Organically sympathetic nervous systems and parasympathetic. Nice and parasympathetic regulation of physiological functions.
pretty nervous system.
Nice nervous system- a part of the autonomous (autonomic) nervous system, ganglia (nerves of the university), which are rooted in the meanings of the vital organs, regulate the activity internal organs and exchange of speech in the body.
The name "nice nervous system" was first introduced in 1732, and was used for the meaning of the entire autonomic nervous system. For this reason, the term was used to name only a part of the nervous system.
Exchange and transport of gas in the blood Diffusion and availability of gas. Call kissen in blood. Zv'yazuvannya in carbon dioxide in the blood. Visoka zhvoryuvannya- hypoxic hypoxia. Exchange of blood in tissues. Nirkova functional anatomy of nirok. Inspection of the function of nirok. Filtration. Hormonal and nerves injected with filtration. Destruction of filtration. Nephrotic syndrome. Infusion of an anteriorly natriyuretic hormone.
Integration of Physiology: Homeostasis of Organism and Electrolytes Control of the balance of water and osmolality of the section. Behavior mechanisms for adjusting the balance of water and communication. Vudovaniya control of the amount and osmolarity. Atsidobaznoe pryvnovagu.
The nervous system is pretty central, Roztashovanu in the spinal cord, i peripheral, This includes the numerical data from one to one nerves of the head and the university. The center of the sympathetic system(Jacobson's spinal cord center) is located in the horns of the thoracic and transverse segments. Nice fibers go out from spinal cord on the side from the I-II chest to the II-IV cross-section. During their course, pretty fibers emerge from the ruddy somatic, and from the distance, from the viglyadi from the next generation, to enter the universities of the near-cordon pretty stovbur.
Herbal system Functional anatomy of the herbal system. Lumpiness. Secretion. Absorption from poglinannyam. Regulation of shlunkovo-intestinal functions. Head phase. Shlunk phase. Intestine phase. immune function shlunkovo-intestinal tract.
Metabolism and energy balance Energy balance. Homeostatic regulation of speech exchange. Endocrine control of growth and metabolism of Glucocorticoids. Thyroid hormone. Growth hormone. Growing fabrics і rіst kіstok. Immune system Inspection of the immune system. Pathogens in the body of people. Functional anatomy of the immune system. Natural immunity: nonspecific responses. Otrimano immunity: antigen specialty. Tracks of the immune type.
Leather vuzol of a pretty stovbur of dressings with pendants to the body and internal organs through the nerves of gossip. From the thoracic universities, there are fibers that make up sleepy gossip, from the lower pectoral and upper transverse ones - nirkovy gossip. Practically, the dermal organ is powerless gossip, so it pretends to be the path of the sublime meanings of the great nice gossip and the reason for the parasympathetic fibers appearing to the organs. From gossip, there is a transfer of excitement from one nerve cell to the other, nice fibers go directly to organs, muses, vessels and tissues. The transfer of excitement from the sympathetic nerve to the working organ is to seek help from the singing chemistry words (mediators) - the sympathies are seen as nervous endings. For its chemistry warehouse empathy is close to [the hormone of the cerebral ball of supra-nirkovye zalosis] - adrenaline [adrenaline = epinephrine]. For Nice NS, the main mediator is norepinephrine[The speech of the catecholamine nature] is secreted in the cerebral speech of the supra-nirkoval halls (NOT to be a mediator for other valleys, їkh mediator Acetylcholine). The main mediator, which is seen as pre-ganglionic fibers, is acetylcholine, and norepinephrine is the main mediator of post-ganglionic fibers.
Integration of Physiology: Metabolism on the basis of the age and praise of the organism. Ventilation reaction to navantazhennya. Heart-Sudinny Respond to Stress. Directly referring to new options for tilo. Temperature regulation for mounting on the case. Physiology of propagation and development. Basic templates for editing. The number of multiplication. The creation of women. Mechanism of the delay of the contraceptive child, Rozlad roduchosti - bezpliddya. Viability and canopy.
Name of the course: Model of biomedical systems
Walter: Clinin molecular biology. Albers і ін.: Fundamentals of Clinical Biology. Lang: Atlas of Human Pathophysiology. The whole course can also be used for students and biologists in postgraduate studies in physiology and pathophysiology of people, as they bring up the problems of modeling and modeling.
The nervous system is sympathetic to the response to organisms of the "struggle or in the flow" type extraordinary situations, Zbіlshuє vitratu of energy resources).
Infusion on the organ:
- On the heart - I move the frequency and force very quickly.
- On the artery - not infused into the large organs, the sound of the coronary arteries and the arteries of the legends.
- On the intestines - driving herbal enzymes.
- On slynnі zolozi - drove slynіchіlenya.
- On the bronchi and dikhannya - expanding the bronchi and bronchioles, increasing the ventilation of the lungs.
- At the zinitsu - widening zinitsi.
parasympathetic
Change your mind: the course will be held in the computer room of the Faculty of Biobernetics and the Institute of Pathological Physiology. Model yak combination of elements of the system. Linear models of physiological systems. Laplace redevelopment and transmission function. Look at a single pulse and line back.
Static analysis of physiological systems. Closed systems. Apply: control of the heart wikidu, regulation of glucose level in the blood, regulation of acid-pool balance, chemical regulation of ventilation. Analysis of line control systems in the team area.
parasympathіchna nepry systema, a part of the autonomic nervous system, the ganglion of such a growth in the immediate proximity of the inner organs or in them. Tsentri P. n. s... It is located in the middle and large brain (mesencephalic and bulbar viddili), as well as in the cerebral spinal cord (sacral viddil). Fibers P. n. with. heading to the internal organs in the warehouses of the okoruha (III pair), facial (VII pair), ovipopharyngeal (IX pair) and the head of the bloody (X pair) cranial nerves, as well as at the warehouse of the pelvic nerve. At bagatokh vipadkah pouring in on the P.'s side of the N. with. and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is directly opposed to one. So, as soon as the flow of impulses comes along nice nerves, the heart is often quickened, the grip of blood moves, the window expands, then the impulses come along the fibers of the P. n. with., wicked confidence and weakening of the heart, lower arterial vise, Sounds zinitsyu. Ostanniy, eferentnoy, neuron P. n. with. rosetting, as a rule, in the most innervated organ, and not in the so-called. prikordonny stovbury, yak tse maє mіsce in SNR. A mediator, who can become a mediator in the nerve endings of P. n. c., є
Linearized model of mechanics of behavior: open loop і closed loop. The transition is from an open and a closed cycle. Descriptor for a single impulse and input croc. Dynamism in an open and closed cycle. Apply: the dynamism of the nerve-muscle reflex arc.
Analysis of linear control systems in the frequency domain. The reaction of the stationary mill to the Sigmoidalny enter. The frequency of the circulation control model. Frequency response of the glucose control model. Analysis of stability: line-up.
Stability and interchangeability. Graphical display of views in a complex area. Routh-Hurvits steadiness criterion. A critical criterion for the performance of Nyquist. Apply: analysis of the stiffness of reflexes by the scientist, the model of Cheyne-Stokes' behavior. Identification of physiological regulatory systems.
So is the autonomic nervous system also?
The vegetative nervous system (ANS) is a mimic type of the nervous system. It is stored in autonomic neurons, as it conducts impulses from the central nervous system (brain and / or spinal cord), up to zalosis, smooth mucous membranes and up to the heart. The neurons of the VNS are responsible for the regulation of the secretion of deyakye zalosis (that is, the sludge), the regulation of the frequency of the heart rate and peristalsis (the rate of smooth muscle in herbal tract), As well as other functions.
The main problems in the analysis of physiological systems. Nonparametric and parametric identification. Parameter estimation problems: identity and design. Identification of closed systems: loop detection. Identification in a closed-loop mind, butt: the minimal model for glucose control, identification of dyshnoy regulation. Optimization in biological systems.
Optimization in systems with negative ringing. Optimization of one parameter: frequency control and response. Optimization is tied - butt: control of the structure of the response, control of the pulse rate of the aorta. Adaptive control of physiological changes.
role of ANS
The role of the ANS is continuously regulating the functions of organs and systems of organs, depending on whether they are internal or external. VNS supplements the development of homeostasis (regulation of the internal medium) by means of coordination of various functions, such as secretion of hormones, blood circulation, energy, etching and vision. VNS is dependent on the func- tioning unaware, we don’t know how important it is for the most important people in the city.
VNS extends on two subsystems, SNS (sympathetic nervous system) and PNS (parasympathetic nervous system).
Non-linear analysis of physiological regulatory systems. Non-line and line-line systems. Apply: boundary cycles, van der Pol generator, model of heart arrhythmias. Equivalent transmission method. Apply: Periodic behavior and apnea. Complex dynamics in physiological regulatory systems.
Non-linear systems and regulation with a ringing sound: logical adjustment, regulation of neutrophil intensity, variability model heart-vascular system... Tied non-linear generators: circular rhythm model. Timing winter closed loops Physiological systems: sleep apnea. Suvanyya noise in the loops of the ringing sound.
The nervous system (SNS) is nice - those who call out like they say at home: "fight anymore"
Nice neurons should be placed before the peripheral nervous system, if you want nice neurons to be rocked in the central nervous system (central nervous system)
Sympathetic neurons of the central nervous system (spinal cord) interact with peripheral sympathetic neurons, through a series of sympathetic nerve cells tila, vіdomih yak ganglії
Ho: Physiological management systems. Analysis, model and assessment. The stench of the viral problems of the group of psychoanalysis is often forgotten about itself. Smells of zooseredzheni only on the fallow victim, squad, leader, actions, rules, rituals, day sacrifices, if friends, I will join the sect, even if it’s hard to come across.
Smells suffer from depression, distress, sleep deprivation, concentration, psychosomatic discomforts, sensitiveness, agressiveness, etc. What do you need nobility, why do you know the "mistress of turning"? Psychological and physical imbalances, inadequate or inadequate tools for helping the relatives of the victims, work in their own way, and also for the occasional spirits in person, as to take part in the sect. I don’t know and don’t stabilize myself, the stench cannot fit into important situations, vicious sectarian appearances.
For the addition of chemical synapses in the ganglia boundaries, sympathetic neurons acquire peripheral sympathetic neurons (for the reason of the term "presynaptic" and "post-synaptic" spinal for the development of sympathetic peripheral neurons
Presynaptic neurons see acetylcholine at synapses within the sympathetic ganglia. Acetylcholine (AX) is chemically feasible, which bandage the nikotin receptor for acetylcholine in postsynaptic neurons
As a rule, you will need to help your loved ones, so that you can help your loved ones. The main focus is on suspected victims in these areas. In the first place, the victim of the sect is not used for confusion. As a result, I have to be overwhelmed by contact with seven and, in general, caused by all kinds of things in the family.
How can we hopefully stabilize and educate relatives to the point of being effective in spirits with our loved ones? The first croc in therapy with relatives є the primary orientation in the problem of education. There is a need for knowledge, characteristic of fancywork and mental manipulations. Deyakі can be here in an even more important phase of dedication to the problem itself. Stink I want to speed up the process of spіvpratsі, having read a number of articles on tsіy topics, vvazhayuchi, їх approved by you. Інші systematically shukayut and vivchayut available literature for the skin vіlne hour.
Postsynaptic neurons produce norepinephrine (NA) in a patient
Continuing the reaction of the brain can wicked adrenaline from the supra-nirkoval zalosis
The sound, norepinephrine and adrenaline are linked to adrenergic receptors in the tissues of the tissues, as a result of which the characteristic effect of "fighting for the second time"
Visokoyakisne navchannya of clients є a change of mind for a later successful spіvrobіtnіtva, and in the same hour an imposing cob motivating test of the client. An analogous rank, we recommend the advance to the clientele. To grow up like that, as not everyone knew at all.
Do not take your emotions for speeches, as it is impossible to change. We will be able to use it in an overwhelming way, but it could have been effective. You don't need everything at once, everything takes an hour. Clients often want to come into contact with their loved ones on the cob of therapy, but often see them in their own initiatives. The strategy is good, but the smell is intuitive, but you need the nobility, as you can fit in. The victim of the sect is not impressed by the fact that you will pass on someone from the members of the family.
The onset of efficacy is manifested as a result of the activation of adrenergic receptors:
due to the lack of visibility
weakening of peristalsis
increase in the frequency of the heart rate (increase in the rate of performance, decrease in the refractory period)
expansion of the site
advancing the arterial vise
I’m sure you don’t want to, for example, when you send a confrontation, when you go out to the booth, completely accept a decision at a time. It’s just, there’s no big deal, it’s not a bargain, not mindless beastfulness to the kohan people in the leaves, most of the facts that aren’t minuscule, as they wick the negative emotions, as they entice them to the sensitive mind.
A sheet of a sheet is a tense comun_kats_yny nose. There is only one of the methods of spilkuvannya, if the clients may have additional control. Perevaga of the written sheets of the field is in the fact that customers do not need to send the sheet or show it to someone else. The stench can be easily read and thrown or saved in the hooded mischief. The whole method is corny for ignoring hate, discarding and imagining for the sake of the so-called not to supply a sheet to censorship that no one can get. Clients can write a therapeutic sheet to a member of the sect so often, as the stench perceives the need, you see those who want to say the stench, and do not prikhovuti nothing.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) - PNS is one of the names of the system "recovery and learning". Zagalom, PNS dіє in the opposite direction to the SNS, there are traces of the common reaction "borotbi abo vtechi". Protect, more correctly say, what SNS and PNS add one to one.
PNS vikoristovuє acetylcholine in the capacity of the main mediator
When stimulated, the presynaptic nerves end up seeing acetylcholine (AX) in the ganglion
AH, in its turn, on the nikotin receptor of postsynaptic neurons
postsynaptic nerves stimulate acetylcholine, stimulate muscarinic receptors in the target organ
Oh, they often marvel at deyaki ideas, as they come from the house. tse bezpereno effective way save your mental health. If the client is stable and responds to strong emotions in the process of psychotherapy, I continue to practice the list until the actual transfer to a member of the sect. At all stages of the process of writing and editing a work sheet. Perche, the client write the first design of the sheet. Winning a day for a few years or for a few days, you need to get rid of it.
Then he wins and joins in the task of becoming a member of the sect. Win namagatsya uyavity, how can I think and see my relatives in the sect, if I read a skin row. Being in the skin of a member of a sect, guilt can be more beautiful for all the evaluation of the effectiveness of what he wrote. As a member of a sect, I see myself closer to the author of the sheet, if I am motivated to do so, so I can share with them, I think so far. The sheet must be edited once, however, it is necessary, as long as the client is not sensible, as long as the maximum efficiency is reached.
The onset of the effects is manifested in the result of the activation of the PNS:
decrease in performance
improved peristalsis
decrease in the frequency of heart rate (decrease in performance, increase in refractory period)
sound of zinitsi
lowering the arterial vise
You can also ask the brothers and sisters to think about the list and take in the propositions from them. kintsevoy metoyu a therapist є a robot in a complete form for the quality of communication and change of communication with a cohana person for renewal and improvement of mutual contacts.
Kozhen, whoever I see is a serious problem, I will need to look at it beforehand. Relatives are often worth it a great part Determination of the stem in the fallowness of the sect is brought to the patient, in connection with that, but in the behavior of the symptoms are manifested in the fallowness of the sect.
Providers of SNS and PNS
The vegetative nervous system is vivilnyaє chemistry guides injected into their organisation-targets. The most common extensions are norepinephrine (NA) and acetylcholine (AX). All presynaptic neurons act as a neurotransmitter. AH is also vivilnyaє deyakі sympathetic postsynaptic neurons and all parasympathetic postsynaptic neurons. SNS vikoristovuє NA as the basis of the postsynaptic chemical mediator. ON and AH є most are seen by mediators from the ANS. In addition to the neurotransmitter, vasoactive speeches are vivified with the help of automatic postsynaptic neurons, which are linked to receptors in target cells and infused onto the target organ.
What rank does the SNS provide?
In a sympathetic nervous system, catecholamines (norepinephrine, adrenaline) act on a specific receptor, rots on the cell surface of target organisms. The cy receptor is called adrenergic receptor.
Alpha-1 receptor shows its effect on a smooth tongue, in the main, in a fast way. Effects can include fast arteries and veins, decrease in collapse in the intestinal tract (intestinal tract), and ulceration of the intestinal tract. Alpha-1 receptor is developed postsynaptically.
Alpha 2-receptors bind adrenaline and norepinephrine, and by themselves in the world change by infusing alpha 1 -receptors. Protein, alpha 2-receptors may have a number of self-specific functions, including the sound of sudin. Functions can include fast coronary artery, fast smooth ointments, fast veins, decreased intestinal motility and inflammation of the insulin.
Beta-1 receptor shows its activity in the main on the heart, wipes out the increase of the heart wikid, the number of the faster and the increase of the heart conductivity, is able to increase the frequency of the heart faster. It also stimulates sleepy climbs.
Beta-2 receptors show their activity mainly on the skeletal and heart muscles. Increase the speed of the quickness of the mucus, and also expand the blood-bearing judgment. The receptor is stimulated by the circulation of neuromediators (catecholamines).
What rank does the PNS provide?
Yak has already lost its head, acetylcholine is the main mediator of PNS. Acetylcholine is on the cholinergic receptor, as a muscarinic and nikotin receptor. Muscarinic receptors to slow down their infusion on the heart. Є two main muscarinic receptors:
The M2 receptor is rosted in the very center, the M2 receptor is directed to acetylcholine, stimulation of the cych receptors in the heart is stimulated (lowering the frequency of the heart is faster and more refractory).
The M3 receptor is rosted in the muscle, activating to increase the synthesis of nitrogen oxide, to produce relaxation of the heart cells of smooth mucous membranes.
Is the autonomic nervous system organized?
As it was said before, the autonomic nervous system grows on two sides: the nervous system is sympathetic and the nervous system is parasympathetic. It is important to understand, how to function in two systems, because it is important, how to infuse a stench on an organism, may be on the mind, how offended systems and work in synergy for the preparation of homeostasis in organism.
Offensively sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves vivilnayut neuromediators, norepinephrine and adrenaline for the sympathetic nervous system, as well as acetylcholine for the parasympathetic nervous system.
Cy neuromediators (also called catecholamines) transmit nerve signals through the stems of the cleft (synapses), if the nerve connects to the nerves, cells or organs. Then the neuromediators are applied either to the sympathetic receptor receptors or to the parasympathetic receptors on the target organ to use the injection. The version of the functions of the autonomic nervous system has been simplified.
Yak controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
VNS does not interrupt under control. Є kіlka tsentrіv, which play a role in the control of VNS:
The cerebral cortex is the area of measles and the brain that controls homeostasis, regulates SNS, PNS and hypothalamus.
Limbichna system - limbic system be stored from the hypothalamus, migraine-like body, hipocampus and other adjacent warehouses. Tsі structures lie on both sides of the thalamus, like once under the brain.
Hypothalamus - submouth region brain, Yaka managingє VNS. The region of the hypothalamus includes parasympathetic bloody nuclei, as well as a group of cells, which can produce sympathetic systems in the spinal cord. Interaction with cim systems, hypothalamus control etching, heart rate, sweat and function.
Stovburovoy brain - stovburovoy brain of the spinal cord and brain. Sensory and motor neurons are more expensive through the brain, transmitting data to the brain and spinal cord. Stopping the brain for controlling the vegetative function of the PNS, including the dichotomy, the frequency of the heart is very fast and the arterial grip.
Spinal cord - on the offense side of the spinal cord, two ganglion flaps were removed. The name of the lancer is illuminated by the parasympathetic nervous system, at that hour the lanceug is close to the spinal cord to create a nice element.
Do you know the receptors of the autonomic nervous system?
Afferent neurons, dendrites of neurons, such as receptor powers, are highly specialized, can be recognized only by type and variety. There is no evidence of an impulse from these receptors (for a blame, no pain). Є numerical sensory receptors:
Photoreceptors - react to light
thermoreceptors - react to temperature changes
Mechanoreceptor - react to stretching і vise (blood vise abo dotic)
Chemoreceptor - react to internal changes chemistry warehouse to the body (tobto, zmist O2, CO2) of developing chemical words, seeing the relish and smell
Nociceptors - react to different motifs, tied with tissues (brain interpretation)
Autonomy (visceral) motor neurons synapse on neurons, roztasvani in ganglia sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, without intervening in the middle and causing damage. In such a rank, it is possible to say visceral motor neurons, bit by bit, innervate the smooth muscles of the arteries and heart meat. Autonomous motor neurons work for the improvement of the SNS or the change in the PNS of its own performance in tissue-targets. In addition, autonomic motor neurons can prodzhuvati function, navi as harchuvannya nerve more often, I want it in the smallest world.
Is there a vegetative neuron and a nervous system?
VNS by day, is composed of two types of neurons, tied into a group. The nucleus of the first neuron is repaired in the central nervous system (neurons of the SNS are repaired in the thoracic and transverse regions of the spinal cord, the PNS neurons are repaired in the cranial nerves) kryzhovy viddili spinal cord). The axons of the first neuron are found in the vegetative ganglia. From the point of view of another neuron, its nucleus is located in the autonomic ganglion, at that time it is the axon of neurons of another growth in the tissue-target. Two types of giant neurons are produced for the additional acetylcholine. Protein, another neuron is obtained from a tissue target for an additional acetylcholine (PNS) or norepinephrine (SNS). So PNS and SNS are connected with hypothalamus.
| pretty | parasympathetic | |
| function | Zachist to the body from the attack | Liku, regenerating and living organism |
| Zagalny Efect | Catabolic (ruinu tilo) | Anabolic (sash tilo) |
| Activation of organs and zalosis | Mozok, m'yazi, insulin pidshlunkovoy zalozi, thyroid gland and nadnirniki | Ochinka, nirki, ferments of the slurry zalozi, spleen, slurry, small intestine |
| Improved hormones and words | Insulin, cortisol and thyroid hormone | Parathyroid hormone, ferments of slurry, gum and іnshі herbs enzymes |
| Tse active functions of tila | Advancing arterial vise and replacing the blood in the blood | Activation of etching, immune system and function of vision |
| psychological quality | Fear, feeling guilty, sadness, gniv, steadfastness and aggressiveness | Spooky, satisfaction and relaxation |
| Factor yaki activate qiu system | Stress, fear, gniv, anxiety, overwhelming misery, advancing physical development | Improvement, sleep, meditation, relaxation and feeling of good luck |
Inspection of the Vegetative Nervous System
Autonomous functions of the nervous system for the preparation of life, gain control over the offensive functions / systems:Heart (control of the frequency of the heart is very fast for the help of speed, refractory camp, heart performance)
Blood vessels (ringing and enlargement of arteries / veins)
Lungs (relaxation of smooth bronchial muscles)
herbal system (slunk-intestinal peristalsis, intestinal peristalsis, control of the sphincter, control of the insulin in the pond, and so far)
Immune system (ingibuvannya ogryadnykh cells)
Balance of Ridini
Diameter of zinitsi
pity (stimulates the secretion of sweat vines)
Reproductive system (in cholovikiv, erection and ejaculation; in females, rapid and weak uterus)
On the side of the secular system (relaxation and speed sectional mikhuraі detrusor, sphincter urethra)
VNS, through its two gilki (sympathetic and parasympathetic), control the vitrate of energy. It is pretty є in the middle of the vitrat, at that hour it is parasympathetic to the servants' zalnozmіtsnyuvalnuyu function. In the burial place:
The nervous system of the wicker is nice, it accelerates the functions of the body (tobto the heart's speed and dichanna) to the heart, shunts the roof from the kid to the center
The parasympathetic nervous system of the wikklic is in control of the functions of the body (to the heart's speed and dichannia) to start, to reconcile and update, as well as to coordinate the immune responses
I can be healthy negative inflow If the injection of one of the systems is not installed from the other, as a result of which homeostasis is destroyed. The VNS is poured into the body, which is time-consuming, in other words, the body is guilty of turning in the base of the body. Naturally, it is innocent to be a smart excursion from the homeostatic baseline, or even turning to the vicious rivnya can be seen all the time. If one system is inherently active (tonus adjustments), health can suffer.
There are autonomous systems and signs, which stand up (and with such a rank of balancing) one by one. For example, if the nervous system is nice to fix it, the parasympathetic nervous system is to fix it, then turn the nice nerve system back to the perfect level. In such a rank, it is not important for the intelligence, but for one reason, it can be a permanent decrease in the tone in the other, that it can lead to a deterioration in health. The balance between cimi dvoma is necessary for health.
The nervous system is parasympathetic, and the nervous system is less sympathetic. Why do we have a breakdown of tsei shlyakh? To see if we have no breakdowns: in the stress of the tachycardia, if the parasympathetic system does not immediately fix it, then the heart rate is often faster, the heart rate can very quickly continue to grow up to such a healthy rhythm. Oskilki parasympathetic great responsiveness is so quick, the situation is not safe, as described, it cannot be seen. The parasympathetic nervous system of the first order of the day in the body of health in the body. The parasympathetic system is the main factor that infuses into the spirits. At the same time, the heart, parasympathetic nerve fibers, synapse very deeply in the middle of the heart muscle, at that time, like the sympathetic nerve fibers of the synapse on the surface of the heart. In such a rank, parasympathetic є are more sensitive to the heart.
Transfer of vegetative impulses
Neurons generate and expand the potential of the axon. Then the stench transmits signals through the synapse, through the release of chemical words called neurotransmitters, which stimulate the reaction in the innermost cells or neurons. The whole process can lead either to stimulation, or to the reduction of accepted cells, in the presence of neuromediators and receptors.Broadening along the axon, broadening the potential along the axon є electric and passing by way of exchange + ions through the membrane of the axon natrievih (Na +) and kalіvich (K +) channels. Okremi neurons generate the same potential by eliminating the skin stimulus and conducting the potential with the fixed speed of the axon. The fluidity lies in the diameter of the axon and as it is strongly reduced in the micelinated swiftness in the microfibers, so that the axon passes through the same interval for an hour (overloading of Ranvier). An impulse "skipping" from one university to the other, skipping over the section.
Transmisia is a chemical transmission, as a result of the release of specific neuromediators from the terminal (nervous end). The neuromediators diffuse through the cleft of the synapse and communicate with specific receptors, which are attached to the effector cells or to the adjacent neuron. The reaction can be fraudulent or irritating in the presence of the receptor. The interaction mediator-receptor can be seen and completed quickly. Tse permits bagatoraz and fast activation of the receptor. Neuromediatori can be “re-victorious” in one of three ways.
Zvorotnye drowning - neuromediators shvidko lured back into the presynaptic nerves end
Decrease - neurotransmitters run by enzymes that grow close to receptors
Diffusion - neuromediators can diffuse in the outskirts and in the endocrine pancake but are seen
Receptors - receptors for protein complexes, which cover the membrane of cellini. Most of the interaction is mainly with postsynaptic receptors, and they are located on presynaptic neurons, which allows more precise control of the vivification of neurotransmitters. Є two main neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system:
Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of autonomic presynaptic fibers, postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers.
Norepinephrine - mediator of greater post-synaptic sympathetic fibers
View "from the tip and mastery".:
The increase in blood flow to the intestinal tract, which is satisfied with the amount of metabolic demands, is presented to the organs in the intestinal tract.
Sounds bronchioles, if equal to the norms.
To control the heart, see the heart through the bloating nerve and the additional nerves of the thoracic to the spinal cord.
Zvuzhu zinitsyu, allowing you to control the view of the nearest view.
incentive sleeplessly I will accelerate peristalsis and help etching.
Relaxation / rapidity of the uterus and erection / ejaculation in cholovikiv
For the purpose of visualizing the functioning of the parasympathetic nervous system, a real butt will be used by korisno vikoristovuvat:
Cholovichy state of the reaction is under the direct control of the central nervous system. Erektsia is controlled by the parasympathetic system through the energy supply. Zbudzhuyuchi signals to be detected in the brain, through the dummy, looking or direct stimulation. Necessarily as a result of a nervous signal, the nerves of the statical member react to release acetylcholine and nitrogen oxide, which, in its own right, sends a signal to the smooth muscles of the arteries of the statuary member, and relaxes and replenishes them with blood. Tsey a number of podіy lead to erektsії.
nice system
View "Borotby abo vtechi":
Stimulate the sweat.
The sound of peripheral blood-bearing judges, shunts the roof to the heart, it is necessary.
Increased blood supply to skeletal cells that can be used for robots.
Expansion of bronchioles in the minds of lowered instead of sourness in blood.
Reducing blood flow to the abdominal area, reducing peristalsis and herbal activity.
Increase the supply of glucose from the liver to increase the level of glucose in the blood.
As in the case of parasympathetic systems, take a look at the real butt, intelligence, as the function of the sympathetic nervous system will work:
At the edge of the temporal temperature є with stress, we were often seen. As soon as the temperature is high, our people react in such a way: heat receptors transmit impulses to the pretty control centers that have been expanded in the brain. Halmins occasionally go along pretty nerves to the blood-bearing vessels of the shkiri, which expand at the ends. The enlargement of the blood-bearing vessels increases the rush of blood to the surface of the dust, so the heat can be absorbed through the ventilation from the surface of the dust. In addition to the expansion of the blood-bearing sudins of the shkiri, they also react to high temperature, Pitlivistyu. It’s worth looking for temperature adjustments, as you sleep with the hypothalamus, which sent a signal through the pretty nerves, you sweat it, you’ve gotten a lot of sweat. The warmth is absorbed by the way of viparovvannya of the sweat.
vegetative neurons
Neurons, which conduct pulses from the central nervous system and from the same eferent neurons (arms). Smells are seen from somatic nerve neurons, but the existing neurons are not overpowered under the control. Somatic neurons power the axon in the skeletal connection, which is responsible for the control of the function.Visceral eferent neurons - motor neurons, robots in the conducted pulses to the heart muscle, smooth muscles and hallux. The stench can be found in the brain or spinal cord (CNS). The offense of the visceral eferent neurons allows them to conduct an impulse from the brain or the spinal cord to the tissue target.
Preganglionic (presynaptic) neurons - cells of the neuron are located in the spinal cord or in the brain. Vona end up in a pretty parasympathetic ganglion.
Preganglionic autonomic fibers - can be repaired in the hindbrain, middle brain, in breastfeeding spinal cord, or on the level of the fourth krizhivy segment of the spinal cord. Vegetative ganglia can be found in the head, or in the stomach. Lantsyugi of vegetative ganglia can also be inflated parallel to the cutaneous side of the spinal cord.
The post-ganglionic (postsynaptic) cell of the neuron is located in the autonomic ganglion (sympathetic or parasympathetic). The neuron ends in visceral structures (tissue-targets).
They develop preganglionic fibers and develop autonomic ganglia to help differentiate between a sympathetic nervous system and a parasympathetic nervous system.
Pidroses of the autonomic nervous system
A short wikclad for the distribution of the VNS:It is stored from internal organs (dvigun) of eferent fibers.
Rozdіlena on pretty and parasympathetic іddіli.
Nice neurons of the central nervous system go through spinal nerves, Roztashovany in the transverse / thoracic spinal cord.
Parasympathetic neurons travel from the central nervous system through the cranial nerves, as well as the spinal nerves, which are transformed into the cerebrospinal cord.
Є Start two neurons that take on the role of transmission of the nerve impulse: presynaptic (preganglionic) and postsynaptic (postganglionic).
Nice preganglionic neurons are remarkably short; postganglionic sympathetic neurons є apparently very good.
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons є apparently rather short, post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons apparently short.
All neurons of the ANS are either adrenergic or cholinergic.
Cholinergic neurons in the form of acetylcholine (AX), such as neurotransmitter (including: preganglionic neurons in the SNS and PNS, all postganglionic neurons in the outlet in the PNS and post-neurons
Adrenergic neurons norepinephrine (NA), as well as neuromediators (including all post-ganglionic SNS neurons, rather quietly, so that they go to sweat).
nadnirniki
Above nirkivi zalozi roztasovani over the skin nirku also appear as nirkarniki. The stench is rostashovani approximately at the level of 12 chest ridge. Nadnirniki are stored in two parts, a surface sphere, a bark and an internal one, a cerebral river. Hormones are offended by parts of the viral blood: aldosterone, androgen and cortisol; Mozkov's speech viroblyaє adrenaline and norepinephrine, if the body reacts to stress (so that the SNS is activated) without going into the bloodstream.Clients of the cerebral speech of supra-nirkoval zalosis є old types of the same dialectal tissue, as well as sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons, that of the cerebral speech native to a sympathetic university. The clitine brain is nervous with pretty preganglionic fibers. In the opinion of nerve zbudzhennya, Mozkova will see adrenaline in the roof. Efekti adrenaline is similar to norepinephrine.
Hormones, scho vyroblyayutsya zalozami, may be of great importance for normal healthy functioning of the body. Cortisol is seen in response to chronic stress (for example, the development of a pleasant tone) can be shown to the body (for example, to develop an arterial grip, to reduce immune function). As an organism in a stretch for a trivial period of an hour, a level of cortisol can be lacking (a few days), a low level of tsukru in the blood, overwhelmed and bile at the meat.
Parasympathetic (craniosacral) viddil
Under the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, it is often called craniosacral rozpodil. It is connected with the time that the cells of the preganglionic neurons are located in the nuclei of the stovbur to the brain, as well as in the spinal horns of the spinal cord and from the 2nd to the 4th critical segments of the spinal cord, which is also the term of the craniosacral paralysis.Parasympathetic cranial view:
It is stored in the preganglionic axons, which are found in the brain in cranial nerves(Lll, Vll, lX and X).
There are five components.
The most prominent is the bloating nerve (X), to carry out preganglionic fibers, to ave about 80% of the backward flow.
Axoni end in the end of ganglia in the walls of the whole (effector) organs, de von in the synapse of ganglion neurons.
Parasympathetic sacred release:
It is built up from the preganglionic axons, which are found in the anterior roots of the 2nd to 4th cranial nerves.
At the same time, the stench confirms the pelvic nerves, from the synapse of ganglion neurons in the walls of the reproductive / visual organs.
Functions of the autonomic nervous system
Three mnemonic factors (fear, struggle, or even flowing) make it easy to transfer, as the nervous system is very nice. If you run into a situation, a strong fear, anxiety or stress, the body reacts, accelerating the frequency of the heart is very fast, the blood rush increases to vital important organs and mutilations, the hope is to kill us, bring harmlessness іnshіh changes, as they allow us to quickly react to stressful situations... Tsі reactions allowed us to see yak view stretching out thousands of rockіv.Like it often booze with human spirit, a nice system perfectly adapts to a parasympathetic, as it turns our system into a normal camp to activate a nice view. The parasympathetic system is not only the balance, but the first important functions, Reproduction, etching, recovery and sleep. Skin podrozdil vikoristovu vikonuyu vikonuyuchi dei - in a sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine and adrenaline є neurotransmitters to vibration, at that time as a parasympathetic viddil vykonovu, acetyl vykonuyu.
Neuromediators of the autonomic nervous system
There is a table describing the main neuromediators of sympathetic and parasympathetic types. Є a number of special situations, which mean:
Deyakі cute fibers, as they interrupt the sweat and bloody judges in the middle skeletal cells vid_lyati acetylcholine.
Clitini of the cerebral speech of the supra-nirkoval zalosis tightly tied with postganglionic sympathetic neurons; it smells like adrenaline and norepinephrine, as well as post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Receptors of the autonomic nervous system
The VNS receptor is indicated in the table, including the roztashuvannya| receptor | viddili VNS | localization | Adrenergy and Holinergetic |
| nikotin receptor | parasympathetic | ANS (parasympathetic and sympathetic) ganglia; myazovaya klitini | Holinergetic |
| Muscarinic receptors (M2, M3 are injected onto the heart-vascular function) | parasympathetic | M-2 is localized in the heart (with acetylcholine); M3-found in arterial tree (nitrogen oxide) | Holinergetic |
| Alpha 1 receptor | pretty | in the main roztashovany in the blood-bearing vessels; in the main roztashovany postsynaptically. | adrenergic |
| Alpha 2 receptor | pretty | Localized presynaptic on the nerve endings; can also be localized distally along the extension to the synaptic gap | adrenergic |
| Beta 1 receptor | pretty | lipocyti; wired heart system | adrenergic |
| Beta 2 receptor | pretty | roztasovany mainly on arteries (coronary and skeletal meat) | adrenergic |
Agony and Antagonism
In order to make it sound like a drug to inject into the autonomic nervous system, it is necessary to use the following terms:A sympathetic agonist (sympathomimetic) - a drug that stimulates a sympathetic nervous system
A sympathetic antagonist (sympatholytic) - a drug that will drive a sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic agonist (parasympathomimetics) - a drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic antagonist (parasympathetic) - a drug that drives the parasympathetic nervous system
(One of the ways to preserve the direct terms of thinking about Sufiks is a mimetic meaning "imituvati", in other words, vin imitu diyu, Literally, it means "ruinous", so you can never think about a system of inhibition ...
Consider adrenergic stimulation
Adrenergic reactions in the body are stimulated by half-dreams, which are chemically similar to adrenaline. Norepinephrine, which is seen from the pretty nerve endings, and adrenaline (adrenaline) in the blood are the most important adrenergic transmissions. Adrenergic stimulants can cause malnourishment and irritation, depending on the type of receptor on the effector (central) organs:| Injection on target organ | Stimulant abo Inhibitory action |
| expansion of the site | be stimulated |
| Decreased secretion of the slime | by deduction |
| Increased frequency of hearts is very fast | be stimulated |
| Sbіlshennya heart wikidu | be stimulated |
| Increased frequency | be stimulated |
| bronchodilation | by deduction |
| Adjustment of arterial vise | be stimulated |
| Decreased motility / secretion of the herbal system | by deduction |
| Rapid internal rectal sphincter | be stimulated |
| Relaxation of smooth muzzles of the cut-out michur | by deduction |
| Rapid internal sphincter of the urethra | be stimulated |
| Stimulation of the drop in lipids (lipolysis) | be stimulated |
| Stimulation of glycogen splitting | be stimulated |
Reasoning 3 factors (fear, struggle, or even in flow) can help you to see what kind of things you can think of. For example, if you are looking at a threatening situation, maє sense, your pulse and blood pressure will grow, the drop in the glucogen will be lost (to prevent the necessary energy) and your frequency of movement will be increased. All the stimulating effects. On the other side, if we were stuck in a threatening situation, etching will NOT be a priority, such a rank, the whole function will be driven (meaning lowering).
Consider cholinergic stimulation
Cinnamon memory, which is parasympathetic stimulation, is opposed to the infusion of nice stimulation (take on the organi, which may be subordinate to the innervations - albeit the vignettes from the skin rule). With the help of a switch, parasympathetic fibers, which innervate the heart, are the reason for the increased frequency of the heart.Dodatkovi diy of both razdiliv
Slynni zolozi be found in the flow of a pretty and parasympathetic viddiliv of the VNS. Nice nerves stimulate the ringing of the blood-bearing vessels along the entire shlunkovo-intestinal tract, which leads to sluggish vines, Yaki, in his own heart, wicks more thick slime. Parasympathetic nerves stimulate the secretion of fertile mucus. In such a rank, two of them appear in a different way, or in the main, they can be supplemented.Spilny injection of both viddiliv
Spіvpratsya mіzh pretty i parasympathetic VNS can be best treated in the reproductive and secular systems:
reproductive system sympathetic fiber stimulates sperm ejaculation and reflex peristalsis in females; parasympathetic fibers wick the enlargement of the blood-bearing vessels, into the endocrine pancreatic, bring up to the erection of the statutory member in the choloviks and the clitoris in women
secular system a nice fiber stimulates the slitting reflex for the rakhunok to improve the tone of the slice michura; parasympathetic nerves take a quick cut
Organize, you don’t miss the subordinate innervations
A large number of organs are innervated by nerve fibers, both from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Є kіlka vinyatkіv:Brain speech nadnirnikiv
sweat
(Arrector Pili) m'yaz, scho pіdnіmaє hair
more blood-bearing vices
The organics / textiles are nervous only with pretty fibers. What kind of organism are you regulating? Only the control is achieved through a decrease or a decrease in the tone of pretty fibers (shvidkistyu zbujennya). Controlling stimulation of pretty fibers, and their organs can be regulated.
Stress and VNS
If a person is in a not safe situation, because of sensitive nerves, he will stay in the cortex of the brain and the lambic system ("emotional" brain), as well as in the hypothalamus. The anterior part of the hypothalamus is a sympathetic nervous system. Prodigal brain to revenge the centers, which control the rich functions of the herb, heart-sudinum, legeneva, reproductive and secular system. The bloody nerve (which is sensitive and flexible fibers) will prevent sensory input into the center through its afferent fibers. Dovgastia brain itself is regulated by the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and limbic system. In such a rank, there are a number of regions that take part in the reaction of the body to stress.If a person is fed up with a lot of stress (a hot situation, like seeing a wild creature, ready to attack you), a nice nervous system can grow in parallel, so it can take on the function. Ludin can be caught on the spot, or not in the snake collapses. You can spend control over your own sechovim mikhur... The price is tied to an overwhelming number of signals, but the brain is guilty of "sortuvati" and a kind of magnificent splash of adrenaline. Happily, for more than an hour, I will not be under stress of such magnitude, and our autonomic nervous system is functional, as I am guilty!
Obvious damage associated with vegetative participation
Є bezlich zhoryuvan / staniv, which is the result of dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system:orthostatic- Symptoms include zamorochennya / nudota from a change of position (that is, from a seated position to a standing position), unpredictability, damage to the gap, and innocent annoyance. Tse inodі viclikano s nedotrimannymi baroreceptors іdchuvati and react to low blood pressure, wickedly to the bought blood in the legs.
Horner's syndrome- Symptoms include a decrease in appearance, a lowering of the poop and a sound of a zinitsa, catching one side of the guise. It was a little overwhelmed by the fact that there were some pretty nerves that pass through to the eyes and face.
ailment- Girschsprung is called vrodzhenny megacolon, the whole intestine is enlarged and constipated. The price is summed up by the presence of parasympathetic ganglia in the intestine.
vasovagal syncope- the cause of obscurity is expanded, vasovagal obscurity of vines, if the ANS responds abnormally to a trigger (look anxiously, straining during defecation, standing for an hour) lower kintsivkakh, Scho to produce an arterial vise to a sharp fall.
Raynaud's phenomenon- the process of discord is often hostile to young women, as a result of which there is a change in the number of fingers and toes, and in some and other areas of the body. The price is accompanied by extreme vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels as a result of hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. It is often due to stress and cold.
spinal shock- vicious injuries to the spinal cord, spinal shock can be vicious to vegetative dysreflexia, which arterial hypertension and the second control of the intestine or of the cuticle as a result of sympathetic stimulation of the lower level by spinal cord injuries, but the parasympathetic nervous system was not established.
vegetative neuropathy
Autonomous neuropathies є a set of stanіv, or get sick, which inject into pretty or parasympathetic neurons (or some on those and іnshі). The stench can be slimy (from the people and passed on to the victims of the patriarchs) or the odd thing in a bigger life.An autonomous nervous system controls the functions of an organism, so vegetative neuropathies can lead to a number of symptoms and signs that can be detected through medical look abo laboratory dosage... Only one nerve of the ANS is injected, however, there are some reasons for the development of symptoms, which are summarized in different areas of the ANS. Vegetative neuropathy can be widespread key symptoms... Symptoms lie in the nerves of the ANS and suffer.
Symptoms can be variable and can be inserted practically on all systems and organisms:
The system of curvatures - curvatures of the dark color, the appearance of the hair before it appears, it takes off one side of the face, the hyperalgesia (hypersensitivity of the skin), dryness of the skin, coldness
Heart-and-heart system - tripping (interruptions or skipping blows), tremor, unclearness of the eye, zapamorochennya, zadishka, brute in the breasts, dysfunction in the ears, discomfort in the lower edges, uncomfortableness.
Shlunkovo-intestinal tract - diarrhea, for constipation, as a result of redevelopment of food in small numbers (early fattening), difficult for cowards, non-confusion of slaughter, decreased sleepiness, loss of a toilet, gastroparesis).
Sechostate system - ecstatic dysfunction, lack of ejaculation, lack of orgasm (in women and choloviks), retrograde ejaculation, often sechovipuskannya, Zatrimka slaughter (re-establishment of the slash), non-limiting slaughter (stress or non-limiting slaughter), nikturia, enurez, not just the viporozhnennya of the slash.
Dichal system - decreased response to cholinergic stimulus (bronchoconstriction), impaired response to low blood acidity (heart rate and efficiency of gas exchange)
Nervous system - pain in the legs, low temperature regulation
System zoru - displacement / old zoru, fear of fear, tubular zir, decreased lacrimation, difficult focusing, loss of papillae in one hour
Causes of autonomous neuropathy can be linked to the number of people with disabilities drugs Vikoristovuvanikh for treatment of other illnesses or procedures (for example, operations):
Alcoholism - chronic infusion of ethanol (alcohol) can lead to the destruction of the transport of axons and the loss of power to the cytoskeleton. Alcohol, yak bulo, is toxic for peripheral and autonomic nerves.
Amyloidosis - in such a state, non-transient cells settle in the tissues and organs; vegetative dysfunction є sleep in the cob recessive amyloidosis.
Autoimmune illnesses - state of the art of intermittent and non-perishable porphyria, Holmes-Adi syndrome, Ross syndrome, multiple myeloma and POTS (postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome) all add components to illnesses, which may cause the immune system. The immune system pomilkovo identifies the tissues of the body as aliens and recharges their nerves, which can lead to a great development of nerves.
Diabetic - neuropathy is susceptible to being diagnosed with diabetes, including both sensory and nerves, diabetes and the most common cause of VL.
Multiple systemic atrophy є neurological breakdown and degeneration of nerve cells, as a result of which there are changes in vegetative functions, problems with damage and balance.
Lack of nerves - nerves can cause problems as a result of injuries or surgical engagement, As a result of what autonomic dysfunction occurs
Medications - drugs that can be used for therapeutic purposes for the treatment of children with ailments, can be inserted into the VNS. Bottom guided deyaki butt:
Preparations that increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (sympathomimetics): amphetamines, ingibitori monoaminoxidases (antidepressants), beta-adrenergic stimulants.
Preparations that reduce the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (sympatholytic): alpha-і beta-blockers (tobto metoprolol), barbіturati, anesthetics.
Preparations that increase parasympathetic activity (parasympathetic markers): anticholinesterases, cholinomimetics, werewolves carbamate ingibitori.
Drugs that reduce parasympathetic activity (parasympathetic): antiholinergetics, tranquilizers, antidepressants.
Obviously, people cannot control their deyaki factor riziku, shuuyuyut autonomic neuropathy (that is, the decline of officials of the VN.). Diabetes is the biggest factor for the current day when it comes to VN. і put people with ailments in the group of with a high rizik for VN. Diabetics can reduce the risk of development of high blood pressure, reliably control their blood supply, and develop their nerves. Courtesy, regularly implanting alcohol, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia (high level of cholesterol in the blood) and obesity can also improve the risk of development, so the factors are to be guilty of being under control, as it is possible to reduce
Lіkuvannya vegetative dysfunction is abundant in what lies in the cause of VN. If the main cause is uncomfortable, you will need to try some more methods of treatment, and you will help reduce the symptoms:
The system of shkirnykh pokriv_v - sverb_zh (prurite) can be picked up for an additional liking, or it is possible to zvolozhuvati shkіru, dryness can be the main reason for sverbіnnya; hyperalgesia of the skin can be treated with drugs such as gabapentin, a drug that can be used to treat neuropathy and nerve pain.
Heart-and-heart system - symptoms of orthostatic hypotension can be used to increase the rate of pressure of compression punctures, to increase the rate of recovery of blood-borne diseases, to improve blood pressure. Tachycardia can be supplemented with beta-blockers. Patients should consult, I will become uniqueness of raptus snakes.
The system of the intestinal tract - patients can reject the recommendation, they often eat in small portions, as the stench may cause gastroparesis. Likki can be just a little cinnamon in the big crumbling (tobto Raglan). Increased fiber in the ratsionі can help with constipation. Intestinal relocation is also one of the most effective remedies for bowel problems. In case of diarrhea inodi, supplement with antidepressants. Diet with low fat and high fat cells can be used for poisoning and constipation. Diabetics are responsible for the normalization of blood sugar.
Sechostateva system - trenuvannya sistemi sechovogo mіhura, Liky for gіperaktivnogo sechovogo mіhura, іntermіtuyuchy catheterization (vikoristovuєtsya, dwellers povnіstyu sporozhniti sechovy mіhur, if nepovne viporozhnennya sechovogo mіhura Je problem) i preparatіv for lіkuvannya erektilnoї disfunktsії (tobto, Vіagra) Mauger Buti vikoristany for lіkuvannya Sexually problems.
Nutrition Zoru - Inodi prescribe drugs that will change the decrease in Zoru.
