Evolution of the nervous system. Nervous system, the structure of neurons and other structures of the nerve tissue and creatures, which is the common activity of our organs. Evolution of the central nervous system
Moscow State University of the Name of M.V. Lomonosov
biology faculty
Department of Anthropology
on cerebrology:
Evolution of the central nervous system
Moscow, 2002
The nervous system of food and people is t s wallpaper is the result of tricky development in the process adaptive Evolution of living things. development of the central nervous system vidbuvalosya, persh for everything, in conjunction with the perfection of the reception and analysis of the impact st in the first place.
Sawtsy, ymovirno, early early primates bully also grow into hut coma. In an unbeatable way, the reptiles appeared to be mainly divided into three lines: synapids, which gave birth to ssavts; anapids, which led turtles to live up to the ninth; and dippses, which gave birth to dinosaurs, birds and other living reptiles, like turtles. The main insights of the three great lines are tied with the shape of the skull and the shaping of the muzzles, which cover the slit, and the specialization, is tied with the hickish behavior.
The hired members of the line, who opinilis at ssavts, buli pelikosavrii. yogo a new personality there was a beginning of a more effective mechanism for completing and developing other hospitals, for the help of which you can build your own way. Qia zmіna became an ear of special teeth, with rice ssavts in front of reptiles. Successful pelikosaurio buv dimetrod. The Pelicosaurus reached the eulogy dead end for 50 million years. Therapsidos experienced another great adaptive diffusion, from the stench of the giant herbaceous and hijackas, all of them became known at the end of the ephemeral period. 248 million years ago.
Phylogenesis of the nervous system and is briefly raised to the offensive. They themselves have very organized creatures, for example, from ame b, more than a few special receptors, no special roche apparatus, nothing similar to the nervous system. Be-like a dilyan of its own body, an amoeba can spry it out and react to it in a free way, it can be adopted by protoplasm, or pseudopodia. Vipuskayuchi pseudopodia, an amoeba peresovayutsya to a teaser, for example, to їzhі. This regulation is called humoral , abo pre-nerve.
In the end, a series of volcanoes appeared in Siberia, which covered millions of square kilometers with basalt. Mozhlvo, drank and gazi, scho to pretend to be in the tsikh vyverzhennya, wicked globally cooling the surface of the earth, wyklikayuchi vimirannya, shonaimenshe, 95% creatures. In the midst of non-bogey chotirinoids, who survived the development of the piracy, Bula giant herbaceous terabida, yaka Bula is even more generous in the first rock of the Trida. There are also hijacks in the tsіy zbіdnіlіy fauna.
One of them is a teocontom, in which there were birds and dinosaurs that replaced the great terraces. The Іnshy buv is a small terabyte, tsinodon, titles of yogo іklamy, similar to dogs, yak nadzhuvali ssavtsіv. Sleep warm and sleep. Most of the survivors and birds are stolen from the most recent temperature ranges, as they can live at a relatively constant temperature. Even more importantly constant temperature tila - thermal homeostasis - is a must for chemical reactions.
In the case of large-scale organisms, in the process of pre-eminent evolution, the specialization of the small parts of the body is determined. There are clientele, and then and the organisation, are attached for the cleaning, for the hands and for the function of communication and coordination. tse nervova form of regulation. In the world, the development of the nervous system and nervous regulation is more and more humoral, so that only one neurohumoral regulation is established, which takes place in the process of phylogenesis of the onset of the main stages: the network-like nervous system, universities.
Savings and adaptable birds take five to ten times more energy, less in reptiles of equal size, and a large part of the increase in vitrate of energy is attributed to heat resistance. Tse means, how the stench could know what is necessary for the whole process. In addition, in order to improve homeostasis, it is necessary to improve energy from the life, as well as changes in the brain, body and behavior. Changes, changes in the span of milion of rock, bully in general aspects of the eulogy history of survivors and birds, and led to changes in some of the lives, in memory of life and ways of living forebrain.
belly nerve cells It did not only allow the transmission of signals to a greater extent, but it became a morphological basis for the beginnings of coordination of elementary reactions, but to lead to the adoption of a civil act.
In the world of the evolution of food, there will be development and more sophisticated equipment in the reception, and coordination. win business organ chutta, Fitted for the cleaning of mechanical, chemical, temperature, light and other types. To be foldable ruddy apparatus, addictions, fallen asleep in the way of life of the creature, to swimming, growing, walking, striking, benefit, etc. , the distribution of nerve cells in the compact organisation central nervous system (CNS ) і peripheral nerves.
At the line of the workers, the change occurred in the early phases. In the early members of the line, yaka led to savtsiv, the parietal eyes of the good deeds and, ymovirno, tying through the link with the brain in the behavior of thermoregulation, tied with an additional cycle of temperature changes; The central function of the parietal eye in living reptiles. Deyaki early members of the lineage, pelicosaurus, use a practical method of thermoregulation: the dorsal fin. Early ssavtsi, ymovirno, bully more low and, more inactive, more high day temperatures.
In the chordate central nervous system, the viglyad has a metamerically induced neural tube that enters through it by segmental nerves up to all segments of the body, including the apparatus of the ruch, - the tulubic brain. In the ridge and humans, the tulub brain grows spinning ... In such a rank, the appearance of the trunk brain is tied to the perch of the motor "revitalization" of the creature.
The interconnection of activity at night - more cold - took the development of thermal homeostasis in early workers, from an energetic point of view, it was less warm, it was less cold. However, pershі ssavtsі, ymovіrno, saved the temperature of their body at least as much as possible. Temperature and metabolic rate of food in birds, less in sowers, if you want a fewer copalins on a larger scale.
It is unclear, if we went from cold-blooded reptiles to warm-blooded birds, we want to know that those from the first birds of mali pyr'ya, which served as an insulator. Sinodonti become more active. Tsinodonti buli hijakami, size of various warriors between Charon and spiteful villains. The creatures of the great evolutive success in the form of the head of the helpless conservative bastards. Seemingly, to add to the greater folding anatomical and physiological structures, greater high activity and high metabolic rate, cynodontics develop father's motivation.
Phylogenetically, the spinal cord is at stage III of the development of the nervous system (tubular nervous system). In the whole hour, the brain is still dumb, so the tulubovy viddil can be used to control all the processes in the body (visceral and somatic centers). Tulubovy brain grows segmental budovu, folds from the knitted neuromeres between them, in the boundaries of which there is nothing simple reflex arc... The metameric bud of the spinal cord is preserved in humans, and less and more pronounced in short reflex arcs.
Tse uzagalnoe particularity in warm-blooded і vipadkovyh і ridge ridge in cold-blooded ridge. Tse means the removal of oxytocin by the hypothalamus, which is an active ingredient in milk fermentation in milk vines, such as bullets, in the elderly, sweaty vines. Oxytocin also stimulates maternity protection in savts_v. In other survivors of the year, she was breastfeeding, and she was guilty of the woman.
The first survivors arrived in the era of dinosaurs, in the end of the third century, nearly 220 million years ago. Smells bully nabagato less, nіzh їkh ancestors of cynodontіv, whаt whаt perevischuval kilograms. The first ssavtsi were less than 30 grams and boules were similar to the ninth zemleriyka. Smells like active hijacks of small calls, and their great eyes didn’t get stolen by a small brush, like a viper from cynodont.
With the appearance of the brain (stage of cephalisation) in a new center of control of all organisms, and the spinal cord is consumed in a small camp. The spinal cord becomes not only a segmental apparatus, but becomes a conductor of impulses from the periphery to the brain and back, bilateral ligaments develop into the brain. In such a rank. In the process of the evolution of the spinal cord, 2 devices are established: the older segmental device of the power lines of the spinal cord and the newest suprasegmental device of the bilateral wires to the brain. This very principle encourages people to be possessed by people.
Transformation has become more important for the first scientists hearing aid, Especially in the innovative hair clays. The process of improving the structure of the hand and hearing, and in the physiology of hearing, gave the co-worker a functional experience. Those who do not have a hearing of less than 000 cycles, at that hour, when a few of the workers can get a bit of a frequency, they can transcend 000 cycles. Tse allowed їm to viyaviti his zdobich, head-rank coma, or to viclikati sounds from їkh generations. All ssavtsi cry or shout, if the stench is hungry or cold, or if they are alone.
The most powerful factor in the education of the trunk brain is the preoccupation with the navkolishnyy middle of the road. Budova spinal cord is driven into a way of oversupply of creatures. So, for example, in plasuns, they do not have any ideas and do not suck for a supplementary tuluba (snake), the spinal cord of accusations is equal to every limb, and there is no need to be overwhelmed. In tvarins, as they may be cousins, there are two inclinations, and, moreover, as there are more inclinations in the front kins (krila lithuanian birds), then the anterior (shiine) legs are in the spinal cord, which ) shagging; If in walking take the part of both the front and rear pictures (chotirino ssavtsi), then, however, it is the same to blame for insults. In humans, in a connection with a larger folding arm, the organ of the spinal cord is differentiated more strongly, less transversely.
Have other ssavtsіv screams zvychayayut even to a higher frequency. Deyakі z tsikh sounds, for example misha, may have an ultrasonic character. With such a rank, the birdies could have used the mother without hiding the respect of the hijackers. The first workers also presented one evolutive vigoda, tied with teeth rows, in the cynodontics. Win buv dodatkovo aspirations and allowing the development of the revolving wheels, as they polished the development of the revolving and growing up. Thus, the etching was faster and faster to the metabolism of the bull.
Appointed officials of phylogenesis play a role in the development of the spinal cord and in ontogenesis. The spinal cord develops from the posterior end of the neural tube: from the ventral side of the nerve tube to form the cells of the nerve neurons and roots, from the dorsal view of the inner neurons. Rozpodil on the motor (rukhovu) and sensory (sensitive) area to stretch over the entire nerve tube and be stored in the brain.
The candidate for the earliest birds, protavis, is alive in the last three days, approximately at the same hour, as the first time. The prototype is close to 600 grams and approximately the same size as the pheasant. On the vidminu of the early survivors, the prototype is even greater and weakly rooted in the scent system. Yak at ssavts, at first birds, buv bilsh apology mozok and the system of Batkivskeeping about to a young person, I want in birds, two members of the bet pidtrimuvali energetically navantazhennya on the turbo about offspring.
Viklyuchno for ssavts: neocortex
Nareshty, inkazhit, how the deyaki from the remains of the lithuanian dinosaurs became the birds in the homeostatic building, in the manifestation of the pyr'ya and father's turbot of crows. During the transition from cynodontics to satellites, there is an increase in the size of proencephalus. It’s crazy, the presence of most of the early helpers, and it’s quite possible, as soon as it’s possible to evolve at a certain moment when the line was coming, as it gave birth to the family. The neocortex is a vicious, original rice of savts, yak and dairy zalozi, or hammer and kovadlo in the middle.
So, as a large number of organs perceived the winery at that end of the creature, which in front of the beast, that is, forward, then for the child to go through them, the front end of the body brain head viglyadi - cephalization.
Yak and іnshі structures, perhaps, wіn evolved adaptations tied to thermal homeostasis. The neocortex allows the acquisition of information and development of the strategy of rejection of the life. In the neocortex of primitive scientists, the pictures are also organized by the topographic rank.
For example, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the structure of the thalamus, will reject the topographic input from the sieve and guide the topographic series of fibers, which end in the primary healthy measles. One of the riddles that can be applied to the neocortex is the same as in the embryogenesis of the cortical regions. mid new years Recently, Michel Cohen-Tannoudji and his first colleague have identified a gene that could be the cause of the development of somatosensory measles. Tsei gene is a part of the system, which is responsible for the identity of the entire type, the family of genes, which is called the main complex of histosity, as it rolls on the surface of the cells.
I am clearly simplified, but I will explain the phylogenesis of the brain (Seppo .K., Tsuker M.B., Shmid E.V. nerves ailments... - M .: Medgiz, 1954.). According to the diagram, at the first stage of development, the brain folds into three views: back, middle and front, moreover, it is especially possible to develop back, abo diamond-like, brain, rhombencephalon... The development of the hindbrain is connected to the inflow of receptors in acoustics and gravitation (receptor VIII bet cranial nerves), Yaki may be more important for the environment at the water center.
The gene is clearly expressed in the sphere of 4 to develop somatosensory measles and only in deciduous cells in the brain. Koen-Tannoudji and his colleagues saw the bark to revenge the website of the gene expres sion in the embryos, before they left off a ball 4 from the poplar trees. The stinks were transplanted into parts of measles in the part of the brain, and the transplanted cortex expresses the gene. Thus, the gene did not lie in the middle of the world for its expression before the people, and became a good candidate, leading to the value of somatosensory measles in embryogenesis.
In the process of further evolution of the rear brain, it is differentiated on dovgastiy brain, Yakiy є transition from the spinal cord to the head and to the title myelencephalon, і the back of the brain, metencephalon The brain and the mest develop.
In the process of attaching to the body until the middle of the day, I will change the words in the hindbrain, as the most important stage in the central nervous system, the center of the management of life, the important organs of the .). Tomato's brain had the nuclei of the chyper nerves (group X bet - the bloody nerve). The life is important for the organization of the dichotomy and circulation to get lost in the big brain and in the people who explain death, as it insists on dovzhastogo brain... At the other stage (even in ribs), in the flow of the green receptor, it is especially possible to develop middle brain , mesencephalon... At the third stage, in conjunction with the residual transition of creatures from the water center to the povtryana, it was possible to develop a scent receptor, so that it could take place in the next chemical speech.
The mouth will show the way to measles. In the fetus, the area of the neocortex for development is a part of the neocortex, which will become a part of somatosensory and motor measles. Early development of cich uyavlen, ymovirno, is tied to the need for savts ssavts to grow, as only the stench pops up. In such a rank, the revealed company can be the embryo near which one of the parts of measles is established during embryogenesis. Have your own chargers, ultrasound images.
Tero, often show, do the fruit get wet great fingers... Qia diya can stimulate the adoption of cortical maps of the company and the hands of a primate fetus, todi yak spoluky grow more in different stages fruit development. You can also visit one ruts.
Before the infusion of the scent receptor grows anterior brain, prosencephalon, Sphatku is a purely scent-brain character. The anterior brain grows and differentiates on industrial, diencephalon, і kintseviy, telencephalon.
In the endocrine brain, as in the central nervous system, there is a center for all types of sensitivity. However, the underlying centers do not know, but are taken over by the centers of the visceral brain. View yak bi oversupply functional centers up to the brain and immediately after phylogenetically old people are no longer conceived. As a result, the center of the hearing, forward to the hindbrain, є also in the middle and front, the center, which is found in the middle, і in the front, and the center of the nose - only in the forebrain. Before the infusion of the scent receptor, a small part of the forebrain develops, yak to be called smelling brain , rhinencephalon, Yakiy cover with a bark of syroi speech - old bark, paleocortex.
Divergent vernaculars in savts, reptiles and birds of Telentofal. The parity of the wiring in the expanding neocortex. The part of the expansion of the neocortex can be made by the path of the expansion of the neocortical syroid speech, so that the active elements of the nerve stones can be removed from the lower non-contiguous white speech, and where the neocortical fiber is located In such a rank, in the world of neocortex growth, more and more number of the brain can be assigned to the wires that lead to it.
Expansion of the forebrain and memory. Proscenography has been expanded and the idea of \ u200b \ u200bwithstanding the mechanisms of transmission of genetic data from generation to generation has been expanded. Dosvid of the child is stored in memory and stimulates the development of the forebrain. I want to form and synaptic modification in the proscenium to see through the stretching of life, the very process of activity in the childhood. In the early days of the generation of bilinguals, such as telencephalins, which can take part in the telencephalon, as once before the people, in the mechanisms of clinthe adhesion, as they serve to establish links between clitines.
It is necessary to produce the forebrain to a progressive development of the receptors, which is a step-by-step organ that is essential to all behavior of the creature. According to two forms of creature behavior, individual and instinctively, two groups of centers in the blue speech develop in the endocrine brain: the basal nodes and the cortex of the child's speech. The bark of the vine, during the transition from the species of water to the terrestrial way of life, appears clearly in amphibians and reptiles. On the other hand, the bark is all more in the order of its functions of the lower types, the actions of the cortex functions are displayed.
Necessary form for healthy food nervousnessє New bark, rosted on the surface of the seeds and swabs in the process of phylogenesis of 6-ball budova. For the improved development of new measles, the Kintsevian moss in the vertebral spines is transformed by its size, all those in the brain, wrapped around it, like a cloak (pallium). grow new brain, neencephalon, Vidtisnyayut in the depths of the old moss (scent), which does not become a scent, but does not become a scent center.
Otzhe, the development of the brain is seen in the flow of development of the receptors, which explains and explains those who find the brain - the cortex (sira speech) - is itself, like to teach I. P. Pavlov, sukupnіst kіrkovykh kіntsіv analizatorіv, i.e. E. Sucylnu spryman (receptor) surface. Submitted development the brain of the people grows up to the same laws, we will tie it to the social nature. In addition to the natural organs of the soul, the obvious ones from the creatures, the people thought they were criminals of prats. The renowned pratsi, as they have become piece organs, have updated the natural organization and created the technical "healthier" of the people. For the help of this "revitalization", Lyudin was given the ability not only to preserve himself to nature, but to preserve nature to his own needs. Pratsya became a virgin official of becoming a people, and in the process of a suspicious pratsi winiklo necessary for spilkuvannya - mova. "A handful of greats, and then at the same time with him articulate mova appeared with two very powerful stimuli, under the infusion of the mavi's brains, acting in a human brain, which, with all its similarity to the mavpi, far overturned Marx, F. Engels). Price perfection is backed by development endocrine brain, Especially yogo measles - measles news, neocortex.
Krym analysts, how to recover the developmental subtlety of the imaginative light and warehouse material substratum of a concrete-scientific target, dominant creatures (according to I.P. Pavlov, the persistent signal system of the abstract image of the person's life), the abstract Usna mova), because of the visible (letters mova). Tse told a friend signaling system, By I. P. Pavlov, the material substrate for which the surface of the new measles became. To that, the bark of the dimple brain is accessible to the development of humans.
In such a rank, the evolution of the nervous system is to lead to a progressive development of the endocrine brain, which is common in the spine and especially in humans in conjunction with the accelerated nerve functions of the reach of majestic dimensions.
Literature.
Johannes W. Royinnya, Chikhiro Yokochi, Elki Lutyen-Drekoll. Great atlas of anatomy. Photographic description of the human body. M., Vneshsigma, 1998.
Priest M.G., Lisenkov N.K., Bushkovich V.I .. Anatomy of a People. SPb, Hippokrat, 1999.
1.1.10. Elements of the Evolution of the Nervous System
3.1. Step of development of the central nervous system
3.1.1. Nervous system of spineless creatures
3.1.2. The nerve system of the spinal twins
3.12. The laws of the measles of the great nations
3.12.1. Walking around the new measles
3.12.2. Organization of measles novelty in the lower class.
3.12.3. Organization of measles novelty in vishchikh savtsiv.
3.17.2. Introduce integrative systems to the brain.
3.17.3. Evolution of associative systems.
3.17.4. Evolution of integrative activity to the brain.
1.1.10. Elements of the Evolution of the Nervous System
I admit, with a wicked form of the nervous system and all tvarin bul diffuse. In the course of the evolution of secondary thorns, the "back" was formed nervous system - dorsal and cerebrum, and in the course of the evolution of primitives, for example, coma, - vuzlova - - cherevna nervova Lantsyuzhok with periopharyngeal ganglia (brain of cich tvarin).
The main strains of the evolutionary development of all nerves of systems, mabut, boules centralization of elements, cefsizsatsiya (Development of the brain, cerebral ganglia) and an increase in the number of neurons and synaptic connections.
Mabut, in parallel with this evolutive structure of the nervous system, there was a differentiation of the nerve elements themselves - the formation of unipolar and multipolar neurons from "non-differential" spindle-like early nerve cells (they were formulated in advance)
An important point in the evolution of nerve elements - myelination of nerve fibers in ridge і form giant nerve guides at deyaky spineless (for example, cephalopods). Changes (especially myelination) have rapidly increased the speed of nervous signaling. Along with the molecular mechanisms of the nervous system - these channels, mediators and receptors, - as at the same time, boules are formed at a greater early stage of phylogenesis (perhaps, at the "pre-early" stages). ...
In ontogenesis, in ryhnya the nervous system develops from ectoderm (The dorsal cerebral plate, shaped like a nerve tube). In ontogenesis, in spineless nerves, the nervous system develops from ectoderm і entodermi. Clitini-transceivers of neurons are called Neuroblast. The maturity is not related to the growth of adolescents and the establishment of synaptic connections. With a large number of adolescents, they know about chemotaxis as a path to chemotaxis behind the addition of special vital glial cells, which play the role of direct structures.
Clitini-followers of the glia (glion) are called spongioblasts. Formed (mature) neurons consume the building before multiplication; at a large number of gliones, navpaki, tsya zatnitst. In the nervous systems of old creatures and people, it is more difficult to prevent some of the neurons from collapsing, as well as the multiplication of major elements. However, it is unclear whether the deterioration of neuroglial spit is a compensatory process or a variant of pathology.
3.1. Step of development of the central nervous system
The emergence of multiple organisms has become the primary stimulus for the differentiation of communication systems, which will prevent the integrity of reactions to organisms, the interaction between these tissues and organs. Tsya vzaєmodіya can work like a humoral way.
3.1.1. Nervous system of spineless creatures
The nervous system, as a specialized system of integration on the path of structural and functional development, pass through a chain of stages, as in the primary and secondary thyme can be characterized by rice parallelism and phylogenetic plastic vibration.
Among spineless most primitive type of nervous system in viglyad diffusional nerve hedgehog develop in the type of intestinal tract. Nerve hedgehog is a purchase of multi-polar and bipolar neurons, the sprouts of which can overlap, lay down one to one, and the functional differentiation on the axon and dendritis is added. The diffuse nerve netting is not divided into the central and peripheral formations and can be localized in the ectoderm and entoderm.
Epidermal nerves gossip, nagaduyut the nerves of the intestines, there can be found in the most highly revived spineless (flat and large parts of the worms), but here the stench occupies the superior position on the basis of the transfer to the Central nervous system (CNS).
Yak butt of such centralization and concentration of nerve elements can be brought orthogonal nerve system pl Oskih worms. Orthogonal turbellaria є a well-ordered structure, as it is stored with associative and ruff clitins, which form at once a number of pairs of late strands, if not bursting, with a large number of transverse and cyclonic combs. Concentration of nerve elements is superimposed on bores in the body.
Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical creatures with a clearly twisted lateral view of the body. Rukh in vіnly-living forms hіsnіsnu to pass importantly to the bіk of the head end, to concentrate the receptor, which signals about the closeness of the dzherel razdratuvannya. Up to the number of such receptors of turbellaria, there are pigment eyes, scent pits, a hundred-point, sensitive cells of crookedness (Div. Rozd. 4.2.1; 4.5.1), the manifestation of such a concentration of nerve tissue on the front end of the body. Tsey process to form head ganglion, like, behind the vluchnyi vislov of Ch. Sherrington, you can see how ganglion overhead is over the reception systems in the country.
Ganglionization of nerve elements I will take away the given development from the spineless ones, many chrobakiv, Molluscs and arthropods. In a large number of large worms in the middle of the storm, ganglionization is such a rank that in the skin segment of the body it is formed by one pair of ganglia, which are connected with the same pair, with the same
Gangles of one segment in primitive annelids are created by means of transverse comics, and should be brought to the end similarity of the nervous system. In the larger corrals of many worms, there is a tendency towards the closeness of the black worms, and even to the greater evil of the gangs of the right and the left sides and the transition from retreats to chain nerve systems. Identical, chain type of the budovy nervous system, in arthropods with a variable concentration of nerve elements, as it may not only be due to the development of anger in the middle of the ganglion after one segment of the ganglion
The evolution of the nervous system and spineless is not only along the path of the concentration of nerve elements, but directly in the acceleration of structural interactions in the ganglia boundaries. Not vipadkovo in contemporary literature is meant tendency to break the nerve lance with the spinal cord of spinal creatures. yak i in spinal cord, In the ganglia, there is a superficial spreading of provincial paths, the differentiation of neuropil to the motor, sensitive and societal areas. There is a similarity, but with the butt of parallelism in the evolution of tissue structures, it is not, however, the freedom of anatomical organisms. ventral, yak tse maє mіsce in ridge creatures.
The process of ganglionization in spineless can lead to the formation the nervous system and the single-node type, yak to see the molluscs. In the middle of the numerical type є phylogenetic primitive form with the nervous system, s an orthogon of flat chrobaks (nerve-molluscs), and thrust in the class (cephalopods), in those who are angry ganglia form differentiations on the brain.
Progressive development of the brain in cephalopods and coma leads to a change of mind for the determination of the unique architecture of command control systems of behavior. Lower level of integration in segmental ganglia, comas and in the subopharyngeal mass, the brain of molluscs serve as the basis for autonomous activity and coordination of elementary muscular acts. At the same hour, the brain is an offensive, more high level of integration, How can there be inter-analytical synthesis and assessment of the biological significance of information. On the basis of these processes, recessionary commands are formed, so that the option of launching neurons of segmental centers is not guaranteed. Obviously, the interaction of the two lines of integration lies in the basis of the plasticity of the behavior of the spineless ones, including the innate and nabuty reactions.
In general, seemingly about the evolution of the nervous system and spineless, it would be forgiven to imagine a linear process. The facts, recognized in neuroontogenetic pre-dysplinous spineless ones, allow to allow a lot of (polygenetic) walking of the nerve tissue of spineless ones. Otzhe, the evolution of the nervous system and spineless could be a wide front from decilkoh dzherel to cob developmental.
At the early stages of phylogenetic development, another trunk of the Evolutian tree, which giving an ear to an echinoderm and chordates. The main criterion for seeing the type of chordates is the appearance of the chordis, pharyngeal chordates and the dorsal nerve cord - the neural tube, which is an ancient germinal leaf - ectoderma. pipe parts nun nervous system spine-like basic principles of organisation are defined as ganglionic or vascular type of the nervous system and vertebral spineless.
