Localization of functions in Korea. Show the activity of the great measles electrically

skіlki nerve cells in our brain? One hundred milliards. The number is on hearing, however, I do not know, the stars have taken over. At any time, according to the words of Suzana Herculano-Houzel from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), if you have tried it from your colleagues-neurophysiologists who have walked the cich of "a hundred young people" the intelligence of the message. The first time I won’t have done it myself.

Manually turn all the neurons of the human brain to seem even less capable, not just the number of stars in the sky, hair in the beard and poppy seeds in the little poppy. You can't do without the help of the Kazakh pomichnik. In order to understand the science, go, so that you can solve the problem with this or the lowest level of accuracy.

Viconati Robot can be bulo b standard method: Take a small piece of the brain and take out the number of neurons in the new one, and then take the result proportionally to the size of the whole brain - this is because the neurons are more or less consistently generated.

Ale prelіdniki vibrated іnshy sposіb. The stench took all the brains and carefully cracked the cell membranes, stripped off the soup from the grated cells, and the cell nuclei floated in it. The strength of the kernels in any portion of the bull soup is exactly the same. For whom the number of nuclei of neurons is increased, apparently, in the tea-bed of the brain. At the same time, it seemed that the nucleus of the services, the main cells, did not vrakhovuvali, as they take part in the conducted nerve signal.

For their robots, vcheni vikoristovuvali the brain of chotiroh cholovikiv 50, 51, 54 and 71 rock. Zhodens from them are not sick with neurological illnesses (all the stench has kept their own brain of science). Yak vyavilosya, in the middle, our brain has close to 86 billion neurons - 14 billion less than it was. It’s just that people’s mind is not built on a sutta, it is specially specified, but the human brain is “skhud” for the number of nerve cells, which store a whole brain of a woman and half of the brain burned. Rosemir is great here!

However, about those who should be aware of the size of the brain and the stage of development of the body, the development of thoughts. Seemingly, in addition to the number of neurons, the important role of the development of organisation, the way to create between the nerve cells, a number of such spoluks, as well as the ability of the neurons themselves to enter into the development of one contact. A small number of interneural connections can lead to a change of nerve cells.

Deyak's old days vvazayut, so that the brain will be smashed in great spirit it was easier to manage. Інші, navpaki, vvazhayut, how to improve the brain of a man is tied just once with the appearance of new mental functions and development of social life.

Multipolar neurons of measles to the brain of velmi rіznomanіtnі in form. Among them you can see:

pіramіdnі

zirchastі

spindle-like

pavukopodіbnі

horizontal

Pyramid neurons have the basic and most specific form for measles (80-90% of all neurons). The sizes vary from 10 to 140 microns. The stench may well be tricky, the top of the yak is turned to the surface of measles. Dendrites go from the tops and the bichon's surface to the end of the spheres of the old speech. From a sleepy bed, take an ear of axon, in some of the cells it is short, so you can make a haircut in the boundaries of a given box of measles;

Small families of small measles balls come in different sizes and may not be functional. Other cells є insert neurons, axons that will tie around the measles dilens of one pituitary (associative neurons) or two pivots (comisural neurons). Cyclops are seen in small quantities in all measles balls. The cerebral cortex of the people is especially rich in them. The axons of the great pyramid neurons take part in the establishment of the paramount paths, so that they design the impulses at the center of the cerebral stubbore and the spinal cord.

Measles neurons are not sparsely intertwined with balls. Kozhen ball is characterized by the resale of one species of keratin. The rukhovy zoni measles have 6 main spheres:

Molecular (lat.Lamina molecularis)

Zovn_shn_y granular (lat.Lamina granularis externa)

Pyramidal neurons (lat.Lamina pyramidalis)

Internal granular (lat.Lamina granularis interna)

Ganglionarny (ball klitin Betz) (lat.Lamina ganglionaris)

Ball of multiforme (polymorphic) clitin (lat.Lamina multiformis)

The bark of the cerebral puffs can also take revenge on the straining neuroglial apparatus, which is the viconious trophism, the fixation, the supporting and the interdigital functions.

On the medial and lower surfaces of the poultry, old, old measles, which may be dvosharov and trisharov budov, were protected.

molecular ball

Molecular ball of measles reveals a small number of other associative cells of the fusiform shape. Axoni pass parallel to the surface of the brain in the warehouse of tangential plexus of nerve fibers of the molecular ball. The main mass of fibers of the whole gossip is represented by branching of dendrites of neurons of the lower balls.

53. BUDOVA NOVO KORI TA ЇЇ FUNCTION

Sharing the growth of neurons in the cortex is called cytoarchitectonics. At the new korea great pіvkul neurons are grouped into a number of cortical balls.

In sphere I (molecular) there are few cell types, in the new one there are very important terminals of axons and synapses on dendrites. In sphere II (the most granular), densely roasted spheres of cells, there are a lot of small ones. Ball III (first class) is stored, the head rank, from other first class. In sphere IV (internal granular), the most common clitins, including large ones. In the V sphere (the inner pyramidal), there are great pirimid cells. Ball VI (Poliform) to take revenge on the spindle, spindle, and also the clit of the other types.

The neocortex is a new cortex - 95.9% of the entire surface of the infusion. Phylogenetically, it is the most advanced education of the brain. Rashta 4.1% is covered with old (archyocortex) and old (paleocortex) cortex and adjoined to not very large areas of industrial measles (mesocortex).

The neocortex revenge two main types of neurons: pyramidal neurons(~ 80% of neurons in the neocortex) and insertion neurons (~ 20% of neurons in the neocortex).

The structure of the new measles is one-sided (stars are alternatively called "isocortex"). People have a lot of horizontal spheres of neurons, which are based on the type and nature of the sounds. Vertically, neurons are connected to the so-called columns of the cortex. Dolphins have a new cortex with 3 horizontal neurons.

The neocortex - the price of measles areas in the brain, as in the lower classmates only nominated, and in humans they store the main part of measles. The new bark grows in the upper ball of the brain, the mattress is 2-4 millimeters, and it is responsible for the nerve functions - sensory perception, the display of motor commands, the perception of the message in people, mova.

Due to the nature of the vicious functions, the new bark grows on the motor, sensory and associative areas.

Motornі zoni measles in primates and humans, growths were carried out in the precentral region (anterior central and posterior regions of the upper and middle frontal regions), cytoarchitectonic fields 4 and 6 (div, Small. 8.2). On the medial surface of measles, there is an additional motor area. Electric stimulation of young dylyanoks of motor measles to bring up to the ruins of the m'yaziv of the prototile half of the body. The group of mutations is represented by the enlarged neurons of motor measles, which are rosted in a strictly defined post-mortem. representation lower kintzivok roztasovani in the medial part of the precentral area, close to the later area; Representation of head and head muzzles - in dorsolateral dilenks. Tobto the zone of motor measles is organized strictly according to the somatotopic principle. In savts with a greater low level of organisation of motor measles (dogs, kittens), there is more space for the diagnosis of measles. On the basis of people and primates in huts, stimulation of the motor areas of measles to wicked ruch, in which large groups take on the fate, and not around m'yazi. The most discrete problems are detected when the subdivision of the field is 4; here are the most low thresholds for wikliku ruch. Neuronous aggravation of motor measles, tied with the collapse of the young, occupy the age for the size of the area

rozpodіlenі nerіvnomіrno. Disproportionately great delinkas are tied with the knuckle of fingers, hands, hands, muses of the face, and much less significant - with the great muses of the back and lower prints. The map of the representation of muses in the motor bore of the ma viglyad "Homunculus" is a cholovichka with a majestic head, tongue, penzel and even a small tulub and legs. Unnecessary growth is associated with this, so that the axons of the pyramidal neurons of motor measles give the greatest number of synaptic contacts on the quiet motor neurons of the spinal cord, such as the inner muscles of the muscles of the hand, fingers, fingers, Such organization will ensure the best and most accurate management of the same type of communication. Vidalennia of motor measles wicker Determination of motor measles in humans is reduced to parallels, especially the muzzles of the hands, muffs, tied with a wash, and minutiae. With unilateral lesions of motor measles, it is not necessary to change the functions of the motor, with bilateral ones. The price will be set on the meaning of two-way connections between the motor bark of both pvkul for compensation of debris debris.

The neurons of motor measles are grouped at the vertical column, so that small groups of meat fibers can be manipulated by the robot. Wash around the columns of motor measles, tied with shy (phasic) and general (thin) ruches. The efficiencies of the columns are gigantic pyramid neurons, rots in the V ball of motor measles. Axons of gigantic pyramids set up a festive path, which ends with wakeful synapses on the motor neurons of the spinal cord of the lateral side of the spinal cord. axoni

pyramidal spіnotalamicheskogo way to the greatest speed of transmissions and to serve for the wikklik of great rukhіv. The order of the pyramidal system in the motor cortex is to repair the extrapiracy system. The whole system adapts itself, so that the axons of the circulatory cells go to the basal ganglia, the cornsus, the vermiform nucleus, the reticular nuclei and the smaller structures of the cerebral stubbur, which are on the spinal cord, spinal cord, olivine

The motor cortex has a sensory afferent - from somatosensory, healthy and auditory zones both pivkul and associative areas of measles. The most spacious, clearly organized afferent enter the motor cortex from the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus. It is of great importance that afferentation from receptors in the muscles and tendons enter the motor cortex. The top organization of inputs into the motor cortex from the muscular afferents is specific, allowing reflexes through the neurons of motor measles to mute on the motoneurons of the spinal cord. Such a structure lies in the basis of the highest level of self-organization and thoroughly correcting the way of managing the rods on the basis of the ringing signals.

sensory zones measles zd_ysnyuyut vischii r_ven of sensory analysis. The stench of recognizing the afferent from the specific relay nuclei of the thalamus, spaciously growing on the screen projection, may be the topical principle of organizing. That і are called stench projection zones. The order of the folding analysis in the sensory zones is an integration and a critical assessment of information, as one comes here for specific afferent

wim logins. Sensory afferentation, which enters the cortex, is multiply represented: the skin from the sensory zones includes the zone of the primary projection, secondary and tretin. The main sensory zones are zorov, auditory and somatic sensory systems of measles.

Zorova sensory system measles is represented by the first green area (field 17) and the other green area (fields 18 and 19) (div. Small. 8.2). In the first green region, there is a wider range of growths - retinotopic organization. So, burn down from the spur furrow is presented upper half sits (lower half of the field zoru), in the lower part of the field 17 - Lower part sitkivki, in the back part - the region of the zhovtoi beaches. With a local ruinuvannі of the field 17 fields vypadayut from the field of zoru. In the first green region, there is a ball of distributions into two parts. Such a fourth ball of measles will mate with the arrival of the event from the retinas of both eyes, as well as the appearance in the network of photoreceptors of two types. In the vertical column 17 fields are divided into neurons with the same receptive fields. As a rule, I will acquaint myself with a single neuron in columns, a sign that is dominant in the clear understanding of a given species of creatures. For example, in blocks - according to vibration to the right edge, in kishoks - an orientation of receptive fields. The health of the neurons of healthy measles detecting lines and contours of the singing organization begins with the spacious organization of receptive fields. The receptive fields of neurons in healthy measles do not appear to be concentric, but parallel to the expansion of antagonistic zones in vigorous smogs, a singing rank of antagonistic zones.

point daw. Along with such simple receptive fields, there are folding receptive fields without antagonistic zones, which lavish over a large part of the field. Neurons, which may cause over-fold receptive fields, may vibrate up to a few parameters to the stimulus (organization, size, straightforward, etc.). In the healthy cortex, it is not a stream of descriptions, as in the lower subcortical lines the analysis of healthy information, but the detection of an external sign of a healthy image, so that it allows changing the overworld of transmitted information. The perception of a healthy image in the healthy bark is connected in parallel, so that it is possible to bring a healthy image to a class, from a class. Secondary healthy regions (fields 18 and 19), welcome the association of healthy information with tactile, proprioceptive and hearing information. Such a synthesis will ensure a greater assessment of the health information, yes, the announcement of the significance. When the field 17 is put into production until the end of the day, then the field is turned on 19 and 18 - until the assessment of the poor man is destroyed; to be impressed by the understanding of the senses of the written text. As far as electric development of the 17th field of the wicket is concerned, the stimulation of the 19th field is good hallucination. When the field is 37, it is a subject agnosia, when the field is 39, it is destroyed.

Hearing sensory system Measles accumulate from the primary auditory zones (fields 41 and 42), which are mainly rooted in the lateral boron, and secondary auditory areas (fields 52, 22, 21). In the primary auditory cortex, the axons of the relay cells of the medial frequency come, which carry sound and vestibular

information. Here, there is a lot of space for the representatives of the hair cells of the rural parts of the village, where you can get the sounds of the pink hanging, - Tonotopic organization. The inner part of the Heshlya zivini is tied to the analysis of high tones, and the zvn_shnya part is tied to the low tones. All neurons of the same vertical speaker respond to the sound of the same frequency. On the cortical level of the auditory analysis, the tone, loudness and character of short (less than 100 ms) sound signals grow; You can get more trivial sounds on the basis of a childish analogue of sensory analysis. Neurons measles rumorsє Reading the level of the reaction threshold from the frequency and sound: the development of neurons may have their optimal frequency, according to the minimum threshold. Є ugrupovannya neurons, how to react to a change in tone and soundness. Electrically teasing of the primary auditory measles of the wicked see the noise and the ringing in the ears, and the one-sided reduction of the hearing impairment, but do not lead to additional deafness in connection with the saved hearing of measles in the protivocule. Secondary hearing zones and associations with other sensory systems, their performance is tied to the assessment of the specific and individual significance of sound signals. Outskirts of secondary auditory fields in the first half of the year people are tied to the minds to sound when they sound good. So, with 22 fields affected, the sensory aphasia of Vernike is found.

Somatic sensory system Measles analyzes the signals of the primary and secondary somatosensory areas. The first somatosensory zone is occupied by the posterior central part (fields 1, 2 and

3) і і Suddenly, the axons of the relay cells of the posterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus come. Rіzni dіlyanka tіla can be here in a more spacious representation - the somatotopic principle of organizing. The projection of the lower parts is located at the upper part of the rear central part, and the projection of the head and the upper part of the body is in the lower part of the rear central part. Rizni dilyanka tila occupy unevenly the area of ​​somatosensory measles: hands, disguise, voice apparatus may be especially great for lin, tulub and lower pictures are minimal. Such an unrepentant representative is tied to it, but a number of tactile receptors only on the fingers, lips, moving about the same, like on the skin of the whole tulub. A large number of neurons in the first somatosensory zone and local receptive fields; In the world, the stimulus is shifted towards the center of the receptive field to the periphery of the reaction of the fall. Vertical columns combine neurons to react to one of the modalities of shkirno-myazovoy sensitivity. With electrical stimulation of local somatosensory measles disease in humans, people experience a squeeze, even heat on the upper side of the body. With the defeat of the central region, it is insisted on the loss of a subtle gradation of tactile views and there is a lack of hand in the upper part of the body. Another somatosensory zone is rosted in the lateral boron, the ventral first sensory zone, and occupies a smaller area. Suddenly, the axons of the relay cells of the posterior central nucleus of the thalamus come up, in the meaning of the world it is the essence of information and

receptors. In the post-central area, the tactile and temperature reception of the mouth emptying is presented, the analysis of sensory sensory signals is analyzed, the order of the hippocampus.

Association of measles No special entrances, specific manifestations during stimulation, or in general, “moving” zones, are not visible from the projected zones. However, in the course of phylogenesis, the stench swells an increasingly important role in the folding forms of behavior and in primates it occupies a significant part of the neocortex. The main associative zones are є tim'yan (fields 5, 7, 39, 40) and lobova associative areas (fields 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). Tim'yana associative region safeguarding the creation of intrinsic images of objects or appearances. Here, the integration of the afferent flows of the adult sensory systems is necessary for the implementation of the adolescent behavior. On the neuronal groups of the small area, convergence of afferent streams of the developmental sensory is seen, so that there is optimal flexibility for the afferent synthesis, but to be the basis for the development of the integral image of the subject in the open space. Most neurons in measles respond to stimulation of two or three sensory modalities. Є nerves of cells, as they are destroyed by a complex (association) of multi-sensory stimuli. In the thyme bark, there is no such clear topical organisation, like in the pro ectional areas, in the case of thyme measles, who lie down to the potent areas, more neurons, react to the luminosity, to stimulate on tactile stimuli. Tim'yan kora will be removed

afferentation from the projection areas of measles along the associative fibers and from the associative nuclei of the thalamus (cushions and ventrobasal complex). Axons of thalamic neurons establish axodendric contacts not only in the IV ball, but mostly in all measles balls. There is a great number of emergent inputs from this measles into the motor cortex, which leads to the formation of a command of a predominant activity on the basis of an afferent synthesis.

The integral function of the measles in humans is especially pronounced. At the time of the earning, the building of a complex cleaning of objects will be destroyed in all such signs, differentiation of objects, and widespread discrimination. In the first place, the knowledge of the synthesis of some components in a folding system of pre-social behavior will be involved. Stimulation of children in the small region to bring about changes in the process of memory: it is possible to celebrate with people, help about those children, in which wines you have previously brave your fate. Let the supernatural enjoy the same emotional experiences as the hour passed before. It’s just that there are processes in this area that can be brought up to the mechanisms of memory.

Lobovi associative regions measles in the world is formed only in primates and humans. They are also characterized by the visibility of specialized afferent inputs, the polysensory nature of neuronal reactions, a great number and foldability of the connections in the areas of measles and the glinous structures of the brain. The people of the front part of the frontal area take part in the implementation of the most folding processes, connected with a safe specialty, the formation of social benefits. Let’s admit, scho dilyanki frontal measles tied with the mechanisms of organizing purpose

Directions to performance, formulated by programs and to accept solutions. Lobovy areas of measles in humans take part in the activity of another signaling system - the system of moving signaling. The growth of the lower half of the front measles and the breeding of the poultry can be brought up to the extreme deterioration of the mobile function. When Broca's center is affected, motor aphasia is infused, if movni ruku is destroyed. The sickness of the building vidavati okremi sounds, ale not can wimoviti the desired word. At the same localization, the writing breaks down - agraphia, the quality of reading in a voice, or the quality of sprymati mov (sensory aphasia Vernike). striking the frontal and temporal areas of associative measles are especially indicated on the most folding forms of brain activity, proteas to similar strikes can lead to the development of small cerebral structures. At the present time, the lack of experimental facts and clinical considerations can be taken into account, since the mental activity is not localized in any other structures and in the function of the whole brain.

9. Principles of regulation motor rooms function

10. The cortex of the brain.

Budova.

The bark is phylogenetically the most juvenile and at the same time folds to the brain, it is used to process sensory information, form behavioral reactions to the body.

The bark of the great pіvkul extends to the old days (nyukhova tsibulina, scent tract, scent hump), old (part of the limb system) and new bark. The new bark occupies 95-96% of the area and 4-5% of the attack on the part of old and old measles. Measles thickness ranges from 1.3 to 4.5 mm. The area of ​​measles is growing for the rakhunok borozen and zvivin. For an older person, gain 2200 cm²

The bark is stored from syroi and biloi speech, as well as neuroglia. Number of neurons 16-18 billion

For functional acquaintance, neurons can be divided into 3 types: afferent(Sensory) - the nerves and fibers of the afferent paths reach them, associative(Insert) - in the boundaries of the brain and spinal cord, eferent(Rukhov) - approved the decline (effective) conductive paths, how to go from measles to the small nuclei of the brain and spinal cord. The sensory cells are admitted to the cells of the cells, which are included in 3 or 4 balls of the sensory areas of measles. Neurons of the 5th sphere of the motor zone, which are represented by the giant pyramid cells of Betz, are transmitted to the eferent neurons. Spindle-like and paramedic cells of 3 balls are introduced to the associative cells.

At the connection from the moment, when the neurons are described, the growths of the neurons described may not be properly expanded, the cortex is stimulated according to the screen principle, so that the signal is not focused on the speck, but on the powerless neurons, so that the signal can be sent back to the analyzer. zoni measles, yakі zatsіkavlenі in new.

The bark folds into 7 shariv.

molecular ball- other neurons and fibers. Afferent thalamocortical fibers come from the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus, which regulates the level of malignancy of the cerebral neurons.

Callous granular ball statements by other neurons in the form of grains and other perennial cells.

The famous ball to be stored in small sized cells. Functionally, II and III measles balls unite neurons, the adrenal glands of which will prevent cortical-cortical associative ligaments.

Internal granular ball of the statements made by the spirits of the clients. Here the afferent thalamocortical fibers end, which go out from the projection nuclei of the thalamus.

Internal ball including great pyramidal cells - Betz cells, axons that go into the brain and spinal cord.

Polymorphic ball (multiforme) - multifaceted neurons, which can produce a triangular and spindle-like form.

spindle-like neurons tie all the measles, its fibers can be used up to 1 ball. Є only in some areas of measles.

The functional unit of measles is a vertical column, which can be stored in 7 cells, and it stinks at once to react to one and the same child.

In the cortex, they see sensory, associative and robotic zones, and the development of neurons:

Sensory zones are the targets of measles input, which, through the visual nerves, receive sensory information from the greater number of receptors in the body.

Associative zones - 1) connect to the new sensory information from the receptive 3) to take part in the memory blocks, in order to stimulate new ones to “recognize”, 2) information from some receptors in the sensor in the processes of remembering, starting and sending.

Rukhovi zones are the primary areas of measles. They find rukhovy impulses, how to go up to the full m'yaziv on the downward paths, which are found in the great speeches of the great ponds.

cytoarchitectonics- tse roztashuvannya neurons in the cortex.

microarchitectonics- a number of fibers in the cerebral cortex.

Ear of corn Riznoyakisness of Budov and measles of the great pivkul bulo was laid in 1674 by the Kiev anatomist A.A. Betz. Piznishe K. Brodman in 1903-09 rr. seen 52 cytoarchitectonic fields. O. Vogt and C. Vogt saw 150 microarchitectonic fields in the bark.

LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTIONS IN THE CORE OF THE GREAT PIVKULES.

I.P. Pavlov, having looked at the bark of the great brews, as a susceptible perceptual surface, as the supremacy of the crimson analysts. The analyzer is a collapsible system, which can be stored from the receptor - a device, a conductor of nerve impulses and a cerebral kidney, deciphering an analysis of a subtlety. I.P. Pavlov showed that the cores and roscian elements are growing in the bark. The nucleus is the center of concentration of neurons, all structures of the peripheral receptor are designed and important analysis and synthesis and integration of functions are performed.

The rosette elements can grow along the periphery of the nucleus and on the rise from the date of origin. They have more simple analysis and synthesis.

Korkovі kіntsі analyzer zdіsnyuyut analysis and synthesis of signals.

The localization of the nuclei of motor analyzers is clear:

1. In the cortex of the postcentral zivini (fields 1, 2, 3) and the upper temporal part (fields 5 and 7), the nerves of the cells are covered, so that the nucleus of the cortical analyzer of the backward sensitiveness(Temperature, pain, prescription and proprioceptive). Providnі sensitive way, so in the bark great brain, To overlap, either on the same spinal segments of the spinal cord (a path of bolovy, temperature sensitivity, dots and grips), or on the same dovzhastogo brain(To the proprioceptive sensitivity of the cortical strand). In addition to the postcentral svivini of the skin, the band is tied with a half of the body. At postcentral zvivinі retseptornі field rіznih dіlyanok tіla Lyudin sproektovanі such rank scho naybіlsh Visoko roztashovanі korkovі kіntsі analіzatora chutlivostі nizhnіh vіddіlіv Tulub i nizhnіh kіntsіvok and naybіlsh nizko (blizhche to lateralnіy boroznі) proektuyutsya retseptornі field verhnіh dіlyanok tіla, i verhnіh kіntsіvok head.

2. The core roche the analyzer is mainly located in the so-called measles area, before which the percentage of zivin (fields 4 and 6) and the paracentral part on medial surfaces pіvkulі. In 5 measles balls of the precentral zivini, they have pirin neurons (cells Betz), and I.P. Pavlov brought up to interneurons, and by means of the cells with their outgrowths tied to the pyocytic nuclei, the cranial cells of the cranial nuclei and spinal nerves... Moreover, in the upper sections of the precentral section and in the paracentral part of the growth of cells, the impulses from which are rectified to the joints of the lower sections of the tulub and the lower values. At the lower part of the pre-central zone there are also rukhovi centers, which regulate the power of the face.

In such a rank, all of the people were projecting in front of central ziviny"burn with your feet." At the connection from the time, from the cortical-core fibers, from the cordon from the spinal cord, or in the spinal cord segment (spinal cord) the skin is tied with the skeletal ointments of the anti-tissue side of the body. Yaksho m'yazy kintzivok izolovano tied with one pivkul, mu'yazy tuluba, larynx and pharynx may link with the ruch areas of both pivkul.

3. Core zorovogo the analyzer will be able to get into the physical part of the great brain (fields 17, 18, 19). core healthy analyzer The right side is tied by the guards with the lateral half of the right eye and the medial half of the left eye. At the cortex of the polytic part of the left eye, the receptor of the lateral half of the left eye and the medial half of the right eye is designed. Tilki double reduction of the nuclei of the healthy analyzer to produce an additional crust of slime. Defeat field 18, where there is a trocha of field 17, supervise the second memory of the earth, protest is not meaningful. Most of the time, up to two in the front in the bark of the polish part there is a field 19, the fight of which supervising the second building is organized in an unknown state of affairs.

4. In the glybin of the lateral furrow on the furrow to the edge of the surface of the middle part of the upper early zivini there is a core auditory analyzer (fields 41, 42, 52). Up to the nervous cells, how to become the nucleus of the auditory analyzer of the skin from the cells, pass the conductive paths from the receptors both to the left and to the right side. At the sound of a single-sided beat of the nucleus, it does not wick more often than the sound of the sound. Bilateral puncture of supernatant cortical deafness, as in many cases of cortical slap.

5. The core of the rok analyzer articulations mov(Speech analyzer) frontal zivini(Field 44). Win between these types of precentral zivini, which are analyzers of rukhiv, vibrating with fast muzzles of the head and shia. It’s smart, so as in the speech analyzer it’s good to analyze all the muses (lips, tongue, tongue, larynx), as they take part in the act of forming the weary movement. Possibility of producing measles in the region (field 44) ​​to produce a muscular aphasia, so that it is lost to a rapid muzzle, so that it can take part in speech formation. Moreover, when the fields are set to 44, the building is not consumed before either the sound or the sound.

At the central parts of the lower frontal part (field 45), there is the nucleus of the mobile analyzer, tied with a spin. Striking the field 45 will lead to vocal amusement - not given until the folding and development of musical phrases, and agrammatisms, if the mind is consumed before the comprehension of the sentiments from the surrounding words. The language of such people is made up of a set of words not tied to meaningful meanings.

6. Core auditory analyzer It is closely related to the center of the auditory analyzer and to grow, as it is, in the area of ​​upper skin care. The nucleus is located in the rear sides of the upper skin zone, on the surface, the beast in the back lateral furrow pіvkulі of the great brain (field 42).

I won't break the chi coreє hearing loss sound, however, the soundness of the word, mov. The function of the core of the polarity lies in the fact that people do not know and do not mind the mind of the people, but control their own power.

At the middle third of the upper skroneal zvivina (field 22) there is a core of the cortical analyzer, which helps to overcome the problems of musical deafness, if the musical phrases are lost as a set of irregular noises. The cortical end of the auditory analyzer is carried to the centers of another signaling system, so that the verbal recognition of objects, diy, appearances, so that signals signals are received.

7. Bezposredny connection with the core of the zorovye analyzer has a core healthy writing analyzer(Field 39), roasted in the kutovy zviviny of the lower tim'yano patch. Strike the core of the text, read it to the end of the writing.

There are 3 groups of fields growing in Korea: first, second and third.

The primary field is tied with the organs of senses and the organs of the ruch, it is earlier to form in ontogeny and in the most popular cells. So called nuclear zones and analyzers. The smell is good, the analysis is teasing, so that it comes into the cortex from all the receptors. Yaksho zruynuvati nuclear zone, nastane korkova slapota, deafness, rukhoviy paralych.

Secondary fields (peripheral zones and analyzers) are tied to the peripheral organs only through primary fields... The stench is to serve for the public and for the information processing, so come. Yaksho zruynuvati tse field, ludin bach, chuє, ale not rozumіє senseu.

Third fields (areas of analysis) occupy as much as half of the territory of measles and may have wide links with other types of measles and non-specific systems of the brain. Here, in the main, there are different and flexible (small) clinics and informational analysis and synthesis of information, as a result of which the cycle and the establishment of behavior are generated. They are familiar with the program of business activities. With the congenital incomplete theoretical watering of the man, it is not in the snake that he can get rid of it, and he cannot use it with simple rods.

The first and second fields are for humans and creatures, and the third field is only for humans. Tertiary fields ripen in humans from less crusty fields. For the development of fields, it is necessary, more information was needed in the form of healthy, auditory, meat receptors.

Onto- and phylogenesis of measles.

Up to 30 days of intrauterine development, the bark is formed. Up to 7-12 months of postnatal development, the maturation of the cerebral systems takes place.

In a new-born development, phylogenetically old ones are seen in the brain: the cerebellum, the myst, and also the intermediate brain. In newborns, the main furrows and zivin (central, lateral) bend well, and the furrows and zivin are weak. Mitigation of afferent fibers is repaired in 2 months and ends up to 4-5 rocks, and the related fibers often start to grow - from 4-5 months to 7-8 rocks. Spіvvіdnoshennya borozen, zvivin and shvіv, characteristic of the older people, arises in children in 6-8 years.

11. Asimetry of the great brain.

The forebrain, which is the most necessary part of the brain, is divided along the middle line with a vertical gap on the right or left side. The offense of the stench of a callous body. In the case of the skin, there are parts of it: lobova, tim'yanu, skronevu, potilichnu and ostіvets. The skin part of the brain is functional. In any case, in the right to develop the function, but in the right way, to get the correct behavior.

Vchennya about mіzhpіvkulnа asymmetry winiklo ponad 100 rokіv that. In the 1860s, the French presenter of P. Brock stood up to make a singing dilenka of measles viklikak aphasia abo rozlad movi. Tsia dilyanka is located on the edge of the frontal part of the left pivkula, the names of the Broca zone (zone 1 ). Vona control over the movement of modern reactions.

In 1874, the Nimetsky presenter K. Vernike viyaviv in the left pivkuli sensory (zone 2 ) The center of movi, the practice of how to keep up to the level of growth of the movi. Vernike Rosetting Center in skinny particles... In people, the center has a lot of mova, bezgluzda, and the ailment itself does not mean a defect.

Writing a rosary of comissour calls two pvkul skin from them functions independently, recognizing information only right-handed or livoruch. As soon as a sick person splits with a brain, present in the right half of the green field, be it an object, then you can name it and take it with your right hand; those are the very same words, to vikoristovutsya liva pivkulya. In this particular type, it is not a fault of being seen as a normal people. A defect manifests itself if it is stimulated to occur on the left side of the floor or in the left half of the green field. The subject of the project pivkulya rights, I can't name ailments. I want to choose the correct choice for the middle. That is, the right to pivkul cannot preserve the function of the object's name, but the object cannot be recognized.

3 zone - motor, roztasovana in the front central part of the right and left side. The central zone is governed by the words of denunciations, kintzivoks and tulubs.

The right to control and regulate the sensorimotor and manual functions of the left half of the body, and the right to the right half of the body. We rule the drinking of musical health. liva pivkulya- For the most part, the information is processed analytically and lastly, rightly - instantly and completely. Lyudin, with the prevalence of left hemispheric function, is heavy up to theory, has a great vocabulary reserve, which is attuned to the rukhov's activity, and is straightforward. A legal person is heavy to specific types of activity, generous, insecure, a little subtly aware and worried.

The asymmetry of the functions of the great cultures is genetically zoomed. Vona rotate in the important part of the left and the right half of the brain in a clear analysis of different kinds of fun.

Functional asymmetry can be developed when the directional control is directed towards the formation of a strong dominant setting, or the changeover of genetically programmed asymmetric forms of rukhiv.

doslіdzhennya functional asymmetry The brain of children has shown that a collection of new signals can be processed by drinks, and the dominance of every drink is formed. As soon as the child, who is forced to speak, is victorious over the new region of the drink, then the aphasia develops in the new one, and through the market it is introduced. First, the center of the movement will move to the right-wing pivkul zone. Such transfer of the new function from the left to the right can take up to 10 rockets.

The specialization of the right to drink in the function of organization in the open space of the winery is also not at once: the boys have 6 years of age, and the children have 13 years.

D. Kimura vvazhaє, that in the evolutive plan the development of the hand itself as an organ of gestures, of manipulative health, and called for the development of a sweet drink. The function is given at the hand of the bull and is transferred to the voice muscles.

Lіva pіvkulya has overturned the law also in the building sense of the word, in order to make the difference less. According to the motor theory, the head component of the recognition of moving sounds is kinesthetic signals, which appear as a function of the device when the moving signals are removed. The tsom has a special role to match the motor systems of lіvoї pіvkulі.

Most right-handed people have different functions locally in the first half of the year. If only 5% of individuals have a center, they are in the right pivot. 70% of the right-handed people have a center of change, as well as the right-handed ones - in the first half of the year. For 15% of people who are in the right position, the center of movement is located in the right sector.

Small. 7. Projection of people in the central regions.

Functional asymmetry is not seen in all people, approximately in one third of them it is not rotated, so that there is no clear functional specialization.

See a few types of functional asymmetries:

Motor asymmetry - the lack of similarity of hand activity, nig, incriminating, half of the body, kerovana with skin infusion to the brain.

Sensory asymmetry - the lack of ambiguity of skin spraying from pvkul ob'ktiv, roztasvanih evils and right-handed people from the middle area of ​​the floor.

Psychic asymmetry - special analysis of the brain new forms mental activity.

Spіvvіdnoshennya activity of two pіvkul can be rіznim. At the first exhibition of I.P. Pavlovim boules of visions of specific human types of significant nervous activity (VND): artistic, rosy and middle.

The artistic type of people is characterized by the overloading of the activity of the first signaling system over the other. They have a "right-hemispheric" image of the target. People have a pink type of reloading a friend signaling system over the first, so as to dominate the "livopivkulny" abstract target.

With the growth of corpus callosum, there is a proliferation of special features. Shikuyutsya two models of behavior for one and the same situation. In the process of evolution, people see more functions of law and life. Morphologically, it is not fundamentally derived. The right is deprived of 5 m more than the livi, and in livіy pіvkulі more than the sіroї speeches. Liva pivkulya vidpovidaє for the move, writing, reading, rakhunok, svidome abstract misleading. Right - the recognition of objects, colors, shape, voices.

The popularity of the people is based on the spirituality of the two pivots, although one of them is dominant. Liva pivkulya preserves the information, analytical and last from the findings of the facts, logic. The right to recycle information instantly and in a straightforward manner, not visible at any part of the part, the element, but to enter the warehouse of the object or manifestation. The right of the drink to follow all the changes of the midst of the midst, behind the changing mood, and even to the analysis of the changes, in the minds of the vibrations that are put in front of you on the Maybut. At the right side, all the information is combined, like coming from the somatosensory zone, which is always the case in the open space. Vona find out from the information, come from the healthy and auditory zones of measles, which can be more accurately announced about just over the last hour in the open space. In the first half of the year, information was given in memory, so that it was allowed to interpret the interpretations of hearing, hearing and tactile perceptions (due to the fact that the receptors in the school, children, and children) were comprehended.

There are two centers in the village of Lviv: Brock's center and Vernike's center. Brock's center roztashovuutsya in the forehead part of the soul. Win prilyaga to the rukovaya zone of measles. Tse - the motor center of the movi, the keruyuch meyazy movi, the slit of the throat, the sounds of which are heard. It’s a center of pozdzheniy, vinikak aphasia, can’t be a rukhovi act. Pislya the insult center will be parallized, at the same time, the reading of that letter will not be ruined, and the ailment perceived its own defect.

Center of Vernike rosetting in the upper-rear section of the left wing part. Tse is the sensory center of Movi, which is considered for the reasoning of Movi, її comprehension. The main nerve substratum in the tsіy zone of retouching, which is the sign that will induce weary mobility, її form, zmіst is that essence. At the time of the earliest vernacular aphasia Vernika, if the mindset of the movement is very difficult, the movement is unintelligible, the lack of eyesight, the reading, the letter of corruption, and the ailments cannot understand the lack of eyesight of their promises.

Broca's center and Vernike center with nerve fibers, firing an arc-like bundle. There will be a detailed and coordinated localization program in Broca's zone before the flow of impulses will be provided - as in the last part of the life of the lips, tongue and throat. Sounds of an impulse come into the measles motor zone, as it controls the efficiency of all mussels. From the motor zone of the impulse, go up to the upper muscles. The sound of the word is captured by the auditory zone of measles, ale of the sound of the sensation, it is necessary, the signals must have passed through the Vernike zone, as it is prone to the auditory zone of the skinny region. Here the sounds are smoldering yak mova. If the word sprymaєatsya is not through sound, but ochima (when reading), then in all kinds of information from the primary zorovaya measles it is also guilty of coming to the center of Vernika. Oskilki fell asleep in the process of evolution earlier, no letters, children fix it, talk and reason earlier, no need to read and write.

Dyslexia - destructiveness in children before reading. It may be the result of trauma, especially before the first fate of life, as the result of the destruction of the open-air health. The stench can’t take the word yak tsele. The stench cannot see similar words, ruin, if you ask to vimoviti an unknown word. Most often in such children, the instability of eyegrowth. Most people have one eye, so it is the hand itself, which is panic. The instability of the eye dominance can lead to the destruction of the eyes and the people, even more importantly, the stitching behind the order of the letters and words on the side.

Ocular dominance instability can be a bit of instability in the control of the side of the cerebral cells, if they do not take on the dominant role of control over the collapse of the eyes.

Dvchata fix talk and read earlier lads... Among the choloviks, the aphasia is 3 times more frequent than in women, and the verbal health is reduced to a complete loss. Among women, the specialization of pivkul is rotated in the minority of the world. Tse laid in the prenatal (prenatal) period. Already on the 3rd month of the intrauterine development of the fetus, the statically significant increase in the concentration of the human hormone testosterone. In a woman's fetus, it is found that it is in lower concentrations, the fragments come to the body of the mother. Testosterone is injected into the growth rate of pivkul, as it is bi-adaptive to the growth of the right poultry, and is suitable for the fast development of the right pivkul, promising for the spaciousness of health.

pathological changesIіIIsignaling systems.

In people, on the mind of a creature, there can be specific forms of neurosis, and it is because of the fact that the signaling system is involved in a pathological process.

Isteriya - reloading I signaling system. Nearly everything is dramatic, the sensitivity is adjusted to the new situation, to the fun, as for all those who feel the threshold, and for the sick - the threshold, or above the threshold, if the strong is formed, the process is awakened. The result can be overstressed or overwhelmed. All this negatively influences on the rosum and physical quality, on all the types of internal galvanizing.

Psychosthenia - perevazhaє II signaling system. People rozcharovani in life, bіdnі in emotsіyah, grabbed to empty mudruvannya. Oh, think without thinking, unreal, seeing from life.

brain document

Before laboratory robots special course"Electrophysiology": Topic 1. Electrocardiography ... -t, Med. fac., Department. normal and pathological anatomy/ Order: A. X. Urusmambetov, І. І. Novikov, ... the bioelectrical activity of the head brain ailing s ...

All the most important behavioral reactions of the people are welcome to help the central nervous system. The main functions of the central nervous system є:

• sharing all parts of the body in a single purpose and regulation;
• mill management and behavior to the body according to the minds of the most recent middle-class and its needs.

Among the beasts and people a guide to the central nervous system є the cortex of the great pіvkul ... Vona manages the most complex functions in the life of people and mental processes (witness, misery, mova, memory and in.).

The main methods of introducing central nervous system functions є methods of visualization and development (in clinics and on animals), restoration of electrical phenomena, method mind reflexes.

To continue developing new methods of implantation of the central nervous system: for the additional help of the so-called computer tomography, it is possible to stimulate morphofunctional changes to the brain on the development of yogo glybin; fotosjomki in the infrared exchange (heat treatment) allow the appearance of the most "hot" points to the brain; new data about the robot brain is given to the vivchennya of the magnetic heads.

Basic functions and interactions of neurons

The main structural elements of the nervous system are cell nerves or neurons.

Basic functions of neurons

Through neurons, the transmission of information from one system of the nervous system to the last one, the exchange of information between the nervous system and small numbers of the body, takes place. Folding processes of information processing are seen in neurons. With the help of this, a general reaction of the body (reflexes) to the external and internal subdivisions is formed.

In such a rank, the main functions of neurons є: receptor function, їх waste integrative function і transmission of nerve infusions to іnshі neurons or іnі working organisms Effective function. In those nervous cells, or catfish, the main processes of information processing are underway. Numerical tree-like growths dendrites(Gretz. Dendron tree) serve as inputs of the neuron, through which signals enter the nerve cell. Neuron exit є enter from tila klitini into growth axon(Grets. Axis vis), which is the transmission of nerves and impulses to the inner nerves of the cells or to the working organ (myazu, zalozi). Particularly high zesty volodya pochatkova part of the axon і expanded in the first place from tila klіtini axonal hump neuron. In the whole segment of the cell, there is a nerve impulse.

tipi neurons

Neurons are subdivided into three main types: afferent, efferent and industrial. afferent neurons(Sensitive, or docentric) transmit information from receptors to 1CNS. Tyla cich neurons roztasovany posture of the central nervous system in the spinal nodes and in the nodes of the cranial nerves. Afferent neurons may have a dendritic outgrowth, which is in contact at the periphery with a light receptor, or the receptor itself, as well as another outgrowth axon, which can enter through rear horns into the spinal cord.

eferent neurons(Vidcentrovі) tied with the transmission of low-level injections from the high-growth surfaces of the nervous system to the lower part of the central nervous system to the working organs. For the eferent neurons, a net of short outgrowths - dendrites and one single outgrowth - axon are characteristic.

industrial neurons(Interneurons, or interneurons), as a rule, there are more cells, so there are connections between the growths, afferent and efferent neurons. The stench is transmitted by the nerves into the horizontal strand (for example, in the boundaries of one segment of the spinal cord) and in the vertical (for example, from one segment of the spinal cord in the іnshі vista or below the rosette segment). The staff of the numerical distribution of the axon of the industrial neurons can destroy a large number of these neurons at once.

Zbudzhuyut and galame the synapse

The interaction of neurons between oneself (and with the effector organs) is displayed through special synapses (Greek Contact). The stench is set aside by the neurons on the tiny sprouts of the neuron. There are more synapses on the nerves of the cells, there are more synapses on the nerves of the body, there are more synapses on the nerves of the organism. There are especially abundant synapses in the branches of the nervous system and in neurons with the most folding functions.

The structures of the synapse have three elements (Fig. 1):

1. presynaptic membrane, Confirmation of the membrane of the endocrine throat of the axon;
2. synaptic width mіzh neurons;
3. postsynaptic membrane seducing the adjacent surface of the offensive neuron.

Small. 1. Diagram of the synapse
Pre. presynaptic membrane,
Fast. postsynaptic membrane,
3 synoptic bulbs,
Shchilina synoptic,
M mitochondriy,
Ax acetylcholine
P receptor and pori (Pori)
dendrite (D) offensive
neuron.
The arrow is one-sided carrying out of the building.

In most cases, the transfer of one neuron into the flow is on the best way to go. At the presynaptic part of the contact є synaptic bulbs , Yaki revenge special speeches mediators for the middle. They can be acetylcholine (in some cells of the spinal cord, in vegetative universities), norepinephrine (in the end of pretty nerve fibers, in hypothalamus), deyaki amino acids that in. Approach the end of the axon of the nerves and impulses to wick the release of the synaptic fluff and the transfer of the mediator to the synaptic path.

Behind the character, I am pouring into the nerves of the client, they develop the synapses.

At zany synapses mediators (for example, acetylcholine) are linked to specific macromolecules by the stsinaptic membrane and to wick depolarization. At the same time, the reduction of the membrane potential is small and short (close to 1 ms). depolarization abo anxious postsynaptic potential(EPSP). For a neuron to be energized, it is necessary that the EPSP reaches the threshold level. For a large amount of non-polarization, the membrane potential must be at least 10 mV. The mediator's action is even more short-lived (1-2 ms), for which wine is split into non-effective components (for example, Acetylcholine is cleaved by the enzyme cholinesterase to choline and octic acid ) Mule and claw back with presynaptic ends (for example, norepinephrine).

V galore synapses take revenge galmіvnі medіatori (For example, gamma-aminobutyric acid ). Їх dіya on the postsynaptic membrane of the wiklikє strengthening the flow of ions from the cells and increasing the polarization of the membrane. At the same time, a short-hour reduction of the membrane potential in the bik hyperpolarization — galvanic postsynaptic potential(TPSP). As a result of the nerves, the clitina appears to be galvanized. Destroy її more importantly, lower in the cob mill. For everyone to know more more irritated, Schob reach the critical level of depolarization.

Neuron impulse response

On the membrane of the body and dendrites of the nerve cells, there are both vibrant and galvanized synapses ... At the close of the hour, part of the їх may be inactive, and іnsha part is to prevent the active injection on the membrane diaphragm adjacent to them. The initial change in the membrane potential of the neuron is the result of the folding interaction (integration) of the muscle EPSP and TPSP of all the numerical active synapses. With a one-hour infusion of both buzzing and galvanizing synapses, there is an algebraic response (so that it’s in addition to being aware) of the effects. When a neuron is energized, it’s not in vain sum of awkward postsynaptic potentials to emerge more ... The value of the change becomes variable (close to 10 mV). Only in the whole range is the potential of the culture. Slid it means that, in general, the zenity of the neuron is to be found in every form: chim less than klitin, tim vishche її zhudlivist .

With the emergence of the potential to repair the process of conducting a nerve impulse along the axon and transferring it to the advancing neuron, or a working organ, to improve the effective function of the neuron. Nerve impulse is the main connection between neurons.

In such a rank, transmission of information to the nervous systems of the system (VPSP; TPSP; potential of the action) and chemistry (Mediatori).

Features of the activity of the nerve centers

power nerve centers by a significant world of connection with the peculiarities of the conduction of nerve impulses through the synapses, so that the nerves of the cell are ringing.

Special features of the stimulation through the nerves of the center

nervous center Name the number of nerve cells necessary for the functioning of any function. The center is responsible for the emergence of reflex reactions to the callous development, as it was necessary from the receptors connected to them. Clients of the nerve centers react to the uninterrupted distribution of words, which are found in the blood through them (humoral inflow). At the central organizm and suvor uzgodzhennya - coordination of activities.

Carrying out the training from one neuron to the other through the synapse is sent to a large number of nerve cells in a chemical way for the help of the mediator, and the mediator must take revenge in the presynaptic part of the synapse and in the postsynaptic membrane. Tom the important peculiarity of conducting training through synoptic contacts є unilateral conduct nerve inflows, which can be deprived of the presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic and uncomfortable in the vortex. The connection from the cymbal flow of nerve impulses into the reflex arc is directly from the afferent neurons to the interneurons and then to the efferent motor neurons or autonomic neurons.

Great importance in the scope of the nervous system a special feature of carrying out the training through the synapse I trust that it has not been carried out. Vitrate for an hour on the processes that occur at the moment when the nerve impulse enters the presynaptic membrane before the potential appears in the postsynaptic membrane, is called synaptic... In a large number of central neurons, the won become close to 0.3 ms. It takes more than an hour to develop the awkward postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the potential for action. The entire process of transmission of a nerve impulse (from the potential of one cell to the potential of an offensive cell) through one synapse of the loan is approximately 1.5 ms. At the same time, the cold and the rows of those infused, the triviality of synaptic growth is observed. Just as for the sake of any kind of reaction, the fate of a great number of neurons (a hundred and a thousand) is necessary, then the total amount of coverage carried out along the nerve centers can be over a dozen parts of a second and a whole second.

With reflex action the last hour from the moment of the application of the final development before the appearance of a general reaction to the body so called prikhovna abo latent hour to reflex to start in the main triviality of conducting through the synapse. The value of the latency hour for the reflex to serve is important an indicator of the functional stance of the nerve centers ... Vimіryuvannya latent hour of idleness of the human reaction to the call signal is widely used in practice for the assessment of the functional state of the central nervous system (Fig. 2).

Small. 2. Scheme of vimіryuvannya to the hour of the rocket reaction
A fraudulent
Efective and Central Way; С- display of the light signal,
About the onslaught of a button,
t 150ms reaction hour.

summation zbudzhennya

In the case of a single afferent disease, where there are receptors to neurons, in the presynaptic part of the synapse, there is a small number of mediators. With a large amount of muscle depolarization in the postsynaptic membranes of the neuron, there is a small amount of muscle depolarization. In order for the amount of EPSP across the entire membrane of the neuron to reach the threshold for determining the potential, summation on the membranes of the cells of the papatiloch of the threshold EPSP is required. As a result of such a summation, the result of such a loss is the formation of a neuron. Expand space and time summation.

vastness of sumacia Sposter at once, one-hour reliable delivery of decile impulses into one and the same neuron behind the smaller presynaptic fibers. At the same time, the stimulation of synapses in the small cells of the neuron membrane increases the amplitude of the total EPSP to a threshold value. As a result, a neuron's impulse appears and a reflex reaction occurs. For example, in order to eliminate the appearance of the spinal cord cells, the spinal cord requires one hour activation of 50-100 afferent fibers from the receptors.

hour sumats_ya to be seen with the activation of one and the same afferent way of gray last day teasing. If interrupted by the precursors with impulses to reach the short EPSP of the neuron out of the anterior teasers do not get attenuated, then the onset of EPSP is superimposed one on one, as long as the depolarization of the neuron membrane is not too critical for the future. In this way, to induce a weak irritation after a decade, you may experience a general reaction to the body (for example, a change and a cough in the case of a weak subtle mucous membrane of a dysfunctional way).

Transformation and mastering the rhythm

The nature of the neuron's discharge is not only due to the powers of the mate, but due to the functional state of the neuron itself(Yogo membrane charge, sleepiness, lability). The nerves of the cells may change the power to change the frequency of transmitted impulses, tobto the power of transformation to the rhythm.

With a high neuron malnutrition (for example, when drinking coffee), you can win frequent impulses (multiplier rhythm) , And with low awkwardness (for example, with it), practice rhythm So, as soon as the impulses come to guilty of pidsumovuvatysya, until they reach the threshold of the determination of the potential of the action. The change in the frequency of the impulses can help to lighten the general reaction of the body to the particular stimulation.

With rhythmic subtleties, the activity of the neuron can be adjusted to the rhythm of the arrival of impulses, i.e. the phenomenon of mastering the rhythm(Ukhtomskiy A.A., 1928). The development of the rhythm will be taken care of control of the activity of many nerve centers when managing folding rukhovyh acts, it is especially important for adjusting the tempo of the cyclic right.

next processes

After the end of the child's activity, the active cell of the nerve cell or the nervous center will ring for a triumphant day. The triviality of the processes of development: not great in spinal cord(A few seconds abo chilin), significantly more in the centers of the brain (dozens of chilin, a year or a few days) and even more in the bark of great ages (up to dozens of dozen rocks).

Pidtrimuvati is clearly and for a short time awakened in the nerve center there can be impulses that circulate along the closed lance of neurons. Significantly foldable for its nature, it was trivial to take pride in following. Allowing for the triviality of saving in the nerves of the cell due to the characteristic powers of the friend are based on the change in the structure of the storage cells of the cells and for the rewiring of synaptic contacts.

Non-trivial impulses (trivial up to 1 year) lie in the basis of the so-called short-hour memory, And trivial go, tied with structural and biochemical overdrafts in the cells, in the basis of the form preemptive memory.

Coordination of central nervous system activity

The processes of coordination of the activity of the central nervous system are based on the narrowing of two nerve processes of stimulation and galvanization. Galmuvannya є active nervous process , Yakiy not admitting or bringing zbudzhennya.

Significant galvanizing process in the central nervous system

The manifestation of galmuvannya in the nerve centers was for the first time in іdkrito I. M. Sechenov in 1862 The meaning of the process was shown in the book "Reflexion to the Brain" (1863).

Lowering the toad's foot into the acid and simultaneously teasing the brain's actions (for example, applying a crystal kitchen salt on the area of ​​the brain), I. M. Suchenov spared a quick response and increased the visibility of the "acid" reflex of the spinal cord (withdrawal of the paw). It appears that one nerves of the center can change the reflex activity in the lower centers; Descriptions of reports in the history of physiology for the name sechenovske galmuvannya .

Halm processes are a necessary component of the coordination of nervous activity. Perche, galmuvannya process is interconnected on the central nerves of the center, less concentration in the necessary parts of the nervous system. In a different way, in some nerve centers, in parallel with damage to other nerve centers, the process of galvanizing by ourselves vimikak the activity of the organs that are not needed in the Danish moment ... Thirdly, the development of galvanizing in the nerve centers of the overwhelming overload during the robot, that is, I will protect the role.

Postsynaptic and presynaptic galvanization

galvanizing process , On a vidminu vid zbujennya, cannot spread along the nerve fiber the whole process of muscle processes in the area of ​​synaptic contacts. Presynaptic and postsynaptic galmuvannya is developed at the end of the day.

postsynaptic galmuvannya tse galmіvnі efekti, which are found in postsynaptic membranes. The most frequent type of dressing galvanization with the appearance in the central nervous system of special galvanic neurons... The stench is a special type of inserted neurons, in which the end axons see a galvanic mediator. One of these mediators є gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAMIR K).

Nerve impulses, going to galvanic neurons, wick in them the same process of stimulation, as in other nerve cells. In the view along the axon of the galvanic cells, the wide potential of the action expands. However, on the view of some of the neurons, the end of the axon was not destroyed when the axon was seen, but a galvanic mediator. As a result, galvanized cells galvanize those neurons, which end up with axons.

Cells of Renshaw in the spinal cord, cells of Purkin's moss, basket cells in the intermediate brain and inn are delivered to special galvanic neurons. It is of great importance, for example, that galvanized cells can be lost during the regulation of the activity of antagonistic languages: leading to the weakening of antagonistic connections, the stench lays down by themselves at once.

klitini Renshaw participate in the regulation of the activity of the spinal cord motor neurons. When the motor neuron is damaged, the impulses move along the yogic axon to the myasal fibers and one hour along the collaterals of the axon to Renshaw's galvanic cells. Axoni ostannoi "turn" up to the whole neuron, wiklikayuchi yogo galmuvannya. More impulses will power the motoneuron on the periphery (and that means, up to galvanized cells), Tim is stronger still one galmuvannya(A type of postsynaptic galmuvannya). Such a closed system operates like the mechanism of self-regulation of the neuron, protecting it from the overworld activity.

Klіtini Purkіnє moss with their galvanized infusions on cells of small nuclei and stovbrovy structures take part in the regulation of the tone of the mucous membranes.

basketry cells in the industrial brain є like a gateway, like skipping or not skipping an impulse, going into the bark of the great spirits from the other regions of the land.

presynaptic galmuvannya vinikak before synaptic contact in the presynadtic area. The end of the axon of the galvanic nerve cell establishes the synapse on the end of the axon of the wakeful nerve cell, the overwhelmingly strong depolarization of the membrane of the axon of the nerve, as it causes the transmission of the blockage to pass the potential of the very same This kind of galvanizing is interconnected from the afferent impulses to the nerve centers, which are different for the main activity injected.

Small. 3. The role of galvanized cells in the regulation of antagonistic substances
In і T-wakeful and galmic neurons. Damaged (+) motor neuron of myazi-rozginach (MS) and galvanic (-) motor neuron of myazi-rozginach (MR). P shkirny receptor.

The manifestation of irradiation and concentration

When one receptor is subdivided, the stimulation can, in principle, expand in the central nervous system, either directly or on the nerve cell. Tse dbuvatsya zaddyakov numerical interconnection of neurons in the same reflex arc s neurons of the inner reflex arcs. Expansion of the process of stimulation on the inner nerves of the center is called a phenomenonіrradіatsії.

Chim is stronger afferent dehydration and chim vische wake up neurons, tim more neurons I hunt for the processes of radioactivity. The processes of galvanizing are between the irradiation and the concentration of energy in the central nervous system.

The process of irradiation of the grain has an important positive role in the formulation of new reactions to the body (outward reactions, intellectual reflexes). The more active the young nerve centers, the easier it is to find the most necessary for the center's activity. directors of irradiation creation of different nerve centers discover new functional interconnections between reflexes ... On the basis of the possibility, for example, the formulation of new rukhovikhs.

At the same time, you can give me a message. negative inflow to the camp and to the behavior of the body, destroying the subtle interactions between the stimulating and bald nerve centers and to the vicious destruction of the coordination of rukhiv .

dominant

Doslіdzhuyuchi osoblivostі intracentral vіdnosin AA Uhtomsky viyaviv scho Yakscho in organіzmі tvarini zdіysnyuєtsya foldable reflex reaktsіya, napriklad, povtoryuvanі acti kovtannya then elektrichne rozdratuvannya motor tsentrіv not tіlki perestaє viklikati Tsey moment Rukh kіntsіvok, ale i pіdsilyuє protіkannya Pocha lantsyugovoї reaktsії , kovtannya, yaka appeared with a head.

Such a pivotal midpoint of development in the central nervous system, which will start the flow of the organism, A.A. Ukhtomskiy (1.923) designating the term dominant.

Dominating in the fire can be victorious at p_vn_ malignancies of nerve cells, which flare up with low humoral and nerve inflows. Winning the power of these centers, thanks to the galvanized results.

Combining a great number of neurons into one dominant system is driven by a path of mutual attunement to the out-of-the-box pace of activity, that is, by E. Schlyakhom mastering the rhythm. Some of the nerves of the clientele lower their higher high tempo of performance, and the others increase the low tempo to a kind of average, optimal rhythm. The dominant can be nominally acquired in the prikhovanny, slidovaya stanі (potential dominant). With a redesign of the front, or a large number of new situations of the dominant, it is possible to know the winners (actualization of the dominant). For example, in the pre-launch stand, all of the nerves of the center, which entered the working system before the hour before the start, are activated, and, apparently, the function is connected to the robot. In the case of physicists, they have the right to give the ruchs also to the working dominant, which will not prevent the defect, which is the basis of the so-called ideomotor training. In case of repeated relaxation (for example, in case of autogenous trenuvanny), an athlete may become more susceptible to work dominants, which will accelerate the process of renewal.

As a behavioral factor, the dominant is tied to the vital nervous activity and psychology of people. Dominant is the physical basis of the act of respect. With the manifestation of dominance, the richness of the outward middle-class is inundated with our respectful posture, but then more intensively caught and analyzed, as we are especially tricked. Thus rank, dominant є a straining factor in the selection of biologically and socially the most significant subtleties.

Functions of the spinal cord and cerebral palsy

The central nervous system has been developing for a long time segmental і evolutively more young suprasegmental from the nervous system. To the segmental forms, carry the spinning, dovgastii middle brain, Dilyanki that regulate the functions of the surrounding parts of the body, which lie on the same pivot. The suprasegmental visualization of the midbrain, the cerebrum and the cortex of the great ceremonies does not interfere with the non-mediated connections with the organs of the body, but rather conducts them through the underlying segmentary visualizations.

Dorsal brain

Spinal cord є lower and most ancient form of the central nervous system ... At the warehouse of the spinal cord of the spinal cord, people have about 13.5 million nerve cells. Of them the main mass (97%) are industrial cells (insert or interneurons) , Yakі zaprechuyut folding processes of coordination in the middle of the spinal cord. The motor neurons of the spinal cord see great alpha motoneuroni and others gamma motor neuron... From alpha motoneurons there are the best and most bistroconducting fibers of the muscular nerves, so that the rapid skeletal fibers of the muscular fibers wick. Thin fibers of gamma motoneurons do not wick quickly. The stench goes to the pro-receptors with a spindle and regulates sensitivity.

Spinal cord reflex you can go to rukhovi , Zdіysnuvanі alpha-motoneurons of the anterior horns, і vegetative , Zdіysnyuvanі afferent clitines of bichnyh horns.

Spinal cord motor neurons nerve all skeletal tissue(For a vinyat of m'yazіv denouncing) ... The spinal cord is good elementary rukhovi reflexes iginal and rozginal, rhythmic, stepping, which can be detected with different types of proprioceptors of the muscles and tendons, and also empowered the post-pulsation to the muscles, myazy tone... Special motoneurons to innervate spontaneous muscles dykhalny ruhu... Vegetative neurons innervate all internal organisms (heart, judgment, sweat, close internal secretions, herbal tract, Sechostat's system).

Providnikov function The spinal cord is tied to the transmission of information from the periphery to the flow of information and impulses from the brain to the spinal cord.

For the rest of the development of special techniques for the implantation of the spinal cord in great people... So, for example, the functional camp of alpha motoneurons is evaluated according to the changes in the potential of the mutations in peripheral subdivisions, so called H-reflex (To Hoffmann's Reflex) lithium meat with the subtlety of the great muscle nerve and according to T-reflex (Appearance of tendon tendonitis) of the soleus ointment with subtle Achilles tendon. The methods of restoring (with non-schooled curves) potentials has been broken down to pass through the spinal cord into the brain.

Dovgastiy mozok i Varoliev misst

Dovgastiy mozok і varoliyev mіst (in the whole hind brain) є partly stovbur to the brain. There is a large group of cranial nerves (from the V to the XII bet), the innerviruses, the mucous membranes, the muscles of the head and a number of internal organs (heart, legends, liver). To be found right there centri bagatokh herbal reflexes juvenile, kovtannya, shlunk rukhiv and parts of the intestine, seeing herbal juices, as well as center of deyakie zhisnykh reflexes (Changnya, cough, blinking, tearing, bluing) that center of water-salt and sugar exchange ... On the days of the IV slumber, in the big brain there is a vital and important dichal center, which is built up from the center in the spirit and the vidihu. Yogo store other cells, how to energize the impulses to the spinal muscles through the motor neurons of the spinal cord.

At the perfect closeness of the seam heart-vascular center ... Yogo great cells regulate the heart and educate the Sudin. The interlacing of the clitin of the dysfunctional and heart-vascular centers will ensure that they are not intertwined with each other.

Dovgastiy mozok has an important role in the health of muscular acts and in the regulation of the tone of skeletal muscles, increasing the tone of the muscular tissue ... Wine take care of the fate, zokrema, in good health current reflexes positions (Shiinykh, labyrinth). Pass through the dovgastia brain the way of hearing, vestibular, proprioceptive and sensory perception .

middle brain

To the warehouse of the middle brain, the quadruple, the black substance and the red nucleus, descend. At the front hillocks, the quadruple is located zorovі pіdkіrkovіcentri , And in the back rumors ... The middle brain takes care of the fate of regulation of the eyes , zdіysnyuє winter reflex (Expanded windows in the room and ringing in the lights).

Four hills show a number of reactions, such as є the components of the oriental reflex ... In the view on the raptor, the turn of the head and eyes in the direction of the teaser is seen, and in the creatures, the alertness of the vuh. Tsei reflex (according to I.P. Pavlov, reflex "Scho take?") Necessary for the preparation of the body to a quick reaction to any new injection.

Chorna substance the middle brain can be brought up to the reflexes of zhuvannya and kovtannya, take the fate regulation of muscle tone (Especially when you see other crashes with your fingers) and in organizing your reactions.

chervone core middle brain viconuє motor functions regulate the tone of skeletal muscles , Viklikayuchi to improve the tone of myaziv-zginachiv. Rooks are significant infusion on the tone of skeletal mucus, the middle brain takes care of the fate of the row current reflexes (The most straightforward installations are up and down the hill).

middle brain

The thalamus (hump) and hypothalamus (hypothalamus) are included in the intermediate brain.

across thalamus to pass all afferent routes (For a vignette of scent), I go to see the areas of measles (rumors, health and in.). Thalamus nuclei are subdivided into specific and non-specific ... Before specific payments switching (relay) cores and associative ... Through the switching nuclei of the thalamus, afferent inflow is transmitted from the receptors of the body. The associative nuclei will recognize the impulses from the switching nuclei and will not allow them to interact. Most of the nuclei in the thalamus are nonspecific nuclei, which can be activated, as well as galvanized into small areas of measles.

The leaders of the great tones of the thalamus will play a role in the life of the body. Іmpulse, how to go out of the thalamus into the cortex, change the cortical neurons and regulate rhythm of cortical activity ... With the bezposrednyaya fate of the thalamus the establishment of intellectual reflexes and the rocking of handwheels, the formulation of emotions people, yogo mіmіki. The thalamus has a great role to play in the diagnosis of visions, zokrem in pain ... For the first time to knit regulation of rhythm in the life of people (dobovyh, seasonal and in.).

hypothalamus є a visceral center for the regulation of vegetative functions , staniv sleep and sleep ... Here the vegetative center is rostered, regulate the exchange of speech і organіzmі, which will make steel temperature increase (In warm-blooded people) and normal rivnya gore , scho pidtrimuyut water balance, scho regulate feeling hunger and weary ... The growth of the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus is stronger than the sympathetic infusions, and the anterior parasympathetic effects.

The connection of the hypothalamus with the hypophysis ( hypothalamic-hypophyseal system) The control of the activity of the internal secretions is improved. Vegetative and hormonal reactions, regulated by the hypothalamus, by the components of human and human reactions.

Nonspecific system of the brain

non-specific system borrow the middle part of the stovbur to the brain. Vona is not tied to the analysis of any specific sensitivity, but to the results of singing reflex reactions. The impulses in the whole system come through the general view of all specific nobles, as a result of which a wider interaction will be ensured. For a nonspecific system, it is characteristic to rotate neurons in a diffuse hedge, a large number and versatility of these growths. I will name the call from the tsim won reticular formation of a reticular form.

develop two tipi in pour nonspecific systems on the robot of the second nerve centers activating and galmu ... The offense is usually high and low (to the upper centers) and quiet, but to descend (to the lower centers). Stink serve for regulation of the functional stun of the brain, the level of failure and regulation of postural-tonic and phasic reactions of skeletal muscles.

lobe

The umbilical cord of the suprasegmental illumination, not bezposerednykh zv'yazkiv with vikonavchy devices. The lobe is stored from the unpaired education of the chrobak and the boys.

The main neurons of measles are the cornsus є numerically klitini Purkin... Big calls (on skin cells end up to 200,000 synapses) Integration of the most advanced sensor injections , In the first place, proprioceptive, tactile and vestibular. Representation of small receptors in the cortex of the cornsus somatotopic organization (Gretz. Somatos tilo, topos misce), ie. Vidbiva order of їkh roztashuvannya in tіlі people. In addition, the whole procedure of rosetting is based on the same procedure for rosetting the representatives of children in the bark of the great festivals, so that the exchange of information between the bark and the brain and the forgetfulness of the spirits Correct geometric organization of neurons in the brain the meaning of the hour and the clear pace of the cycle.

The main function of the cornsus is the regulation of the poznotonic reactions and the coordination of the muscular activity(Orbeli L.A., 1926).

For anatomical features (measles ligaments, the cornsus with nuclei) and functional meanings, the cerebellum is three later zones:

• internal or medial bark of the hrobak, The function of regulating the tone of skeletal muscles, adjusting the position and equilibrium;
• near the middle part of measles pivkul a moss, the function of a field in the narrow-mindedness of reactions with the hands and correction of pardons;
• bichnu or lateral cortex pivkul moss, yaka spіlno z middle brain and by the bark of the great festivals, take care of the fate in the program of smart balistic rukhiv (kidkiv, blows, strikers too.).

basal nuclei

To the basal nuclei, the darker must be carried away, it can be stored from the caudate nucleus і shkarupi, і blіde nucleus, and in the given hour it is also migrated less slowly (it is carried to the vegetative centers of the middle middle system) and the black substance of the brain.

Afferentny inflow to come to the basal nuclei from the receptors of the body through the thalamus and from the areas of the great measles. The stench may be wicked to come up in the dark tilo. Every now and then go to the black core and far to the drilling centers extrapiracy systems, And also through the thalamus back to measles.

The basal nuclei take part in the establishment of mental reflexes and healthy folding insane reflexes (defensive, precocious and inn.). The stench will make you feel the need for physical robots, as well as for automatic rhythmic movements (ancient automatisms).

The core of the vicon is reduced to the main motor function, and the darker one is to regulate its activity. In Denmark, the significance of the caudate nucleus has been revealed in the control of folding psychic processes - respect, memory, pardon.

All functions of the body can be intelligently distributed to somatic, abo abnormal(Creations), tied to the youngsters of the vital information, the development of the tissues, and the vegetative (growing), the connection to the internal organs, the processes of energy, the growth of blood, the growth of blood,

Functional organization of the autonomic nervous system

The vegetative nervous system Name the supremacy of the existing nerve cells of the spinal cord and the brain, as well as the cells of special universities (ganglions), which are used to innervate the internal organisms. The growth of the growth of the receptors in the body can affect the symptoms of both somatic and vegetative functions, as well as central viddili cich reflex arcs of the back. The stinks of being deprived of their current images. characteristic feature eferent paths, to enter into the reflex arcs of autonomic reflexes,(One neuron is located in the central nervous system, which is in the ganglia or in the nervous organ).

vegetative nervous system two-way or two cute and parasympathetic (Fig. 4).

eferent path sympathetic nervous system repair in the chest i transverse viddilakh the spinal cord from the neurons of the spinal cord. Transfer of stimulation from prenodal pretty fibers to postnode to see for the mediator's participation acetylcholine , And the post-knot of fibers on the innervated by the organization with the participation of the mediator norepinephrine ... As a vignette є fibers, so that they innervate the sweat and expand the vessels of skeletal mucous membranes, deduced to be transferred for the auxiliary acetylcholine.

eferent path parasympathetic nervous system repaired in the brain from the nuclei of the middle and middle brain, and in the spinal cord from the neurons kryzhovoy viddilu... Conducting a parasympathetic path in synapses to see the mediator's part acetylcholine ... Another eferent neuron is located in an innervated organ, or close to everything.

We look for the regulator of vegetative functions є hypothalamus , Yakiy dіє spіlno s reticular formatsієyu and lіmbіchnoj system for the control of measles in the great pіvkul. In addition, neurons, roztasovani in the organs themselves, or in nice universities, there can be powerful reflex reactions without the participation of the central nervous system "Peripheral reflexes" .

Small. 4. The vegetative nervous system
Evil area of ​​the fiber output: parasympathetic (black color)
and nice (shaded) systems.
On the right is the Budova eferent part of the reflex arc of autonomic reflexes. Evil scheme of the middle, rather thick and spinal cord.
Arabic numerals of the numbers of the thoracic segments, Roman numbers of the transverse segments.

Functions of the sympathetic nervous system

For the participation of a sympathetic nervous system, they pass through a lot of important reflexes in the body, directing them to the preservation of their maladies, including those of their muscular activity. Reflex is applied to them enlargement of bronchial tubes, frequent and strengthening of the heart quickly , Expansion of the Sudin Heart and Legends with a one-hour sound of the Sudin Shkiri and Organs black wastes (protection from overgrowth of blood ), Wikid of deposited blood from liver and spleen, splitting glucogen to glucose in liver ( mobilization in carbohydrate energy sources ), Strengthening the power of internal secretions and sweat lobes. Nice nervous system lowering the efficiency of a number of internal organs: as a result of the sound of the judges in the nirkas, the processes of conversation change, the secretory and motor activity of the organs shlunkovo-intestinal tract; zapobіgaє act sechovipuskannya to relax m'yaz stinki sectional mikhura and speed up your sphinkter.

Increased the activity of the supernatural organism to be attractive expansion reflex ... It is of great importance for the power of the organism of man trophic infusion of pretty nerves on the skeletal connection I will paint the speech exchange and the functional camp, I know this.

A nice view of the nervous system and not only advances the function of the body, ale and mobilizu yogo prikhovani functional reserves , Activation of brain activity, triggering reactions (immune reactions, bar'erni mechanisms and ing.), Launching hormonal reactions. The nervous system is especially important. during the development of stress machines , In the most folding minds of life. L. A. Orbeli has received the most significant value of cute infusions for attaching (adapting) the body to the stressed robot, to the young minds of the young middle-class. The function of the bullet is named adaptive and trophic.

Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system hello soreness of bronchial tubes, hopefulness and weakening of the heart; improvement of energy resources (synthesis of glycogen in oven and strengthening of etching processes); making the process of settling down in nirkasі securing the act of securing (speeding up the mutilation of the slaughtering mechanism and reducing the weakening of the sphinkter); The nervous system is parasympathetic. fuel start-ups : Zvuzhennya zinitsi, bronchial, including the activity of herbal infections, etc.

The activity of the parasympathetic type of the autonomic nervous system is aimed at regulation of the functional camp, on the adjustment of the steel of the internal center to homeostasis ... Parasympathetic vision updating of new physiological indicators , Risko changes in energy resources. mediator parasympathetic systems acetylcholine, reducing the sensitivity of adrenergic receptors to adrenal and norepinephrine, singing rank anti-stress injection .

Small. 5. Vegetative reflexes
Infusion of the position of til on the frequency of heart rate (beats / Hv). (For: Mogendovicha M.R., 1972)

Through vegetative sympathetic and parasympathetic paths of the central nervous system, it is good to do autonomic reflexes, to repair from the secondary receptors of the new and internal middle: viscero-visceral (from the inner-outer-fold) dermo-visceral (from shkіrnyh integuments - change of the dyyalnosti of internal organs with subdivision of active points of shkіri, for example, holovkolyuvannyam, point massage); from the receptors of the intramural apple, Ashner's eye-heart reflex (reduced heart rate when onslaught very apple parasympathetic effect); motor-visceral-napklad, orthostatic test (frequent heartbeat when going from lying down to standing position is a nice effect) and ін. (fig. 5). Smell vikoristoyutsya for the assessment of the functional body of the body and especially the autonomic nervous system (assessments injected into the sympathetic or parasympathetic її відділа).

limbic system

pid limbic system there are a number of cortical and pedunculated structures, functions of such dressings with organizing Motivational-emotional reactions, processes of memory and initiation .

The corrosive views of the limbic system, which represent the most important view, are located on the lower internal surfaces great pivkul (dilyanka of frontal measles, zvivina abo lambic bark, hippocampus and in.). The hypothalamus, the nucleus of the thalamus, the midbrain and the reticular form are introduced to the podkirkovy structures of the limbic system. Mіzh usіma tsіmi wіddіlami є tisnі straight and ringing sounds, which is so called "lіmbіchnoi kіlce".

The limbic system takes care of the part in the most flexible manifestations of the organism's activity in the regulation of food behavior, the sleep-sleep cycle, in the , Bezpechuyuchi vibrating character of behavior. won form of positive and negative emotions from usіma rokhovym, vegetative and hormonal їх components. Electric development of small devices of the limbic system through the implantation of electrodes (in experiments on creatures, in clinics with illnesses) center, To form positive emotions, and unhappy, Yaki form negative emotions. Isolation of such points in the glib structures of the brain of the people wicked to appear feeling "unreasonable joy", "objectless tightness", "unaccountable fear".

Functions of the measles of the great countries

Among all sorts of animals and people, the provincial evidence of the central nervous system is the bark of the great ages.

cortical neurons

The bark is a ball of gray speech with a thickness of 2-3 mm, so to avenge about 14 billion nerve cells in the middle. Characteristic in nіy є is a large number of interneural links, growing up to 18 rockets, and in a number of types and lengths.

The main types of cyrkovichclitin are pyramid and partial neurons. Particular neurons tied to the processes of sprouting and learning about the nature of the activity of the young pyramidal neurons.

pyramid neurons the effective function of measles (through the paramedic tract) and the vital processes of interaction mіzh from each other by neurons. Most of the giants of the giant piracy of Betz are located in the anterior central area (motor zone of measles).

Functional unit of measles є vertical column interconnected neurons. The large cells in the vertical direction with the neurons growing above them and in front of them set up a functional connection of neurons. Vaga The neurons of the vertical column display on the same afferent development (from the same receptor) by the same reaction and form the same reaction and spirally form the same afferent appearance of the cerebral neurons. If necessary, vertical columns can be collated in a larger setting, without collapsing reactions.

Functional meaning of winter crust fields

For the peculiarities of Budov and the functional meanings of the surroundings the whole bark is grown into three main groups of fields first, second and third (Fig. 6).

primary fields tied with the organs of the senses and the organs of the ruch on the periphery. stink viniknennya vidchuttiv ... Before them are, for example, the field of large and deep-loamy sensitiveness in the back central area of ​​measles, looking at the whole field in the upper area, the auditory field in the early area and the motor field in the anterior central area. In the first fields there are high-specialty clerks-viznachniki abo detector, Vibirkovo react only to singing teasing. For example, in the healthy cortex neuron-detectors, only when the lights are turned on, they are sensitive to the singing intensity, to the specific intervals of the light, to the singing, etc. When the primary fields of measles are destroyed, the so-called cortical dullness, cortical deafness, etc.

Small. 6. First, second and third fields of measles of the great countries
On A: great points of the primary fields, middle secondary fields, other third fields (according to G. I. Polyakov 1964 A.R. Luriya, 1971)
On B: the first (projected) measles fields of the great pivkul (according to V. Penfild, L. Roberts, 1964)

secondary fields roztashovany handrails with the first. They see comprehension and recognition of sound, light and sound signals, the formation of folding forms ... When the secondary fields are severe, objects, a little sounds, are built up, but they are not familiar, they are not remembered.

tertiary fields rozvineni practical only for people. The whole area of ​​measles, which will prevent the formation of analysis and synthesis, and form a more direct behavior of people. The third fields are located in the posterior half of the measles between the dark, pylitic and fringe areas, and in the anterior halves in the anterior parts of the frontal areas. Їх role is especially great in the organization of the uzgodzhenoi robotics ... Tertiary fields ripen in humans, the older crust fields and earlier degraded with older ones.

The function of the posterior theoretical fields (the head rank, the inferior parietal areas of measles) is the reception, the processing of the information. The stench of molding a statement about tila scheme and space scheme , Bezpechuyuchi open space orієntatsіyu rukhіv. Anterior tertiary fields (anterior-forehead areas) vikonuyut the regulation of folding forms of behavior of people, shaping us and planning, programs of great ruchs and control over their viconories ... The development of theoretical fields among the people to knit with the function of movi. Mislennya (internal mov) It is possible only with the spilny performance of the young sensory systems, sharing information about what is displayed in the theoretical fields. With the congenital incomplete theoretical watering of a man, it is not in the snake that it is opanuvaty with prominence (it’s better to get rid of the soundless sounds), but it isn’t necessary to cope with the simplest rukhovy stuff (you can’t cope with the knowledge of the pratsi etc.).

Pairing activity and dominance of pivkul

Processing of the information is good in the result pairing performance brain. However, as a rule, one with pivkul є provincial dominant ... A large number of people have a right hand(Pravshiv) dominant є liva pivkulya, and supidryadnym (subdominant) rights pivkulya.

Liva pivkulya in the context of rule less neural budova, greater abundance of interconnection of neurons, greater concentration of representative functions and better blood flow. In the main dominant pivot of retouching, the motor center of the mov (Broca's center), which is bi-movable, and the sensory center of the mov, which is healthy and intelligent. Liva pivkulya is specialized on fine sensorimotor control of the hands.

People have three forms functional asymmetry: motor, sensory and psychic ... As a rule, people have a powerful hand, leg, eye and vuho. However, the problem of functional asymmetry is quite foldable. For example, right-handed people can be a guilty face or face up, signaling from those who are the heads. At the same time, in the skin, there can be presented functions not only of the opposite, but of the same side of the body. As a result, there will be the possibility of replacing one drink by one at the same time, as well as a structural basis for a change in the dominance of pivots under management.

Psychic asymmetry manifests itself in viglyadi singing special events... for lіvoї pіvkulі characteristic analytical processes, the last processing of information, including for additional moving, abstract targeting, assessment of time-based messages, transfer of future information, success in the delivery of verbal-logical tasks V right pivkuli Information is processed integrally, synthetically (without dividing into details), with the help of the past and without the participation of moving, transferring the subject matter. Tsi specialties allow us to tie up with the rule of spiriting of spacious signs and the development of visually spacious buildings. The functions of the law are knitted in an hour, and in the last hour.

The electric activity of the measles of the great pіvkul

Measles functional changes are displayed in the recording of the electrical activity electroencephalogram (EEG)... The current electroencephalography increased the potential for the brain in 2-3 million. Develop and give the ability to receive EEG from measles points at once, ie E. Vivchaty systemic processes. The EEG re-establishment is visible at the chornil record on the porch, as well as at the view of the whole picture on the schematic of the surface of the brain, that is, the map of the brain (the map method) on the monitor screen of modern computer systems (Fig. 7).

razr_znyayut singing frequency ranges , called rhythms EEG(Fig. 8): in the midst of great calm, the alpha rhythm is most often restructuring (8-13 minutes in 1 sec); in the camp of active uvagi-beta rhythm (14 kolivan in 1s and vische); in case of zasipanny, deyakikh emotional stuns, beta-rhythm (4-7 kolivan in 1s); in case of severe sleep, at the expense of svidomosti, anesthesia-delta rhythm (1-3 times in 1 s).

The EEG visualizes the peculiarities of the interaction of the circulatory neurons with the pink and physical robots (Livanov M.N., 1972). The visibility of good coordination in the case of a visitor of an uninvolved or important robot to bring it to such a desynchronization EEG shvidkoy asynchronous activity. The world has a formulation of rukhovoy navychki in EEG, there are appearances synchronization of EEG Strengthening the interconnection (synchronicity and in-phase) of the electrical activity of the measles regions, taking a part in the management of the problems. With cyclic robots, there are more potentials at the rate of visibility, obvious or even possible "Miscellaneous rhythms"(Sologub Є.B., 1973).

The background activity in the EEG is visible to the environment potentials, tied with yakimis podiyami: wiklican potentials, As soon as they are found out about the new ones (rumors, hearsay and in.); potential, how to visualize brain processes during preparation, health and completion of certain actions "Khvilya ochikuvannya" for it is cleverly negative (Walter G., 1966), premotor, motor and final potentials and in. In addition, restructuring infraslow chatting It is trivial from decile seconds to dozens of quills (sprout, so called "omega-potentials" and in.), which represent the biological processes of regulation of functions and mental activity.

Small. 7. Cartoons to the brain
Bagatokanalny reconstruction of electroencephalograms (EEG) of people on the screen of the monitor and visualization of porous (light zones) and gross (dark zones) of measles.

Small. 8. EEG of the civilian (a-e) and motor (e-z) areas of measles of the great breeding of people in the old countries and the hour of myazovaya robotics
and active camp,
ochі vіdkritі (beta rhythm); b-spok_y, och_ zakrit_ (alpha rhythm);
in drimota (tishachi-rhythm);
z sinannya; d glibky sleep "H
(Delta rhythm); e unaware abo
robot important is asynchronous frequent
activity (the phenomenon of desynchronization);
Cycling of the robot has a greater potential at the pace of the rukhiv ("different rhythms" EEG);