The spinal cord is introduced to the provincial function. Budova and the peculiarities of the human spinal cord

The spinal cord of humans is the most important organ of the central nervous system, Yaky zdіysnyu linking of organs to the central nervous system and to carry out reflexes. Win over the top with three shells:

• firm, pavutiny and myako

Between the pavutin and myakoi (courtly) sheath and in the central yogo channel, there is spinal cord ridina (liquor)

V epidural space (interstice between the solid cerebral sheath and the surface of the ridge) - the court adipose tissue

Budova and the function of the human spinal cord

Would you give yourself a spinal cord by the name of the bud?

The chain cord is in the spinal canal, at the viglyad there is a cylindrical strand, approximately 45 mm wide, close to 1 cm wide, more flat from the front and back, lower from the sides. I will wash the upper and lower boundaries. The top is to be repaired between the line of the great tilichny opening and the first ridge of the shin: in the whole muscle the spinal cord is to be found with the head for the help of the intermediate dystopian. The lower one - on the level of 1 -2 transverse ridges, for which the cord is taken up the end viglyad and the dal “virozhuetsya” from the thin spinal cord ( thermal) With a diameter of close to 1 mm, the yak is pulled to the other ridge of the coccygeal viddilu. The thermal line is stored in two parts - internal and external:

• internal - approx. 15 cm nerve tissue, Intertwined with transverse і creepy nerves і to be in the little bear from the dura mater
• zovnishnya - close to 8 cm, to repair below the 2nd ridge of the kryzhovy ridge and to stretch at the viglyadi from the firm, pavutinous and soft sheaths to the 2nd cuprik ridge and grow out from the outskirts

The name, which hangs up to the very end, is a terminal thread that is intertwined with nerve fibers even as bad as a Chinese tail. To that pain and appearances, which occur with pinched nerves below the 2nd kryzhovy ridge, are often called Kin's tail syndrome.

The spinal cord can be drained in the spinal cord and transversely kryzhovy viddilakh... It’s worth knowing your explanation in the presence of a great number of nerves to go to the top, as well as to the bottom pictures:

1. Shyiny sweeping widened along the length of the 3rd - 4th sheeted ridges to the 2nd chest, reaching the maximum in the 5th - 6th
2. Cross-Kryzhove - from the rivnya of the 9th - 10th thoracic ridges to the 1st transverse with a maximum in the 12th thoracic

Sira i bila speech to the spinal cord

Yaksho look at Budova spinal cord in the transverse size, then in the center of it you can poke a gray dilenka at the viglyad, open your krill blizzard. Tse - sera speech to the spinal cord. Vono is honed with a callous speech. Klіtinnu budovu sіroї and bіloї speeches learn between themselves, as and their functions.

Cerebrovina of the spinal cord folds from ruff and insertion neurons:

• hand neurons transmit hand reflexes
• insert - make the connection between the neurons themselves

Bila Rechovina is called so axoniv- nerve sprouts, from which the fibers of the lower and lower wirings run through.

Krila "blizzards" vuzhchі set front horns syroї speeches, more wide - rear... At the front horns there are ruhov_ neurons, In the back - insert... There is a transverse crossbar between the symmetrical bins and the cerebral tissue, in the center of which there is a canal, and the upper part of the cerebral spinal cord is connected with the upper part of the cerebrospinal junction. For those who have seen them, it is possible to navigate along the entire length of the older people, the central channel can become overgrown.

To the channel, to the right-hander, to the right-hander, the spinal cord is visible to the spinal cord as a symmetrical shape, between the front and back adhesions:

• front and rear legs overhang the front and rear horns for lateral vision
• bichni in the act

Bichni in the appearance є not on the entire length, but only in the 8th and 2nd transverse segments. In addition, the transverse vision in the segments, de-vidsutnі bіchnі vistupi, is oval or round in shape.

Registration of symmetrical stops in the front and rear parts I set two furrows on the surface of the brain: anterior, larger, and posterior. The front crack ends with a partition, which is added to back cordon syroї speech.

Spinal nerves and segments

Evil and right-hander from the center of the central grooves anterolateralі posterolateral furrows, through which the front and back threads ( axoni), To establish the nerves of the core. The front root for its budova imagines ruhov_ neurons anterior horn. The back, which is considered for sensitivity, is stored for inserted neurons rear horn. Immediately at the outlets from the cerebral segment and the anterior and posterior cortex, join into one nerve or the nerve vuzole ( ganglion). So like everything in the skin segment є two front and two back corners, in the sum of the stench there are two spinal nerve(One at each side of the skin). Now, it’s not important pidrahuvati, because of all the nerves I’ve got the spinal cord of the people.

For all, it is segmented budovu. Usogo є 31 segments:

• 8 - in shyny vіddіlі
• 12 - in the chest
• 5 - transverse
• 5 - in kryzhovoy
• 1 - in kuprikovo

The spinal cord of the main nerve is 62 - 31 from the cutaneous flank.

The segments of the spinal cord and the spine are not located at one level, through the margin in the spinal cord (the spinal cord is shorter than the ridge). When the brain segment is set and the number of the ridge during the X-ray and tomography is performed, it is as if the number of the ridge is shown in the lower part of the ridge;

Two important functions of the spinal cord

The spinal cord of the vicon has two important functions - reflexiveі Providnikov... The skin segment of the dressings with specific organs, without providing them with functionality. for example:

• Shiyny and chest viddil - clanging with the head, hands, organs of the chest, the muscles of the breasts
• Transverse viddil - organ of the shlunkovy-intestinal tract, nirki, myazova system tuluba
• Kryzhovy viddil - pelvic organ, legs

Reflex functions are simple, nature-based reflexes. for example:

• painful reaction - remove the hand, which is painful.
• colline reflex

Reflexion can live without the involvement of the brain

Tse is brought by simple slides on creatures. Biologists carried out experiments with toads, reversing, as the stench reacts to beating when the head is out: the bullet is determined by the reaction to both weak and strong pains.

The conductive functions of the spinal cord are directed along the downward path to the brain during the conduction of an impulse along the downward path to the brain, and through the low path toward the vigorous command to the organ

The staff of the provincial call, please be aware of it:
get up, drink, take, throw, take, shoot, walk, namalyuvati- and a lot of them, like a lyudin, do not hesitate, to rob at his haunted life on the side and on the robot.

Such is the unique sound of mіzh central brain, Spinnym, all the central nervous system and all the organs of the body and their minds, as and earlier, to get into the world of robotics. Zhoden, to navigate the most successful robot while not living in the thousandth part of the quiet all the rucks and the children, as well as the biological organs. As a rule, such robots are programmed for a highly specialized performance and, in the main, use automatic conveyor operations.

Functions of youth and speech. To see the intelligence, as to heal the miraculous function of the spinal cord, it can be seen in the brain and the brain on the cell phone.

Sira speech to the spinal cord in the anterior horns to revenge nerves great razmіrіv, Yaki are called current(Rukhovimi) and combine into five cores:

• central
• anterolateral
• posterolateral
• anteromedial and posteromedial

Sensitive kornitsi dibnykh klitin rear horns are the specific cells of the growths from the sensitive nodes of the spinal cord. At the back horns of Budov, there are different kinds of speech. A large part of the kin is to set up the cores (central and chest). Up to the borderline zone of the white speech, the growth of the rear horns, the spinal and gelatinous zones of the cystic speech, the growths of the cells, at the same time with the growths of the other diffusely growing cells of the rear The neurites were called the front, back and back hairs. The connection between the brain and the brain is to come to the aid of the guides of the great speech. Along the edge of the horns, the bundles are fitted with a bile oblyamivka.

Bichni horns of old speech of the vicon of the onset of important functions:

• Near the industrial zone of the child's speech (bichnyh horns) pretty clitini vegetative the nervous system, for the help of others, there is a connection with internal organs. The growths of the cich clitin are closed by the front roots
• pretend here spinocerebellar shlyakh:
  There are reticular zone - a bundle of great number of nerves tied from zones of measles activation to the brain and reflex activity.

Segmental activity of blue speech to the brain, posterior and anterior cortex of nerves, vlast bundles of white speech, so that it is healthy, is called the reflex function of the spinal cord. Sami and reflexes are called insane, For the name of Academician Pavlov.

Providnikovy funktsii biloi speeches, come along for the help of three ropes - called yogo dilyankas, surrounded by beards:

• Anterior cord - dilyanka between the anterior middle and lateral furrows
• The posterior cord - between the posterior middle and lateral furrows
• Bichny cord - between the anterolateral and posterolateral furrows

Axoni bіloї speeches establish three systems of conduct:

• short beams, associative fibers that tie the spinal cord segments
• vishіdnі sensitive (afferent) Bundles, straightened to the brain
• decline rukhovi (eferent) Bundles, straightened from the brain to the neurons of the gray speech of the anterior horns

The downward and downward paths of performance. It is clear for the butt of the function of the nobles of the ropes of the white speech:

Anterior cords:

• Anterior paramedic (cortical-spinal) path- the transmission of robotic impulses from measles to the cerebrospinal (anterior horns)
• Spinotalamic front road- transmission of impulses to dots injected onto the surface of the shkiri (tactile sensitivity)
• Dorsal-spinal path-linking the center of the brain in front of the cerebral cortex with the nuclei of the anterior horns, the opening reflex, with the use of sound abnormal stimuli
• Bundle of Geld and Leventhal (in front of the door-spinal path)- fibers of white speech to tie the vestibular nuclei of eight pairs of cranial nerves with the cranial neurons of the anterior horns
• Later posterior bundle- tying the upper segments of the spinal cord with a stubbury to the brain, coordinating the work of the internal muscles with the brain.

On the way of life's ropes to carry out the pulses of great sensitivity (seeing one's own body) along the cortical-spinal, spinal-thalamic and subcritical-spinal paths.

Descending way of life ropes:

• Lateral cortical-spinal cord (pyramid)- transmission of an impulse to the brain from measles to the syringe of the anterior horns
• Red nuclear-spinal path(It is located in front of the lateral pyramid), from the side to the side, the spinocerebellar posterior and spinnothalamic biches are laid.
  The red-nuclear-spinal pathways are automatically controlled by the muscles and myazovym tone on the go.

In children of the spinal cord, there is a decrease in the number of children in the spinal cord. The price will be explained by the small number of high and low nobles. In the lower spinal segments, there is more syroe of speech. In the world, letting go up to the age of old is less, and the speech of navpaki is completed, so how to add new highways, and on the equal upper shee segments and the middle part of the breast white - the most. Ale in the area of ​​yak shiynogo, so і transverse draining of the sierra vertebrate.

Yak bachite, the spinal brain is more likely to fold Budova. The ligament of the nerve bundles і fibers spills, і serious injury for the ailments of the building will destroy the dispute and lead to the destruction of the provincial nobles, through the bottom of the point I will "cut" the conductivity, it may be an additional parallel and the loss of sensitivity. Tom with the best insecure signs the spinal cord is required to be in place and immediately likuvati.

Puncture of the spinal cord

For the diagnosis of infectious ailments (encephalitis, meningitu and in. Ailments), puncture of the spinal cord (lumbar puncture) is carried out - the introduction of the head into the spinal canal. Vaughn is held in the following rank:
V subarachnoid space of the spinal cord at the bottom of the other transverse ridge spinal cord (likvoru).
The whole procedure is safe, since it is lower than another ridge in the growth of people, the spinal cord is in the daytime, and then, it is not a matter of clogging up your spine.

However, you won’t be able to take special care not to bring the sheath of the spinal cord into infection, but not because of the epithelial cells.

Puncture of the spinal cord is carried out not only for diagnostics, but for diagnosis, in such cases:

• introduction of chemotherapeutic drugs or antibiotics to the membrane of the brain
• for epidural anesthesia during operations
• for the removal of the hydrocephalus and the reduction of the intracranial vise (visible excess fluid)

Puncture of the spinal cord can be indicated as follows:

• spinal canal stenosis
• substitution (dislocation) to the brain
• dehydration (dehydration)

Give about an important body, take care of elementary prevention:

1. Take anti-virus for the hour of the anti-virus management
2. Do not wipe out the peaks in the forest zone in the grass-ear of the worm (the period of activity of the encephalic clichus)
3. For a skin trip to the forest, look around all the time, and with the first signs of ailments, go to the doctor. Signs are as follows: head b_l, temporal temperature, Rigidity of the shia (slowing down of rucks), tediousness.

Reflex function. In the middle of the spinal cord, the reflex path of the bagatoh rukhovyh reactions, for example, the colonic reflex, stagnates in the spinal cord. The skin reflex goes to the middle of the strictly singing part of the central nervous system - the nerve center.

The nerve center is the sufficiency of nerve cells, which are grown in one of the brain cells, and regulate the activity of any organ or system. For example, the center of the colonic reflex is located in the transverse viddili of the spinal cord, the center of the spinal cord, the center of the enlarged zone, in the upper thoracic segment of the spinal cord. The vital importance of the corneal center by diaphragms is localized in the III-IV sheer segments. Dikhalny, sudoriferous center roztashovanі in the dovigastuy brain.

In a large number of reflexes in the spinal cord, they take on the fate of the inserted neuron (enter the nerve center). At the nerve center, the information is processed, as it comes from the specific receptors of the skin, the roach apparatus, the blood vessels, the herbal tract, the visible and state organs. In the form of impulses are formed, which are transmitted to the viconavchy organizations - the heart, the judge, skeletal tissue, Zalozi etc. As a result, the functional camp changes. Nerves in the center of the spinal cord are without middle tied to the receptors and organs of the body.

Rukhovi neurons of the spinal cord will provide for fast mucous membranes of tulubs and cints, as well as spinal muses - diaphragms and interstitials. For the regulation of the reflex, its accuracy requires the fate of the other types of the central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex. In the spinal cord, the center of autonomic energy has been expanded. internal organs.

Providnikova function. Bundles of nerve fibers, which can be used to form a speech line, to separate the spinal cord from oneself and the brain to the spinal cord. development:

◦ Vishidnі way. Docentric nerves impulses along the pathways of the spinal cord to transmit to the brain information about the changes in the callous and internal middle organisms. It is stimulated in the receptors of the spinal cord, mucous membrane, internal organs, it is carried out along the spinal nerves in the posterior cortex of the spinal cord, to receive sensitive neurons of the spinal nodes of the spinal cord and in the back of the spinal cord. and then measles great pіvkul.

◦ fall down to carry out the stimulation from the brain to the ruddy neurons of the spinal cord. The damage to the spinal nerves is transmitted to the visceral organs.

The activity of the spinal cord in scientists and people is ordered by the coordinating and active injections of the upper central nervous system, which regulates the spinal reflexes. This reflex, which is in control of the spinal cord itself, can be seen in a "clear view" only when the spinal cord is seen from the brain. The first inheritance of a spinal cord injury is spinal shock (shock, shock), which is 3 - 5 min in a toad, 7 - 10 dB in a dog, and 3 - 5 months in a human. At the end of the hour, all mental reflexes are aware of. If the shock passes, then the simple spinal reflexes will be renewed, or the patient will become paralyzed, invalid.

The cerebral cranial cavity is folded into the cranial box (in the cerebral viddili of the skull), discharge by the membranes, washed by the craniocerebral ridge. Average weight 1300 - 1500 g (inodi up to 2000 g). For the people of the people to grow up to 350 - 390 g, and to grow up to 20 years.

The brain is stored in 5 wins:

Front (great pіvkulі);

industrial;

middle;

• Dovgasty brain.

Phylogenetically, a long-standing part is a cerebral stovbur, including prodovuvaty brain, Mozkovy (varoliev) mіst, middle and intermediate mozok. In the middle of the brain, there are 4 pieces of empty space between them - the brain of the shlunochka, filled with the spinal cord.

I and II slings roasted at the great birds;

III - in the brain;

IV - in the large brain.

In humans, pvkuli reach a high level of development, storage 80% of the mass of the brain. At the bіlіy speech of the stovbur, the numerical cores of the syroi speech are lined. 12 pairs of cranial nerves enter the brain (the nuclei are located in the brain), from which hearsay and smells are sensitive nerves, and, behind the blame of purely ruffian nerves, to discover what the brain is.

Stovburov_ part of the brain is attached to the brain.

Prodigal brain- dorsal progression - repeating: on the front and back surfaces there are also furrows here. Wines are stored from bile speech - provincial bundles, de rozsiyanі purchase of blue speech - kernels, from which take an ear of cranial nerve - from IX to XII bet, in the number of lingual pharyngeal (IX pair), a pair of bloody , etching that інші systems, pіdyazikovy (XII pair).

At the top of the mountain, the brain is trivial in the sweeping - the warolian place, and from the sides of the new brain, the lower lower edges of the corn go. Above and from the sides, the whole brain is covered with great infusions and the brain. Dovgastiy brain is a vison of reflex and provident function. For the sensitive nerves of the brain, I will remove the impulses from the receptors of the head, mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eyes, larynx of the trachea, as well as from the receptors in the cardiovascular and herbal systems, from the organs of hearing and vestibular.

In the middle of the speech, the brain is filled with vital importance, the center is important, the heart is regulated, the blood-bearing vessels are enlightened, the mind (the center of the breath is), the brain is, well, the heart is lost, the reflex is і slurry juice і n.

Center the big brain, how to innervate the dichotomous sounds, the sounds of the voices, move the lips, play an important role in the formulated move. Dovgastia's brain takes care of its role in regulating the tone of skeletal muscles. Through a new state of mind, the confusion of the nominated nerve paths, so that the center of the forebrain, the cornsus and brain from the back. They inject impulses onto the robot with a large brain, so that the form of measles of the great pimples, the cornsus and the pyroneal nuclei are coming up. Poor brainwashing can be the cause of death due to heart failure and dichotomy.

back brain including varoliyev misst and cerebellum. varoliev misst from the bottom of the encirclement with a dovgastim brain, from the top go into the lower brain, and the middle of the lower brain. There are nuclei from V to VIII of the cranial nerves (tripartite, partial, lice, rumor) near the speech of the pons.

lobe straightening backwards from the bridge and to the back of the brain. The upper part of it is stored from syroї speech (bark). Before the cortex of the corn is in the middle, there is a speech, in which the purchase of a blue speech is a nucleus. The lobe of representations is two-fold, in the middle part - by a chrobak and three pairs of lobsters, made up of nerve fibers, behind the addition of some kind of dressings with some kind of brains.

Main function the moss is an insanely reflexive coordination of ruffles, which results in the clarity, fluency and preservation of the smoothness, and also helps to improve the tone of the mucous membranes. Through the spinal cord along the conductive paths, the impulses from the corns go up to the mucosa.

By numerical nerve paths, the cerebellum of dressings from the usim of the central nervous system. In case of impaired functions of the corns, there is a decrease in the tone of mucous membranes, unstable rub, tremulousness of the head, tulips and cranials, impaired coordination, smoothness of ruffs, the distribution of vegetative functions - shlunkovo, heart-vascular system that in. Controlling the activity of the cerebral cortex of great breeds.

The middle brain is folded across in front of the pons of varoli, representations by quadruples and small to the brain. At the center of it pass the vuzky canal (water supply to the brain), which is from the bottom III and IV lugs. Mozkovy water supply of discharge is blue, in which the nuclei of III and IV pairs of cranial nerves lie. In the minds of the brain, the paths continue to the great brain and the Varoliev bridge to the great adventures.

The middle brain plays an important role in the regulation of muscular tone and in the healthy state of the reflexes, as well as in standing and walking. Sensitive nuclei of the middle brain are located in the tubercles of the quadruple:

▫ in upper the laying of the nucleus, tied with the organs of the zoru;

▫ in lower- nuclei tied with hearing organs. For їх participation, there is an organic reflection on the light and sound.

The industrial loan is in the stovbury nyvische camp and lie in front of the brain. It is stored from two green humps, above-hillock, sub-hillock areas and number of parts. On the periphery of the intermediate brain there is a beaver of speech, and in the yogo of the brain there is a nucleus of a syroi of speech.

Zorovi humps (thalamus) are the head of the pidkirkov center of sensitiveness: here, along the paths, the impulses come from the weak receptors of the spirit, and the stars - to the measles of the great spirits. Healthy humps regulate the rhythm of cortical activity and take part in the establishment of mental reflexes, emotions, etc.

The hypothalamus region (hypothalamus) is tied with the help of the central nervous system and the internal secretions. Won є the regulator of the exchange of speech and temperature of the body, the steel of the internal medium, the organism and the functions of the herbal, heart-vessel, cross-stratum systems, as well as the loses of the internal secretion. Near the sub-hillock area there is a center, which is a subcortical center of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates the exchange of words in organism, heat output, the persistence of the internal middle. In the anterior viddylah of the hypothalamus, parasympathetic centers grow, in the posterior ones - sympathetic.

In the nuclei of the number of cells of the population, the hearing and the hearing of the center. To the most part, there is a straight II pair of cranial nerves - healthy.

Tie the stovbur to the brain with the navkolishny middle and the organs of the cranial nerve. Behind the character of the inflow, the stench can be sensitive (I, II, VIII), rukhovy (III, IV, VI, XI, XII) and zmіshanim (V, VII, IX, X bet).

more often than not, abo reticular formation,- the purchase of neurons, how to fix with їх sprouts a dense hem, rostashovane in the glib structures of the brain. All docentric nerves fibers are given in the brain in general education. The reticular formation is infused with an active inflow into the cerebral cortex, giving rise to a lack of sleep and concentrating respect. The ruin of the reticular formation of the wikklic is a deep sleep, and the development of the wake is awakening. The bark of the great pіvkul regulates the activity of the frequent adoption.

anterior brain wrinkle strongly rozvinenikh pivkul and from the middle part. The rights and livings of the drink are one from one large crack, at the bottom of which there is a corpus callosum. callus tilo for the help of other growths of neurons, so that they can make good decisions.

The emptying boxes are represented by biches (I and II). The surface of the cells is established by a gray speech, or by the cerebral cortex, which is composed of neurons and growths.

From the bark of the bark, there was a speech - conductive paths, which are composed of nerve fibers. Carry out ways to get rid of measles cases from the small parts of the brain and from the spinal cord. At the biley speech of the right and the other words, from the same link of nerve fibers, there is a purchase of nerve cells, so that the nucleus of the same speech is formed, through which no transmission is made. Part of the great pіvkul є the scent brain comes from a pair of scent nerves (I pair).

In older people, great poultry store 80% of the mass of the brain. The bark is 2.5 - 3 mm thick, covering the surface of the corn with an area of ​​2000 - 2500 cm². there are 10 11 neurons in them, roztasvanih in six balls lie one over one nerve cells of different categories. The bark makes folds - zivini, surrounded by borozy; they contain close to 70% of the measles surface. Furrows podilyayut the surface of pivkul on the valleys. In the case of the skin, there are some parts:

▪ forehead,

▪ tim'yanu,

▪ skronevu,

▪ I will do it.

Naybіlsh glibokі furrows - central, vidokremlyuyut foreheads vid tim'yanikh, i bichni, Vіdmezhovu skronevі parts from іnshikh; tim'yano-potilichna borozhennaya to the Kremlin, to a small part of the city. ahead of central furrow in the forehead part is anterior central zivin, behind her - back central zvivin. to the brain- the lower surface of the pivkul and stovbur brain.

Function of the brain. The bark of the vicon has two main functions:

interaction of organism with a callous middle course (behavioral reactions)

sharing the functions of organisms, so that the nerve regulation of all organs.

In the cortex of the great cerebral cells, the information about the great variety of special high-specific receptors, the most significant changes in the new and the inner middle, comes to the brain. Recipes, roztashovani in shkіrі, react to changes in the zvnіshnyy middle. The muscles and tendons have a receptor that signals to the brain about the tension of the joints, the joints of the joints. Є a receptor that reacts to changes in the chemical and gas storage of blood, osmotic vice, temperature and in. In the receptor, the subtleties are transformed into the nerves of the impulses. Along sensitive nerve paths, impulses are carried out to the outer sensitive zones of measles to the brain, de і form a specific vidchuttya - zorove, scent and in.

The bark of the great pivkul the function of a food analyzer of signals from their receptors, and the synthesis of specific reactions into a biological document. It’s the most important organ of coordination of reflex activity and the organ of banging and accumulating individual life-related information, illuminating time-related sounds - intelligent reflexes. Provide connections to the brain to tie these parts between themselves, as well as with the spinal cord, so that the entire central nervous system functions as a single unit.

analyzer- a functional system that consists of a receptor that is sensitive to guide the way and measles zone, where it is designed to give a kind of sensitivity. Analyze and synthesize the information from the zones of measles of great pivkul.

For the peculiarities of the clerical warehouse and the bark of the great pivots, they are added to a number of dalyanoks, which are called kirkovy fields... The functions of the measles are not the same. To the skin receptor apparatus on the periphery of the brain in the cortex area - cortical nucleus of the analyzer.

Measles:

The rukhova zone is roasted in the anterior central and posterior central areas of measles (anterior central ziviny in front of the central furrow of the frontal part).

Sensitive zone (the zone of shkirno-myazovoy sensitiveness is roasted behind the central furrow, in the back central part of the forest). the most area loan of Kirkova representative of receptors in the brush and great finger hands, vocal apparatus and individuals, naimenshu - representative of tulub, stegna and homilka.

Zorova zone zosseredzhena in capillary lobes measles. At her, there is an impulse from the eyes of the eye, there is a good development of healthy teasing.

Hearing zone roztasovana at the upper skronevij zvivina early part.

Nyukhova і smakova zone - in the anterior view (on the inner surface) of the cutaneous part of the skin blight.

Our testimony has the power of the analysts in the visualization of the material light. Tse yes, the power of pristosovuvatsya to the minds of the middle ranks by the way of the serpent of behavior. The extent of measles to the brain of humans and food creatures is assigned to I.P. Pavlovim yak vyshcha nerve dіyalnіst, the mental-reflex function of the brain.

Cranial - cerebral nerves and functions.

The dorsal brain of a man or creature is a part of the central nervous system. Through the new brain, they ring with the meat, skin, internal organs, and the autonomic nervous system. So take care of the life of the body of a human being, a dog, a cat, or a friend. Budova spinal cord develops a foldable organization and university specialization skin area. Biology yogo is so vlashtovanny that whether serious damage is manifested in problems with rudny functions, somatic anomalies.

The name of the organ is duzhe nagaduє cord, stretching in a special channel of the ridge. U nyogo є chastin rights i liva. By the way, I don’t change half a meter, but the diameter becomes close to a centimeter.

We can see in detail the spinal cord, the peculiarities of its organization, the principle of robotics. Knowing, like the spinal cord, you can easily see, how our hands can pop up, how the power of neurons can be manifested. Likewise, the functions of the vicon are the spinal cord.

The spinal cord has 31 to 33 pairs of nerves, which are 31-32 segments. The skin is responsible for a part of our body and without interruption in its function. A masa of such an important organ, without which it is uncomfortable for one rukh, to become only 35 grams.

The roztashuvannya area is a ridge canal. At the bottom of it, immediately go into the dovgastia brain, and at the bottom of it, finish the ridge of the cupric.

Rozpodil on the segment

The role of the spinal cord is in the organization of any kind of people. In order to ensure the maximum efficiency of the robot, in the course of the evolution, there will be visible segments, skin from which will ensure the function of the singing area.

The central part of the nervous system is already being formed at the 4th stage of the vibrational development, but the basic functions of the spinal cord cannot be seen directly.

The spinal cord and its functions were seen at a time. Wine segmentally extends to:

• shiiny segments (8 pieces);
• chest (12 pieces);
• across (5 pieces);
• kryzhov (5 pieces);
• kuprikov (from 1 to 3 pieces).

The back of the people ends with a small kuprik. Vin є has lost its significance in the course of the evolution, as a part of it. Tse, in fact, a surplus of the tail. That is why people have very few coccygeal segments. Hvist to yom is simply not needed.

For what it is required

The spinal cord is a central center that collects all the information that comes from the periphery. Then the winners made it possible for the command to tune and tone them up. This is how all the ruhs will pop up. The price is foldable and a copy of a robot, even a man can rob hundreds of thousands of other rukhiv for good. Yogo physiology develops into a foldable organization and modulation of all parts of the central nervous system.

The dorsal cerebral brain is likely to capture three membranes at once:

• solid;
• m'yaka;
• pavutinna.

The spinal cord is growing all over the middle. The center of the brain will be remembered by Sira Rechovina. In rozrіzі tsya area is similar to a blizzard, like krill rocking. Sira speech is a concentrate of neurons, the smell itself is good to transmit a bioelectric signal.

The skin segment is stored in tens and hundreds of thousands of neurons. The stench will give you a chance to use the robotic device.

At the beginning of the speech, there are three kinds of species (horns):

• front;
• back;
• bichny.

There are different zones rіznі vidi neurons. The price is foldable and well-organized system, as it has its own particularity. In the zones of the anterior horns, there is a majestic number of great nerve neurons. In the rear horns, small inserted neurons were rocked, and in the small ones - visceral (sensitive and motor).

The very nerve fibers form the paths, on which the signal is conducted.

In total, in the spinal cord, humans have fucked more than thirteen million of nerve fibers. I will use the function for them to visually shape the ridge, which is to shape the ridge. They themselves contain the inner lower and infused spinal cord.

Sira speech from each side is smoothed out without the need for nerve fibers. Transmission of bioelectrical signals to come through neurons. The skin can have one to one such growths. Neurons by themselves may be in the region of maliy rosmir. Їх the diameter of the trocha is more than 0.1 mm, then the sprouts are at odds with their own - there can be more than one meter.

At siriy speech є різні tipi clitin. The front viddіli are stored from rukhovy klіtins, the stench is even greater. Yak can be seen from the very name, the stench is seen behind the rukhovi functions. Thin, ale, arduous fibers, from the spinal cord, go straight to the mucous and bring them to the mouth. Such fibers form large bundles and travel from the spinal cord. Price front corins. One of them go to the right, and the other - to the left.

In the cutaneous appearance, such sensitive fibers, from which a pair of coringles are established. Part of the sensitive fibers flock to the brain. The other part is straightened without the middle into a gray speech. New fibers run out. At the end of the day for them, there are different types of clitin - rukhov, industrial, insert. Through them, there is no interruption in the regulation of rucks and organs.

Organization of Provincial Nobles

Providnі paths to the whole body are taken by the department on:

• associative;
• afferent;
• eferent.

The head of the associative nobles is the formation of neurons with segments. The time is short.

Affectionate sensitivity. There are many ways to receive information from our receptors and send it to the brain. Efficient way to transmit signals from the brain to the neurons of the entire body. The stench is admitted to the sloping roads.

functions

The spinal cord is uninterrupted. Vaughn will take over the activity of the organism. Two main functions of the human spinal cord are reflex and providnikov.

Skin will give the robot an absolutely singing zone and organism. Segments (shiyny, chest, for example) provide the functions of the organs of the sternum, arms. For the povnotsіnnu robot m'yazіv and etching system, the transverse segment is raised. For the functions of the pelvic organs, there is no difference in the size of the cryovy ​​segment.

reflex

Reflex brain function of the field in the organization of reflexes. Tse allows organism, for example, mittєvo vіdreaguvati to the signal about bіl. A series of reflexes is hostile to its own operability. Lyudin saw her hand through the hot object for a fraction of a second. For a whole hour, the information from the receptors to the brain and back rose to the chimals' paths along the reflex arc.

If the sensitive nerves of the end of the shkiri, the muscle fibers, the tendon, the slopes are removed, this means that the nerve impulse will be sent to them. Such signals expand along the posterior roots of nerve fibers and enter the spinal cord. Otryuyuchi signal, ruined and broken cells. Then, along the collapsed fibers, the front roots of the impulses are directed to the muffs. Having removed such a signal, the fibers of the fibers speed up. For such a mechanism is a simple reflex.

Reflex is a reaction to the body in response to a negative response. Try reflexively to become a robot of the central nervous system. One of the functions of the spinal cord is reflex. I will take care of this is the name of the reflex arc. There is a folding path, such as nerve impulses to pass from the peripheral components of the body to the spinal cord, and from the other - without the middle to the ligaments. It is not an easy, but rather important process.

Simple reflexes can save people life and health. When the hand was lifted, it touched a hot one, it wasn’t too obvious, but the signal from the child was bliscavily transmitted along the nerve fibers of the brain, and then into the spinal cord. At the end of the message, an impulse, which has quickened the hands of the hand, is able to remove the opic. Tse yaskraviy is a manifestation of reflex function.

Neurophysiologists have detailed practically all the reflexes and nerves of the arc, which will make them sick. This allows you to carry out effective rehabilitation of injuries and a number of illnesses, as well as help with diagnostics.

The diagnosis of a neuropathologist itself is based on such a reflex, with such a drug it is easy to strike with a hammer on the tendons of the patient's colonic calyx. In this way, the colony reflex is implanted, for which it is possible to judge the normal appearance of the spinal cord.

However, the spinal cord is not an independent reflex system. Yogo function does not control the brain. The smell is tightly tied with special bundles of nerve fibers. Fibers duzhe dovgy, thin, are stored from the white speech. Signals from one are transmitted to the brain in the mountain, and behind them - to the dorsal.

The entire central nervous system takes the fate of the co-ordinated folding sleeves. Skin flow is a continuous flow of impulses from the brain to the spinal cord, from the ny - to the cerebral fibers.

Providnikova

tse friend important function... Vona polyagaє in that, from the spinal cord of the nerves, signals are transmitted to the head, to the brain. There, in the subcortical and cortical area, all information is instantly caked, and signals are sent to it.

Providnikov function of pratsyuє at the moment, if it’s okay to take, stand up, drink. Tse vidbuvaєtsya mittєvo, without vitrati for an hour on reflection.

It’s a function of good health to provide for intermediate or plug-in neurons. The stench directs the signal to the ruddy neurons, and also generates information, as it comes from the school and the language. Here peripheral signals and impulses are generated from the brain.

An awkward impulse to try for the help of the inserted cells to the growing groups of rukhovykh cells. At the same time, the activity of these groups is galloping. Such a folding process itself will ensure the prosperity and high coordination of the people. This is how the pianist and ballerinas are seen.

may be ill

Human organism has a unique viddil, which I will call "Kinsky hvist". In a new day, the spinal cord itself is not in the middle, and the spinal cord and bundles of nerves have become deprived of the spinal cord. As soon as the stench stinks, the organism is beginning to see the bile, the deterioration is on the way support-arm systems... Dane the fallacy behind the place of localization of the main reason і to be called "Kinsky Khvist".

As soon as the "kinsky hvist" develops, people have a number of symptoms. There is a bile across, the connections are weak, the body starts to react more and more to the calls of the followers. The temperature may rise, the temperature may rise. yaksho tsi anxiety symptoms Ignoruvati, the camp will go down. People will become very oversaturated or sit down.

The central nervous system (CNS) in human organisms is represented by two cerebral elements: the head and the back. In the skeleton of people є the spinal canal, de і localize the spinal cord. What are the functions of the win?

Win zdіysnyu dvі zhitєvovovlivі functions:

• Providnikov (paths for transmitting impulse signals);
• reflex-segmental.

Providnikov function is to transfer the impulse along the lower brain routes to the brain and back to the organ-viconauts along the lower brain routes. Two paths for transmitting impulse signals allow the transmission of the spinal cord to the cerebral spinal cord, and in the short ones - to avoid the ligaments between the midsegments of the spinal cord.

Reflex function to act as the path of activation of the simple reflex arc(Colonial reflex, straightening and straining of hands and nig). Folding reflexes are created for the fate of the brain. The spinal cord is also responsible for the display of autonomic reflexes, which control the work of the inner midst of humans - grass, sechid, heart-vascular, state systems. Introduced a diagram of the visual function vegetative system in the body. The management of autonomic and muscle reflexes is involved in the development of proprioreceptors in the spinal cord. Budova and the function of the spinal cord have a number of peculiarities in humans.

The spinal cord is easy to understand for a quicker clarity of the function of the vicon.

anatomical features

The budova of the spinal cord of the people is not so simple, as you can create a spinal cord. The name of the spinal cord is a cord with a diameter of up to 1 cm, with a length of 40-45 cm in between. spinal stop... The backbones seize the spinal cord from the genus.

The spinal cord is a cord, a cerebral tissue. Throughout its length, the wine has a rounded shape when it is overturned, by means of vintages, if you do not have a zone of sweating, and you should not be spared this solidarity. Shyiny podovshchenya grows from the third ridge of the shia to the first pectoral ridge. The transverse-Kryzhov flattening is localized in the region of 10-12 ridge of the thoracic viddil.

In front and back of the spinal cord, on its surface, there is a groove, which divides the organ into two halves. The cerebral cord has three shells:

• firm - is a blisteringly cracking fibrous fabric, a bag of elastic fibers;
• Pavutinnu - Viconana with a covered endothelium with good fabrics;
• Sudinnu - a sheath of fluffy fabrics with rich vessels for the protection of the spinal cord.

Likvor (spinal cord) grows between two lower prodrugs.

The central part of the spinal cord of the cerebrospinal cord with gray speech. On the preparation for the growth of the organ, there is a similarity to the blizzard behind the outlines. The danium component of the brain is formed from the nerve cells (insertion and ruch type). Dana dilyanka of the nervous system and distributed on functional zones: Front and rear horns. The first is to revenge the neurons of the roach type, other to the inserted nerves of the cell. By pulling the spinal cord from the 7th segment to the 2nd transverse segment bichni horns... Here the center is to avenge, which leads to the functioning of the autonomic NS (nervous system).

The hind horns are characterized by their heterogeneous structure. In the warehouses of the spinal cord zones, the special nucleus, the viscous interneurons.

The name of the part of the spinal cord is pretended to be a white speech, a vikonanim of the axons of the neurons of the "blizzard". The spinal sulcus is cleverly split up into 3 pairs of cords, each of them: small, back and front. Axoni will be united in a number of provincial tracts:

• associative fibers (short) - to prevent the ligaments of the small spinal segments;
• viscous fibers, or sensitive, - transmit nerve signals to the head of the central nervous system;
• Decaying fibers, or crumbs, - transmit impulse signals from measles to the anterior horns, controlled by the organization.

The back ropes take revenge on only the visceral, and now there are no two bets to be characterized by the manifestation of the lower and lower paths of the conduct. There are a lot of tracts to carry out in the ropes of the growth. There is a table showing how to carry out tracts in the dorsal part of the central nervous system.

Bichny rope of the guide:

• spinal cord (posterior) - transmitting proprioceptive impulse signals to the cerebellum;
• the spinal cord tract (anterior) - is seen behind the ligament with the cortex of the cortex, kudi and translate impulse signals;
• dorsal-thalamic tract (lateral lateral) - signals for the transmission of impulse signals from receptors to the brain, which respond to more or less temperature;
• pyramid tract (lateral lateral) - to carry out from measles great pulses of pulsed signals to the spinal cord;
• the red-nuclear-spinal tract - the control of the tone of the skeletal muscles and the regulation of the visual (automatic) functions of the skeleton.

Front cord of the guide:

• pyramid tract (anterior) - translational signal from measles from upper to lower levels of the central nervous system;
• dorsal-thalamic tract (anterior) - healthy transmission of impulse signals from tactile receptors;
• vestibular-spinal - with the coordination of family members and rivnovag, and also characterized by a faint connection with the dovgastim brain.

Back cord of the guide:

• Gaulle's thin fiber bundle is responsible for the transmission of impulse signals from proprioceptors, interoreceptors and small receptors in the lower directions of the tulub and nig to the brain;
• The wedge-shaped bundle of Burdakh fibers is indicative of the transfer of quiet receptors to the brain from the arms and upper arms of the tulub.

The dorsal brain of a man, behind its bud, is introduced to the segmental organs. How many segments of wine are there in the human body? The entire cerebral cord will cover 31 segments according to the length of the ridge:

• in shiynom - visim segments;
• in the chest - twelve;
• in the transverse - n'yat;
• in krizh - n'yat;
• in n'yatiy point - one.

Segments of the cerebral cord are formed according to the chotiri corincy, which is molded spinal nerves... The back roots are formed from the axons of sensitive neurons, the stench enters the back horns. The back corners may be sensitive ganglia (one per skin). Let's make it possible to establish a synapse in the whole mix between the sensitive and robust cells of the National Assembly. Axons will form the front corners. A diagram showing the spinal cord of the spinal cord and its roots is imposed.

At the center of the spinal cord, the channel is located on the whole of the second stage, and the cerebrospinal fluid is stored. Up to the head, arms, lungs and heart muscles, the conductive fibers are pulled from the upper and upper chest segments. Segments across the thoracic segment to the brain extend the nerves to the end of the tulub and black empty from її вмістом. The lower transverse і kryzhovі segments of people transmit the nerves of the fibers to the nіg і m'yazam of the lower press.

The spinal cord is the most important thing for Lanka, which is passed on to the brain of the people. The male organ is responsible for all the hands and arms, as well as for the energy and etching. The dorsal brain can even be folded into a canal along the entire length of the ridge. Tsei channel of abductions with a special pipe.

The reevaluation of the significance of the spinal cord is even more foldable, even if all the func- Bind the heart to be regulated by the auxiliary signals, the guide of which є the spinal structure. Dovzhin given to the organ, slyly, changes from the start, and in people of the middle age it can become in the middle 43 cm.

Anatomy of the spinal cord

• shinny viddil є the transition of the spinal cord to the brain;
• v breastfeeding spinal cord growth;
• in the transverse view, there are nerves of the end, as they appear after the end of the day;
• kryzhovy hotel of the vison has the same function as it is transverse;
• kuprikovy viddil set the cone to the end of the spinal cord.

Zachist the spinal cord zd_ysnyuyut 3 shells, scho pokrivayut yogo for all the time. They called the shells, called meag, pavutin and solid. M'yaka of the cerebral sheath, the inner one, is located closest to the organ and makes it possible for it to be supplied with blood, being in the place of the blood-bearing vessels. Cobweb lozenge є average for its roztashuvannyam. The space between the myakoy and the pavutin shells of the ridinoy reserves. Tsia ridina is called spinal cord or, for medical terminology, cerebrospinal fluid. It’s the same ridina to become an interest for physicians when taking a puncture.

As a part of the central nervous system, the brain is already formed on the cob 4 to develop the fetus in the middle of the mother's womb. However, the deyakі part of the given organ will be formed only up to 2 years of life of the child.

Solid spinal sheath є zvnishny and zovnishnioi. The sheath is used for carrying out and training of the nerve endings - corins. So called the ligaments, which are part of the anatomy of the spinal cord, serve to fix the organ on the ridge. The skin is such a ligament located in the middle of the spinal canal. A small tube passes through the central part of the spinal cord; the yak is called the central canal. In new, there may be a spinal cord, or liquor. So called the lines, protruding into the middle of the spinal cord, cleverly add it to the left and right of the halves.

Skin is also a nerve fiber є a conductor of nerve impulses, which carry in its own specific information.

Segments є With the storage parts of the spinal cord. The skin segment can be found in its own nerves, so that the nerves ring through the organs and parts of the human body. From the skin segment to enter 2 corners - anterior and posterior. Kozhen is the root of the front wager for the transfer of information for the fast-paced quiet groups of music and is called a rookie. The posterior signals are for the transmission of information in the vortex - from the receptors in the spinal canal. For reasons of Corincy, I will name the sensitive.

Furrows are another type of burrow in the spinal cord. Such furrows cleverly divide the brain into the cords. There are 4 of these ropes in total - two on the back of the canal and one on the sides. Nerves, which represent the basis of the spinal cord, pass along the cyme of the cord-spinal cord at the viglyadі fibers.

The leather segment grows in its own form, with a complete singing function and a visitor to the specific plant. The cutaneous vesicle has just a few segments. So, in the sheeted viddili їkh 8, in the chest viddilah - 12, in the transverse and kryzhovy viddilakh - 5. Oiled kuprikovy. On the right, in the one in which there is a single viddil, where there may be a number of segments unassigned - from 1 to 3.

Promizhki between ridges serve for carrying out the establishment of specific segments. Corinthians, in the fallowness from the growth of viddilu, can be a good taste. Tse is tied with that, but in different spines the distance from the spinal cord to the mid-spine is not the same. Straight corners can be seen from horizontal.

Be-segment has its own zone of differentiation: music, organ, shkira and kistki. Given the furnishings, it is possible to provide neurosurgeons with an easy way to start the lesion zone in the spinal cord, due to the sensitivity of this region to the human body. The whole principle is sensitiveness, for example, shkiri, as well as language and other people's organs.

The budovі given to the organ sees the manifestation of more two words - gray and white. per syromu koloru spinal speech can be attributed to the growth of neurons, and the presence of the nerve fibers themselves. Bila rechovina, roztashovani at the viglyadi krill blizzard, a little bit of whistles, how to play horns. Razrіznyayut front, rear and bichnі horns. Not all segments remain. The anterior horns are neurons, leading to the functions of organisms. And the back horns are neurons that receive information from the receptors. Leathers from bichnyh horns are considered for the function of the vegetative system of people.

For the robot, the internal organs are provided with special views of the spinal cord. So, the cutaneous segment of the dressings with the belly organ. The whole fact is widely used in diagnostics.

Functions and features of physiology

- Providnikov and reflex. The reflex function is indicative of the reaction of people to invitations. The butt for the demonstration of the reflex function - the temperature inflow on the screen. As soon as Lyudin gets burned, I see my hand. Tse і є manifestation of the reflex function of the spinal cord. Vona is even more important, so as a conqueror of people from not-blessed new injections.

Mechanism of reflex action of polyagus in the offensive. Recipes on the shkіrі people є sensitive to hot and cold. The receptor will instantly transmit information about whether it is infused onto the skin and into the spinal cord at the viglyad, an impulse. For such transmission, special nerve fibers are used.

An impulse is received by neurons, rostasovan in the space between ridges. The thickness of the neuron and the nerve fiber are tied together by the so-called spinal cord. The distance of the pulse, which is directed from the receptor and through the fiber and through the vuzole, is transmitted to the posterior horns, which are exposed to the viscera. The posterior horns transmit an impulse to the neuron. It is already rooted in the anterior horns, a neuron, which is like a transmission of an impulse; When I do not think it’s, I’ll see my hand chi ni, and try to do it myself.

Danish Mechanism Describe zagalny principle the stem of the reflex arc, as it will prevent the closed cycle of the removal of the command from the receptor before the transmission of the mucous impulse. The whole mechanism is the basis of reflex function.

Typical reflexes can be as vrogeny as they are loaded. The skin arch stays on the singing pivot. For example, a love reflex, when a neuropathologist has been manipulated, when hitting with a colonic cup, it locks its arc by 3 or 4 segments transverse viddilu spinal cord. Besides, for the rivne inviting develop surface reflections and gliboks. A glib reflex can be triggered when you pour it in with a hammer. The superficial ones are diagnosed with light dots or pricks.

The transmission of impulses from receptors to the cerebral center is called the conductive function of the spinal cord. A part of the whole mechanizm of the bullet was looked at. The center at the center is the brain. Tobto the brain of the spinal cord є in the middle lance in the middle. Providnikov function will ensure the transmission of impulses to the vortex, for example, from the brain to the muses. I will carry out the function without worrying about it. If the brain is transformed into an impulse of lyudin, we will take away those who have seen, for example, a tactile character. With a large brain of the spinal cord, it does not itself in any way rob anything, except for the exact transmission of impulses.

If one Lanka on the transmission of information is damaged, then people can be lost as much. Damage to the spinal cord can be caused by back injuries. From the same time, we z'yasuvali, that the provincial function will prevent the destruction of people in one straight line and the form of seeing, carrying out information in the first place. What is the number of neurons and sounds with a lot of engagement? The stench is numbered in the thousands, and it’s not hard to get the exact number.

But not everything, the provincial function of the spinal cord controls the organs of people. For example, through the backbone of the heart of the people, I will take away information from the brain about the need for a very fast frequency at this moment. Thus, reevaluation of the significance of the spinal cord is even more important. Even all the functions of the body pass through the spinal cord without a blame. The reason for this is that the spinal cord of a man is widely used in neurology for no-gratuitous identification of the reasons for quiet problems.