generations.

With the help of an electronic microscope, the nitonsha vivchen has the structure of clitins, and the history of histochemical methods allowed for the visibility of the functional significance of structural units.

Clinical theory:

The term "klіtina" was first introduced by Robert Hooke in 1665, and the term “klіtina" was discovered by a microscope to cіtinnu budova roslin. Already in the 19th century, the theory was broken up. Klіtinnu budova roslin and tvarin were vivchali a lot of them, ale the stench didn’t make a big deal of respect for the spirituality of their structural organization.

The honor of the stem of the clerical theory belongs to the Nimetsian vcheny Schwann (1838-39 pp.). Analyzing their wary clines and setting them up with analogous preliminaries of tall fabrics, which are carried out by Schleiden, win until they are made, so that in the basis of budovies, both tall, and created organisms lie clitines. An important role in the development of the clerical theory of Schwann mali, pratsi Virkhova and their students.

The cliché theory in the bitty viglyad includes the advance of the position:

Klitka - tse the best one of the living, from which organisms and fabrics will be.
Clinics of small organs different organisms homologous for their budova, so that zagalny principle Budovi: revenge the cytoplasm, nucleus, main organelles.
breeding clitin see only the path of the wicked clergy.
Klitini - yak of a part of the whole to the organism of specialization: to change the structure, to define the function and interconnection in the functional systems of tissues, organs and systems of organs.

Up to the number of non-core structures admit symplasts and syncytium. The stench is detected either because of the evil clitin, or as a result of the subtype of the nucleus without a subtle subtype of cytoplasm. butt symplastsє muscle fibers, for example syncytium - spermatogonia - the primary status of cells, with links.

In such a rank, the rich organism of creature is a folding ensemble of cells, united into a system of tissues and organs, and intertwined with each other by means of speech.

Morphology of clitini

Forms and sizes of the client are versatile and begin with a functional function. There are round or oval cells (blood cells); spindle-shaped (smooth m'yazova fabric); flat, cubic, cylindrical (epitheliy); retraction (nerve tissue), which allows the conduction of impulses on the site.

Razmіri kіtin are pricked from 5 to 30 microns; The eggs of the sowers reach 150-200 microns.

Microcrystalline speech is a product of vitality of the cell and is stored from the main amorphous speech and fibers.

Unimportant for the rise of Budov and the functions, all the clientele may have special signs and warehouses. The components of the cell can be shown by the following scheme:

cytoplasm nucleus plasmolemma

hyaloplasma organelles included

membrane non-membrane

Plasmolemma is a surface device of a clitine, which regulates the clitini's navkolishnim middle-class and takes care of the part in intercultural relations. Plasmolemma viconuє kilka important functions:

rose to the bed(I will cut the clinker and make sure the links with the navkolishn_m middle).
transport- zdіysnyuє: a) passive transference by the way of diffusion and osmosis of water, ions and low-molecular speech.

b) actively rescheduled rechovin - іonіv Na with vitrate energy.

c) endocytosis (phagocytosis) - solid speech; рідкі - pinocytosis.

3. receptor- in the plasmolemma є structure for the specific recognition of words (hormones, likiv and in.)

Plasmolemma is inspired by the principle of biological membranes. There is a double ball base (bile ball), in the yak of a bored ball. Lipid is represented by phospholipids and cholesterol. Bilky until the ball does not fit and float like icebergs. Bilki, which pierce two balls of lipids, are called іnteralnimі, Scho reach half a bisharu - semi-integral, scho lie on the surface - superficial or peripheral. Integral and semi-integral blocks stabilize the membrane (structural) and shape transport lines. With superficial beads, a lancet of polysaccharides was tied, and a supramembrane ball (glycocalyx) was formed. Tsei ball takes care of the fate in the enzymatic splitting of the children of the world and in conjunction with the navkolishnim middle.

On the side of the cytoplasm є submembrane complex, which є is a supporting-fast-sensing apparatus. The number of micro-microtubules and microtubules appear in the zone. All parts of the plasmolemia are interconnected and work like a single system.

Numerical villi are formed in the singing boxes for the intensification of transport processes, and for the change of small words (powders, microbes), there are new ones.

Klіtinnі shells form mіzhklіtinnі contacts. The main forms of contacts є:

1. simple contact(Clitini sticks over the membrane with balls).

2. schilny(Lost contact), if the called balls of the plasmolecules, the two cells are poured into one backbone structure and the inner space from the outer middle, and it becomes impenetrable for macromolecules and ions.

It is a type of shielding contact, a finger-like connection and a desmosomy. In the small space, a central plate is formed, the yak is tied with shells to contact the skin with a system of transverse fibrils. On the side of the submembrane ball, the desmosomy is replaced by the components of the cystoskeleton. Regularly, from the length of the points to the development of the desmosomes.

3. split-like contacts(The small space is between the university and the cytoplasm of the cell, penetrating the plasmolemia, canals are formed, behind which there is a collapse of the ions from one cell into the house.

A robot of electrical synapses is based on the nerve tissue.

This type of knowledge is developed in all groups of fabrics.

cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is stored from the main speech of hyaloplasms and is located in none of the structural components - an organelle and an inclusion.

Hyaloplasm is a coloidal system and a folding chemical warehouse (bottles, nucleic acids, amino acids, polysaccharides and other components). Wonderful transport functions, interconnection of all structures of the cell, and the supply of words in the viglyadi included. Microtubules are formed from bilk (tubule), which can enter to the central ole warehouse; basal tilets viyok.

Organels are structured, as they constantly work in the rooms and display the singing functions. Їх subscribe to membraneі non-membrane. Before the membranes are admitted:mitochondria, endoplasmic mesh, Golgi complex, lysosomy and peroxisomy. Prior to non-membranous admittance:ribosomy, cytoskeleton clitini(Including microtubules, microtubules and industrial flames) centrioles... There are a lot of organoids of the outside significance, which can be seen in all the organs of organs. Ale in some fabrics є special organelles. So in myaz - myofilmenti, in the nerve tissue - neurofilmenty.

The morphology and functions of the surrounding organelles are discernible:

Previous12345678910111213141516Next

ADD ON MORE:

Poshuk Lektsiy

Significance of clerical theory

food 1

Clinical theory: history and modernity. Significance of clinical theory for biology and medicine.

The classical theory was formed by a German pre-glider - zoologist T.

Schwannom (1839). In his theoretical motives, he was inspired by the robots of the botanist M. Schleiden (to be involved with the author of the theory). Vikhodyachi are presented about the wild nature of the growing and tvarinnye clines (the same mechanism of walking).

Schwann is the author of the numerical data in the theory. In the end of the last century, the theory of the theory took away the further development in the robots of R. Virkhov

The main provisions of the clerical theory:

1. The cell is an elementary unit of the living, the pose of the cell is dumb.

Klitka is a single system, which includes a seamless pattern, one for one element (Suchasne treaty).

2. Clitini are homologous for Budova and the main powers.

Clients become a member of the family's path, as a submission to their genetic material.

4. Bagatoclatinny organisms are a new system of interconnected cells between themselves, united and integrated into one system of tissues and organs behind additional nervous and humoral regulation.

5. Clients to the organisms of total cells are the genetic potential of all cells given to the body, Alle, one form of one expression of the gene is displayed.

Significance of clerical theory

Klіtinna teorіya has allowed zrozumіti zarodzhuєtsya yak, i rozvivaєtsya funktsіonuє zhivy organіzm, tobto target base evolyutsіynoї teorії rozvitku Zhittya, and meditsinі - rozumіnnya protsesіv zhittєdіyalnostі that rozvitku hvorob on klіtinnomu rіvnі - scho vіdkrilo nemislimі ranіshe novі mozhlivostі dіagnostiki, lіkuvannya zahvoryuvan.

It became clear that the clitine is the storehouse part of living organisms, the head morphophysiological component.

The cell is the basis of a large-scale organism, a point of resistance to biological and physiological processes in the organism.

All biological processes are carried out at the cellar in the children's bag. The theory allowed the creation of a variety of stories about the selection of a chemistry warehouse for all clients, a bedroom plan for their buddies, so that the file was confirmed by all living light.

Prokaryote and eukarotic cells.

Prokaryotic clitina (milk yield - 3.5 billion rubles to that) is the most primitive, even simpler vashtovani, so you can save rice with long-standing organisms. ( single living organisms do not form a cell nucleus or inner membranous organoids).

Mali rozmіri kіtin

2. Nucleoid is an analogue of the nucleus. Closed Kiltseva DNA.

3. Outside membrane organelles

4. There is no clerical center

5. Klіtinna stinka especially budovi, slimy capsule.

6. Propagation of navpil podil (you can exchange genetic information).

Nemaє cyclosis, exo- and endocytosis.

Biology and medicine

Riznomanitness of the exchange of speech

9. The size is not more than 0.5-3 microns.

10. Osmotic type of kharchuvannya.

11. Detection of jgutic plasmids and gas vacuoles.

12. Ribosome size 70s

Eukaryotic clitina (nuclear - 1.5-2 billion rubles to that) - Domain of living organisms, cells of the nucleus:

beasts

2. Roslini

Surface Apparatus:

supramembrane complex

Biomembrane (plasmalemma, cytolemma)

- submembrane

Nuclear apparatus:

Cariolemmy (nuclear shell)

karyoplasm

Chromatin (chromosome)

Cytoplasmic apparatus:

Cytosol (hyaloplasm)

organelles

inclusion

As a standard mosaic model of the membrane structure, proponated by Singer, the biological membrane is two lipids parallel to a ball (a biomolecular ball, a lipid ball).

Membrane lipids can be hydrophobic (in carbohydrate surpluses of fatty acids and in.) And hydrophilic (phosphate, choline, colamine, tsukor, etc.) parts. Such molecules are installed in the cells of the bimolecular balls: the hydrophobic parts of the rotations are from the water cooling, to one to one, and are impeded at once by the strong hydrophobic interactions and the weak forces of London-Van der. In such a rank, the membranes on both called surfaces are hydrophilic, and all the other surfaces are hydrophilic.

Fragments of hydrophilic particles of molecules glaze the electronics, which can be seen in an electronic microscope like two dark balls. At physiological temperatures, the membrane is located in a solid crystalline mill: the excess of the carbohydrates is wrapped around its late axis and diffuses in the area of the ball, before it jumps from one ball to the last one, does not break the sound.

chim a great part store non-saturated fatty acids, the lower the temperature of the phase transition (melting point) and the larger the thinner membrane. A large amount of sterols with hard hydrophobic molecules, which lie in a hydrophobic membrane, stabilizes the membrane (the head of the creature). The membrane is interspersed with small membranous membranes. The deyak from them are on call or on internal surface lipid part of the membrane; іnshі permeate all the membranes in our way.

Membranes napivpeniknі; the stench may be found in pores, through which diffuse water and small hydrophilic molecules. For a wide range of internal hydrophilic areas of integral membrane bricks, or open them with some other integral bricks (tunnel bricks)

functions of biomembranes

1. Interchange and release of cells and organelles.

Vidokremlennya klitin from the middle of the middle is provided with a plasma membrane, so that the clan is taken from the mechanical and chemical injections. The plasma membrane also protects the concentration of metabolites and inorganic ions between the internal and external environment

Controlling the transport of metabolites and ions by means of the internal middle, which is useful for homeostasis, in order to increase the gradual concentration of metabolites and inorganic ions, and other physiological parameters. Regulations and vibrational transport of metabolites and inorganic ions through the pores and behind the auxiliary carriers become capable of setting up the cells and organelles behind the supplementary membrane systems.

Receiving late signals and transmitting signals to the middle of the cell as well as initiating signals.

4. Enzymatic catalysis. In membranes on cordons between lipid and water phases, localized enzymes. Here itself reactions with non-polar substrates are observed. Biosynthesis of lipids and metabolism of nonpolar xenobiotics serve as attachments.

Contact intercourse with microcrystalline matrices and intercourse with intercourse cells in case of illiterate clitin and fabricated tissue.

6. anchoring the cytoskeleton, which will prevent the formation of a cell, an organelle, and a cell decay

Membrane lipids.

Principles of bilayer formation. lipid membranes

Warehouse for biological membranes is even more flexible. Typical representatives of lipid cells of cell membranes are phospholipid, sphingomyelini and cholesterol (steroid lipid).

A characteristic feature of membrane lipids is a subdivision of molecules into two functional parts: they are not polar, but they do not carry charges in the tail, but they are stored from fatty acids, and charged polar heads. The polar heads are carried on their own negative charges, or they can be neutral.

The presence of non-polar tails will explain the good distribution of lipids in fats and organic matter. In the experiment, when water changes from the lipid membranes, it is possible to remove the biomolecular ball or membrane with a thickness close to 7.5 nm, the de-peripheral zone and the ball - the whole hydrophilic polar head, and the central zone - the uncharged tail of the molecules.

All natural cell membranes can also be blotted out. The membrane membranes are strongly biased one way, one behind the warehouse of lipids. For example, the plasmatic membranes of the cellin tvarin are rich in cholesterol (up to 30%), and there is little lecithin in them, at the same time as the membrane of the mitochondria with phospholipids and without cholesterol.

The lipid molecules can move around the ball, they can wrap around their axis, and also go from the ball to the ball. Bilki, floating in the "lipid lake", may be laterally collapsing. The storage of lipids on the off-side of the membrane is small, which is asymmetric in the bud of the bilipid ball.

food 5

Membrane cells may interfere with the cell membrane of the domain, some of them appear from the membrane into the microcrystalline cell and cytoplasm of the cell.

Determine the function of the receptors, so that the transmission of signals, as well as the transmembrane transport of new words, is prevented. Bіlki-transporters are specific, the skin of them passes through the membrane only a single molecule of an abnormal type to a signal.
Classification:

1. Topological (poly-, monotopic)

2. Biochemistry (integral and peripheral)

topology:

1) polytopic, or transmembrane cells, which can penetrate a large scale and contact with the water middle along the sides of the membrane.

2) Monotopic blocks are gradually introduced into the last one, ale from the membrane only on one side, do not penetrate the other side.

bio:

1) integrated micro-sensing into the membrane and can be absorbed from the liquid deposition only for additional detergents or non-polar devices

2) peripheral bricks, which vivilnyayutsya in randomly soft minds (for example, with a salt wand)

food 6

Organization of the supramembrane complex in cells of different types.

Glycocalyx.

Gram-positive bacteria have a single ball, thickness 70-80 nm.

klinna stinka is a foldable protein-carbohydrate complex of molecules (peptidoglycans). The whole system of polysaccharide (in carbohydrate) molecules, tied between themselves by short white bricks. The stench will grow into a ball of balls parallel to the surface of the bacterial cells.

All the balls are permeated with molecules of foldable carbohydrates - teichoic acids.

In gram-negative bacteria, the cell has a large folding and low structure. Above the primordial, plasma membrane, there will be another membrane and is bound together with peptidglycanamy.

The main component of the wine cellulite is a folding carbohydrate - cellulose.

The technology is even greater, and it is possible to match it with the steel dart. Balls makrofіbrіlli roztashovuyutsya pіd kutom one to one, folding taut bagatosharovy frame.

Glycocalyx.

Eukaryotic cells of tvarin do not form cell walls, but on the surface of the plasma membrane є a folding membrane complex - glycocalyx.

It is determined by the system of peripheral membranes, in the carbohydrate lancets of the membrane glucoproteins and glucolipids, as well as the supramembrane dylyanks of integral proteins, which are buried at the membrane.

Glycocalyx viconuє a number of important functions: it takes part in the receptor of molecules, revenge molecules of microcalyx adhesion, negatively charged molecules of glycocalyx create an electric charge on the surface of the clitin.

The number of molecules on the surface of the cellin is a unique marker of cellin, which means that it is individual and recognizable by signaling molecules to the body. The power of power is even more important in the robots of such systems as: nerve, endocrine, immune. In a number of specialty cells (for example: in wet cells of the intestinal epithelium), glycocalyx is not the main function of being added in the processes of membrane etching.

food 7

A short history of cytology

cytology(Grets. Citos - klitina, logos - science) - science about klitina.

In the Danish hour, there is a day about the clientele in the bagatokh in the central department of biological sciences.

A change of mind for the witness of the client, having shown the fault of the microscope and the first registration for the advanced biological objects.

The first light microscope was constructed in Holland in 1590 rotsi two brothers, Hansі Zacharius Janssen, line grinders.

Dovgiy hour microscope vikoristovuvsya yak fun, igrashka for rocking noble people.

The term "klitina" has become firmly established in biology, do not marvel at those that Robert Hooke sposter, for the best, not klitin, but only the cellulose shells of tall clitins.

Besides, the clients are not empty. They were described by M. Malpigi, N. Gru, and also A. Levenguk.

An important announcement about keyboards was seen in 1672 rotsi book Marcello Malpigi "Anatomy of the Roslin", de leading the lecture description of microscopic tall structures.

In their own pre-sluggish Malpigi, they have crossed over, but the growths are stored with clitins, which they call "little mice" and "bulbs".

Among the shining galaxy of micropopists of the 17th century, one of the first times of loan A.

Levenguk, a Dutch merchant, who won his own glory as a whiskey. Wines became famous for their lenses, as they were given a 100-300 times increase. V 1674 rotsi Antonio van Leeuwenhoek has shown behind the help of the hand of a wine microscope of one-line microscopes, named by him as “microscopic creatures”, bacteria, others, blood cells - erythrocytes, state of blood cells - spermatozoa - spermatozoa

Z tvarinnyh fabrics Levenguk vivchav і accurately describing the Budova of the heart mead. Winn became the first naturalist, who promoted the animal organisms.

Tse aroused interest before the vivchennya of a living microsvita.

yak science cytology of vinikla lishe in the XIX century... At the end of the hour, there is a crushing and important message.

V 1830 rotsi chesky dlіdnik Jan Purkin describing in draglist the speech of all the middle class and naming yogo protoplasm(Gr.

protos - pepper, plasma - light).

V 1831 rotsi Scottish vcheny Robert Brown vidkriv core.

V 1836 rotsi Gabriel Valentini in the nucleus a nucleus is revealed.

V 1838 rotsi Bula published by the robot Mathias Schleiden"Dani about phytogenesis", de the author, spiraling into the already existing in the botany of the announcement about the clients, looking at the idea of the identity of the growing cells from the point of view of their development.

Win priyshov to visnovka, the law of clerical budovi is fair for the Roslin.

V 1839 rotsi viysla in svit became a classic book Theodora Schwann"Microscopic information about the appearance in the structure and growth of food and roslin."

V 1838 – 1839 rocks of nimetskі vchenі Matias Schleiden і Theodor Schwann squarely one of one formulated a critical theory.

KLITINNA THEORY:

1) be-like living organisms (growths and creatures) are stored in cells;

2) clergy roselin and tvarin podbn for Budova, chemistry warehouse and viconuvanny functions.

Schleiden and T. Schwann were respected, that the cells in the body were determined by the path of the new establishment from the primordial non-cellular speech.

V 1858 rotsi nimetskiy vcheniy-anatomist Rudolf Virkhov in his book "Cellular pathology", having passed through the list of newcomers, that new cells are starting to find out from the front path of the day - "a cell is from a cell, everyone lives only from a cell" - (omnis cellula a cellula).

R. Virkhov became very important to the public, since the most important in the life of the clines may not be the shells, but the protoplasm and the nucleus. Along with the theory, R. Virkhov put on scientific basis vchenya about ailments.

klinna theory

Having sprung up at that hour of discovery, it is only necessary to lie in the base of the ailments only for the warehouse of another organism (blood, lymph, zhovch), in which there is a great deal of change, which is taken into the tissues in the cells. R. Virkhov standing up: "Be a sickly serpent is tied up with a pathological process in cells, which is to become an organism."

Tse hardening became the basis for the emergence of the most important section of modern medicine - pathological anatomy.

Vіrkhov is one of the founders of the evolution of life on the clan rіvnі, which is an unqualified merit. However, when there is a lot of wine underestimating the level of quietness on the part of the body as a whole system.

In Virkhov's submission, organism is the whole power of the cells and all of their functions are carried out to the sum of the powers of the authorities.

In podolanny tsikh one-sided phenomenon about organism is great value mali robots І. M. Sechenova, S.P. Botkina і І. P. Pavlova. Vіtchiznyanі vchenі brought, that the organism is itself, according to the opinion, it is common.

Clients and іnshі structural elements, warehouses only, not in physical independence. The form and function are coordinated and controlled by a whole body behind an additional folding system and chemical and nervous regulation.

The pre-development of all microscopic techniques allowed the presenters before the ear of the 20th century to develop the main cell organelles, from the core of the Bud's nucleus and the regularities of the cell line, to decipher the mechanisms of waiting for the status of the bed.

V 1876 rotsi Edward Van Beneden having established the presence of the client center in the range of articles.

V 1890 rotsi Rikhard Altman describing mitochondria, naming their bio-regions, and hanging an idea about the power of their self-creation.

V 1898 rotsi Kamillo Goldzhi vіdkriv organoid, names in honor of the Golgi complex.

V 1898 roci chromosomes for the first time described Karl Benda.

Great additions at the development of the vchenya about klitina in the other half of the XIX - the ear of the XX century.

introduced by vіtchiznyany cytologists I.D. Chistyakov (Description of the phases of the mitotic subilu), I.N. Gorozhankin (Vivchennya cytological bases of latency in roslin), S.G. Navashin, vidkriv in 1898. the phenomenon of sub-stalls in the roslin.

Successes in vivchenna cells have led to the fact that respect for biologists was more and more concentrated on cells as the main structural unit of living organisms.

Yakisnyy fungus in cytology is placed in XX century... V 1932 rotsi MaxKnoll і Ernst Ruska an electronic microscope, which gave a rise to 106 times. Boules appear and are described invisible in the light microscope of micro- and ultra-microstructures of cells.

At the very moment, the cell was started on the molecular level.

In such a rank, the progress of cytology is tied to the advanced techniques of microscopy.

front123456789

ADD ON MORE:

To understand the history of development about clients. klinna theory

Clinical theory is a centralized statement about Budova as one of the living, about its multiplication and role in the formulation of many organisms.

The emergence and formulation of the above-mentioned position of the classical theory after overwhelming the triviality (about three hundred rockyv) period of accumulation over the budget of the growing one-line and high-grade organisms of roslin and tvarin.

The whole period of new dressings is based on the sophistication of the advanced optical methods in the past and in the extended ones.

Robert Hooke (+1665) spostigav behind the help of zbіlshuvalnіh linz pіdrozdіl cork fabrics on "midway", or "cells". This description served as a piece for the appearance of systematic dosages of the anatomy of the roslin, as they confirmed the caution of Robert Hooke and showed that the versatile parts of the roslin are stored in tightly roasted "bulbs", or "mice".

Piznishe A. Levenguk (1680) emerged from one cell organisms and for the first time from a celly twarin (erythrocytes). Piznishe klitini tvarin bouly was described by F. Fontana (1781); Alle tsi and іnshі numerical advances did not lead at that hour to the rise of the universality of the clerical budov, to the clear statements about those who are a clerk.

Progress in the vivchenna microanatomy of dressings with the development of microscopy in the 19th century. Until the end of the day, there was a change in the statement about the Budova Klin: the head in the organization of the Klitin was not the Klinna, but the most important protoplasm. In protoplasm, the last component of cellini is the nucleus.

In 1838 T. Schwann allowed all the numerical caution to create a number of public places. Vin showed that the cells of the roselin and the tvarin are fundamentally similar to each other (homologous).

“The merit of T. Schwann was not in the fact that it was the fault of the cells, but in the fact that it was due to the fact that it was due to the fact that it was in the knowledge of the senses”. The given development of the price was taken away in the robots of R. Virkhov (1858). The development of the clerical theory has become find your way in biology, one of the greatest proofs of the unity of all living nature. The theory of small significance in the development of biology, served as the head foundation for the development of such disciplines as education, histology and physiology.

Vona gave the basis for the rationalization of life, for clarifying the disputed interconnection of organisms, for the rationalization of individual development.

The main provisions of the clerical theory We have saved their meaning for the current day, hoping for more than one hundred and fifty rocky boules, we have taken new ideas about the structure, living and development of the client.

In the Danish hour, the theory postulates that:

1. Klitina is an elementary unit of the living: the pose of klitina is dumb life.

2. The cell is a single system, which includes a functionlessly knitted one with one element, which is a singularly established solution, which is composed of knitted functional units - an organelle or organoids.

Clitini podibni (homologous) for Budova and for the main authorities.

4. Clients grow in the number of children in the family for the submission of the genetic material (DNA): the cell is in the cell.

5. Bagatoklitinni organism is a new system, a folding ensemble of powerless cells, united and integrated in the systems of tissues and organs, knitted one by one behind the other chemical officials, humoral.

Clients of large-scale organisms totipotency, tobto may
the genetic potential of all the cells of a given organism, equal in terms of genetic information, albeit one form of a single express (robot) development

Adequate provisions of the clerical theory.

In order to present the clerical theory in greater detail, the list is often updated and expanded. At the bagatokh dzherelakh cі dodatkovі the position is developed, їх gain is complete.

1. Clients of prokaryotes and eukarit є systems of a reasonable level of folding and in general are homologous to one to one.

2. The basis of the cell line and the multiplication of organisms is a copy of the decay information - nucleic acid molecules ("skin molecule c molecule").

The provisions on genetic continuity are not only applied to the cell as a whole, but to some of the larger other components - to mitochondria, chloroplasts, genes and chromosomes.

3. Bagatoclatinny organism is a new system, a folding ensemble of powerless cells, united and integrated in systems of tissues and organs, knitted one by one behind the other chemistry officials, humoral.

4. Clients of high genetic potentialities of all cells of a given organism, equal in genetic information, altogether one type of one new developmental morphological genes is considered, and it is necessary to provide

To understand the history of development about clients

XVII century

1665 rik - English physicist R.

Hook in the robot "Mikrografiya" describes Budova corks, on the thin lines of what kind of wines know how to properly rots the empty ones. Tsi empty Hooks calling them "pores, or clits". The appearance of a similar structure is visible in the first place and in some parts of the roslin.

1670s - Italian physician and naturalist M. Malpigi and English naturalist N. Grew described the development of the organisms of the roselin “little bears, or bulbs” and showed wider expansion of the growing buds.

Klitini imaging the Dutch microscopist A. Levenguk on her little ones. In the same way, we are the first to show the light of single organisms - by describing the bacteria and infusions.

The pre-eminents of the 17th century, who showed the breadth of the “clerical budovia” of the roslin, did not estimate the value of the criterion.

The smells represented cells in the quality of voids in an uninterrupted mass of tall linen fabrics. Gru looked at the walls of the cinnamon yak fiber, to that he was in the term “fabric”, for the analogy with the textile fabric. The preliminaries of the microscopic budov and the organisms of the creatures were of a vague character and did not give any knowledge about their clitinna budov.

XVIII century

In the 18th century, the first attempts to display the microstructure of Klin Roslin and Tvarin are being introduced.

K.F. Wolf in the robot "Theory of conception" (1759) is rewarded with the development of microscopic budov and roslin and tvarin. For Wolf, the embryo, like the roslin, so and the creatures develop from structureless speech, in which ruins they open channels (sudini) and empty (clitini).

The factual data, which were cited by Wolff, did not bring new knowledge to the point of being microscopic of the 17th century. However, this theoretical manifestation of a meaningful world was conveyed to the ideas of the future and the clerical theory.

XIX century

In the first quarter of the 19th century, there is a sign of the loss of knowledge about the bedrock of Budova Roslin, which is tied with hundreds of pollen in the design of a microscope (zorem, stems of achromatic lenses).

Link and Moldnhower will establish the appearance of self-styled domestic clientele. It should be noted that the celline is morphologically separated by the structure. In 1831, the moth was brought up, it could be built like this, it would have been good, the structure of the roslin, like a water-bearing tube, would grow out of the line.

Meyen in "phytotomy" (1830) describes the growing clitine, which “grows lonely, so the skin clit is a special kind of individual, as it grows near the waterweeds and mushrooms, or even more lesser sign of masi ".

Meijen p_dkreslyuє independence of speech exchange of skin cells. In 1831, Robert Brown described the core and the boiled pot, which is a post-storage part of the growing plant.

school Purkin

In 1801, rotsi Vіgia vіv learned about fabrics of food, proteins of fabrics on the display of anatomical preparation and not using a microscope.

The development of a statement about the microscopic Budova of the fabric of the twar is tied with a persh for all of Purkin's preliminaries, having fallen asleep in his school in Breslavl.

History of the development of the clerical theory

Purkini and yogo scholars (especially after the vision of G. Valentin) have become the first and most important vigilant of microscopic buds of fabrics and organs of workers (including people). Purkini and Valentin made a pair of roselin cells with private microscopic tissue structures of food, such as Purkin most often called “grains” (for good creatures of structures in the first school, the term “klitina” was used). U 1837 r

Purkіnє having entered Praz with a series of additional reasons. They have wondered about their watchfulness over the budova shlunkovy vines, nervous system etc. At the table, as it is possible to get to the third stage, there will be data for reading the images of the deyakikh clitins, tvarin fabrics. Protect, establish the homology of clitin roslin and clitin tvarin Purkin not zmіg. Retaining the clitin roslin and the "grain" of the Purkin veins in the plan of analogy, and not the homology of structures (the meaning of the term "analogy" and "homology" in the bitter mind).

School of Müller and Robot Schwann

Another school, they taught the microscopic Budova of food fabrics, was the laboratory of Johannes Müller in Berlin.

Muller vivchav microscopic Budova spinning strings (chordi); His student Henle published a message about intestinal nutrition, in which he gave a description of his new types and types of culture.

Here the boules of the victorious classics of Theodore Schwann, who laid the foundation of the clerical theory.

Schwann's robot was infused by the Purkin and Henle school. Schwann Znaishov correct principle Porіvnyannya klіtin roslin and elementary microscopic structures of tvarins.

Schwann zmіg establish homology and bring the appearance in the buds and growths of elementary microscopic structures of roslin and tvarin.

The nucleus in Schwann's cells was nailed by Mathias Schleiden, who in 1838 had a robot "Materials for phylogenesis".

Tom Schleiden is often called the co-author of the classical theory. The main idea of the clerical theory is the appearance of the clerk of the roslin and the elementary structures of the creatures - the bull is a stranger by Schleiden. Having formulated the theory of a new cell formation with structureless speech, it is a common source of the least granularity that the nucleus condenses, near the nucleus, which is the origin of cellini (cytoblastoma). However, the theory is spiraling on neural facts. In 1838, there were 3 earlier reports of Schwann, and in 1839, there was a more classic TV series "Microscopic Dosluding About the Evidence in the Structure and Growth of Tvarin and Roselin", in the

Development of clerical theory in the other half of the 19th century

Since the 1840s, the idea of a woman to appear in the center of respect for all biology and to grow rapidly, re-imagining an independent science - cytology.

For the further development of the clerical theory of the sutta, there is little extension to the simplest ones, as it is known that it is possible for them to live in clerks (Sibold, 1848). We have an hour to notice about the cellin's warehouse. There is another row of significance of the clitine shell, as it was previously known as the most important part of the cell, and it hangs on the first plan of the value of protoplasm (cytoplasm) and the nucleus of the cell, which knew its history in the form of a cell.

Schulze in 1861: "The cell is a small breast of protoplasm, which is located in the middle of the nucleus."

In 1861, Brücke saw the theory of a folding Budova clitini, as it was called “elementary organism”, which was brought up by Schleiden and Schwann, the theory of cell formation from unstructured speech (cytoplasm).

It was revealed, by the way of establishing new cells є clitinniy rospodil, which was later boiled by Mole on filamentous water. In the spread of the theory of the cytoregion on botanical materials, a great role was played by the presenter of the Negeli and N. I. Jelly.

Rozpodil tissue clitin from the creatures bulo vidkrito in 1841 by Remark. Z'yasuvalosya, crushed blastomeres є a series of last days.

Idea about the outlying area of expanding the client's time as a way to establish new clients R. Virkhova in the viglyadі aphorism: Skin clitina from clitini.

Already at Schwann's place, they start trying to look at the organisms yak sumu klin. Tsya tendencies otrimu special development in Virkhov's "clerical pathology" (1858). Virkhov's robots have given an ambiguous infusion on the development of a clitinny vchennya:

XX century

At the end of the line of development of the clerical theory, a mechanistic theory of the "clerical state" appeared, as a clerk of what was introduced, including Haeckel. According to the principle of the theory, organism will compete with the state, and the latter - with the hulks. A similar theory has supervised the principle of integrity to the body.

In the 1950s, the Radiansk biologist O. B. Lepeshinska, grounded on her own donations, put up a "new classical theory" in opposition to the "virkhovianstv".

In її the basis of the bulo is laid down the fact that in ontogeny the clitine can develop from a non-cellular living speech. A critical reconsideration of the facts, pledged by O. B. Lepeshinska and the henchmen in the basis of her theory, did not confirm the tributes about the development of cell nuclei from a nuclear-free "live speech".

Suchasna klinna theory

It’s a very critical theory because of the fact that it’s a critical structure in a unique form of life, by the power of all living organisms, like viruses.

The sophisticated clinical structure has become the main focus of the evolutive development of the roslin, as well as the creatures, and the culture of the budov, it has become the main focus of the evolutionary development of the roslin.

Purity to organism is the result of natural, material interconnections that are generally available to the public and open.

Clintins of a large-scale organism are not indivisible, they are built on their own biological systems).

Before the independent development of the building, as a rule, they deprive them of the large cells, which give an ear to new individuals (gametes, zygotes, or super-spikes) and may look like some organisms. The cell cannot be seen from the midst of the midst (yak, vіm, і be-like live systems). Soseredzhennya respect on the outskirts of the cells will inevitably lead to the unification and mechanical intelligence of the organisms yak sumi chastin. Cleared to the mechanics and updated with new data, the theory of the class is one of the most important biological research centers.

Until the 17th century, Lyudin was astonished at nothing about the microstructure of the objects that he could feel, and took light with an indefatigable eye. Attachment for vivchennya mіkrosvіtu - mіkroscope - buv wines in about 1590 rotsі Dutch mechanics G. and 3. Jansen, because of this lack of sophistication did not give the ability to look out to finish other objects.

The deprivation of the so-called folding microscope by K. Drebbel (1572-1634) on the basis of the so-called folding microscope contributed to the progress in this area.

In 1665, the English scientist-physicist R. Hooke (1635-1703) improved the design of the microscope and the technology for making the lenses, making it overturned in the polygonal image of the tree, looking at the eyes of the sample

On the spines of the wines, they vyaviv dibni pori, who can make up the bdzholin stylists, and naming them clitines (in lat. celulite- oseredok, clitina). It’s obvious that R. Hooke introduced the head component to the cinnamon shell.

In the other half of the 17th century, the robots of the most important micro-copists M.

Malpigi (1628-1694) and N. Grue (1641-1712), they also evolved into the porous Budova bagatiokh roslin.

As a result, the Dutch merchant A. Levenguk independently developed the design of the microscope design, developed a principled approach to the development of the microscope.

Tse allowed him to reach the improvement in 275-300 times and to look at such details of the budget, as the boules are technically inaccessible to the investigators. A. Levenguk was not overwhelmed with a posteriori: it was a mistake to make a mistake and after describing it with a microscope, without even explaining it. One can see one-line organisms, including bacteria, in the cells of the growths the kernels, chloroplasts, the growth of the cells, and even the assessment of the first appearance could have increased.

component display internal budovi organisms in the first half of the 19th century followed one after the other.

G. Moth grows in the cells of the roslin I live a speech and a watery ridin - a clitinny sik, having emerged pori. English botanist R. Brown (1773-1858) in 1831 a nucleus appeared in the orchid cells, while it was found in all tall cells. Chesky's teachings by J. Purkin (1787-1869) for the designation of a kind of gelatinous, mischievous clitine without a core of the term "protoplasm" (1840). The Belgian botanist M.

History of the origin and basic provisions of the clerical theory

Schleiden (1804-1881), who vivchayuchi development and differentiation of the cultural structures of the growing trees, dovids, that all growing organisms lead their own way in the same culture. In the same way, looking out in the nuclei of the lusca cybuli okru-glie tiltsya-nucleatsya (1842).

In 1827, the Russian scientist-embryologist K. Berviyaviv of the ovaries of humans and those of the youngest mammals, who by themselves revealed the development of the organisms viciously from the human gametes. In addition, the reason for the formulation of a high-grade food organism from a single cell - a delayed egg cell, as well as the similarity of the stages of the embryonic development of high-cell foods, seemed to lead one to think about a single cell.

From the houses accumulated until the middle of the 19th century, they became public, and the theory became cellular.

The formulation of the biology of goiters is due to the German zoologist T. Schwann (1810-1882), which is based on the authoritative data and visnovs of M. Schleiden about the development of roslin by hanging about those, which, apparently, is clearly visible in the nucleus. with a slick.

Based on this criterion, T. Schwann formulated the main provisions of the clerical theory.

Nimetsky likar and pathologist R. Virkhov (1821-1902) introduced one more important position into the theory:

That is, the cells are set up only from the cells (“the cells are from the cells”).

At the hour of the beginning of the clerical theory, the cult theory about a clerk yak about one structure, function and development of the body was developing without interruption. Until the end of the 19th century, the success of the microscope technology was clarified to the budov cells, the descriptions of the organelles - parts of the cells, the vicono-youth of the development of functions, the realization of the ways of establishing new cells - the cells of the cells, the transfer of health ...

The stagnation of new physical and chemical methods until recently allowed to get lost in the process of collecting and transmitting decay information, as well as to see the thin skin of the cells of the cells. Everything took the vision of science about klitina in the independent galuz of knowledge - cytology.

Klіtinnu budovu organisms, the similarity budovu and klіtin all organisms - the basis of the unity of organic light, prove the sporeness of living nature

All living organisms (roslini, creatures, mushrooms and bacon terії) on this year’s day may come to my friend Budov.

Navi viruses, as they do not miss the clitny budovi, can only multiply in clitines. The cell is an elementary structural and functional unit of the living, such as the pretense of all its manifestation, sprouting, exchange of words and re-development of energy, homeostasis, growth and development, performance and adaptation. At the same time, in the cells, it is possible to acquire, overwhelm and realize the decline in information.

Unimportant for all the versatility of the clitin, the plan for them is only one: to revenge all the stench hereditary information, buried in cytoplasmі navkolishnє klіtku plasma membrane.

A winykl clutch as a result of a trivial evolution of organic light.

The unification of cells in a large-scale organism is not forgiven for children, so as a skin cell, all the signs are attached to a living organism, at the same hour the new authorities are filled with the functions of her singing.

From one side, a large-scale organism can be distributed to the warehouse of the th part - the clerk, ale from the other side, but once again, it is unfortunate to introduce the function of the central body, as it is often the case that the authorities are not required to go through the system. At the same time, one of the basic laws is manifested, which characterizes the living, - the unity of the discrete and the central. Small sizes and the number of cells is significant. They have a large surface in large organisms, which is necessary for securing a quick exchange of words.

In addition, since one part of the body has died out, its purpose can be renewed for the development of a wine cellar. The pose of a clerk is uncomfortable і the transfer of decay information, the loss і transfer of energy from the onset of the transformation into the robot. The nareshty, the function of the cells in the rich-cell organism, has provided a wide range of possibilities for attaching organisms to the middle of the whole organism, and has become the reason for the acceleration of these organisms.

With such a rank, the establishment of the same plan for all living organisms has served as a proof of the unity of all living things on Earth.

Date of publication: 2014-10-19; Read: 2488 | Violation of the copyright of the party

studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018 rіk. (0.001 s) ...

Only one postulate of the clerical theory has come into being. The verdict of the viruses showed that the firmness of "the pose of the clientele is not a matter of life" is pomilkovo. If viruses, like and cells, are composed of two main components - nucleic acid and protein, the structure of viruses and cells is rather small, but it is not allowed to respect the virus of the cell's form of organization of the mother.

Viruses do not independently synthesize the components of the power structure - nucleic acids and proteins, - and it is possible to reproduce them only in case of vicorian enzymatic systems of klin. This virus is not an elementary unit of living matter.

The importance of cells as the elementary structure and functions of the living, as the center of the main biochemical reactions, which run through the body, as carrying the material foundations of the decline rate, to rob cytology by the general biological discipline.

KLITINNA THEORIYA

As I said earlier, the science about cellin is cytology, vivchak budova and the chemical warehouse of cells, the functions of internal cell structures, the multiplication and development of cells, attributed to the minds of the new middle-class. This is a complex science, linked to chemistry, physics, mathematics, and other biological sciences.

Klitina is the best one of the living, which lies in the foundation of Budov and the development of the growing and creative organisms of our planet. Vona is an elementary living system, built to self-improvement, self-regulation, self-creation.

But in nature, there is no universal cell: a cell of the brain is so strongly recognized from a cell of mutations, as it is from a single-cell organism. The insight to go beyond the framework of architecture is the development of yak budova klin, ale and іkh functions.

And everything can be said about the clitin in the clear understanding. In the middle of the 19th century, on the basis of the already numerical knowledge about the clergy T.

Schwann formulated the classical theory (1838). Winning the knowledge about the cells and showing that the clit is the main unit of the buds of all living organisms, the clit of the growls and the creatures of their own.

Clinical theory: development and position

These conditions have become the most important proofs of the similarity of walking of all living organisms, of the sameness of all organic light. T. Schwann has introduced into science the correct intelligence of a cell as an independent unit of life, the best unit of life: the pose of a cell is dumb life.

Clinical theory is one of the most important studies of the biology of the last century, which provided the basis for a materialistic approach to a rational life, to the development of the evolutionary connections between organisms.

Klіtinna Theorіya neglected the present development in the first half of the 19th century. Bulo іdkrito rozpodіl kіtin і formulated the provisions about those, that the skin nova clіtina resembles from that wihіdnaya clіtina wіth way її rozpodіlu (Rudolf Virkhov, 1858). Karl Behr opened the egg cells of his colleagues and installed them, and all large organisms repair their development from one cell, from the cell to the zygote. The message showed that a clitine is a unit of awakening, and a unit of development of all living organisms.

Klіtinnaya theory has saved its meaning in the Danish hour. Vona Bula was repeatedly revised and supplemented with numerical materials about the budget, functions, chemical warehouse, multiplication and development of smart organisms.

The current clinical theory includes the following provisions:

è Klitka - the main unit of budovi and development of all living organisms, the name of the unit of the living;

è Clients of all one-liners and many organisms of the same type (homologous) for their own budget, chemical warehouse, the main manifestations of living and exchange of words;

è Reproduction of a clitin will be led by a path of growth, and a new clitine will become the result of a subclinical (maternal) clitini;

è In folding large-scale organisms, cells are specialized according to their functions and fabrics; Organizations are stored from fabrics, which are tightly tied between themselves and according to nervous and humoral systems of regulation.

Zagalny rice and let us talk about clients vzagali, like the average type of client. All the attributes are absolutely real objects, easily visible through an electronic microscope.

True, the attributes changed - at once with the power of microscopes. On the diagrams of cells, established in 1922, behind an additional light microscope, all of the internal structures; from 1965 to rock, runtuyuchis on the tribute of electronic microscopy, mi little vzhe, shonaymenshe, seven structures.

Moreover, if the scheme of 1922 didn’t fall into a picture of an abstract artist, then lucky scheme The honor of the artist-realist would be grateful.

Let's go closer to the picture, to look more beautifully around the details.

BUDOVA KLITINI

Clients of all organisms may have a single plan of Budov, in which the spirit of all processes of life is clearly manifested.

The skin cellin includes two loosely tied parts to its own fold: the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Yak cytoplasm, so the nucleus is characterized by folding and supreme order of budov and, in its own way, before the warehouse, it can enter without any intelligent structural units, display a whole lot of singing functions.

Column. Vona zdіysnyu without a mediocre intercourse from zovn_shn_m middle and vzaimodyu from susіdnіmi cells (in large-scale organisms).

Obolonka - mitnytsya klitini. There is a saw to quilt after the tim, the schobs did not penetrate into the cage that was not consumed at the given moment of speech; Navpaki, speeches, in what kind of clients will need, you can rorakhovuvati at the maximum with priyannya.

Subline core shell; to be stored from internal and external nuclear membranes. Perinuclear space is expanded between the membranes. The name of the nuclear membrane is tightly tied with endoplasmic canals.

The shell of the core is to avenge the numerical poros.

The stench settles down to the small and small diameters of the inner membranes. In some nuclei, for example, in the nuclei of ovules, there are even more and smells with the correct intervals of the rosette on the surface of the nucleus. Number of peas in nuclear shells in different types of cells. Pori roztashovanі on іvnіy vіdstanі one in one.

So, as the diameter of the pore can change, and in the row of vypadkіv її stinka, it can reach the foldable structure, the hostility builds up, so the pores speed up, or it freezes, or, navpaki, expands. The managers of the karyoplasm are pores to enter into a bezposredny contact with the cytoplasm. It is easy to pass through the pores to reach large molecules of nucleosides, nucleotides, amino acids and proteins, and in this order, active exchange between the cytoplasm and the nucleus becomes possible.

Cytoplasm. The main speech is cytoplasm, also called hyaloplasm or matrix, is the middle of the cell, in which the nucleus and all organelles of the cell are grown. Under an electronic microscope, the entire hyaloplasm is grown, and it grows between the organoids of the cell, which has a fine-grained structure.

A sphere of cytoplasm forms a developmental education: vii, jgutics, superficial virosti. Remain playing an important role in Russia and familiarize yourself with the fabric.

May I go to Budova. The rise in prices became the basis for proving the unity of organisms. T. Schwann and M. Schleiden introduced into science the main thing about cells: the pose of cells is not a matter of life.

The clinical theory has been updated and revised several times.

The cliché theory of Schleiden-Schwann

The creators of the theory formulated the basic principles as follows:

All creatures and growing lines are stored in cells.
Growth and growth of growth and creation of new clients.
Klіtina is the best unit of the living, and tsіli organism - the price of sukupnіst klіtin.

The main provisions of the current clerical theory

Klitina is an elementary, functional unit of all living things. Bagatoclatinny organism is a collapsible system of powerless cells, united and integrated into the system of tissues and organs, knitted one by one (except for viruses, as they do not conceal the clitinous budovi).
The cell is a single system, it includes the functionlessly knitted elements between themselves, which represent the whole solution, which is formed from the resulting functional units - organoids.
Clients of all organisms homologous.
The clerk will only walk along the path of the mother's clerk.

Adequate provisions of the clerical theory

In order to present the clerical theory in greater detail, the list is often updated and expanded. At the bagatokh dzherelakh cі dodatkovі the position is developed, їх gain is complete.

Clients of prokaryotes and eukarot є systems of a reasonable level of folding and in general are homologous to one to one.
At the heart of the cell line and the multiplication of organisms is a copy of the decay information - nucleic acid molecules ("skin molecule c molecule"). The provisions on genetic continuity are not only applied to the cell as a whole, but to some of the larger other components - to mitochondria, chloroplasts, genes and chromosomes.
Klіtini bagatoklіtinnih totipotentnіst, tobto mayutsya genetichnimi potentsіyami vsіh klіtin danogo organіzmu, rіvnoznachnі by genetichnoї Informácie, ale vіdrіznyayutsya one od one rіznoyu ekspresієyu (robot) rіznih genіv scho generally produces up їh morfologіchnim funktsіonalnim rіznomanіtnіstyu i - to diferentsіyuvannya.

History

XVII century

Link and Moldnhower will establish the appearance of self-styled domestic clientele. It should be noted that the celline is morphologically separated by the structure. In 1831, G. Moth brought, how to build such a well, non-linear structure of roslin, like a water-bearing tube, is developed from a wall.

F. Menn in "phytotomy" (1830) describes the growths of the fungi, as “they are either alone, so the skin clit is a special kind of individual, as it grows near the organisms of all kinds of fungi, or even in larger and smaller numbers ". Meijen p_dkreslyuє independence of speech exchange of skin cells.

In 1831, Robert Brown described the core and the boiled pot, which is a post-storage part of the growing plant.

school Purkin

In 1801, rotsi Vіgia vіv learned about fabrics of food, proteins of fabrics on the display of anatomical preparation and not using a microscope. The development of a statement about the microscopic Budova of the fabric of the twar is tied with a persh for all of Purkin's preliminaries, having fallen asleep in his school in Breslavl.

In 1837 rotsi Purkin entered Praz with a series of additional events. They have wondered about their guard over the budovy shlunkovyh zloz, the nervous system, etc. At the table, how to get to the third prediction, there will be a readable image of the deyakie clines of tvarin fabric. Protect the homology between clitin roslin and clitin tvarin Purkin not zmіg:

in perche, with grains of wine, those cells, then cells of kernels;
in a different way, the term "klitina" is just like "space, enclosed by walls".

Retaining the clitin roslin and the "grain" of the Purkin veins in the plan of analogy, and not the homology of structures (the meaning of the term "analogy" and "homology" in the bitter mind).

School of Müller and Robot Schwann

Another school, they taught the microscopic Budova of food fabrics, was the laboratory of Johannes Müller in Berlin. Muller vivchav microscopic Budova spinning strings (chordi); His student Henle published a message about intestinal nutrition, in which case he gave a description of his new species and his clientele buddies.

Here the boules of the victorious classics of Theodore Schwann, who laid the foundation of the clerical theory. Schwann's robot was infused by the Purkin and Henle school. Schwann knows the correct principle of correcting the cells of the roslin and the elementary microscopic structures of the creatures. Schwann zmіg establish homology and bring the appearance in the buds and growths of elementary microscopic structures of roslin and tvarin.

The nucleus in Schwann's cells was nailed by Mathias Schleiden, who in 1838 had a robot called "Materials for Phytogenesis". Tom Schleiden is often called the co-author of the classical theory. The main idea of the clerical theory is the appearance of the clerk of the roslin and the elementary structures of the creatures - the bull is a stranger by Schleiden. Having formulated the theory of a new cell formation with structureless speech, it is a common source of the least granularity that the nucleus condenses, near the nucleus, which is the origin of cellini (cytoblastoma). However, the theory is spiraling on neural facts.

In 1838, there were 3 earlier reports of Schwann, and in 1839, there was a more classic TV series "Microscopic Dosluding About the Evidence in the Structure and Growth of Tvarin and Roselin", in the

At the first part of the book, the chordi and cartilage of Budova are looked at, showing how the elementary structures - cells develop in the same way. It is possible to bring the microscopic structures of their tissues and organs of the creature's body - the chain of cells, all the way to the cells of cartilage and chordi.
In the other part of the book, the clientele of the roslin and the clitine of the creature will be shown and their appearance will be shown.
In the third part, the theoretical provisions are developed and the principle of the clerical theory is formulated. The very last time Schwanna formalized the classical theory and brought (at the level of knowledge of that hour) the unity of the elementary structure of the creatures and the roslin. With the head pardon of Schwann, a thought about the possibility of detecting cells from a structureless non-cellular speech was caught by him, following Schleiden.

Development of clerical theory in the other half of the 19th century

Since the 1840s of the 19th century, the history of the clergy appears in the center of respect for all biology and grows swiftly, re-creating the independent science of cytology.

For the further development of the clerical theory of the sutta, there is little extension to protists (the simplest), as it is known that the bully can live as clerks (Sibold, 1848).

We have an hour to notice about the cellin's warehouse. There is another row of meanings of the clitinous shell, which was previously known as the most important part of the clitine, and hangs on the first plan of the value of protoplasm (cytoplasm) and nuclei of the clitin (Mol, Kon, L.S. Designed klіtini, yake vіn gave M. Schulze in 1861:

The cell - the whole breast of protoplasm is located in the middle of the nucleus.

In 1861, Brücke saw the theory about the folding Budova clitini, as it was called “elementary organism”, which was given to Schleiden and Schwann by the theory of the establishment of clientele with unstructured speech. It was revealed, by the way of establishing new cells є clitinniy rospodil, which was later boiled by Mole on filamentous water. In the spread of the theory of the cytoregion on botanical materials, a great role was played by the presenter of the Negeli and N. I. Jelly.

Rozpodil tissue clitin from the twins bulo vidkrito in 1841 r Remak. Z'yasuvalosya, crushed blastomeres є a series of last podiliv (Bishtyuf, N.A. Kelliker). Idea about the home of the expansion of the client's time as a way of establishing new clients to lock R. Virkhov in the view of the aphorism:

"Omnis cellula ex cellula".
Skin cells from cells.

In the development of the clerical theory in the 19th century, there is a great deal of superlativeness, so that the twofold character of the clerical vision evolved within the framework of a mechanistic declaration about nature. Already at Schwann's place, they start trying to look at the organisms yak sumu klin. Tsya tendencies otrimu special development in Virkhov's "clerical pathology" (1858).

Virkhov's robots have given an ambiguous infusion on the development of a clitinny vchennya:

Clinical theory has been extended to the area of pathology, which has given rise to the knowledge of the universality of clinical practice. Pratsi Virkhova solidified the form of the theory of the cytoplasm of Schleiden and Schwann, screwed their respect to the protoplasm and the nucleus, by recognizing the most Sutta parts of the clitini.
Vіrkhov, directing the development of the clerical theory by way of a purely mechanistic interpretation of organism.
Vіrkhov, having raised cells to the steps of an independent essence, as a result of which the organism did not look like a whole, but just like a sum of a clitin.

XX century

The clinical theory from the other half of the 19th century developed more and more metaphysical character, more and more metaphysical character, more and more to Fervorn's “clinical physiology”, when he looked at whether it was a physiological process, which protested in the body, as a simple matter of the psychology of students. At the end of the line of development of the clerical theory, a mechanistic theory of the "clerical state" appeared, as a clerk of which, among other things, Haeckel was introduced. According to the principle of the theory, organism will compete with the state, and the latter - with the hulks. A similar theory has supervised the principle of integrity to the body.

Mechanistic directly at the development of the clerical theory was given to the guest criticism. In 1860, a criticism of Virkhov's statement about the clits was made by I. M. Suchenov. More critically, the theory has become aware of the critical assessments from the side of the authors. Naybіlsh serioznі and principles of the list of bullets of destruction by Gertvig, A.G. Gurvich (1904), M. Heidenhain (1907), Dobella (1911). With the great criticism of the clerical vchennya he presented the chesky histologist Studnichka (1929, 1934).

In the 1930s, the Radyansky biologist O. B. Lepeshinska, grounded on the tribute of her days, hung up a "new classical theory" in opposition to the "revolution". In її the basis of the bulo is laid down the fact that in ontogeny the clitine can develop from a non-cellular living speech. A critical reconsideration of the facts, pledged by O. B. Lepeshinska and the henchmen in the basis of her theory, did not confirm the tributes about the development of cell nuclei from a nuclear-free "live speech".

Suchasna klinna theory

It’s a very critical theory because of the fact that it’s a critical structure in a unique form of life, by the power of all living organisms, like viruses. The sophisticated clinical structure has become the main focus of the evolutive development of the roslin, as well as the creatures, and the culture of the budov, it has become the main focus of the evolutionary development of the roslin.

At the same time, we are guilty of giving a re-evaluation of the dogmatic and methodologically incorrect assumptions of the clerical theory:

The clinical structure is a head, but not a single form of life. Non-linear forms of life can be applied to viruses. True, the signs of the living (exchange of speech, goodness before breeding, etc.) The stench is shown only by the middle class, the posture by the cells of the virus є foldable by the cheeky speech. On the mind of a large group of people, in its own way the virus is tied with a cell, partly of the genetic material, by "wild" genes.
When there are two types of cells - prokaryotic (cells of bacteria and archaea), but not a membrane-ridden nucleus, and eukaryotic (cells of roslin, tvarine, fungi and protists), which can be detected from the nucleus Between the cells of the prokarit and the eukaryot of the simple and no-nonsense insights. In a large number of prokaryotes, there are no internal membrane organoids, and in a large number of eukaryotes, there are mitochondria and chloroplasts. According to the theory of symbiogenesis, there are also autonomous organelles - sites of bacterial cells. Thus, the eukaryotic clitine is a system of a higher level of organization, it cannot be taken into account by the whole homologous clit bacterium (clitina bacterium is homologous to one mitochondria clitina human). The homology of all cells, in such a rank, was shattered to the extent that they had a closed ring membrane from the sub-ball of phospholipids (the Archaean had a great chemical warehouse, but not in the other groups of chromosomes), the molecules of ribosomes in the mother bilkami. So, obviously, I don’t skate all the clientele out-of-doors, so that I can grow up to the spirit of this chemistry warehouse.
Klіtinn theory looked at the organism as a sum of klіtin, and to show the life of the organism found it in the sum of the display of the life of the warehouse yogo klіtin. Tsim ignored the integrity of the body, the laws of the whole were replaced by the sum of parts.
Vazhayuyu a cell with a backward structural element, the theory of clinics looked at the whole homologous structure of tissue and cells and gametes, protists and blastomeria. The staunchness of the witness of the protists to New Prosto to the disputable nourishment of the clergy in that sense, which is quite well-organized, the rich-nuclear cells of protists can be seen like the supracellular structures. In tissue cells, state cells, simple cells, a backward cell organisation is manifested, and it turns into a morphological view of caries in the nucleus, however, the structure cannot be taken into account in a particularly clear way, with specific intertwining Zokrema, gametes tvarin or roslin are not just cells of rich organisms, but especially haploid generation in the life cycle, which is both genetic, morphological, and some of the ecologic specialties of natural At the same hour, practically all eukaryotic cells, maddenedly, can be mentally motivated and a set of homologous structures - elements of the cytoskeleton, ribosomes and eukaryotic type and in.
The doctrinal theory is dogmatic and ignored the specificity of nonclinical structures in organisms, or to nominate them, like the Virchows, as inanimate. For the sake of truth, in the organism of the crust, the cell is rich in nuclear supracellular structures (syncytia, symplasts) and the non-nuclear intercellular speech, which will grow up to metabolism and then live. Establish the specificity of the manifestation of life and the significance for the body and the development of the current cytology. At the same hour, the nuclear structures, and later the speech, appear only from the clitin. Syncytes and symplasts of large cells are a product of evil of vital cells, and later speech is a product of their secretions, in order to establish themselves as a result of the metabolism of cells.
The problem of part and the whole was allowed by the orthodox clerical theory metaphysically: all respect was transferred to the part of the organism - clitini or "elementary organisms".

Purity to organism is the result of natural, material interconnections that are generally available to the public and open. Clients of a healthy organism are not indivisual, they are built on their own (this is how culture is called a pose by organism and a piece of biological system). Before the independent development of the building, as a rule, they deprive them of the large cells, which give an ear to new individuals (gametes, zygotes, or super-spikes) and may look like some organisms. The cell cannot be seen from the midst of the midst (yak, vіm, і be-like live systems). Soseredzhennya respect on the outskirts of the cells will inevitably lead to the unification and mechanical intelligence of the organisms yak sumi chastin.

Cleared to the mechanics and updated with new data, the theory of the class is one of the most important biological research centers.

Div. also

Rovnyannya budovi klin bacteriy, roslin, tvarin i mushroom

Write a guide about the article "Klitinna theory"

literature

Katsnelson Z.S. Clinical theory in її historical development... - Leningrad: Medgiz, 1963 .-- S. 344 .-- ISBN 5-0260781.
Shimkevich V.M.// Encyclopedic vocabulary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes І 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

posilannya

Urivok, which characterizes the Klіtinn theory

- Ha? - Promoving Plato (he was already asleep). - After reading it? Praying to God. Why don't you pray?
- Hi, I pray, - having said P'ur. - Ale scho ti saying: Frola and Lavra?
- And yak, - Plato answered shvidko, - holy Kinsky. І thin shkoduvati treba, - having said Karataev. - Bach, rogue, burnt out. Ugriy, bitch daughter, - having said vin, having swathed the dog with his own nig, and turning around again, immediately falling asleep.
The name is far away, crying and screaming, and across the lines of the booth, the fire is visible; The ale in the booth is quiet and dark. P'єr did not sleep and see the eyes, lying at the temrya on his own place, listening to the worldly Greatness of Plato, who was lying there, and seeing that, in spite of the sketches, there is now a new beauty, on souls.

At the booth, before having entered into a wine, having tried a choice, there were twenty-three people full of soldiers, three officers and two officials.
All the stench at the same time in the fog seemed to P'er, ala Platon Karatayev, having lost in the soul of P'ar, the strongest and most intelligent spogad and the detachment of all Russian, kind and round. If the next day, on svitanka, P'ur has kicked his sussid, the first enemy of the round is solidified: the whole figure of Plato in his motley French overcoat, in caskets and posts, the bullet is round, the head is round, the head is called , turn your hands, like wearing, like you want to get around, bully round; there is a smile and a great deal of low eyes bully round.
Platon Karatayev is not enough for fifty rockies, judging by his statements about the campaign, in which wines he took the fate of a longtime soldier. I didn’t know myself and didn’t know much about it, because I didn’t know it; ale teeth yogo, brightly bili and mitsni, as all were victorious with their two drinks, if they were smitten (which is often awkward), there were all garnets and tsіlі; not a single gray hair boiled in his beard and hair, and all that was not enough to look at the dullness and especially hardness and tolerance.
Exposing a yogo, unaffected by other round animals, little viraz of innocence and youth; the voice of the new sounding sound. But the main feature of this move was the impeccability and the utmost verbalism. Win, mabut, nikoli not thinking about those who say win and say so; and from all over the world and on the basis of this type of inflation, it is especially charming.
Physical strength and twist of the boule so the first hour is full, well, well, I’m not mindful, but also in the volume and ailments. The skinny day is vrant and in the evenings it’s lagging, saying: "Lay, Lord, with a stone, walk with a ball"; vrantsi, get up, make sure you are equally shouldered, saying: "Lig - flaring up, getting up - flapping." First of all, it’s good, you’ll go to sleep, you’ll fall asleep like a stone, and it’s good, you’re safe, without a second of permissiveness, take it as if you’re right, like children, getting up, take up the games. Vіn mustache vmіv robiti, not even good, ale and not rotten. Win peck, wide, shiv, plow, Tacha choboti. Win a business and only at night allowing you to grow up, as you love, and love. I’m singing a song, it’s not like that, I’m sleeping with a song, I know, I’m listening, I’m sleeping, I’m sleeping with a bird, it’s obvious that the sound of a bird is so necessary to see it, it’s necessary; і the sounds of a thunderbolt thundered, nіzhni, more zhіnochі, tuglivі;
Having consumed in full and with a beard, wines, mabut, having seen all the promptings in a new, foreign, soldier's and mimovoly, turning to a coli, rural, folk style.
- The soldier at the vіdpusttsі - a shirt with trousers, - kazav vіn. Vin is reluctant to talk about his soldier's hour, he wants not to skarzhiv, and often repeating, that he is not happy with the entire service once. If it’s okay, then it’s overwhelming to tell you about your old people, mabut, dear to you, the help of a “Christian”, like a vin vimovlyav, from a village beggar. Orders, which reminded of yogo mova, do not bully those tales of obscene and live orders, like say to soldiers, albeit bully and folk loafs, as they are made insignificant, they are so insignificant, and I will understand how wisdom are
Often, when speaking in absolute opposition to what was said before, it was fair to say. Win loving to say and saying good, adorning his promos with flamboyant and adorable, like, P'Uru was well, win was a vigaduvav; Aleksey Golovna attributed her warning to the fact that in her promises she was very simple, in some cases, because they didn’t think so, Bachiv P'er, they rejected the character of clean decency. Win loving the rumors of the kazka, as in the evenings (all the same) one soldier, ale the best, loving the rumors of the fair life... I was gladly laughing, hearing such a response, inserting words and timid food, to heal before learning something about it, what they were told. Assimilate, friendship, love, like rozumiv їkh P'er, Karataev not mav niyakikh; ale vin, loving and lovingly alive at once from all, for whom life was created, and especially with people - we do not see it as some people, but with those people, like bully in front of your eyes. Vin loving his mongrel, loving comrades, French, loving P'ura, which is a boo yogo susid; Ale P'єr Vіdchuvav, Scho Karataєv, Nevazyuchi for all her Laskavu nіzhnіst to nib (Iaku Vіn Mimovolі Vіdavava Nailing the Spiritual Life of P'єra), NI on Justice did not shook a lot to the ruling. I P'єr, with the same feeling, starting to see up to Karataev.
Platon Karatayev buv for all the other corpses by the most sinister soldier; Yogi was called Falcon or Platosha, good-naturedly chewed over him, poured yogi to get some food. Ale for P'er, who introduced himself in the first place, unburned, round, and inevitably isolated to the spirit of simplicity and truth, such a fault and having been lost for ever.
Platon Karatayev did not know anything to remember, except for his prayer. If I’m saying my promises, I’m getting it right, I didn’t know what I’m going to do with it.
If P'єr, innocent of hostilities with a wicked one, move, asking him to repeat what he said, Plato could not guess that, but he had said a hindrance to that, - so, as it was, he couldn’t say words to P'єr his love for a song. There was a buzz: "native, birch and nauseous me", but in words did not come across any sense. There is no reason and no sense of the meaning of words, near to taking from promises. The skin word yogo and dermal dyya was a manifestation of an unprecedented dyyalnosti, yak bula yogo life. Ale life yogo, as it was himself, marveled at her, is not small senseu yak about life. Vona is a small sense only as a part of the whole, which is constantly seen. Yogo word і dії wagged from ny so very equipotently, necessary and uneventfully, as the smell comes out of the ticket. There is no sense of intelligence or value, or the meaning of a word taken.

When Mikoli thought about it, she said about those that my brother was from Rostov, in Yaroslavl, Princess Marya, who didn’t care about the discouragement of a tit, it’s safe to pick up їhati, and not only one, but a nephew. It’s important, it’s unimportant, maybe it’s not too bad, it didn’t nourish and didn’t want the nobility: won’t go by. As Prince Andriy himself did not see it, then Princess Mary explained that, for him, he was too weak to write, because he won’t care for her and for his own sake that every journey was important and important.
At a few days, Princess Mary took the road. Eksipazh її was laid out in the majestic prince's carriage, in which won it came to Voronezh, carts and carts. Behind her went to m lle Bourienne, Nikolushka with a tutor, an old nanny, three girls, Tikhon, a young footman and a hayduk, whom the trick had let her in.
Khati with a wicked way to Moscow is not possible to think about it, and to that routine way, which is to blame for Princess Mary's death: to Lipetsk, Ryazan, Volodymyr, Shuyu, but dozhey dovgy, for the sight of the importance of all the near-by-business horses, as they said, the French showed themselves, to bring in some kind of man.
For an hour of an important journey m lle Bourienne, Desalles and the servant of Princess Marya Bully were given a strong spirit and spirit. Vona kicked the least of all, got up earlier than all, and it was not difficult for them to get up. The directors of the її dіyalnosti and energії, zbudzhu її supporters, until the end of another stench, they drove to Yaroslavl.
During her stay in Voronezh, Princess Marya knew better than happiness in her life. Until Rostov, Lyubov did not torture her, she avoided it. Love inspired the whole soul, became a non-sterile part of the self, and she did not fight against her. For an hour, Princess Marya was overwhelmed, - if she didn’t want to say anything madly, she didn’t say anything, she didn’t say anything, she didn’t love and loved. At the same time, she went to the rest of her side with Mykola, if I came to the public about those who were the brother of the Buv from Rostov. Mykola, with a single word, did not pull on those who now (in the times of Prince Andriy's tameness) could have been brought up by them and Natasha, but Princess Mary was bacheloring in her guise, who knew and thought. І, unaffected by those who were put before her - protection, nіzhny and love - not only did not change, ale vin, wishing, glad that now the dispute between them and the friendly princess Mary allowed Princess Mar'ya. Princess Marya knew that she was in love the first and last time in her life, and she saw that she was in love, she was happy, spoky in all the time.
But the happiness of one side of the soul didn’t just bother with all the power to see the grief about the brother, ale, navpaki, the soulful calm in one time gave the most great opportunity to see at a glance. Feeling so strong in the first round of the trip from Voronezh, so that, seeing off the funeral, marveling at the tortured, very soulful person, it’s not uncommon for you to be on the road; Even the most difficult and more expensive turbot, for which Princess Mary took on such a feat, they hid it for an hour in grief and gave it strength.
As soon as the price goes up, Princess Mary was thinking only about one more road, and she was forgetting about those who were going to get more expensive. Ale, pid'yzhzhayuchi to Yaroslavl, since I knew those who could have stood, and even not after a lot of days, but this year's evenings, princess Mary's chivalry went to the extreme between.
If there are messages forward, the hayduk, who will know in Yaroslavl, de Rostov stand and where Prince Andriy is in what camp, make the great carriage drive up, blinking, shook the scary blindness of the princess, as if hanging
- All knowledge, your light: Rostov stand on the square, in the booth of the merchant Bronnikov. Not far, above the Volga itself, - said the hayduk.
Princess Marya was madly amazed at his denunciations, not reasonably what he was saying, not reasonably, why he was not smut nourishment: What brother? M lle Bourienne fought for Princess Mary.
- What a prince? - energized the won.
- Oh, fellowship with them in the same booth to stand.
“It’s a bootie, it’s alive,” thought the princess and quietly energized: who’s it?
- People seemed to be in the same position.
Scho meant "everything is in the same position", the princess did not feed it with a blink of an eye only, glancing inconspicuously at the seven-year-old Nikolushka, but sitting in front of her and radioing to the place, lowered her head and didn’t give it until quietly, leave the importance, shake the carriage і goydayuchis, not zupinila here. We've gotten to see the kids.
The doors came in. Zliva Bula water - the river is great, right-handed Bulo Gank; on the gank, people, the servant, as Rum'yan, with the great black scythe, the girl, who smiled inappropriately, as Princess Marya (tse Bula Sonya) was welcomed. The princess took a step at the gatherings, she got a laugh at the dvchina said: - Come, come! - and the princess was in front of Newest woman with a shy type of accusation, like with a razchulenim viraz shvidko ysla yy nazustrich. Tse Bula Countess. Vona hugged Princess Mary and became tsiluvati.
- Mon enfant! - promovila won, - je vous aime et vous connais depuis longtemps. [My child! I love you and I have known you for a long time.]
Unimportant for all her hvilyuvannya, Princess Marya zrozumila, the countess is not the same, and the countess is very demanding. Vaughn, I don’t know how, she promoted like French words;
- Likar, it seems, they are not safe, - said the countess, ala at that hour, as she was saying, she was talking about it, she was out of her eyes, and in a full gesture she turned up and down, how to overrecognize it with words.
- De vin? Can you go bachichi, can you? - energized the princess.
- Infection, princess, at once, my friend. Tse yogo sin? - said Vaughn, grunting up to Nikolushka, who entered with Desalm. - We are all in favor, great booth. Oh, what a charming lad!
The countess brought the princess into the battlefield. Sonya roamed with m lle Bourienne. The Countess nursed the boy. The old count went to the room, and the princess was brought in. The old count superficially changed for a quiet feast, as the last time the princess bachelor. Todi vin buv zhvaviy, cheerful, self-singing didok, now win zhayugidnim, ruined by people. Win, seemingly from the princess, continually looking around, powering them up at all, then win to rob, so need. Pislya rozorennya Moskva and yogo mantku, vibrating from the wicked number, wines, mabut, having lost the evidence of their meaning and seeing that there is no longer a thought in life.
Unimportant for those hvilyuvannya, in which you have been overwhelmed, do not marvel at one bazhanya soon to beat your brother and to be annoyed for those who are in a lot of slack, if you only want to beat him, - I borrow the princess, I get to praise all the tribe, She was timid about her, and felt the need for an hour to be guilty of this new order, which she entered. Vona knew that everything is necessary, and that everything is important, and I don’t hate them.
- Tse my niece, - said the count, representing Sonya, - do you not know її, princess?
The princess turned to her and, magayuchis to extinguish what was going on in her soul, feeling closer to the soul of the divine, kissed her. It was important that the mood of all those who felt so far from what was in the soul was important.
- De vin? - energized one more time, zvratayuchis to all.
- Vin is downstairs, Natasha is with him, - said Sonya, chervonyuchi. - Went to learn. Wee, I think you've got used to it, princess?
At the princess's eyes, they were annoyed. Vona came back and wanted to get some power from the countess, so she could go to the next, as in the doorway there were light, thunder, like some cheerful crocs. The princess looked around and kicked Natasha into the house, that Natasha, who was not so honored in that long time ago in Moscow.
Ale did not rise to the princess to look at the denunciations of Natasha’s church, as she was zealous, but he was a companion in grief, and a friend. Vona threw herself into a rush and, having covered her, cried on her shoulders.
Yak only Natasha, as she sat in the heads of Prince Andriy, heard about the arrival of Princess Mary, she quietly walked out from her room as bright as Princess Mary, as if she were cheerful crocs and went to her.
On the grasped guise, if she drove into the room, only one viraz - viraz of love, immeasurable love, until now, before all, before all that, too, very close to the cohannes of people for all the citizens who lived in in addition, do help їm. It can be seen that in the chill of the zhilnoy thoughts about herself, about her hundredths until now, did not boil in Natasha's soul.
Chuyna Princess Marya, from the first glance at Natasha's disclosures, sounded all out of her mind and cried on her shoulders with satisfaction.
- It’s good, it’s good, Mary, ”Natasha said, bringing it to my room.
Princess Marya lifted her head, turned her eyes and turned to Natasha. Vona saw, that from her, all intelligence and understanding.
- Scho ... - waited for the food, ale raptom zupinilsya. Vona saw that words can’t be fed, nor given. The person and eyes of Natasha Mali say everything is clearer and clearer.
Natasha marveled at her, ala, she was good, bully in fear and ignorance - say or not tell all those she knew; vona nibi saw, how before the men who changed the eyes, how they penetrated into the very heart of the heart, it is impossible not to say all, all the truth that was won over. Natasha's lip twitched with a rapt, the indulgent little eyes settled down around the company, and won, crying out, shielding her hands.
Princess Marya zrozumila everything.
Ale Vona nevertheless encouraged and energized with words, in which she did not viril:
- Ale yak yogo wound? Vzagalі in what kind of winery?
- Vi, vi ... shake, - only Natasha could say.
The stench sat for an hour at the bottom of the room of your room, and then the placards could not be used to get away with quiet guises.
- Yak went all the ailment? Chi has long been youmu girshe? How long has it become? - nursed Princess Mar'ya.
Natasha said that the first hour was not safe from the hot camp and from the citizens, but it passed in the Trinity, and the doctor was afraid of one thing - Antonov in the fire. Ale і tsya nebezpeka passed. If they arrived in Yaroslavl, the wound began to fester (Natasha knew everything about the suppuration and so on), and when she spoke, she could suppress correctly. The fever woman was creeping. The doctor said that the feisty tsia is not so uncomfortable.
- Ala, two days ago, - Natasha said, - the rapt was tense ... - I don’t know why, ale vie pachit, as vіn becoming.
- Weak? thin? .. - the princess fed.
- Hi, not those, ale girshe. Wee shake it. Ah, Mary, Mary, it's even better, I can't, I can't live ... that's it ...

If Natasha knocked down the door with a vicious collapse, letting the princess pass ahead of her, Princess Mary saw the ready party in her throat. She gotuvala a bit, did not try to calm down, she knew that she would not be able to beat him without tears.
Princess Marya rose to mind, as Natasha said: it took two days to take off. Vona rasumіla, so tse meant those who wіn raptom pom'yakshav, і wіn hаνе tο mаkе, іt іѕ nοt іn thе way іn tе signs of death. Vona, walking to the door, was already bachelor of Andriyka, as she knew from the child, now, lagged, rozchulene, as it was so rare in the new and so hungry for her. Vona knew that I’d say the quiet, few words, that I’ve said my dad before his death, and that she’s not worth it, and she’s growing over him. Ale, early in the morning, it’s worthwhile to get out, and she went to the room. Ridannya all nearer and nearer stepped up to the throat, at that hour, with their short-sighted eyes, they cleared up and clearer the form and whispered of their rice, and the axis of the way shook his face and looked around him.
Vin was lying on the sofa, covered with pillows, in a farmhouse white dressing gown. Vin buv is thin and bloody. One thin, clear there was a hand yogo trima khustku, another wine, with the quiet rucks of her fingers, spilling thinly. The eyes of the yogo were amazed at how they entered.
Having shaken off his denunciations and looking at him, Princess Marya quickly streamed the speed of her crock and saw, so that they dried up and the woman got dry. Having caught the viraz of yogo exposure and look, there was a quick start and saw myself with wine.
"So who am I to blame?" - she fed herself. “The one who lives and thinks about living, and I! .. "- seeing him cold, Suvoriy looked.
For someone, not for himself, for a little in himself, Ti, who marveled at the glance, was more fortunate, if they looked at his sister and Natasha.
Vin kissed his sister hand in hand, in a zvichkoyu.
- Hello, Mary, how have you gone? - having said in a voice the same equal and alien, like a boo yogo look. As soon as he squealed with a soulful cry, then the cry of mensh would press Princess Mary, below the sound of his voice.

- an elementary structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Vona can be rich in organisms (bacteria, simple, water growth, fungi), as well as in the warehouse of fabrics of bagatoclinic tvarines, roslin and mushrooms.

History of vivchennya klitini. Clinical theory.

Life of organisms on the cell line of vivic science cytology and biology of cellina. The definition of cytology as a science is closely related to the roots of the clinical theory, which is the broadest and most fundamental of all biological studies.

The history of vivchennya klitini is unreasonably tied with the development of methods until recently, in the first place with the development of microscopic technology. Formerly, a microscope was used for early childhood and food fabrics by the English physicist and botanist Robert Hooke (1665). Vivchayuchi zrіz corks of elderberry kernels, vіn viyaviv oremі empty - midsered abo klіtini.

In 1674, the Dutch prelude to Anton de Leeuwenhoek made famous the microscope (270 times), having seen one glass of water near the drops. In the tooth nalloty, the bacteria were found, the vidkriv and describing the erythrocytes, spermatozoa, and of the food tissues, describing the Bud's heart meat.

1827 - our sp_vitchiznik K. Ber vіdkriv ovitelіtinu.
1831 - English botanist Robert Brown describing the core in the cells of the roslin.
1838 - Nimetsian botanist Mathias Schleiden, having drawn the idea of the identity of growing cells from the point of view of their development.
1839 - the Nimetsian zoologist Theodor Schwann zrobiv residual publicity zagalna budova... In his robot "Microscopic advances about the appearance in the structure and growth of the species and the roslin", he formulated the theory, which is known from the clinics, the structural and functional organic basis of living.
1858 - Nimetsian pathologist Rudolf Virkhov stashed the clinical theory in pathology and updated it with important provisions:

1) a new cell can be found only from the front cell;

2) if people are sick, they may have ruined Budovi Klin at their base.

The clinical theory in a day-to-day view includes three head positions:

1) a clitine is an elementary structural, functional and genetic unit of all living things - a first-time life.

2) new clients are established in the results of the next; klitina is an elementary unit of development of the living.

3) structural and functional units of complex organisms є cells.

Clinical theory has been making a lot of money in all directions of biological issues.

Unimportant on the superbly important views of the 17th - 18th centuries, the food about those who enter the cells to the warehouse of all parts of the roses, and also motivated from them not only the growth, but the creature organisms that are seen. Lishe in 1838-1839 rr. The food has been residually revised by the German scientist Mattias Schleiden and the physiologist Theodor Schwann. The stench gave the so-called classic theory. The essence of the її was based on the residual knowledge of the fact that all organisms, both roslinna, and creatures, fixing from the lower and ending the most highly organized, are composed of the simplest elements - 1.)

Submitted pod_l of rozchinnikh enzymes, DNA and RNA can be imitated by the method of electrophoresis.

The basic position of the clerical theory on the up-to-date development of biology can be formulated by the next rank: Cage is an elementary living system, the basis of budovia, living, reproduction and individual development of the procarriage. The pose of klitini's life is dumb. New clients win only a few days earlier than other clients. Clients of all organisms are located behind a budget and a chemistry warehouse. Growth and development of high-grade organisms are the inheritance of growth and propagation of one or more deciduous cells. Klіtinnu budovu organizmіv - evidence of the fact that everyone is alive and well spirited.