8 pair of cranial nerves anatomy. V-IX bet of cranial nerves

Two corners enter the nerve warehouse: ulitkovy, scho є lower, і in front of the door, scho є upper corints.

Curl part of the nerve є sensitive, rumors. Vona repaired from the clinic of the spinal university, in line with the labyrinth. The dendrites of the cells of the spinal node go to the auditory receptors - the hairs of the cells of the Corti's organ.

The axons of the spinal vascular unit are expanded at the internal auditory canal. The nerve passes through the pancreatic cyst, then it is consumed in the cerebral stem on the equal upper part of the large brain, ending in the nuclei of the cochlear part (anterior and posterior). Most axons from nerve cells the anterior cochlear nucleus is crossed, passing over to the protruding side of the bridge of the brain. The mensha part of axons does not take part in the cross.

The axon ends on the walls of the trapezium of the same type and the upper olives on both sides. Axons from the structures of the brain fold a lateral loop, which ends in the quadruple and on the cells of the medial number of bodies. The axons of the posterior cochlear nucleus are crossed in the area of the middle line of the bottom of the IV lug.

On the prototype botsi, the fibers sit with the axons of the lateral loop. The axons of the posterior cochlear nucleus end in the lower humps of the quadruple. A part of the axons of the posterior nucleus, as it does not take part in the intersection, is located with the fibers of the lateral loop on its own bots.

Exercise symptoms. When the fibers of the auditory ultkovy nuclei are shredded, there is no impairment of the hearing function. With an urazhennі nerve on іznih іvnya, there may be rumors of hallucinations, symptoms of teasing, hearing loss, deafness. Decreased hearing loss or deafness from one side of the vein when the nerve is damaged on the receptor ryvny, when the cochlear part of the nerve is lost and the anterior or posterior nuclei.

Also, there may be symptoms of teasing in the eyes of a whistle, noise, twitching. It should be explained by the development of measles in the middle part of the upper skinny zvivini by the developmental pathological processes of this region, for example, by puffins.

A part of the doorway. At the internal auditory canal, a vestibular analysor is carried out by the first neurons. Dendrites of neurons assign a receptor to a labyrinth internal wuh, Roztashovani in overturned bears and in ampoules of vkolovyh canals.

The axons of the first neurons store the red door of Part VIII of the cranial nerve wager, so that they can be inserted into the early cyst and through the internal hearing openings into the speech brain in the region of the cerebellopontine cuff. Nerve fibers in front of the doorway end on the neurons of the vestibular nuclei, as other neurons guide the vestibular analyzer. The cores of the front of the door part are ripped apart at the bottom of the V lug, in the first part, and are represented by the lateral, medial, upper, lower.

The neurons of the lateral nucleus of the anterior horn part give an ear of the vestibular spinal cord, which can enter up to the store of the spinal cord and ends on the neurons of the anterior horns.

The axonneurons of this nucleus set up the medial subassembly of the bundle, spinal cord from both sides. The flow of fibers in the bundle has two strands: falling and downward. The decaying nerve fibers take part in the fixed part of the anterior cord. The downstream fibers are shattered to the core of the gory nerve. Fibers of the medial lateral bundle may cause links with the nuclei of the III, IV, VI pairs of cranial nerves; Also, there are bilateral ligaments with the cerebellum, reticular formation, the posterior nucleus of the bloating nerve.

Symptoms of urazhennya are characterized by a triad of symptoms: zamorochennyam, nistagmus, impaired coordination. Vinikak is vestibular ataxia, which appears with a cunning move, to see a sick person in a battle. Zapamorochennya is characterized by accidents of attacks trivial until decile years, which can be superfluous and bluish. An attack of supravodzhuєtsya horizontal or horizontal-copying nistagmus. When the nerve is damaged from one side, the development of nistagmus is seen in the side, the protruding striations. When the vestibular part is subdivided, nistagmus develops into a bic urazhennya.

Peripheral lesion of the anterior-ultkovy nerve can be of two types: labyrinthine and cortical syndromes. In addition, in the first place, there is an overnight deterioration in the function of the auditory and vestibular analyzer. Corinthian syndrome of peripheral lesion of the frontal-ultkovy nerve is characterized by the appearance of the mutilation, it can manifest itself as lesions of the nerve.

VIII pair, n. acusticus (n. cochlearis and n. vestibularis). Під with the foreign name n. acusticus get together

two absolutely independent sensitive nerves, which may have a different function - n. cochlearis і n.

N. cochlearis. Truly the auditory nerve, which is ganglion spirale Corti, Yaky razstashovaniyu in the same labyrinth. The dendi-rity of the named sensitive vuzla is straight up to the cortex organ, up to the hairy auditory cells. Axons go from the skroone to the emptying of the skull through the porus acusticus internus and to the warehouse n. cochlearis s n. vestibularis, n. facialis і n. intermedius Wrisbergi enter the cerebellar cod in the cerebellar pontine (div. Fig. 22). The stench will end (the first hearing neuron) in two cores n. cochlearis: nucleus ventralis (roztashovane in the ventral part of the bridge) і nucleus dorsalis or tuberculum acusticum(In the dorsal part of the bridge - see Fig. 23, 24, 50). On the whole, there are a number of nuclear devices that have a lot to do with the formulated nobles for conducting auditory subdivisions (the core of the trapezoidal layer, the upper olive, the core of the bird's loop). Fibers are other than auditory neurons, which are repaired from both nuclei of cochlear nerves(Ventralis і dorsalis), partly cross in the bridge, cross over to the opposite side, partly walk along your side of the cerebral stovbur, coming up to a third neuron like the name of a nuclear device (trapezoidal). Tsei shlyakh (Fig. 30), the names of the lateral loop, lemniscus lateralis, end in the subcortical auditory centers, which have grown in the posterior tubercles of the quadruple and in the corpus geniculatum mediale thalami optici. Zvidsi, z klin corpus geniculatum me- diale bere ear of hearing neuron , Axons which pass through the inner capsule (div. Fig. 55, IX) and corona radiata, ending in skinny particles measles to the brain (posterior appearance of the upper skin condition and Geshlya's condition, rooting in the glybin of the strongest furrow); here the cortex of the auditory projection area has been removed (div. fig. 64).

Carrying out hearing aids on the offense of the sides of the cerebral stool (its own and prototypical) and, also, being represented in the skin lateral loops of the skin as a cutaneous ear will explain the situation, as well as a one-sided increase in the hearing of an internal diagnosis. cochlearis і th nuclei; in case of unilateral lesion of the lateral loops, pedunculate and cortical auditory centers and inner capsules - clear hearing loss does not occur, in general, the cultivation of the auditory on both sides is not carried out in both directions. Pathological appearances from the side hearing aid Before hearing, they looked in detail in the course of otolaryngology. Briefly, it’s about the word hypa-kusis, the term hypa-kusis, ie deafness, is anakusis;

For an otiatrії and a neuropathologist, it is important to develop impairment of hearing, loss of pathological

processes in the middle vus (drumming, hearing brush), as a "nervous" deafness or deafness

(Court organ, cochlear nerve and nucleus). The first hearing loss is characterized by a greater loss of hearing in low tones.

і saving the supply chain; the other - vipadannya sprynattya, head rank, high tones and

weakening or loss of performance on the hand. By virtue of this, with the advancement of the cyst provinces according to the method

du Weber (the tuning fork is set on the time before the sound) when the sound-guided device is defeated

(For example, in case of otitis) the sound is stronger than it is possible to sleep, we are sick with vuh, inakche - "lateralized" in bil-

woo side; if you have a nervous system, you will be healthy. About іnshі more accurate methods of research

For hearing, see the course on otolaryngology.

Teasing appearances n. cochlearis turn around in the presence of spontaneous noises, whistle, dizzy and etc. However, those same can be spared in case of illnesses of the middle vuh. With the subtle measles of the early part, there can be a variety of rumors of hallucinations - from simple noises to folding sound manifestations (Muzyka, Goosano).

N. vestibularis... Anterior nerve, sensitive nerve; maє ganglion vestibulare Scarpae, Roztashovanoy niy in the days of the internal auditory canal. The offspring of a klin tsy university will end in ampoules of wine canals, Utriculus and sacculus. Axons, entering the empty space of the skull, yak i n. cochlearis, through porus acusticus interims, in the warehouse n. vestibularis enter the cerebellopontine cuff into the cerebral stubbur and end the first neuron in the nucleus of the vestibular nerve, which is rocked in the bridge on the cordon with the dovgastim brain in the biches of the bottom of the IV fig. 23. One of the most important clitinous group of the nucleus is the so-called Deiter's nucleus and the ankylosing spondylitis nucleus, behind the middle of some vestibular apparatus (circumferential canals, sacculus and utriculus) I will establish a number of connections with the nerve systems. So, the vestibular nucleus is tied: 1) from the nucleus tecti of the corpus callosum, moreover to its side (through the corpus restiforme);

2) through the system of the posterior lateral bundle, the Deiters' nucleus is tied to the nuclei of the okoruhny nerves

(Div. Fig. 38);

4) with the spinal cord, with the anterior horns, the vestibular nucleus is tied with special guides -

tractus vestibulo-spinalis;

5) with vegetative centers of stovbur, formatio reticularis, nucleus n. vagi і ін.

The vestibular apparatus is one of the organs, which can be used to disrupt the body (head) in space.

When uzhenny jogo, there is a breakdown of the ryvnovagi (ligament with the cerebellum), nistagmus (with the nuclei of the ocular nerves), zamorochennya, blues (the ligament with the nucleus of n. Vagi), etc. Do not be aware of the methods of using the vestibular function, so that the name of the root can be promoted as a result of the incidence of the internal air, so during the processes in the cerebellar cortex (n. Vestibularis).

Anatomy. The anterior-ultkovy nerve folds from the lower (cochlear) and upper (vestibular) corners. The lower ulnar cortex has risen in the curl of the cerebral organ of the cortius, it is through the internal auditory canal to go to the cerebellopontine cortex, de enter into the cerebral spinal cord, ending in the posterior and anterior cerebral nuclei, the rosette

3 of the anterior cochlear nucleus of the fiber go in two strands. It is a great part of them to go down, until the middle line, the upper olives of their own and other sides, making a trapezoidal body. A new system of auditory fibers (lateral loop) is repaired from the olivium of the lateral side to the lower humps of the middle brain. From the remaining fibers, pass through the posterior lower edge of the inner capsule to the auditory area of measles (middle part of the upper limb). Less number of fibers from the anterior nucleus pass in the same time to the brain.

Hearing fibers from the posterior cochlear nucleus flow along the bottom of the IV lug, confirming the rumors of the young. Close to the middle lines, the fibers are drawn into the brain speech and move to the opposite side, straight up the hill, reaching the middle centers.

The upper root (in front of the door) is repaired in the doorway of the university. Vin tied up the canals with the vestibule nuclei, rosttasvanie in the caudal lengths of the bridge and the oral sides of the large brain (medial, upper, lateral and lower). The nucleus is tied with the cerebellum, the spinal cord, the posterior lateral bundle, with the nuclei of the okoruhny nerves, the worm nuclei and the thalamus.

Root the rumor:

a) in case of severe hearing impairment: hearing loss (hypoacusis) or deafness (anacusia); vibrating lower hearing on low or high tone;

b) in case of hearing apparatus subtlety: sharpening of hearing (hyperacusis); in the presence of noise, consumption, whistling, buzzing, in case of cortical centers in hearing - hearing hallucinations.

Striking the cochlear root of the wiklikє deafness or hearing loss at the same time. However, one-sided lesion of the cortical center of hearing does not lead to hundreds of hearing impairments, since the dermal hearing is associated with a volume of cerebral sponges.

Disposition of the vestibular apparatus of the superstructure:

a) systemic zapamorochennyam yak in calm, so і with rukhs; you can attack zamorochennya (labyrinth attacks); for a sick person to be built, how can one move in space, or something else (at the same time, one sees things wrapping in one direction)

b) nystagmus

c) ataxia: є sleepy, to feign with close eyes

In some cases, a lesser similar symptom complex is characterized by attacks of confusion, tediousness, blues and short-term disruptions of evidence. For an hour I will attack the ailments to lie unruly, be afraid to turn your head through the morass of the potent zapamorochennya.

Doslidzhennya method.

a) reversing the state of hearing: to the sick person, smell the article sideways to the lykar, close the opposite vuho i repeat the words abo digits, like lykar vimovlya poshepki. Lyudin with normal hearing senses a whisper at least 6 meters wide.

b) the re-adjustment of the key and social provinces: follow up with a tuning fork; If you sound a tuning fork, put a tuning fork on the head of a pre-juvenile and trimati to quiet feasts, while the pre-juvations do not stop you hear a sound, and then a tuning fork, without hitting it again, bring it to the shell, then I will hear the sound through that sound, the bite is weak, not through the twilight. Three important samples were taken on the ground: Weber, Rinne and Schwabach.

1. Weber's test - when installing a low-sounding tuning fork on a cool people, the sound is just as good as a sound. At the same time, the sound of the sound-guided apparatus (the last one and the middle one), the sound will be brighter than a bit on a sick boat. When the sound-perceiving apparatus (ravliki, korintzya) is affected, the sound is more beautiful to be sprinkled with a healthy voice, as the keystroke performance on the side is shortened.

2. Test Rinne - to sound a tuning fork to put on the nipple-like sprout of a pre-sluggish vuh. If the ailment ceases to feel the sound, the tuning fork should be carried to the shell of the same vuh. In the norm and when the sound-perceiving device has ailments, the sound of a tuning fork is slightly prodovzhu (Rinne test is positive), and when the sound-guided device is affected, the sound is not sensitive (Rinne's test is negative).

3. Schwabach's test - to sound a tuning fork, put it on the time before it is heard and trim until it is quiet, as long as it does not stop hearing the sound. Let the license be transferred to the tuning fork. As soon as there is a sound of a sonorous tuning fork for a certain hour, the cystkova conductance of a sick person is shortened, so it will strike a shock at the new sound-perceiving apparatus. If a lykar does not sense a sonorous tuning fork, then, after repeatedly cycling its sound, put the tuning fork on your time, and when you see the sound - to a sick one. As soon as there is a bit of sounding, then there is a message about the podvovzhenya at the new cyst provinces, which is typical for the improvement of the sound-guided apparatus.

c) the advancement of the vestibular apparatus: when wrapped on a crucible, Baran's ailments are guilty of the cause, the reason for the beast of their accusation, because of the reason why it is necessary to build up the ruins of those objects, because they do not forget The motor function of the labyrinth is judged by the nistagmus, the coordination of arms, the health of the condition, and also the symptom of missing and failing hands.

d) advancing nistagmus.

Nistagmi (rhythmically smacking apples) has two components: By the way, the introduction of the apples to the side and the quick introduction of the apples to the outgoing camp. Directly nistagmus appears on a shvidky component. Nistagmus can be horizontal, vertical and copying (overturned). Naychіtkіshe vіn buvaє turns when looking to the side.

Nistagm can be seen when looking at rukhome objects, for example, on train cars, scho yde (zaliznichny nistagm). Such nistagmus is called optokinetic. Vін luring skin healthy people... The prevalence of this is due to the presence of pathology. The calorific nistagmus of the vine is connected to the space of the outer ear canal with warm (40 - 50 ° C) or cold (15-20 ° C) water. The warm water of the wiklikє nistagmus is in the bik of the zroshuvanny vukh, the cold water is in the zorotnyi.

With vestibular hyperesthesia, reactive nistagmus, When the labyrinth is popped up, it’s out of the way.

e) further sign of vestibular ataxia (finger and finger probes)

Two corners enter the nerve warehouse: ulitkovy, scho є lower, і in front of the door, scho є upper corints.

The axons of the spinal vascular unit are expanded at the internal auditory canal. The nerve passes through the pancreatic cyst, then it is consumed in the stovbur brain on the equal upper part of the large brain, ending in the nuclei of the cochlear part (anterior and posterior). A large number of axons from the nerve cells of the anterior cochlear nucleus are crossed, passing to the opposite side to the bridge of the brain. The mensha part of axons does not take part in the cross.

VIII pair - n.vestibulocochlearis, anterior-ultkovy nerve (Fig. 48). A couple of healthy innervations of two different functional systems: the hearing organ is equal to the organ of the erythrocyte - the vestibular apparatus. Apparently, up to the entire vestibular nerve is folded from the auditory part - pars cochlearis and the vestibular part - pars vestibularis.

54. Striking the VIII Bet of the Cranial Nerves

When the fibers of the VIII cranial nerves are lost in the auditory ultikovy nuclei, there is no impairment of the hearing function. If the nerve is damaged on the lower ravines, there may be rumors of hallucinations, symptoms of teasing, hearing loss, deafness. Decreased hearing loss or deafness from one side of the vein when the nerve is damaged on the receptor ryvny, when the cochlear part of the nerve is lost and the anterior or posterior nuclei.

A part of the doorway. At the internal auditory canal, a vestibular analysor is carried out by the first neurons. Dendrites of neurons fix the receptor to the labyrinth of the internal air, roztasvani in the overwhelming bears and in the ampoules of the vascular canals.

The axons of the first neurons fold the red door of Part VIII of the cranial nerve wager, so that they can be inserted into the early cyst and through the internal auditory opening into the speech brain in the region of the cerebellopontine cuff.

Nerve fibers in front of the doorway end on the neurons of the vestibular nuclei, as other neurons guide the vestibular analyzer. The cores of the front of the door part are ripped apart at the bottom of the IV lug, in the first part, and are represented by the lateral, medial, upper, lower.

The axonneurons of this nucleus form the medial subassembly of the bundle, which grows in the spinal cord from both sides. The direction of the fibers in the bundle has two strands: downward and downward. The decaying nerve fibers take part in the fixed part of the anterior cord. The downstream fibers are shattered to the core of the gory nerve. Fibers of the medial lateral bundle may cause links with the nuclei of III, IV, VI pairs of cranial nerves; Also є bilateral ligaments with the cerebellum, reticular formation, the posterior nucleus of the bloating nerve.

Small. 48. In front of the ultkovy nerve.
A. Scheme of paths of the auditory analyzer: 1 - ravlik; 2 spinal university; 3 - anterior helical nucleus; 4 - posterior helical nucleus; 5 - the core of the trapezoidal; 6 - top olive; 7 - nucleus, lateral loop; 8 - nuclei of posterior humps; 9 - medical number; 10 - projection auditory zone... B. Scheme of sounds of the vestibular analyzer. Rumors of the path are repaired in the neurons of the spinal node (I neuron). Gangl. spirale cochleae is located in the same labyrinth. Peripheral outgrowths of cich neurons are directed to the cortical organ, de-rooting special receptors. The central outgrowths through porus acusticus interims enter the emptying of the skull and end in the two nuclei of the bridge to the brain - the anterior (nucl. Cochlearis ventralis) and posterior curl nucleus (nucl. Cochlearis dorsalis). Fibers of the second neurons are repaired from the cyx nuclei, set up a trapezoidal thickness, move to the other side and in the storage of the small loop (lemniscus lateralis) end in the primary auditory centers - in the nuclei of the lower parts of the hump
It is necessary to remember that the overlapping of the auditory fibers of the non-original ones, some of them go to the primary auditory centers on their side.
The third neuron is repaired from the inner ringed body, passes through the inner capsule and corona radiata and ends in the cortical auditory area - the posterior view of the upper limb bone (Geshl's spine).
At the cortical auditory centers of the cutaneous eruption, the fibers from both sides, more from the protypal one, end. Moreover, with unilateral lesion of the lateral loop or auditory centers, deafness is not present.
Functional meaning of different types of auditory analyzer is reasonable. Drum cross-flow system, hearing cells and receptors in the organ of Corti, the device is approved. At the bottom of the bottom humps, you get confused reflex arcs, what will you get rukhovy reactions on hearsay teasing. For example, Lyudin beckon to turn her head in a bik dzherela sound. Tsey reflex is manifested from early childhood. When there is a loud, unsupported sound, people are welcome. The tse is a variant of the "starting reflex", to be stunned on the level of the middle brain for the participation of the reticular formation. In the case of the auditory analyzer, the folding processes of the processing of sound signals go through the folding processes of sound signals - the vision of sound images, which are stored in the memory by signals.
Hearing impairment caused by fallowness is caused by a loss of hearing. At the clientele, make sure to listen to the soundness of hearing, to the testimony and to the conductivity of sounds, and to their localization.

klinika urazhennya

hearing system

There are two main forms of decreased hearing: deafness of the middle ear, or conductive deafness (associated with impaired sound conduction) and deafness of the internal sound, or neurosensory deafness.

Conductive muffling is affected by pathological processes in the ear canal, or, more often, in the middle ear. At the same time, at the internal vuho and, also, in the court organ, no sounds are performed, but only actions are performed from them. The reasons for conductive deafness can be otitis media, Otosclerosis, chubby.

With a subtle pathological process peripheral species of the auditory analyzer, make the noise on the sides of the noise. Among the reasons, which can add noise to the VUSI, may be an ignition process, as well as the destruction of the fibers of the cochlear port of the VIII nerve by the puffiness, as well as the growth of the Shvanovskoy sheath - neuroma of the VIII nerve. Determination of the abnormalities of the VIII nerve abnormality, as well as of its nuclei in the pons, can lead to a decrease in hearing or deafness on the side of the pathological vognisch.

If the pathological process is localized in the area of the cerebellopontine cuff, then it is not only a decrease in hearing due to damage, but a deterioration in the function of the vestibular, tripartite and facial nerves. In addition, the growth of neuromas of the auditory nerve towards the stovbur to the brain and corns may supervise the development of malnutrition syndrome and the appearance of cerebellar symptoms on the side of the striking.

When the localization process on the equal plate of the pokrishka is made, the hearing loss in both ears is reduced due to the rapid progress and the development of the general deafness.

At the ligament, there is a crossover in the lateral loop, as well as non-crossover fibers, the lateral (auditory) loop is not wicked into one-sided deafness. Shvidsche sposterіgaєtsya a small decrease in hearing from the protolezhny side ( hypoacusia) I deyake deyako vpiznavannya vpіznavannya directly to the sound.

As the hostile rumors go to the level of the thalamus, the ailments change the perception of tonality, the sounds are heard or come close. Characteristic of є acoustic rozladi at viglyadі hyperpathies... All sounds are sprinkled yak duzhe guchni. Noise and strong sounds.

Corks are mid-range in the area of the left (dominant drink) of the early part to zoom in on the rumors of hallucinations. can winicati hearing agnosia... Yaksho feuds right skroneva part, Spread the rumors hyperpathy, Yak і with lesions of the thalamus. There is also a pathological midsection of the cortical end of the auditory analyzer, there are rumors of hallucinations, as in such types you can be the forerunner of the out-of-the-box epileptic attack. Todi talk about the manifestation of an ailing attack on the epilepsy of hearing aurora.

rivnovagi system[Ed | edit vіki-text]

Nistagmus is the mimic collision of the eyes. So as the vestibular nerve is infused onto the camp of the apples in such a rank, so that you can take care of the openness in the open space with any position of the head. With such a rank, in case of any damage to the vestibular system, the position of apples and vines will break down, the manifestation of nistagmus. About the destruction of the vestibular system and reduce the manifestation of nistagmus, which is a very common component. The overwhelming component is the action signal of the battle, at that hour there is a sharp component of the obumovation of the deprivation of the jerky, reflexive turning of the eyes in the cob position. It is accepted to form a direct nistagmus from a quick component.

Topical diagnosis of the reduction of the vestibular analyzer

1. The separation of the receptors of the vestibular analyzer in the labyrinthine and the internal one is characterized by systemic unpleasant, horizontal nistagmus and decreased hearing

2. Yaksho hostilities n.vestibularis, a systemic vinaigation of an uncomfortable wrapper character, is straightened into a bic shvid component of nistagmus. To an unpleasant one, to lie down at a position of the head. Є nistagmus horizontally-copying, medium and medium-sized. At Romberg's position, the ailment falls towards the level (in the main component of nistagmus). Often one hour for n.vestibularis lesions are indicated for n.cochlearis lesions.

3. Vestibular disturbances in the presence of signs in the brain, lie down in the level of battle. Roller's nucleus (the lower vestibular nucleus) is damaged, and the copying nistagmus is observed in the back of the head. When the nuclei of Schwalbe and Deiters are damaged, horizontal nistagmus is observed in one or two sides. The variability of nistagmus changes in the fallowness from the position of the head. The nucleus of ankylosing spondylitis is affected by the formation of vertical nistagmus. Immediately, when the nuclei of the stovbur is evident, vestibular ataxis and lateropulsions appear (emergence from the hour to the rupture in bik).

4. The midsection in the zone of the pokrishka plate is characterized by converging nystagmus. Shvidky component of nistagmus of both eyes, straightening to the middle. Turning okorukhov_ rozladi.

5. With the manifestation of deterioration of the crimson zones (fronto-skrone, temporal areas), vestibular damage is manifested as a result of non-stability, failure, colony status, etc.

More peripheral urazhennya (labіrintіv abo vestibular nervіv) Mauger Buti viklikano the following reasons: labіrintit, Menєra syndrome perilіmfatichna fіstula, labіrintu injury (fracture pіramіdi skronevoї kіstki) labіrintova apopleksіya, vertebrobasilar nedostatnіst toxic urazhennya labіrіntastreptomіtsіnom abo іnshimi lіkami, neuroma at vnutrіshnomu auditory prohodі. Also, a link was established between the symptoms of Menier's attacks and the tight adherence of the judgment to the proximal non-elasticized part of the root of the nerve nerve before the doorway. The operative displacement of the judge led to the attack of the ailment.

Central lesions can be wicked with circulatory dislocations (growths, bleeding) in the vertebrobasilar basin, rosies, sclerosis, syphilis, chubby or other discomforts.

Doslidzhennya methodology [ed | edit vіki-text]

hearing system[Ed | edit vіki-text]

Overwhelming hearing, follow the mother on uvaz, but with normal hearing, people have a loud whispering move at the place of 5-6 m.

Deafness of the function of n.cochlearis by itself is audible and deafness (hypoacusia) or deafness. If it’s like that, it’s possible to come up with something like that when the device is worn out, so that the sound is transmitted, that is, the middle and lasting vuh (the area of the otolaryngologist), then the staff of the neurologist є in the first place, the development of the pathological process.

There are two head signs of nervous dullness є a decrease in the hearing of the cranial cysts and parts of the hearing in a number of tones. It might mean that when the middle and last year are affected, the hour of the cystic hearing of the proviso will increase, perhaps it is possible to explain the lowering of the sensitivity threshold of the Corti's organ in which the sound of the middle hearing does not pass.

For the identification of cystic rumors, the following tests are used: the test of Schwabach, Weber and Rinne.

Schwabach test- the tuning fork is placed on the nipple-like tip. In case of pathology of the internal energy and n.vestibularis, the hour of the cyst performance is changed to 0.

Rinne test- Nadaє information about those who conduct the sound more beautifully through the brush or through the twist. Place the vibrating tuning fork on the nipple-like tip. If the ailment ceases to be a little bit, the tuning fork should be pushed in front of the sound of a prettier one, so it’s important, a little bit the tone of the tuning fork is in the right position. The tuning fork is a little bit, as the vuho of the patient is great - Rinne's test is positive. If there is a pathology of the middle wuh, then the ailment chuє the tone of the tuning fork through the brush more than half the time - the Rinne test is negative.

Weber test- pick a tuning fork in the middle of the sick person. As the decrease in hearing is poured over to the damage to the sound, the ailment will be slightly more beautiful on the side of the battle. With a strong internal vuha, the tuning fork is more beautiful than a bit on the healthy side.

In case of hearing loss in the area of low frequencies, hearing loss in the area of low frequencies is indicative of the pathology of the middle ear, and loss of hearing in the area of high frequencies is the transmission of neural genesis of impairment.

The infestation of the middle and last year is referred to the sphere of otolaryngology. The ob'ktivny and sub'єactive symptoms of the lesion of the cochlear nerve and the second path were assessed by a neurologist.

Symptoms of n.cochlearis lesions may be associated with acupuncture neuromas of the auditory nerve. In cichs, the growth of stubborn fibers in cob stages lead to the appearance of a noise in the first symptom. As the progress is progressing more and more, so the increasing decrease in hearing and damage to the sound is often lost in the respect of the sick. Name ailments zneurinoma of the VIII nerve to grow up to a lykar, if the puffiness is on the surface, but rather more susceptible structures (vestibular nerve, cerebellum, facial nerve, tripartite nerve) - syndrome of the cerebellopontine intravascular cut head b_l, Nudota and blues.

Raptor's loss of hearing can be caused by viral infections and discirculatory disorders, such as vertebrobasilar deficiency.

The main reasons for the damage to the organ and n.cochlearis are meningitis, aneurysms of the sudin, perilimphatic fistula, overdose of singers drugs(Streptomycin, hinin, aspirin) and pressure raptor noise (vibuch).

The central highway in the stovburi brain is suffering at judgments in case of lack of blood circulation, with ignition processes and puffs. As a result, the winery is hypoacusia. Tilki double-sided interchange of the auditory paths of the Veda to double-sided deafness.

rivnovagi system[Ed | edit vіki-text]

Doslidzhuyut the ruch of the ailing with the opening and closing of the eyes, putting them in the Romberg pose. The inconsistency in Romberg's position is feasible for an hour when the head is turned to the side.

Mittelnayer's test- it is ailing to ask robiti "croc on mіsci". Progress on the ailment turn into a bik vognischa razdratuvannya in the vestibular analyzer.

It is also a great help in the pre-existing system of equilibrium for the appearance of nistagmus in the case of pre-existing perioral nerves. The correct interpretation of the revealed nistagmus allows for topical diagnostics of the lesion of the vestibular system

7. VII pair of cranial nerves - facial nerve

Win є zmishanim. Rukhovy conducts the path of the nerve - two-neural. The central neuron of the seam in the cerebral cortex, in the lower third of the precentral part. The axons of the central neurons are directed to the nucleus of the facial nerve, which is removed on the prototypal side in the bridge of the brain, where the peripheral neurons of the root path are located. Axons of neurons store the root of the facial nerve. The facial nerve, passing through the internal auditory aperture, straight into the pyramid of the skin, spreading in a special channel. Dalі the nerve to enter from the fringe cyst through the styloid opening, entering the parotid slug ridge. Have you sleeplessly the nerve is distributed to five giloks, so that the gossip is good.

Rukhov_ fibers VII pari cranial cerebral nerves Innervate the minutiae of denouncing, yakut pragmatic, muzyazi shell, Skulls, pidshkirnu m'yaz shii, two-abdominal m'yaz (її posterior cherevets). In a special channel of the pancreatic cyst from the facial nerve, three arms enter: the great kamyanistic nerve, the court nerve, and the drum string.

The great rocky nerve passes through the cryopid canals and ends in the cryopedic universities. The Danish nerve is energized by the lacrimal gleam by means of the path to illuminate the anastomosis with the lacrimal nerve to be transferred to the cryopedic university. Parasympathetic fibers enter the warehouse of the great stone nerve. The court nerve is connected to the innervating of the court’s muzzle, it’s viciously to the side, but I’m opening it for the formulation of a greater sensitivity.

Drum string is energized by the front 2/3 movable, which is responsible for the transmission of impulses in case of versatile relish teasing. On top of that, the drum string is parasympathetic and parasympathetic to the innervations of the lazy and grotesque lines.

Exercise symptoms. When the collateral fibers develop, peripheral parallax develops, revealing on the sides of the strikes, and asymmetric individuals manifest themselves: half of the individuals on the sides of the nerve strikes become unstable, mask-like, the forehead and nasolabial folds are smoothed out, way down .

Bell's Phenomenon Significant - Turning full-time apple burn when you close your eyes on the side of the strike. Promote parallitic leakage during daily periods of time. Isolation of parallel mimic musculature of an individual characteristic of the mucous membrane of the facial nerve. If the reduction of the root fibers to clinical symptoms is achieved, the Miyar-Gubler syndrome has a central parallel of the symptoms on the sides, opposite strikes).

With lesions of the facial nerve in the cerebellopontine cuff, in addition to the parallel of the mimic muscles, there is a decrease in hearing, or deafness, the visibility of the corneal reflex, which is indicative of three Given pathology it is not easy for the inflamed area of the cerebellopontine cut (arachnoiditis), neuromas of the auditory nerve. Recognition of hyperacusis and loss of relish to talk about the loss of the nerve to the emergence of the great stony nerve in a special channel of the paramedic skeletal cyst.

The dissection of the nerve through the drum string, ale lower than the appearance of the stapedal nerve, is characterized by a breakdown of relish, laxity.

Parallax of mimic musculature in the presence of lacrimal vines in times of striations of the facial nerve lower than the input of the drum string. You can only fight the nuclear-crust way. Clinically, there is a need for parallel communication between the lower half of the denunciation on the opposite side. Often before the parallel hemiplegia or hemiparesis on the battlefield occurs.

From the book nerves ailments author M.V.Drozdova

3 books of Nerves ailments author M.V.Drozdova

author A. A. Drozdov

3 books Nerves ailments: lecture notes author A. A. Drozdov

21701 0

VI pair - enter the nerves

The external nerve (item Abducens) is ruchy. The nucleus of the access nerve(Nucleus n. Abducentis) roztashovutsya in the front part of the bottom of the IV lug. The nerve goes from the brain at the rear edge of the bridge, between it and the pyramid of the thick brain, and the unbroken call from the back of the Turkish saddle to enter the sinus firing, de-rostate along the call surface of the inner sleepy artery (Fig. 1). The distance penetrates through the upper internal slit into the internal fossa and slid forward over the pericuchial nerve. Innervate the call to the straight line of the eye.

Small. 1. Nerves of okorukhovy apparatus (diagram):

1 - upper oblique m'yaz of the eye; 2 - upper straight line m'yaz ochi; 3 - block nerve; 4 - gory nerve; 5 - lateral straight line of the eye; 6 - lower straight line m'yaz ochі; 7 - external nerve; 8 - lower oblique m'yaz of the eye; 9 - medіyna straight m'yaz ochі

VII pair - face nerves

(P. Facialis) to develop into a link with the fixtures of another winter arc, that is the reason for the innervus of all the misunderstandings (mimic). The nerve of vibrations, which includes the fibers of its own eferent nucleus, as well as sensitive and vegetative (relishing and secretory) fibers, should lie tightly tied to the human intermediate nerve(P. Intermedius).

Rukhov the nucleus of the facial nerve(Nucleus n. Facialis) is located at the bottom of the IV crotch, in the lateral area of the reticular formation. The root of the facial nerve goes through the brain at the same time with the root of the intermediate nerve in front of the door-ultkovy nerve, between the back edge of the bridge and the olive deep brain. Distant facial and intermediate nerves enter at the internal auditory openings and enter the canal of the facial nerve. Here, the nerve is offended, the gagal stovbur is created, and two turns are shaped like a vigin in the canal (Fig. 2, 3).

Small. 2. Special nerve (diagram):

1 - internal sleep gossip; 2 - university colincya; 3 - facial nerve; 4 - the facial nerve in the internal auditory meatus; 5 - intermediate nerve; 6 - the core of the facial nerve; 7 - upper salivary nucleus; 8 - the core of a single path; 9 - capillary throat of the posterior ocular nerve; 10 - gilki to the ears of the mouth; 11 - posterior outer nerve; 12 - the nerve to the strushkovy m'yazi; 13 - styloid opening; 14 - gossip drum; 15 - drum nerve; 16- the ulceropharyngeal nerve; 17- posterior cervix of the digastric mucus; 18- shillopodiassic ointment; 19 - drum string; 20 movny nerve (from the lower slit); 21 - underneath slynna zaliza; 22 - pid'yazikova slynna zaliza; 23- submandibular vuzole; 24- krylopidnebyno vuzol; 25 - high school; 26 - the nerve of the crylopoid canal; 27 - malium kamyanistichesky nerve; 28 - glyboky kamyany nerve; 29 - great kamyanistichesky nerve

Small. 3

I - great kamyanistichesky nerve; 2 - vuzol of the facial nerve; 3 person channel; 4 - empty drum; 5 - drum string; 6 - hammer; 7 - kovadlo; 8- napivkryzhny channels; 9 - spherical bear; 10 delicious little bear; 11 - vuzol front day; 12 - internal auditory passage; 13 - the nucleus of the cochlear nerve; 14 - lower lobe; 15 - nuclei of the pre-door nerve; 16 - dovastia brain; 17- vestibular ultkovy nerve; 18 - rukhova portion of the facial nerve and the intermediate nerve; 19 - ultkovy nerve; 20 - in front of the nerve; 21 - spinal ganglion

A sprinkle of zagalny stovbur rots horizontally, straight over the drum emptying in front and laterally. Then, according to the vein of the facial canal, the stovbur is turned towards the straight kut back, making the collar (geniculum n. Facialis) and the vuzol colincy (ganglion geniculi), so that the intermediate nerve is laid. Having passed over the empty drum, the stovbur rocked another turn down, rostashovuyuchis behind the empty middle wuh. At the time of the delay from the extracranial stovbur to enter the branches of the intermediate nerve, the facial nerve to enter the canal through the styloid opening, and unbarrily enters the parotid line of the Dovzhin stovbur of the extracranial length to 1.5 cm of the facial nerve to the length of 0.8 cm. and the thickness - from 0.7 to 1.4 mm: the nerve to avenge 3500-9500 muscle nerve fibers, the middle ones to cross over the tovsti.

Near the front slug, on a surface of 05-10 cm from the outer surface, the facial nerve appears on the 2-5 primary nerves, as they go on the secondary, approved extravagant gossip(Plexus intraparotideus)(Fig. 4).

Small. 4.

a - the main pins of the facial nerve, right side view: 1 - skronevy pins; 2 - willow heads; 3 - near-ear duct; 4 - nibbles; 5 - edge of the lower slit; 6 - shiina head; 7 - two-abdominal і sylopodiatic whip; 8 - the main stovbur of the facial nerve sent through the styloid opening; 9 - posterior outer nerve; 10 - parotid slyna zaliza;

b - the facial nerve and the parotid mucus in the horizontal position: 1 - the medial cryopodic mucosa; 2 - lower slit head; 3 - zhuvalny m'yaz; 4 - parotid slyna zaliza; 5 - nipple-like outgrowth; 6 - the main stovbur of the facial nerve;

c - a trivial scheme for the treatment of the facial nerve and the appearance of sleepy hairs: 1 - skronevs; 2 - willow heads; 3 - nutritious drinks; 4 - edge of the lower slit; 5 - shiina head; 6 - lower throat of the facial nerve; 7 - two-abdominal і schilopodiazny veins of the facial nerve; 8 - the main stovbur of the facial nerve; 9 - posterior outer nerve; 10 - upper throat of the facial nerve

The development of two forms of the most popular budov and the familiar gossip: network and mainstream. at reticular The stovbur of the nerve is short (0.8-1.5 cm), in your own room it goes to a bezel-less ring, so there is a lot of ringing between itself, in addition to forming a narrow-looped gossip. Multiple connections with the tricycles of the nerve are promoted. at magistral form nerve stubbing is usually large (1.5-2.3 cm), distributed on two arms (upper and lower), which give on a number of secondary arms; There are few clashes between the secondary clamps, the gossip is wide-mesh (Fig. 5).

Small. 5.

a - network-like budova; b - the main office of Budova;

1 - facial nerve; 2 - zhuvalny m'yaz

On its way, the facial nerve is seen when it passes through the canal, as well as when it goes out. In the middle of the channel, there are a number of air locks coming in from the middle:

1. Great Stone Nerve(P. Petrosus major) shores the ear close to the vuzla kolintsya, overlapping the canal of the facial nerve through the gorge to the canal of the great stone nerve and pass along the same furrow to the torn opening. Having penetrated through the cartilage to the base of the skull, the nerve is squeezed into the glibous camy nerve, molding cryopodic nerve(P. Canalis pterygoidei), She entered the cryopod canal and reach the crylopidnebyno university.

The great rocky nerve is to avenge parasympathetic fibers to the crylopidnebyno university, as well as sensitive fibers from the client to the university colincy.

2. stirrups nerve (item Stapedius) - a thin stovbur, vidgaluzhua in the canal of the facial nerve at another turn, penetrating into the drum empty, deinnervuє stirrups mu'az.

3. drum string(Chorda tympani) є the extension of the intermediate nerve, seen from the facial nerve in the lower part of the canal above the styloid opening, and to enter through the tubule of the drum string into the drum empty, then lie under the mucilaginous sheath of the hammer Through the rocky-drum-like slit, the drum string goes to the base of the skull and in the middle pit to get angry with the papular nerve.

In the middle of the crossover with the lower alveolar nerve, the drum string is given with the help of the upper alveolar nerve. The drum string is folded from preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lower slit vuzu and savory sensitive fibers to the front two thirds of the mov.

4. A spoluchana head for drum gossip (r. communicans cum plexus tympanico) - thin head; repaired from the vuzla kolintsya or from the great stone nerve, go through the drum emptying to the drum gossip.

When entering from the canal from the facial nerve to enter such veins.

1. Posterior external nerve(P. Auricularis posterior) go out of the facial nerve directly from the styloid opening, go back and up along the anterior surface of the nipple-like protuberance, spread on two legs: vushnu (r. Auricularis) potilichnu (r. occipitalis), Innervuyut potilichny cherevets of the supracranial ointment.

2. Dvocherevtseviy gilka(R. Digasricus) winyє trochas of the inferior nerve і, descending downward, іnnervuє the posterior ridge of the digastric ointment і oleopodiassic ointment.

3. A full head with the ulcer-pharyngeal nerve (r. communicans cum nervo glossopharyngeo) Walk close to the styloid opening and widen in front and down along the syopharyngeal mucosa, closing the throat of the lazyopharyngeal nerve.

Gilky gossip gossip:

1. Skronevі gіlki (rr. Temporales) (2-4 in number) go up the hill and subdivide into 3 groups: front, innervating the upper part of the circular gum of the eye, and wrinkle of the eyebrow; middle, innervating the forehead; posterior, innervating rudimentary mucous membranes of the ear shell.

2. Willow heads (rr. Zygomatici) (3-4 in number) expand forward and uphill to the lower and lateral parts of the circular muzzle of the eye and willow muzzle, which are both innervated.

3. Small balls (rr. Buccales) (3-5 in number) go horizontally forward along the last surface of the jaw meat and pump the balls around the nose and mouth.

4. Craiova gilka lower slit(R. Marginalis mandibularis) to pass along the edge of the lower slit and innervu m'yazi, then lower the cut of the company and the lower lip, pidboridya m'yaz і m'yaz smіhu.

5. The cervical neck (r. Colli) descend on the sheath, close the transverse nerve of the sheath and innervue t. Platysma.

intermediate nerve(P. Intermedins) is composed of preganglionic parasympathetic and sensitive fibers. Sensitive unipolar cells roztashovani at the university colincy. The central outgrowths of the cells descend into the warehouse of the nerve root and end in the nucleus of a single path. Peripheral outgrowths of sensitive cells blow through the drum string and the great lumbar nerve to the mucous membrane of the tongue and the soft baby.

Secretory parasympathetic fibers take the cob from the upper salivary nucleus in the large brain. The root of the prominence nerve goes through the brain between the facial and in front of the door-cochlear nerves, to come to the special nerve and in the canal of the facial nerve. The fibers of the intermediate nerve leave the stovbur of the facial, passing into the drum string and the great stone nerve, reach the submandibular, submandibular and cryonic universities.

VIII pair - in front of the door-ravlikiv nerves

(N. Vestibulocochlearis) - sensitive, built from two functional parts: in front of the door and snail (div. Fig. 3).

Vestibular nerve (n. Vestibularis) to carry out impulses from the static device of the front and into the labyrinth of the internal air. Ultkovy nerve (item Cochlearis) I will secure the transmission of sound messages from the spinal organ to the body. The skin part of the nerve is powerful sensitive universities, so that the bipolar nerves of the cell can be avenged: the vestibular part - vestibule (ganglion vestibulare), Rosetting on the bottom of the internal auditory canal; curl part - ulitkovy vuzol (spial vuzol ravliki), ganglion cochleare (ganglion spirale cochleare), Yakiy to be in ravlik.

At the door of the university, there are two parts in new development: upper (pars superior) and lower (pars inferior). The peripheral outgrowths of the clin of the upper part form the following nerves:

1) eliptic saccular nerve(P. Utricularis), To the kitchenette of the front day ravliki;

2) anterior ampullary nerve(P. Ampularis anterior), Up to the keen sensitive smuzhok of the anterior oversetting of the ampoule of the anterior navkruzhny canal;

3) lateral ampullary nerve(P. Ampularis lateralis), To lateral overflowing ampullae.

From the lower part of the vestibule of the university peripheral outgrowths of cells go to the warehouse spherical-mischievous nerve(P. Saccularis) before the auditory little bear and in the warehouse posterior ampullary nerve(P. Ampularis posterior) to the rear overflow ampoule.

Central outgrowths of klin on the doorstep of the university will be approved vestibule (upper) root It is possible to enter through the internal auditory opening behind the facial and intermediate nerves and enter the brain through the exit of the facial nerve, reaching 4 vestibular nuclei in the bridge: medial, lateral, upper and lower.

From the cochlear node, the peripheral outgrowths of the bipolar nerve cells go down to the sensitive epithelial cells of the spinal organ, which are set in the coiled helix of the nerve. The central outgrowths of the cochlear stem cells form an ultral (lower) root, which goes from the upper root in the brain to the dorsal and ventral nuclei.

IX pair - the ulopharyngeal nerve

(P. Glossopharyngeus) - the nerve of the third zyabrovy arch, minus. Innervate the mucous membrane of the posterior third of the tongue, the lower arches, the pharynx and the empty drum, the parotid mucosa and the pharyngeal membrane (Fig. 6, 7). The warehouse of the nerve has 3 types of nerve fibers:

1) sensitive;

2) rukhov;

3) parasympathetic.

Small. 6.

1 - eliptic-saccular nerve; 2 - anterior ampullary nerve; 3 - posterior ampullary nerve; 4 - spherical saccular nerve; 5 - lower nerve vestibule; 6 - the upper end of the nerve vestibule; 7 - vuzol in front of the door; 8 - root of the nerve vestibule; 9 - ultkovy nerve

Small. 7.

1 - drum nerve; 2 - the ring of the facial nerve; 3 - lower salivary nucleus; 4 - twins core; 5 - the core of a single path; 6 - the core of the spinal pathway; 7, 11 - the ulopharyngeal nerve; 8 - jugular opening; 9 - a spinal plug to the ear plug of the bloating nerve; 10 - upper and lower nodes of the ovarian and pharyngeal nerve; 12 - bloody nerve; 13 - top shiyny vuzol cute stovbour; 14 - cute Stovbur; 15 - sinus throat of the ulopharyngeal nerve; 16 - internal sleep artery; 17 - head sleep artery; 18 - call of the dream artery; 19 - medullary, pharyngeal and movable throats of the lopharyngeal nerve (pharyngeal plexus); 20 - hypopharyngeal muscle and nerve up to it from the hypopharyngeal nerve; 21 - auditory tube; 22 - pipe drum gossip; 23 - parotid slyna zaliza; 24 - auricular nerve; 25 - high school; 26 - inferior ganglion nerve; 27 - krylopidnebyno vuzol; 28 - malium kamyanistichesky nerve; 29 - the nerve of the crylopoid canal; 30 - glycotic kamyany nerve; 31 - great kamyanistichesky nerve; 32 - sleep-drum nerves; 33 - styloid opening; 34 - drum empty and drum gossip

sensitive fibers- outgrowths of afferent cells of the upper i lower university (ganglia superior et inferior)... Peripheral outgrowths travel in the storage of the nerve to the organs, de-establish the receptor, and enter the central brain, to the sensitive nucleus tractus solitarii.

debris fibers repair from the nerve cells of the spinal cord with the bloating nerve nucleus ambiguous and pass in the warehouse of the nerve to the pharyngeal mucosa.

parasympathetic fibers take an ear in an autonomous parasympathetic lower salivary nucleus (nucleus salivatorius superior), Yaka roztashovane in a big brain.

The root of the lazyopharyngeal nerve extends from the large brain behind the passage of the frontal-ultkovy nerve and at the same time from the bloating nerve overlaps the skull through the jugular opening. At the end of the opening, the nerve becomes wider - upper vuzol (ganglion superior), And according to the entrance from the opening - another expansion - lower vuzol (ganglion inferior).

The posture of the skull of the ovarian nerve is to lie together with the inner carotid artery and the inner jugular vein, and then with the gently arched end of the back and the outer pharyngeal oyster.

Thyroids of the ulcer-pharyngeal nerve.

1. The tympanic nerve (n. Tympanicus) emerges from the lower node and pass through the tympanic tubule into the empty tympanic, deformally with the carotid-tympanic nerves drum gossip(Plexus tympanicus). Drum gossip will nerve the mucus shell of the empty drum and the auditory tube. The drum nerve leaves the drum empty through the upper wall yak malium kamyanistichesky nerve(P. Petrosus minor) Before going to the university, the preganglionic parasympathetic secretory fibers, which enter the storage of the small stone nerve, are digested in the external university, and the post-ganglionic secretory fibers enter the auricular nerve from the reach of the fold

2. Gilka shilopharyngeal m'yazi(R. T. Stylopharyngei) even before one mucus and mucous membrane of the pharynx.

3. Sinus gilka (r. Sinus carotid), sensitive, raskaluzhutsya in a sleepy gloom.

4. Mіndalіkovye gіlki(Rr. Tonsillares) go to the mucous membrane of the infantile dysplasia and the arch.

5. Pharyngeal throats (rr. Pharyngei) (3-4 in number) go to the pharynx and at the same time with the pharyngeal throats of the bloating nerve and a pretty stovbur on the outer surface of the pharynx gulp gossip(Plexus pharyngealis)... From the mouth to the throat, to the mucous membranes, to the mucous membrane, which, in its own right, to set up the intramural nerves of gossip.

6. Linguales (rr. Linguales) - enduocytes of the lingopharyngeal nerve: to sweep the sensitive savor fibers to the mucous membrane of the posterior third of the tongue.

Anatomy of a Human S.S. Mikhailov, A.V. Chukbar, A.G. Tsibulkin