Porіvnyannya dovgasty and average brain. Brain: Budova and Functions, Gallant Description. Iaky got sick tied from a big brain
Topic 3. Bulbar dysarthria.
Features of functional organization. Prodigal brain for people, the mother is close to 25 mm. Win for further spinal cord... Structurally, for the development of the nuclei, the brain is folded, lower in the back. On the vidminu from the spinal cord, it is not a metameric, repeated budovy, the syra speech in the new growth is not in the center, but in nuclei to the periphery.
Cybulin medulli regulates the secretion of herbal juices and the function of the reflex, such as cowing, coughing, chewing and blues, the middle of the day. There are many health problems that can be strongly embedded in the brain. Among them are those, which are natural, degenerative, verminous, puffy, which may seem to be in metabolic nutrition, or of an ignition-infectious nature.
Zokrema, the most widening and serious ailments, as it strongly earns a part of the encephalon, for which I can help, The main legacy of this is atrophy of the corns. Amyotrophic sclerosis. One of the most frequent ailments will become cerebral speech є those that lead to atrophy and general degeneration of cortical-spinal fibers.
The big brain has olivies, tied with a spinal cord, extrapiracy systemі a cerebellum - a tsetone і wedge-shaped nucleus of proprioceptive sensitivity (nucleus of Goll and Burdakh). Immediately there is a cross-baptism of the lower and middle nobles and the upper nobles, made up of thin and wedge-like bunches (Gaul and Burdakh), a reticular form.
It is a pity that the numbers drop, if people from the whole pathology do not find themselves out and broadened the middle of women from 20 to 40 years. The main legacy of this miracle of decreasing decay, one wants to be able to navigate in the absence of absolute invalidity. The main manifestations are є twists different types, And also the training of the university class. From the center of serious pathology of children of adolescence, as well as representing different types of treatment, such as surgery or chemotherapy. Deyakі from the symptoms of presenting the problem to the memory or hearing, bluing, weakness or lethargy.
Dovgastiy mozok for the development of his nuclear devices and reticular formations take care of the fate in the realization of vegetative, somatic, relish, auditory, vestibular reflexes. A special feature of the big brain є those who have the last nucleus, will last the last time, will not be able to see the folding reflexes, which will help the last inclusion of the young music groups, which will make it possible, for example, during the kovtannaya.
Varto mean that the poof of a big brain is fatal, that it can lead to death in the least bit of a zupinka dikhannya or a zupinka heart. The internal structure of the brain, yak is superficially foldable, goes beyond the scope of the atlas. At the same time, the main particularities of the brain and the empty of the middle are, by the way, are the main ones.
The Qia model will show the shape of the shuttle system. There are two small empty slots in the middle line, the third and fourth slots, and two great empty ones: the big empty ones, like the third slots here. Vin is called the third dork, so bicnі slunochki vvazhayutsya first two houses.
In the big brain, the nuclei of the offensive cranial nerves:
a pair of VIII cranial nerves - the anterior-ultkovy nerve is stored in the cochlear and in front of the door. The curl nucleus lies in the large brain;
pair IX - the ulopharyngeal nerve; Its core is approved by 3 parts - rucous, sensitive and vegetative. Rukhov's part takes care of the part in the innervation of the throat and the empty company, sensitive - I will take information from the receptors in the relish of the rear third of the move; vegetative іnnervuє slynnі zalozi;
Slugs zapovnenі spinal rіdinoyu. We'll be bigger than that, if we're going to do it. The intelligence of the special features of the brain, and, of course, of the brain or the brain. Let’s wonder at the price, let’s try to solve the brain with the picture. Win is stored in the deep brain, or the cibulin of the brain, the bridge, or in the middle and middle brain. Stovbur to the brain to take revenge on the dilyanki, as the brain, the cerebellum and the spinal cord; and revenge the cores, which direct the main autonomous functions. It also has a large cranial nerve ring.
Dovzhin has a large brain, abo tsibulini has a cone shape. Its diameter will change, if it goes down and becomes a spinal cord here, in the intestine. Dovzhin did not have a big brain, where the mesencephalic was removed without the middle behind the main part of the policework and rear style. The dorsal part of the large brain is straightened right back. Back part upper part cystic brain I will approve the pidlog of the fourth slunk. The model of the quarters has a slunker, a tse pidlog.
pair X - bloody nerve MAє 3 nuclei: vegetatively innervu larynx, stravohid, heart, shlunok, intestines, herb; sensitively take information about receptors in the alveoli of the leg and internal organsі the roach (as it is called the public) will preserve the lasting speed of the throat, larynx mucus when it is blown;
Tsya arch of fabric є with a vishy medullary veil, yak I set up a tsієї part of the louse. The qia is thin fabric, the lower mozkov veil, I set up a part of the stele. Qia surface of rosrіzu є inserted corns. Wines are stored from the upper, middle and lower cerebellar stalks, which are usually angry. The ventral aspect of the large cerebral is associated with the dermal flanks of cymies, pyramids and olives.
Overflowing the ventral and pedunculated surface of the large brain is overlapping with the threads of the remaining chotiroh cranial nerves: two, hypoglobus; eleven, accessory; ten, bloody and nine, Glossopharyngeal. The axis, the yak can be seen from behind the back to the brain, on the mice. The tentacle has been seen, so you can otrimat the qiu vistava. The axis of the distribution of the cerebellum in the middle line. The axis of razdіlenii cerebellar stalk. The chain of the h_poglobular nerve thread extending from the skull.
pair XI - dodatkovian nerve; the yogo nucleus is partly roasted in the big brain;
pair XII - pid'yazicovy nerve є with the movable nerve, the second nucleus of the larger roztashovani in the large brain.
Sensory functions. Dovgastia brain regulates a number of sensory functions: the reception of the individual's sensitivity in the sensory nucleus tripartite nerve; the first analysis of the receptacle for relish - in the nucleus of the laziopharyngeal nerve; the reception of auditory teasers - in the nucleus of the cochlear nerve; reception of vestibular subtypes - at the upper vestibular nucleus. At the back of the head of the large brain, there is a path of high, glib, visceral sensitivity, some of which are transferred here to another neuron (thin and wedge-shaped nuclei). On a small, full-grown brain, the sensory functions are re-analyzed to realize the first analysis of strength and quality of development, the information has been broken down to be transmitted to the parent structure for the purpose of determining the biologically significant value of the given rose.
Axis accessory, bluish and glossopharyngeal nerves, go at once through the opening, above the dovgastim brain - the center or the bulge, like the middle corns on the skin side. People from the furrows between the bridge and the dovgastim brain є by the three cranial nerves, the eighth, cochlear anterior; somiy, face and shoest abduction. A triumphant nerve appears above.
The axis is the middle cranial fossa; Here is the facial nerve and the cochlear corridor. Central nerve and abduction. Stovbur to the brain is the "anatomical center" to the brain. Win of the statements of cerebral cybulin, vistup and mesencephalin. Through the brain haircut, all sensory paths circulate, except for the scent path and the optical path. In the brain there is a nucleus of cich nobles, the skin has its own functional role. V hearing apparatus the main nuclei є: cochlear nuclei, additional olivary complex, bichesky lemnisk and th nucleus and lower colliculum.
Provincial functions... Through the back of the brain, pass all the lower and lower paths of the spinal cord: spinal-thalamic, corticospinal, rubrospinal. Take an ear of vestibulospinal, olivospinal and reticulospinal tracts from a new one, so that you will get the tone and coordination of myazovykh reactions. The way of measles will end in a dyed brain great brain- korkovoretikularny way. Here comes the end of the path of proprioceptive sensitivity from the spinal cord: thin and wedge-shaped. So educate the brain, yak mest, middle brain, Lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, may cause bilateral ligaments in the dovgastim brain. The evidence of the cyclical connections is indicative of the fate of the dense brain in the regulation of the tone of skeletal muscles, vegetative and vital integral functions, analysis of sensory subtleties.
Zagalny organization of the brain
The out-of-the-box plan of the rumor nobles is directed to “ zagalny principle».
From ravliki to stovbur to the brain
The auditory nerve is inserted into the skull through the internal auditory passage. The cochlear nuclei are immediately reachable from the surface of the stovbur to the brain. Fibers of the auditory nerve at the entrance to the cochlear nucleus are rosted in an orderly and tonotopic form. On the surface of the cochlear nuclei, fibers are seen, which enter from the top of the cochlear surface, and these, from the base, penetrate into the nuclear medium.The growth of auditory nerve fibers in the cochlear nuclei is allowed for the cutaneous frequency to activate neurons, to be rocked in the smoothie, which is called "paired area". The cochlear nuclei decode the intensity, analyze the clock parameters, such as the triviality of the sound, the ear and the end of the auditory stimulus, and also receive or transmit the frequency analysis to be detected by the peripheral receptor.
Reflex functions. The numerical reflexes of a very dense brain contribute to vital and undead important. However, we will also be able to finish it. The dysfunctional and vertiginous centers of the large brain can be brought to the vital centers, as in them a number of heart and dical reflexes are lost.
The function of the skin type of neuron is good. Yogo function is necessary for the completion of the analysis of the frequency and intensity of the stimulus, initiated in the same way. Cochlear nuclei may cause the numerical internal lancer to be active, or healmu roll between neurons, which can analyze the primary auditory signal and the shortest rise according to top schemes the way, repairing from the wonderful olivary complex, which is an offensive neural station.
Projections of neurons in the cochlear nuclei
Deyaki neurons in the cochlear nuclei design their fibers in the nucleus. Tsi projections, which cross brainstorming from one side to the other, are acoustic smogs. The cerebral cortex is confirmed by gray riches, and the inner cortex - by white speech, which is by the axons of neurons. Malunok 1 shows that the brain has the shape of a fungus and spreads on some of the main parts: the cerebral stem, the cerebral and the cerebellum. Cerebral stovbur of statements from the cibulin of the cerebral speech, the opacity and the middle brain or the middle brain.
Dovgastiy mozok organizes and realizes a number of basic reflexes: blues, chhannya, coughing, sleepy eyes, wrinkles. The reflexes are realized due to the fact that information about the subtlety of the receptors of the mucous membrane of the eye, the empty mouth, the larynx, the nasopharynx through the sensitive throats of the threefold and the linguopharyngeal nerve is consumed in the nuclei of the mucous membrane of the eye. The team starts up to the ruddy nuclei of the three-frequent, bluish, facial, lingopharyngeal, pre-infantile or subtype nerves, as a result of which the depleted reflex is realized. In the same way, for the rakhunok of the last inclusion of the meat groups of the head, shia, breast cancer and reflexes are organized by diaphragms food behavior: Smoktannya, zhuvannya, kovtannya.
The brain is above the trunk middle brain It is stored in the main part of the thalamus and hypothalamus. The moss becomes seven of the eight parts of the outer vagina and borrows a larger part of the skull. The lobe lies below the cerebral, and the posterior part is located at the bottom of the cerebral. The mozok grows out in a quick manner by stretching out the first few rocks of life.
Cerebral stem: structure and function. The big brain has all the lower and lower directions, which are connected between the spinal cord and small parts of the brain. At the middle part of the colby, two structures, called the pillows, approved by the most important motorways, pass through the outer regions to the brain, to the spinal cord, and at the same time, more fibers cross over to the opposite side, on the side of the head office by the bark of the mouth on the opposite side of the body.
In addition, it is the organizational reflexes of the primitive position. The reflex is formed for the opening of the anterior receptors from the anterior receptors and the intravascular canals to the upper vestibular nucleus; The information on the assessment of the need to change the position to the lateral and medial vestibular nuclei has been reformed. The cores take their fate from the fact that myazov systems, Segments of the spinal cord are guilty of taking part in the change of position, that is, from the neurons of the medial and lateral nucleus along the vestibulospinal paths, a signal to come to the anterior horns of the anterior segments of the spinal cord, in order to take part in the positions of the vascular
The dorsal side of the dorsal side can be replaced by two bundles of sensory fibers of the upper paths, and it can also be intertwined in the motion of the dorsal side, which will empower the sensory information from the opposite side. sensory measles the brain, through the thalamus, de neuronal relay, not reaching the cork. The poses of the parts of the description are also life-important reflex centers: the heart center, the mental center of rhythm and the heart-ear center, and not important, like kovtannya, bluffing, coughing, hikati and channya.
There are also five cranial couples. They are brought by fibers, which work in two main strands, transversely to the cerebrum through the cerebellum of the nose, and late sensory and motor paths, which is to remove the spinal cord in the upper and lower regions of the brain.
It’s a change of position to start looking for static and statokinetic reflexes. Static reflexes regulate tone skeletal cells from the mark of the singing position of the body. Statokinetic reflexes of a large brain will not overwhelm the tone of the tulub's muscles for organizing a position, corresponding to the moment of a straight line or an overturned one.
There are also nuclei of some cranial pairs and two regulating functions in the center. There is also a macular core, the fibers of the cornsus and measles, the brain, yak, with a part of the reticular system, and the nucleus of the third nerve, take care of the ear of the cranial and the fourth, which regulates the eyes.
Thalamus: it is stored from two oval masses, which are in the main system of speech, and neurons get into groups to form nuclei, act as relays for sensory impulses, the main relay station until reaching the cortical, and for the purpose of volunteering. It is also a functional center for impulses such as temperature, light pressure and pressure. Win a reticular nucleus, which modifies the activity of neurons, which is responsible for the memory and memory.
A large part of autonomous reflexes in a large brain is realized through rosetting in the new nucleus of the bloating nerve, in order to receive information about the standard of heart, sudin, herbal tract, Lungs, grasses і ін. In response to the information of the nucleus, the organisms are organized and secretory reactions of the named organs.
Hypothalamus: A small part of the diacephalone, the expansion of the thalamus, the internal stimulation of the afferent, which occurs in the organs, from the receptors, the sound, the relish, the smell and the dots, in addition to the mid-flow of the internal stimuli concentration of water, salt, temperature, which is responsible for the regulation of homeostasis. It is also possible to become a regulatory part of hormonal function, which is a viral factor of vivilnenny, which comes to the hypophysis, such as the hormone in the kidney bag, which grows and regulates it.
The destruction of the nuclei of the blukaya nerve of the wiklikє the strengthening of the speedy smooth mucus of the slunk, intestines, chewing gum, and the weakening of the sphincters of the organs immediately. At the same time, the robot's heart is relaxed and relaxed, the bronchial enlightenment sounds.
The diabetic nature of the nuclei of the bloating nerve also manifests itself in the strengthened secretion of bronchial, shlunkovy, intestinal lobes, in the depletion of the mucous membranes, the secretory cells of the liver.
In a large brain, the center of sleepiness is localized, a part of which will become more resistant to the root secretion is parasympathetic, and the white secretion of sleepy salmon is sympathetic.
In the structure of the formation of a dense brain, there is a spinal і sudoriferous center. The peculiarity of these centers is in the fact that their neurons are built up reflexively and before a number of chemistry pranksters.
The secondary center is located in the medial part of the reticular formations of the skin symmetric half of the large brain and divisions into two parts, inhalation and vidyhu.
In the reticular form of the doughy brain, the most important center of life is given - the vertebral center (regulation of the vertebral tone). It is functionally responsible for the establishment of the structures of the brain and perch for everything with the hypothalamus. Damage to the judiciary center depends on the rhythm of the reaction, the tone of the bronchial tubes, the intestinal mucosa, sectional mikhura, Cylar myaza i ін. The process is explained by the fact that the reticular formation of the macular synaptic connection with the hypothalamus and the other centers is reticular.
In the middle of the reticular formations, there are neurons that create a reticulospinal path, which is a galvanic infusion onto the motor neurons of the spinal cord. At the bottom of the IV thumbscrew, the neurons were "blakitnogo pamiami". Їх mediator є norepinephrine. The neurons wake up to the activation of the reticulospinal path in the phase of "nimble" sleep, which leads to the galvanizing of the spinal reflexes and the reduction of the muscular tone.
Symptoms of the problem. Possibility of the right half of the mind to the mind of the overbaptism of the hierarchs of the proprioceptive sensitiveness of the vicious on the side of the degradation of sensitiveness and the robots of the muzzles of the face and of the head. At the same hour, on the protelezhny boat, on the other hand, the ears are more likely to deteriorate in their sensitiveness and hands and on paralysis. It should be explained that the paths from the spinal cord to the spinal cord are crossed, and the nuclei of the cranial nerves innervate their half of the head, that is, the cranial nerves do not overlap.
Dovgastia brain є without spinal cord progression. The lower boundary is the place where the roots of the 1st spinal nerve are crossed, or the intersection of the pimid, the upper boundary is the posterior edge of the bridge. Dovzhin's dovzhasty brain is close to 25 mm, it has the shape of a truncated cone. The front surface of the slightly thickened brain the front middle slit, late rollers are seam from the sides - pіramіdi. Pyramid set up with bundles of nerve fibers of the paramount wires. Fibers of the ceremonial paths get the cortex of the great brain with the nuclei of the cranial nerves and the anterior horns of the spinal cord. To the side from the skin side to grow olive, vіdokremlena vіd pіramіdi anterior lateral sulcus.
The back surface of the slightly thick brain is subdivided back middle furrow. From the sides of the furrow, the extension of the posterior cords in the spinal cord, lower lobes. Tsі nіzhki encircle the rhomboid-like fossa below. The posterior cord in the lower sides of the large brain folds into two bundles- wedge-shaped(Lateral) i thin(Medially), on the rhomboid-shaped fossa near the lower kuta, humps can be seen, for revenge wedge-shapedі tonke kernels.
Dovgast's brain is made up of white and blue speech.
Sira speech in a dovgasty brain represented by nuclei IX, X, XI, XII pairs of cranial nerves, olives, reticular formations, centers of energy and blood circulation.
Bila Rechovina approved by nerve fibers, storage of all kinds of conductors. The hands of the conductive paths (fall) grow in the anterior viddils of the deep brain, sensitive (lateral) lie more dorsally.
reticular formation It is a superality of cells, cell purchases and nerve fibers, which are used to create a net, roztasovan in a stovburi brain (dovgastiy mozok, mest і middle mozok). The reticular formation is tied with the organs of the senses, the ruddy and sensitive dilenks of the great measles, the thalamus and the hypothalamus, the spinal cord. Vona regulate the level of anxiety and the tone of the development of the nervous system, including the cortex of the great brain, take part in the regulation of the level of sleepiness, sleep and lack of sleep, vegetative functions, processes.
The viscera of the large brain grows into a place, and the back of the brain is located.
Міст.
міст ( varoliev misst) The view of the recumbent transversely thickened ridge, facing the lateral side of the right side and entering middle lobes. The rear surface of the bridge, covered with a lobe, take care of the fate in the approved rhomboid pit. The anterior surface at the bottom establishes a clear line between the dovgastim brain, and at the top between the lower parts of the brain. The front surface of the bridge is transversely covered in a link with the transverse strand of the fibers, as they go through the nasal nuclei of the bridge in the middle of the lobes and the dal - into the cerebellum. On the front surface of the bridge, along the middle line, later basilar boron, in yak lie the same artery. On the frontal opening, two parts are visible through the place: the front ( basilar) and rear (Pokrishka).
At the pavement of the bridge, a reticular formation grows, the nuclei of the V, VI, VII, VIII pairs of cranial nerves are lined up and pass through the other conductive paths.
The front (basilar) part of the bridge is composed of nerve fibers, which form the conductive paths, in the middle of which there are buyers - the nucleus. The conductive paths of the basilar part to tie the cortex of the great brain with the spinal cord, with the cranial nuclei of the cranial nerves and with the cortex of the cerebellum. Mіzh the nerve fibers of the provincial nobles flood vlasn_ core to the bridge. Lie on the cordon mіzh about the parts of the bridge trapezoidal body, Do not use fibers to guide the auditory analyzer.
The posterior (Dorsalnaya) surface of the bridge and the large brain serves as the bottom of the IV pit, which, behind its walks, is the empty diamond-shaped brain.
IV crotch from the bottom it goes into the high central canal of the spinal cord, and burn down - into the water supply to the brain - the empty middle brain. The bottom of the IV duckbill of its own form is called diamond-shaped fossa. The upper side of the fossa is flanked by the upper cerebellar lobes, and the lower sides are fixed by the lower cerebellar lobes. The middle boron cut the bottom of the rhomboid fossa into two symmetrical halves. On the side of the furrow, one can see the right and the left lice humps. In the face hump, the nucleus of the VI wager of the cranial nerve - the abducens nerve, lies, and in the glybin and the trochus lateral lies the nucleus of the VII wager of the cranial nerve - the facial nerve. At the bottom of the medial pidnesennya go to tricycle of the pid'yazic nerve, lateral to which tricycle of the faulty nerve. In tricycles, in their speech, the brain is covered with the nuclei of the same nerves. Bichni viddili rhomboid pits were named vestibular fields, this is how the hearing and vestibular nuclei lie in front of the door-ultkovy nerve - VIII pair of FMN. From the auditory nuclei to enter the middle furrow of the transverse brains, roztasovani on the cordon with dovgastim brain and bridge and fibers to guide the auditory analyzer.
At the same rhomboid pit, the nuclei of V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII pairs of FMN are covered. Sensitive nuclei of the cranial nerves grow laterally. Medially lie vegetative nuclei, and most medially - rukov.
Three-part nerve(V pair of FMN) the machotiri of the nucleus, including the roach and the sensitive - the bridge of the nucleus of the midbrain path and the nucleus of the spinal path of the tripartite nerve. external nerve(VI pair of FMN) small ones with one rokova core. Have facial nerve(VII pair of FMN) three nuclei: a roc nucleus, a sensitive nucleus of a single path і parasympathetic - the upper salivary nucleus. Before the door-ultkovy nerve(VIII pair of FMN) there are two groups of nuclei: two auditory ultikovy (anterior and posterior) and chotiri vestibular: medial, lateral, upper and lower. ulopharyngeal nerve(IX pair of CHMN) has three nuclei: a subway, a head for IX and X pairs, a sensitive nucleus of a single path (a head for VII, IX, X pairs) and parasympathetic - lower salivary. At the bloating nerve(X bet) three nuclei: the mucous membrane (spilne with the ninth pair) і sensitive, and also the parasympathetic - the posterior nucleus of the bloating nerve. dodatkovian nerve(XI pair of FMN) small rukhove core. Have pid'yasic nerve(XII wager CHMN) is one core.
After three, open the empty IV in the dakha to get out of the open space. At the heart of the court of the IV duck spinal cord - liquor.
Above the fourth dumbbell, which along the day of the empty bridge and the big brain, there is a little brain, or, as I call it, “maliy moss”.
Functions of a large brain and bridge... Dovgastiy mozok and the place to see the most important functions. In the sensitive nuclei of the cranial nerves, in the ciche in the brain, the nerves and impulses come from the head, mucous membranes of the mouth and the opening of the nose, pharynx and larynx, from the organs of the organs of the organs of the brain, the serum of the vestibule, the apical ... For the axons of the keratin of the ruddy and autonomic (parasympathetic) nuclei of the deep brain and the bridge of the impulse go not only to the skeletal muzzles of the head, but to the smooth muscles of the organs of etching, the ecstasy of the heart-vascular systems, to the heart-vascular system.
Through the nuclei of the large brain, there is a lot of reflex activity, including those (coughing, migrating, slozovidlennya, chkhannya). The nuclei of the large brain take a part in the reflex acts of kovtannya, the secretory function of herbal vines. The vestibular nucleus, in which the cob is on the cob of the vestibular spinal path, is able to display the folding reflexive activity overgrowing the tone of the skeletal mucous membranes, rivnovagi, to prevent the "standing pose". Reflexes won the name current reflexes... The growth in the large brain is very dysfunctional and heart-vascular center, taking part in the regulation of the function of mental activity, the activity of the heart and the heart. Prompt to bring tsikh centers to death.
