Nice widdil scheme. Nice and parasympathetic views of the autonomic nervous system: well? Vegetative nervous system

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The nervous system is parasympathetic -

Part of the autonomic nervous system is parasympathetic Historically, it develops like a suprasegmental visualization, and that center is not only developed in, but in the first century.

Centers of the parasympathetic part

The central part of the parasympathetic viddil lies in the head, abo cranial, viddil and spinal, or sacral, viddil. For those who authorize, the parasympathetic center grows in the spinal cord not only in the area of the cryogenic segments, but in the last cases of the first, the winter in the transverse-thoracic view in the anterior and posterior areas The center gives an ear of the existing fibers of the anterior corners, so that the enlarged shoots are wicked, the eyes are caught and the quick-moving mimic hairs in the area of the tulip and the hairs are picked up.

cranial viddil in its own turn it is stored in the center, embedded in the middle brain (mesencephalic part), and in the rhomboid brain - in the bridge and in the big brain (bulbar part).

The mesencephalic part is represented by the nucleus accessorius n. oculomotorii і middle unpaired nucleus, behind the rakhunok, the muscles of the eyes are innervated - m. sphincter pupillae i m. ciliaris.
Boulevard chastin is represented by nucleus saliva tonus superior n. facialis (more precisely, n. intermedius), nucleus salivatorius inferior n. glossopharyngei i nucleus dorsalis n. vagi.

Sacred Viddil. Parasympathetic centers lie in the spinal cord, in the substantia intermedialateralis lateral horn on the level of II-IV kryzhovy segments.

Peripheral view of the parasympathetic part

The peripheral part of the cranial view of the parasympathetic system is represented by:

preganglionic fibers, go to warehouses III, VII, IX and X pairs cranial nerves(It is possible, і in the warehouse і XI);
thermal universities, located close to the organs, and itself: ganglia ciliare, pterygopalatinum, submandibulare, oticum, і
post-ganglionic fibers; post-ganglionic fibers may be abo self-contained hid, yak, for example, nn. ciliares breves, go to the ganglion ciliare, or go to the warehouse of any nerves, like, for example, post-ganglionic fibers, go to the ganglion oticum and go to the warehouse n. auriculotemporalis.

Deyaki authorize, that parasympathetic fibers go also from the other segments spinal cord and go through the front corners, straight up to the walls of the tulub and the cuts. The peripheral part of the sacral view of the parasympathetic system is represented by fibers, which are stored in the anterior cortexes of II-IV cranial nerves and distant in the storehouse of the anterior corners, where the plexus sacralis (anomalous) is included. Here the stench comes from gossip and from viglyadi nn. splanchnici pelvini go to the plexus hypogastricus inferior, innervating at once from the pelvic insides: the rectum from the colon sigmoideum, sechovy mikhur, Name and internal articles of the organization. Rozdratuvannya nn. splanchnici pelvini - quick rectum and slash (m. detrusor vesicae) with weakened sphincters.

Fibers of a pretty hypogastric gossip will overwhelm the vyporozhnennya of cich organs; stink zbudzhuyut fast uterus, tody yak nn. splanchnici pelvini Nn. splanchnici pelvini to displace in the general population the nn. erigentes for the corpora cavernosa penis et clitoridis, to zoom in on the erections. Parasympathetic fibers, which enter the sacral end of the spinal cord, go into the pelvis, gossip not only in the warehouse nn. erigentes i nn. splanchnici pelvini, ale and in the warehouse of nervus pudendus (preganglionic fibers). The state nerve is a foldable nerve, which can be placed in its own warehouse, except for the abnormal fibers, as well as vegetative (sympathetic and parasympathetic), which can enter the lower pediatric gossip. Nice fibers that come from universities kryzhovoy viddilu a pretty stovbur in the post-ganglionic position, to adhere to the stat nerve in the empty small pelvis and pass through the lower pedicle to the pelvic organs.

The parasympathetic nervous system is also called intramural nervous system... At the walls of a number of empty organs there is nerve gossip, which is to place other universities (thermal) with ganglion cells and non-malignant fibers, - a ganglion-network-like, or intramural, system.

The intramural system is especially pronounced in the herbal tract, the de vona is represented by a number of gossip.

M'yazovo-intestinal gossip, plexus myentericus - in the late and circular musculature of the herbal tube.
Submucosal gossip, plexus submucosus, is located in the submucosal basis.

Stop moving into gossip of hairs and villi. Up to the periphery of the named gossip, diffuse nerve hedge is spread. Before gossip, nerve fibers come from sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. In intramural gossip, there is a mixing of the pre-nodular fibers of the parasympathetic system to the post-knot. Intramural gossip, like extraorganic gossip of empty tuluba, є behind their warehouse there are wines. Stay an hour in intramural gossip herbal tract discoveries and clientele of pretty nature.

Budov parasympathetic to the mind of the nervous system. A complex of intramural ganglionic structures, localized in the walls of the internal organs, which is responsible for the activity of the muscles (heart, bronchi, intestines, uterus, sectional organs), is referred to the parasympathetic nervous system. The central structure of the growth in the middle, large brain and in the cerebral branch of the spinal cord, as well as in the parasympathetic neurons of the ganglia, which are most frequently rooted in the inner organs.

In the middle brain, near the anterior humps of the quadruple, there is the nucleus of the okoruchial nerve (III pair of cranial nerves). The large brain has three bets of nuclei, from which there are three bets of cranial nerves: the face (VII pair), the lingopharyngeal (IX pair) and the bloody (X pair). In the spinal cord, in the biches of the horns, three segments of the kryzhovoy part are localized in the nucleus of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

Axonineurons of the middle brain are directed to the viscous organs in the warehouses of the okoruha nerve; dovzhastogo brain- in the warehouse of the facial, lopharyngeal and bloody nerves; crisis to the spinal cord - in the warehouse of the pelvic nerves. The stench is called preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

From the middle brain of the preganglionic nerves, the fibers go to the warehouse of the okoruchial nerve, penetrate through the intracranial cavity into the intracranial fossa, and end on the walls of the postganglionic neurons that have grown in the glibinous nerve.

From the dense brain, from the upper salivary nucleus of the preganglionic fibers, go to the depot of the facial nerve (VII pair) and, if you do, you can play the drum string, if you need to come to the ulcerous nerve, and end in the slit or the papilla. Yogo post-ganglionic fibers innervate undergrowth silky vines.

From the lower salivary nucleus of the dense cerebrum, the preganglionic fibers enter, enter the ovarian pharyngeal nerve (IX pair) and then enter the ventral ganglion. Yogo post-ganglionic fibers end up in a pre-muffled sleet.

The afferent sinus glomerulus, tied with a large number of baro-and chemoreceptors of the carotid glomerulus, is tied between the inner and lasting sleepy arteries in the backward sleepy artery. From these receptors, get information about the value arterial vise blood, blood pH, blood spills (0 2) and carbon dioxide (CO 2). Affective impulses take part in the reflex regulation of the functions of the heart-vascular system, as well as dichotomy.

Three nuclei of the lacrimal noble brain, the preganic fibers in the depots of the facial nerve (VII pair) enter the cryopodic ganglion, post-ganglionic fibers, which innervate the tears and salivating, Close the mucous membrane of the nasal emptying and infancy.

In the large brain, there are nuclei, in which the growth of neurons, preganglionic fibers, which take part in the established blistering nerve (X pair). The bloody nerve of uncertainty: it is stored up from afferent and eferent parasympathetic, efferent sympathetic, sensitive and ruffy somatic fibers. At the same time, it processes the sensitive fibers, which transmit information from receptors in the organs of the breast emptying to the organs of the empty ones. Receptors respond to mechanical, thermal, large-scale events, adjust pH changes and electrolyte storage of internal organisms.

An important physiological role is played by the vison of the bloating nerve - a depressive nerve, through which information passes, which signals about the functional stance of the heart and the size of the blood pressure in the aortic duo. The neurons of the nuclei of the afferent paths of the bloating nerve lie in the jugular node, and the axons penetrate into the back of the brain on the ryvn of olives. Gangles are located in the innervated organ or bile.

Transmission of stimulation from the axons of the first neurons (preganglionic fibers) to the neurons of the ganglia and from the axons of the neurons of the parasympathetic ganglia (post-ganglionic fibers) to the structures of the organ to work through the synapse for the auxiliary medulla.

The preganglionic fiber that has brought it from the central nervous system to the organ, the postganglionic fiber is longer.

The meaning of parasympathetic energy. The main role of the parasympathetic nervous system and polarity in the regulation of winter functions is to prevent homeostasis - the dynamical continuity of the internal medium of the organism and the stiffness of the main physiological functions... Parasympathetic energy will prevent the renewal and development of the continuity, destabilization of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves fibers with attractive fibers provide optimal functioning of organs, as they smell like nerves. With the activation of the parasympathetic system, reactions are manifested, the prototypes of the sympathetic nervous system. For example, it is important to reduce the frequency to a decrease or to reduce the heart rate, bronchial vomiting, activation of dreaming, etc.

The vegetative nervous system, the regulation of the activity of the organs, take a part in the healthy functions of the organism. Vona coordinates the robot of all internal organs, regulates the exchange, trophic processes and changes the continuity of the internal medium to the organism. The vegetative nervous system is the inner smooth muscle of the internal organs and the spinal cord. I will lose weight or weaken the function of the organs, as a result of which the tone of the organ will change. For the function of the autonomic nervous system, it is composed of two parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic, which functionally.

The system is stored from the central and peripheral viddil. The central part of the autonomic nervous system is composed of the parts of the growth in the young parts of the brain and the spinal cord;

1.mesencephalic part - in the middle brain, parasympathetic nucleus of the okoruha nerve.

2. Bulbar part - parasympathetic nuclei of VII, IX and X pairs of cranial nerves.

3. thoracolumbar part - vegetative nuclei, rosted in the lateral intermediate spinal cord at the level of the VIIIth, all thoracic and two upper transverse segments.

4. Sacral part - the intermediate-medial nucleus of the spinal cord on the level of the II-IV kryzhovy segments of the spinal cord. Three centers are mesencephalic, bulbar and sacral are referred to parasympathetic, and thoracolumbar to sympathetic nervous system. All the centers are in their own right, under the inflow of the growing vegetative centers in the hindbrain, the corns, the intermediate and the endocrine brain.

Prior to the peripheral appearance of the autonomic nervous system, the following are referred to:

1. Vegetative nerves, nerves and fibers. Vegetative fibers are divided into the pre-ganglion (pre-ganglion) and post-ganglion (post-ganglion). The pre-node of the fiber goes to the center to the universities, and the post-node goes from the university to the organs.

2. Vegetative nerves in terms of growth are subdivided into: prevertebral, paravertebral universities, which have a sympathetic nervous system, as well as intramural and cystic universities, which have a parasympathetic nervous system.

3. Vegetative gossip, roasted about the organs and the chest and the black empty.

The activity of the autonomic nervous system as a somatic

1. Somatic nerves go out to the brain and spinal cord segmentalally, and the segmentation is widened. Vegetative nerves go from decilkokh dlyanoks of the brain and spinal cord.

2. In the reflexive duz, the outgrowths of the ruff neurons of the somatic nervous system, which are in the brain, are not digested, go to the mucous. Rukhovi neurons of the autonomic nervous system and lie on the periphery in autonomic universities.

3. The somatic nerve fibers are covered with the muslin sheath, and the vegetative nerve fibers are covered even thinly or not.

4. Somatic nerves innervate transversely with swarthy ointments and organically sensitive. Vegetative nerves innervate the smooth muscles of the internal organs and sudins, as well as zalosis.

1. Centers of the parasympathetic nervous system and other and rozkidani. The center of a sympathetic nervous system and one and a large area.

2. The nervous system is sympathetic to the innervus of all organisms and the smooth muscles of the intramuscular apple, and parasympathetic is the day in the secular and in the great ships.

3. The sympathetic nerves of the institutes are rostered in front of the side of the spinal stubbur, and the parasympathetic institutes are in the middle of the internal organs, or close to the organs.

4. pre-nodular fibers of parasympathetic nerves dovgі, and when higher-nodules are short. The prenodal fiber of the sympathetic nervous system is short, and the postnodal fiber is short.

central viddil

Qia part of the autonomic nervous system є development of the structure of the brain. Vaughn, come on, yak bi is thrown all over the brain. The central view has segmental and suprasegmental structures. All the coverage, which is related to the suprasegmental views, is united under the name hypothalamic-limbic-reticular complex.

hypothalamus- the whole structure of the brain, roztasovana in the lower part, the base. It is impossible to say that the area has clear anatomical boundaries. The hypothalamus smoothly pass into the brain tissue of the other brain tissue.

there is a regulation of the activity of lactic acidosis (lactation), nadirnikiv, statoviosis, uterus, thyroid gland, Zrostannya, splitting of fats, steps of storage of shkiri (pigmentation). All tsimpo zvdyaky strong connection of the hypothalamus with the hypophysis - the head endocrine organ of the human body.

In such a rank, the hypothalamus is functionally bandaged with the help of the organs of the nervous and endocrine systems.

There are two zones in the hypothalamus: trophotropic and ergotropic. The scope of the trophotropic zone is correlated to the adjustment of the steel of the inner middle. Vona is tied over the course of time to the process of synthesis and utilization of products in metabolism. Its main flow is realized through the parasympathetic form of the autonomic nervous system. Stimulation of the central zone of the hypothalamus is superfluous to improve the symptoms, sleepiness, the hope of the heart speed, the reduction of the arterial pressure, the enlargement of the vascular disease, the increased motility of the intestine

limbic system

Introduce a part of measles to the top of the structure early part, Hipocampus, migdalina, scent cybulin, scent tract, scent hump, reticular formation, lumbar zivin, zvid, papillae. The limbic system takes care of the fate of the formulated emotions, memory, misdirection, preserving food and sexual behavior, regulating the sleep and sleep cycle.

reticular formation

I call a part of the autonomic nervous system “often”, and that’s how it’s, like a hem, surrounds all structures of the brain. Such diffusional growth allows the brothers to participate in the regulation of all processes in the body. The reticular formation of the cerebral cortex is in tone, in post-readiness. Tsim will get a mittve turn on the necessary areas of measles to the brain. It is especially important for the processes of reception, memory, respect and knowledge.

Okremi structures Formats for specific functions in the body. On the other hand, є dichny center, like roztashovuutsya in a big brain. As soon as we fight for whatever reason, then self-consciousness becomes ill-hearted. For the analogy є the center of the heart, kovtannya, bluing, coughing and so far. The function of the formation is also based on the obviousness of the numerical links in the nerve cells.

segmental structures

qia chastina central viddilu visceral nervous system and bright rose on nice and parasympathetic structures. The sympathetic structures grow in the thoracic-transverse cavity of the spinal cord, and parasympathetic ones - in the brain and the critical cavity of the spinal cord.

cute widdil

Sympathetic centers are localized in the lateral horns in the advanced segments of the spinal cord: C8, all thoracic (12), L1, L2. The neurons of the central region take part in the innervation of the smooth muscles of the internal organs, the internal muses of the eye (regulation of the size of the brain), zalosis (lazy, slimy, warm, bronchial, herbal vessels), lymph nodes

parasympathetic vision

Revenge the advances in the brain:

· Dodatkovo nucleus of the okoruhovy nerve (Yakubovich's nucleus and Pearl): control of the value of zinitsi;

· Sleep core: apparently, regulating the visualization;

· Upper and lower salivary nucleus: to prevent sludge production;

· The dorsal nucleus of the bloating nerve: it will make a parasympathetic inflow into the internal organisms (bronchi, heart, shlunok, intestines, liver, podshlunkovy zalozu).

Kryzhovy view of the representations of the neurons of the biches of the horns of the S2-S4 segments: the stench regulates the sevalence and defecation, the blood retention of the vertebral organs.

peripheral viddil

A series of representations of nerve cells and fibers, rostasovannye posture of the spinal cord and brain. A part of the visceral nervous system and supernatural system of judgment, which encloses the wall of the peripheral nerves and gossip (which can be referred to the extravagant nervous systems). Peripheral visualization can also be readily attributed to a nice and parasympathetic part. Peripheral visualization will prevent the transmission of information from the central structures of the visceral nervous system to the innervated organs, so that the realization of the "conceived" in the central autonomic nervous system will be created.

cute widdil

Performances by a pretty stovbur, rostashovanim on the sides of the ridge. Nice stovbur - tse two rows (right and left) nerve universities. Vuzli may have one-to-one links at the viglyadі mіstkіv, thrown between parts of one side and іnshy. Tobto, stovbur viglyadaє yak lantsyuzhok s nerve breasts. In the end of the ridge, there are two pretty trunks to form one unpaired kuprikov vuzol.

Erythropoez.

It appears in the cystic marrow in the presence of viscous vitamins B12, vitamins and follicles.

The most important factor that stimulates the establishment of erythrocytes by the cystic marrow is erythropoietin. The stench is to straighten the development of the blood cells, to accelerate the synthesis of hemoglobin, to dry out the vivile reticulocytes from cystic brain... Eritropoietin is produced, in the main, in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of nirka, but the inactive form does not become established; Erythropoietin can also be applied to the endothelium, liver cells and spleen cells. The main stimulant for the synthesis of eritropoietins is hypoxia.

Erythropoez is regulated by biologically active substances. So, androgens, ACTH, STH, thyroxin are suppressed, and estrogens are suppressed by eritropoiesis.

The normal triviality of the life of the erythrocytes in the blood circulation becomes close to 100-120 days. To this, for the preparation of stable mass of erythrocytes, erythropoiesis is responsible for approximately 0.8% to 1.0% of circulating erythrocytes. Old erythrocytes grow more and more screaming in the kintsev rakhunka, they can be seen cleared by macrophages, sprouts, in selets. Bilirubin is a chemical product of the breakdown of hemoglobin in macrophages, which can be found in ovens and is produced from gum and cross.

In the region, it is necessary to adjust the balance between the swiftness of the red blood cells and the fastness of the red blood cells from the collection. The process of ruining erythrocytes is called hemolysis.

See hemolysis:

osmotic hemolysis vinikє in hypotonic range, osmolality is less than that of the erythrocyte itself. In the case of the laws of osmosis, the plant (water) collapses through the good penetrated membrane of the erythrocytes into the cytoplasm. Erythrocytes swell, and with a significant swell, swell; the roof is old with a glimpse ("lacquer" roof).

mechanical hemolysis vinikak at intensive physical inflows on the roof. Significant part of the erythrocytes is ruined during the trivial circulation of blood in the system of equipment for piece blood circulation (ASH). It’s not a big deal of physical power (springiness, elasticity, smoothness of the inner surface); It is the same in the physiological minds to switch over to the mechanical grating of erythrocytes and their ruining.

Mechanical hemolysis of canned blood can occur in case of improper transport - rough crushed and insulated.

Have great people insignificant mechanical hemolysis is susceptible to trivial damage on hard surface (asphalt, concrete); with robots, tied with trivial strong strums of tila in miners with bored breeds and in.

biological hemolysis dressings for those who get into the roof of the mouths, which are established in their living organisms: with repeated transfusion of blood that is insane for the Rh factor, with snake bites, bran comas, with mushrooms.

chemical hemolysis it is used to break the phospholipid part of the membrane of the erythrocytes, - narcotic anesthetics (efir, chloroform), nitrites, benzene, nitroglycerin, aninyl.

thermal hemolysisvinikє in case of improper selection of blood - її frozen and offensive fast frostbite. Internal crystallization of biological water and produce up to the rupture of the shell of the erythrocytes.

Internal hemolysis. Old erythrocytes are seen from circulating blood and run in the spleen, liver and insignificantly - in the cystic marrow by cells of the phagocytic mononucleotide systems.

Leukopoez.

Leukocytes develop from protruding cells in front of the red cystic marrow, with multiple lymphocytes undergo additional differentiation in lymphoid organs. The regulation of leukopoiesis, by analogy with eritropoiesis, takes on the fate of a special BAS - leukopoietin. The stench is poured into the red blood cell, which increases the growth rate and the establishment of leukocytes in the fallowness from the beginning, to the hour of the day, to the reception of the physical navantazhennya, Viability, emotional stress, injected with new factors (u / f optimization, infections in). Lymphopoiesis can be stimulated by external factors. by the way, bacterial infections, As a rule, tied to the larger portions of neutrophils and monocytes, todi yak viral infections increase the part of lymphocytes.

The increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood is not necessarily tied to the pre-datum light: the stench can wicked away from the natural depo- cervic cystic marrow, spleen, and legends.

Thrombocytopoiesis.

The number of thrombocytes naturally grows with physical stress, stress, with blood loss and other stuns, with some additional platelet wickets in the spleen. Tsom Promote the injection of estrogen, corticotropin, adrenal, serotonin. The main regulator of thrombocytopoiesis is thrombocytopoiesis. It is a matter of principle to establish the mechanism of thrombosis of a short and trivial action. The first to settle in the splendor, the stench will force the detachment of the blood plates from the megacariocytes and bring them into the shelter. Stimulants for the whole can be interleukin. Others take place in the blood plasma and stimulate the establishment of platelets in the cystic marrow.

Regulation of hematopoiesis.

In addition to the described mechanisms of humoral regulation (with the help of erithropoietin and in), there is a sense of nerve regulation of the given process. There are no clear facts, but it’s not obvious, however, it seems that the blood-forming organisms are clearly invoked and take revenge on a large number of interoreceptors. In addition, it showed the ability of change to change the forms of blood elements in the quality of conditioned reflex reaction.

26. Heart-shaped system. The meaning of blood circulation in the body. The heart of this meaning is budova. Valves are the heart and their role. Judge your heart.

1. The heart-vascular system includes two systems: blood-carrying (blood circulation system) and lymphatic (lymph circulation system). The circulatory system is united by the heart and the judgment - the tubular parts of the organ, in which roofs are circulated throughout the whole body. lymphatic system including redness in the organs and tissues of the capillaries, vessels, stoves and ducts, behind the lymph flow right up to the great venous vessels. Along the way, the passage of lymphatic vessels from the organs and parts of the body to the stovbury and channels lie in numbers lymphatic universities, Scho be referred to the organs of the immune system.

vchenya about heart-vascular system called angiocardiology. The circulatory system will ensure the delivery of tissues to the living, regulatory, regurgitated speech, sourness, the introduction of products into exchange, heat exchange. It is closed by the vessel, which permeates all organisms and fabrics, and in the center of the pumping attachments - the heart.

2. The blood-bearing judges will be united in the great and malium blood circulation, and the blood circulation is also seen.

1) Great blood circulation - hard to repair as a little heart. Wine includes aorta, artery caliber, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. It ends with a great number of two empty veins, which fall into the right at the front of the heart. Through the walls of the capillaries, the exchange of words between blood and tissue is carried out. The arterial roof is viddaє to the tissues of the kissen і, saturated with carbon dioxide gas, transformed into the venous. Zvvychay to the capillary hedge go to the vessel of the arterial type (arteriole), and go from it to the venule. For a certain number of organs (nirka, pechinka), an entry into the given rule. So, to the ball of the nirk tiltsya go to the artery - to bring the vessel, to go out from the ball, so also the artery - to bring the vessel. The capillary border, inserted between the two by the same type of vessels (arteries), is called the arterial marvelous border. The type of miraculous hedge is prompted by the capillary hedge, which is used to bring (interlobular) and wine (central) veins in the part of the liver - the venous is wonderful.

2) There is little blood circulation - it’s a legeneviy to fix up from the right slunk. Win including legnevy stovbur legendary arteries, Dribnish arteries, arterioli, capillaries, venules and veni. The chotirma ends with legacy veins that fall into the liva of the forehead. The capillaries of the legends have venous roofs, which are sour and vibrant in carbon dioxide, and transform into the arterial.

3) Vintsevy colo blood circulation - the heart includes the judgment of the heart itself for the blood circulation of the heart. It should be repaired with both the right and left arteries, which come from the cob aorta - the aortic cibulin. Prot_kayuchi on capillaries, shelter viddaє in the heart m'yaz kissen i lively speeches, I will remove the products of exchange, including carbon dioxide gas, and transfer to the venous. Mayzhe all the veins of the heart fall into the extravascular venous vessel - the vintsevian sinus, which appears in the right atrium. With a mass of heart, which becomes deprived of 1 / 125-1 / 250 of the mass, 5-10% of all blood flows in the artery of the vintsev, as it wicks into the aorta.

3. The heart (cor, Greek. Cardia) is an empty fibrous-muscular organ in the form of a cone, the top of which is turned down, left and forward, and at the bottom - burned out. To grow in the thoracic empty back of the sternum in the warehouses of the organs of the middle middle on the tendon center of the diaphragms. The upper border of the heart is located on the equal parts of the upper edges of the cartilages of the III ribs, the right border is 2 cm behind the right edge of the sternum. Liva bordering along an arc-like line from the cartilage of the III rib to the projection of the top of the heart. The top of the heart is in the first fifth mid-rib, 1-2 cm medial than the middle clavicular line. On the heart there are sterno-costal (anterior), diaphragmatic (lower) and legenev (bichni) surfaces, right and left edge, vintsev and two (front and rear) mid-lunar furrows. Vintseva boroznaya vidokremlyu in front of the heart of the scoopers, the middle scoop furrow grows up the scoopers. In bears, the verges and nerves grow. The anterior wall of the right and left atrium is not anteriorly cone-shaped extension - to the right and left vushko. Hitting the ear in front of the ear of the aorta і of the legendary stovbur і are additional reserve cavities. The size of the heart is equal to the size of the fist of the given person (the size of the fist is 10-15 cm, the transverse size is 9-11 cm, the anteroposterior - 6-8 cm. The thickness of the wall of the right atrium is less than that of the left atrium (2-3 mm), of the right anterior - 4-6 mm, of the left - 9-11 mm.

Heart mass of grown-up people of the warehouse 0.4-0.5% of mass tila (250-350 g) .Hearts of grown-up people 250-35 ml. The heart of a human being has 4 chambers (empty): two front-heads and two slums (right and left). One chamber is admitted from the other by partitions. Later, the partition of the heart cannot be opened, so that the right half of the heart cannot be seen from the left. The transverse septum extends from the heart to the anterior part of the mouth. In nіy є anteroventricular opening, without stool valves. The valve mіzh lіvim in front of the forehead and the dumbbell є two-stalked (mіtralny), and mіzh we rule in front of the forehead and the dimple - tristulkovy. The valves open towards the shlunochkiv and let the roof pass only in a straight line. The legenevian stovbur and the aorta at its cob may have a pair of valves, which are stored in three flaps and appear directly in the bloodstream in the chicks.

The heart wall is composed of three balls: the inner one - the endocardium, the middle one, the most common - the myocardium and the last one - the epicardium.

1) The endocardium whistled in the middle of all the empty hearts, sculpted with a ball. Stock up with good fabrics with elastic fibers і smooth 'veneer cells, as well as endothelium. The endocardium confirms the atrio-slurry valve, the aortic valve, the leg burr, the valve of the lower empty vein.

2) Myocardium (muscular ball) is a fast-feeling apparatus of the heart, making transversely the muscular tissue. M'yazov shell in front of the heart is stored in two balls: the surface and thin, it is thinner than the muff shell of the shlunochki, but it is stored in three balls: inner, middle and outer. the forehead and the snail do not move overnight.

3) Epicardium - a part of the fibrous-serous membrane, which will loosen the heart (pericardium). The serous pericardium is folded from the inner visceral plate (epicardium), in the middle of the heart, and in the middle of the heart is tied, and the last part of the cardiac plate, where the pericardium is between the middle serous pericardium - parietal and epicardium є shilin-like space - pericardial empty, covered with mesothelium, in which there is a small amount (up to 50 ml) of serous ridin. The pericardium is the heart of the otchuchuyh organs, protecting the heart from the overworld expansion, and the serous ridina between the plates changes to rubbing with the heart.

The automatism of the heart speed, regulation and coordination of the speed of the heart is good enough to carry out the system.

4. In the middle of the heart when the valves in the roofs collapse only in one straight line. The opening and closing of the valves of the heart is tied with a huge grip in the empty hearts. The role of the valves in the heart is to protect the blood in the empty hearts in one go. In case of deyakykh ailments: rheumatism, syphilis, atherosclerosis, the valves of the heart cannot be reached by curling up, the robot's heart breaks down, vices are found.

Heart.

The heart of the people is an empty muzovy organ. The subtle vertical septum of the heart extends into the left and the right half. The horizontal partition at the same time vertically extends the heart onto the chotiri chamber. The upper chambers are the anterior, the lower chambers are the lugs.

The heart is stored in three balls. The inner ball of representations of the endothelial shell ( endocarditis, Whistling the inner surface of the heart). Middle ball ( myocardium) Fold in a cross-dark mu'yazi. The name of the surface of the heart is covered with a serous shell ( epicard), Scho is the inner leaf of the pericardial sac - the pericardium. pericardium(Heart's shirt) I will let my heart go, yak mіshok, and I will take care of yo wіllny ruh.

Heart valves. in front of the heart from the livi sklunochka to the kremlyu two-leg valve ... On the cordon, we rule in front of the head and we rule the dumbbell tristula valve ... The aortic valve is out of the left lug, and the valve of the light stove is out of the right lug.

With a fast atrium ( systole) The shelter for them comes at the little one. With fast shlunochkіv roofs with strength wikid into the aorta and legeneviy stovbur. weakness ( diastole) The front of the heart and the snakes are like the empty heart with blood.

Valve device value. Pid hour diastoli atrium anteropodermis valves are open, shelter, yak come from the bottom of the vessels, store not only empty ones, ale and slums. Pid hour systole atrium The little ones will become bloody. At the same time, there is a turn of blood in empty and legacy veni. Tse is tied together, so the musculature of the anterior head will speed up into the Persha, I will fix the veins. In the world, the empty stools of the atrio-alluvial valves in the blood tend to wiggle and open empty in front of the innards. As a result of the rapidity of the papillary mucous membranes at the time of the systole, the tendon threads of the stools of the anterior-ventricular valves tighten and do not allow them to wriggle into the bic in front of the heart. Until the end of the systole, the grip in them grows more grip in the aorta and legenevia stovburi. Tse spriyє vidkrittyu aortic valves and a legendary stovbur , І roof from the shlunochkіv go up to the upper court.

In such a rank, The opening and closing of the valves of the heart is tied with a wrinkle in the empty heart. The value of the valve device for the polyaga is in the fact that it will be safe rok of blood empty hearts in one straight.

Heart cycle of the first phase.

There are two phases in the heart: systole(Fast) i diastole(Weakenedness). The anterior systole is weaker and shorter than the systole of shlunochki. At the heart of the people won trivaє 0.1-0.16 s. Systole of shlunochkiv - 0.5-0.56 s. Beginning pause (one-hour diastola before the heart and shlunochkiv) heart triviaє 0.4 s. Stretching out the whole period of my heart. The whole heart cycle is trivia - 0.8-0.86 s.

The systole at the front of the heart will provide a good blood in the little ones. Then, in front of the heart, pass into the phase of diastolic, as it is possible to stretch out all the systole of shlunochkiv. Before the hour dyastoli before the heart become filled with blood.

The heart system is provided.

At the heart, I develop the working muscles, represented by transverse musculature, і atypical, or special, tissue, in which vinification і is carried out.

In humans, atypical fabrics are stored in:

sinus-atrial node, Roztashovany on the back wall of the right anterior at the place of depression of the upper empty vein;

anterocerebral vascular(Atrioventricular vuzol), which is located in the center of the right anterior atrium, close to the septum, and in front of the heart and the slings;

anteriocerebral bundle(Bundle of Gis), where you enter from the anteroposterior-lingering unit with one stovbur. A bunch of gas, passing through the partition and in front of the ears and slings, continues on two legs, so it goes to the right and left slums. Finish the bundle of Gis at your muses with Purkin fibers.

The sinus-atrial vuzol is conducive to the heart (the rhythm of the heart), the new pulses are detected, and the frequency and the rhythm are very fast. The norm has an atrial-shlunochkovy vuzole and a bunch of Gis є only by transferring from the provincial university to the heart meat. However, the power to the atrioventricular node and the Gis bundle is automatic until it turns around in the small world and only manifests itself in pathology. The automatism of the atrioventricular defect is manifested only in quiet drops, if no pulses come from the sinus-atrial node.

Atypical fabrics are stored from slightly differentiated meat fibers. To universities of atypical fabrics, there are nerves and fibers from bloody and sympathetic nerves.

Extracardiac regulatory mechanisms- the whole nerve extracardial regulation. Train with pulses, as they come from the central nervous system along the fibers of the bloody and sympathetic nerves.

Parasympathetic fibers: only 1 neurons, outgrowths of which fold the bloody nerves, grow in the large brain. End up in the intramural ganglia of the heart. There are 2 neurons here, the outgrowths that go to the conductive system, myocardium and coronary vessels.

Nice fibers: 1st neurons in the horns of the 5 upper segments breastfeeding spinal cord. The adolescents end up in sheer and upper nursing cute universities. In cich vuzlah - 2 neurons, sprouts that go to the heart. It is a great part to go to the heart of the international university.

The development of blithe nerves, how to go to the heart, galmaє to the robot's heart right up to the next zupinka in the diastole (Brothers Weber, 1845). The first vypadok vyavlennya in the body of galvanized nerves.

In case of electrical subdivision of the overreacting bloating nerve, the following is observed: a change in the frequency of the heart is fast - a negative chronotropic effect; The change in amplitude is fast - a negative inotropic effect.

at strong teasing Robot's heart to lean back for a decade. At the end of the period the heart's wakefulness is reduced - negative batmotropic effect; carrying out zbudzhennya zagalmovano - negative dromotropic effect. unwillingly blockade carrying out zbudzhennya in the anterior-and-shlunochkovo vuzli.

In case of trivial teasing of the bloating nerve, the fast heart is introduced - "the slipping of the heart into the flow of the bloody nerve."

Microelectrode insertion of single mellous fibers in front of the heart revealed hyperpolarization of the MP with a strong subtle mucous nerve.

The infusion of pretty nerves on the heart was heard by the brothers Tsion (1867), then Pavlovim (1887 r). Buli viyavleni: positive chronotropic effect - more often the rhythm of the heart is fast (Zion - nerves "prikoruvachi heart"); a positive dromotropic effect - the improvement of the training in the heart; a positive batmotropic effect - an increase in the wakefulness of the heart; a positive inotropic effect - the hardening of the heart very quickly without a more frequent rhythm (“nerve fatigue” according to I.P. Pavlov).

The mediator acetylcholine, which settles in the ends of the bloating nerve, quickly rushes with acetylcholinesterase and, therefore, it is given only the miscellaneous effect. Norepinephrine, which is seen in the end of pretty nerves, rush up significantly more and more. Pislya pinching the teasing of a pretty nerve stretching out for an hour, more often and stronger hearts are faster. The order of the main mediator in the synaptic gap can be seen as a speech, which is a modulating action.

Nervova extracardial regulation put on a perfect flow to the rhythm and the robot's heart. The rhythm itself is generated in the 1st order pacemaker, and nerves in to accelerate or to hope for the speed of spontaneous depolarization of the cells in the rhythm, changing the mode of robotic heart. On the thought of I. P. Pavlova is quick and easy and trophic stimulation of the processes of exchange of speech.

However, when the signals are sent to the central nervous system, if the signals come along the nerves, the heart is fast. Tse sposterіgaєtsya in the slides of a bloody nerve in a mode close to natural, so that in "Bursts" ("packs") of impulses, and not in an uninterrupted flow, as traditionally hesitated. When the bloating nerve is subtle, “bursts” of pulses in the heart speed up in the “bursts” mode. Skin "salvo" is shown by one fast heart. By changing the frequency and characteristic of "bursts", it is possible to control the rhythm of the heart in wide gaps.

Making the heart of the central rhythm of the rapidly changing electrophysiological parameters of the activity of the synagogue university. When the robot is in the automatic mode, as well as when the frequency changes, there is a rapid expansion of the bloody nerve, the destruction of the bladder in one point of the university. Once the central rhythm is created in the innovation, the destruction takes care of the fate of an instant lifeless university.

The signals, which will become synchronized with the heart's creation of the central rhythm, are based on their mediator nature from the out-of-the-box infusions of the blukayuyu nerve. The order of acetylcholine is seen in the regulatory peptidase in a warehouse. In order to realize the skin type of the faulty nerve effects, you can get your own "mediator cocktail".

The change in the frequency of the "pack" of impulses from the heart to the center of the large brain in people can be demonstrated in the offensive delay. People will smell dyhati more often, less quickly in their hearts. For a whole lot of wines, quilting the flash of the photo-emulator's light bulb and on the skin sleeves of the light viroblyaє one go. The fotostimulator is set at a frequency that exceeds the output frequency of the heart rate. As a result, in the large brain, there is an irradiation of the neurons in the dical center on the neuron of the heart center, and in the heart eferent neurons of the bloating nerve, "packs" of impulsives are formed in the new rhythmic center, for the dumbbells.

In the past on dogs, the reaction is quickened to overgrowth. As soon as the rhythm is part of the response, the heart rate grows old, the offense to the rhythm is synchronized and the distance is often reduced in the singing range synchronously. When cutting any blockade of the bloating nerves, there is an effect of synchronization of the rhythms of the person.

Including, the order of the inner heart, is the central generator of the heart rhythm. In natural minds, there is a form of adaptive (pristusuval) reaction of the heart, imposing on the heart the rhythm of signals, which come along the flabby nerves. The internal heart generator will ensure the pumping function of the heart when the central generator is switched on.

Centers of the bloody and sympathetic nerves - the 2nd (for the inner cervical) steps in the Archives nerve centers, Scho regulate the robot's heart. The stench is integrated into the water, so it can go out of the brain.

Bilsh visoka of the steps of the ієrarchії - the center of the hypothalamus. In case of electric hypothalamus, the reactions of the heart-vascular system are promoted, which, according to the turn, reverse the reactions that occur in natural minds. With a local point deformation of the hypothalamus zones, the following was observed: changes to the rhythm, the speed of the lingo slut, the step of slackening, etc. Tobto in the hypothalamus є structure, to regulate the function of the heart. Ale in the natural minds, the structure is not isolated. The hypothalamus is a viscous organ. I will take care of the integrative wake-up call of the functions of the heart-vascular system (and those of their systems) for signals to come from the limbic system or new measles.

Reflex regulation of heart activity.

Reflex reactions, which occur when different receptors are different, can, like galmuvati, t

VNS last for two- cute and parasympathetic. For the stench of the bud, to flaunt their central and effector neurons, their own reflex arcs... Smells develop so by itself and for its own infusion on the function of the inner structures.

Who has the views of the views?

The central neurons are sympathetic to the nervous system, as a rule, in the sympathetic spinal horns of the spinal cord from the 8th to 2-3 transverse segments. In such a rank, pretty nerves should only enter the spinal cord in the warehouse. spinal nerves along the anterior (ventral) corners.

The central neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the crisp segments of the spinal cord (2-4 segments), but a larger part of the central neurons is located in the brain. A larger part of the nerves in the parasympathetic system and enter the brain in the storehouse of the smaller cranial nerves. And the same: from the middle brain in the warehouse of the III bet (okorulovy nerve) - innervating the mucous membranes of the mucous membrane and the mucous membrane of the eye, the facial nerve goes through the vascular bridge - the VII pair (secretory nerve) innervating the mucosa of the mucous membrane of the nasal , pіdschelepnі and pіd'yazikov zalozi. The IX pair enters the thick brain - the secretory, the ulceral and pharyngeal nerve, the inner nerve, the inner mucus and the mucous lips, the X pair (the bloody nerve) is the most important part of the parasympathetic organ of the VNS, which passes through the whole chest. Nerves that enter the cryogenic segments (2-4 segments), innervate the organ of the small pelvis and enter the hypogastric gossip depot.

The effector neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located on the periphery and are located either in the paravertebral ganglia (in the sympathetic nerve lance), or in the prevertebral. Post-ganglionic fibers are used to create gossip. Among them are the best more important ma celiac (sleepy) gossip, but not only cute, but parasympathetic fibers enter into its warehouse. Vono will provide the innervation of all organs in the roasting in the black empty. The axis of what is so not safe blows and injuries to the upper part of the black emptying (approximately from the diaphragm). Stink zdatnі viclikati shock stun. Efector neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system expect to be located in the walls of internal organs (instrumental). Thus, the parasympathetic nerves have a large part of the fibers that cover the muslin sheath, and the impulses reach the effector organs more, less the sympathetic. It will take care of parasympathetic nerves in full, so that it will save resources in the body and the body as a whole. Internal organisms, rots in the thoracic and cranial empty spaces, are innervated by the head nerve (n.vagus), which is often called vagus (vagal).

Є Statistics and functional characteristics.

A nice looking, as a rule, mobilizes resources to the body for health and energy efficiency (the robot's heart seeks, the enlightenment of blood-bearing judgments is heard, and the arterial grip grows, and the robot grows more and more sluggish vines... The creatures have a price to see them (sludge is needed to lick their young wounds), and people who have a broken dream will do it.

Parasympathetic, navpaki, stimulates the herbal system robot. It’s not just a bit of a sieve talk, we’re so eager to sleep. When the parasympathetic nervous system is damaged, it will prevent the renewal of the internal center to the organism. I will take care of the robot of the internal organs in the calm camp.

In a functional sense, it is sympathetic and parasympathetic, with antagonists, additionally one in the process of developing homeostasis, that many organs can be perceived underneath the innervation - from the side of the sympathetic, and from the side of the parasympathetic appearance. Ale, yak usually have young people perevazhaє about that chi іnshy viddіl VNS. Physiologist L.A. Orbeli tried to classify people for a lot of acquaintance. I saw three types of people: sympathicotonik(With respect to the tone of the sympathetic nervous system) - the dryness of the shkiri is caused, the wakefulness is increased; another type - carriage s of parasympathetic infusions - they are characterized by fat shkira, About the reaction. Third type - industrial... L.A. Orbeli respecting the knowledge of these types is important for drugs, especially when the prescribed doses of drugs are prescribed, i.e., one and the same lіkuvalny drugs in the same dose, in a different way, inject on patients with small type VNS. You can take advantage of the common practice of the skin from us, that tea and kava will react differently in people with an advanced type of functional activity of the VNS. From experiments on brews of all kinds, in brews with an adult type of VNS, the introduction of bromine and coffee in such a way robust the development of reactions. Allegedly, the life of a person's type of VNS can change in fallowness for a period of time, during the state of maturity, in vitality and in those inflows. Uninvolved on re-insured, insulting and insulting systems, however, they have the same functionality, because Integration and Integration of the functions to work on the central nervous system. You also know that in the system of speech in the spinal cord of the center of autonomic and somatic reflexes it is successful to sit, as well as the stench grows close one to one in the brain, and in the secondary centers of the brain. So the yak itself, in a kintsev rakhunka, in one function, the entire nervous system.

The central nervous system is located in the hypothalamus, which is bound by great nerve connections to the central nervous system. Hypothalamus є at the same hour with a part of the limbic system in the brain. The functions of the autonomic nervous system, as it seems, are not controlled by people. Ale itself through the hypothalamus and (the tying of the hypophysis) to the central nervous system of the building to the functional activity of the autonomic nervous system and through it to the function of the internal organs. The functions of the dichotomous, heart-vascular, herbal and other systems of organs are directly regulated by the vegetative centers, which are developed in the middle, more frequent areas of the head and those of the spinal cord, as functions of the order in their centers. At the same hour there are nuclei of black substance, black nuclei, located in the middle brain, reticular formation. Sensely, realizing in the flow of mental reactions of people to somatic - the development of an arterial clutch in case of gniv, loss of perspiration with fear, getting out of breath in a company with a lack of mental health great pіvkul.

Hypothalamus є partly brain... In a newer, it is possible to see the anterior hypothalamus (anterior hypothalamus) and the posterior hypothalamus (posterior hypothalamus). In the hypothalamus, the number of purchases of syroe speech is the nucleus. Їх more than 32 pairs. For their roztashuvannyam stink in the region - preoptic, front, middle and back. In the dermal areas, there are groups of nuclei, which are responsible for the vegetative regulation of functions, as well as the nuclei, which see neurohormones. The cores are also developed by the nature of their performance. So, in the anterior region there are nuclei, which determine the function of regulating heat output for the expansion of blood vessels and increase in sweat. And the nuclei, which regulate heat production (for the development of catabolic reactions and mimic meats very quickly), grow in the posterior region of the hypothalamus. In the hypothalamus, the center of regulation of all types of speech exchange - protein, fat, carbohydrate, center of hunger and food. Among the groups of nuclei of the hypothalamus are located in the center of the regulation of water-salt exchange, tied to the center of the sprague, the form of motivation for drinking and living of water.

In the anterior region of the hypothalamus, there are nuclei, which take part in the processes of regulation of sleep and sleep (circadian rhythms), as well as in the regulation of state behavior.

Projections of vegetative centers are represented in the bark of the great feasts - mainly in the limbic and rostral parts of measles. Parasympathetic and sympathetic projections of some and quiet organs are designed in one and the same way as close as possible to a measles dish, because it’s super smart, because the smell will spillover the function of these organs. It was established that parasmpathic projections in the cortex are represented by nagato wider, less sympathetic, however, functionally sympathetic, more trivial, less parasympathetic. Tse is tied to the minds mediators, I see the end of the sympathetic (adrenaline and norepinephrine) and parasympathetic (acetylcholine) fibers. Acetylcholine is a mediator of the parasympathetic system - it is quickly activated by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (cholinesterase), and when it is injected, it quickly goes off, at that time adrenaline and noradrenaline are inactivated significantly by the enzyme. In such a rank, the pretty ones are more trivial and appear more bends, less parasympathetic. However, for an hour to sleep, parasympathetic watering in all our functions prevails, as well as renewing resources in the body.

Ale, do not be astonished at the minds of the back and the functions of the minds of the VNS, the minds of the somatic and vegetative systems, - in the endless bag, the whole nervous system is all right as well as the whole And we look at the integration, madly, є the cortex of the great brainworms, which is united like our activity, the robot of our internal organs, so, in the child's bag, the whole psyche of people.

18. Physiology of supernaturals, the role of hormones in the regulation of the functions of the body, interrelationship with other regulatory mechanisms.

The entire autonomic nervous system is susceptible to sympathetic and parasympathetic parts, the skin of which is known to have its own function. autonomic nerve sympathetic energy

The autonomic nervous system is nice - the center should enter the warehouse, which is embedded in the spinal cord in the horns of the spinal cord, and the third one is repaired, it ends with a 3-4 transverse segment. Nice stovbur with intramural nerves and paravertebral ganglia, which take a part in gossip. Neurons in the whole region take part in the innervations of the inner muses of the eye, zalosis (thin, sweat, oily, etc.), lymphatic and blood-bearing blisters.

Small. 1.

Cute stovbur roztashovuatsya udovzh spinal stop... The new one sees 5 types: shear, chest, transverse, crooked and tail. Livy and the right sympathetic stovs the storm in his budovia sympathetic gangs, which are known as inter-ganglion gilkami.

1.Neck viddil- to repair from a large university, and go from a view of 2 stops, including a distal tip below the bottom of the loop, when you set up a loop, but there is a distal loop. At the time of the formation of 2x hylok (proximal and distal), the middle shear ganglion is transformed. The longest stovbur head to the crane high school, At the same time with a bloody nerve, to the point of being prone, the stench fills up the vagosimpatic trunk.
2.Thoracic viddil- to repair from the shiynothoracic (zyprastny) ganglion, and to go caudally into the empty passage through the diaphragms. From an international university, there are a few nerves.

The spinal nerve - to enter from the 6th ridge and down to the 2nd ridge in the transverse tubule. Throughout the course, go through the throat to the spinal nerves, and set up the spinal gossip near the spinal artery. Post-ganglionic fibers, which are located in the warehouses of the spinal nerves, innervate the nerves of the spinal cord.

Shiiny heart nerves go to heart gossip. In addition, a part of the preganglionic fibers fixes the head, which comes from a pretty stove-burr and molds a great internal nerve.

3.Language viddil- I can cross the ganglia. From them enter the transverse internal nerves, as they enter into the tail of the brijovy ganglia.
4.Racral viddil- tse prodovzhennya transverse viddilu and in their own warehouse there is a ganglion, as they unite with themselves. From them come gilts, which fix the internal nerves.

Injection of a nice view of the autonomic nervous system into the development of:

1) When pouring into the heart, I will increase the strength of it very quickly, and also increase the frequency of the beat;
2) Expanding arteries;
3) Driving herbal enzymes and intestinal motility;
4) Rozslablyuє sečovy mіkhur;
5) Widening bronchi і bronchіoli, zinitsі;
6) Driving dreaming.

The parasympathetic appearance of the autonomic nervous system is so very, like and nice, part of it is known in the brain. In the brain, in the newest є, in the eyes of the nuclei. The core of the nucleus, which regulates the lacrimal vision, the additional nucleus of the okoruchial nerve, or the nucleus of Yakubovich and Pearl, which is responsible for the control of the value of the sinus, also has 2 salivary bloody nuclei, which also has a detrimental nerve, infused into the robot the heart, bronchial tubes, intestines and slunk.

All nuclei are located in the brain, and in the stovbury part itself, as well as in the cryogenic spinal cord. At once the stench will store the entire central part of the parasympathetic viddila. From the nuclei enter the nerve fibers, to the warehouse of which enter the III, VII, IX and X wager of the cranial nerves. III pair of nerves - fibers of the okoruhny nerve, which sound like a cilia and a ciliary ring. VII pair - the whole facial nerve, up to which parasympathetic fibers fit into the canal of the parasympathetic cyst. The stench of nervuyut pіd'yazikovu and pіdzhelepni slynnі zalozi, I love zalozuі put the mucous membrane in the empty mouth and nose. The X pair is a bloody nerve, in the warehouse of a parasympathetic fiber, which goes to the organs of the sheath, the black and chest emptyings, as well as to the heart, the travohode, lungs and other organs.

From the spinal cord to the spinal cord, parasympathetic fibers enter the storehouse of the spinal cord nerves. The fibers innervate the internal organs of the small pelvis: the cuticle, the uterus, the rectum and the other.

In the whole type of autonomic nervous system, there is a large number of nerve nodes, which grow behind the walls of organs, as well as for them. Fibers that go from the spinal cord to the brain, go to the cih universities, and then from them to the nerve fibers to internal bodies organism.

Infusion of parasympathetic viddil of the autonomic nervous system on the organ:

1) Dіyuchi on the heart, I change the frequency of robots і quickly;
2) In a large number of organs, parasympathetic vision is not infused into the arteries, ale vyklica expansion of the arteries, the brain, as well as the sound of the arteries of legends;
3) Stimulate sleepiness;
4) Chi zvuzhuє zinitsі;
5) Change the ventilation of the organs.