Prolonged brain. The nuclei of the cranial nerves

Dovgastiy mozok spinal cord... The lower boundary is the place where the roots of the 1st spinal nerve are crossed, or the intersection of the pimid, the upper boundary is the posterior edge of the bridge. Dovzhin's dovzhasty brain is close to 25 mm, it has the shape of a truncated cone. front surface dovzhastogo brain razdіlyaє the front middle slit, late rollers are seam from the sides - pіramіdi. Pyramid set up with bundles of nerve fibers of the paramount wires. Fibers of the first nobles get bark great brain with the nuclei of the cranial nerves and the anterior horns of the spinal cord. To the side from the skin side to grow olive, vіdokremlena vіd pіramіdi anterior lateral sulcus.

The back surface of the slightly thick brain is subdivided back middle furrow. From the sides of the furrow, the extension of the posterior cords in the spinal cord is removed, lower lobes. Tsі nіzhki encircle the rhomboid-like fossa below. The posterior cord in the lower sides of the large brain folds into two bundles- wedge-shaped(Lateral) i thin(Medially), on the rhomboid-like fossa near the lower kuta, humps are visible, wedge-shapedі tonke kernels.

Dovgast's brain is made up of white and blue speech.

Sira speech in a dovgasty brain represented by nuclei IX, X, XI, XII pairs of cranial nerves, olives, reticular formations, centers of energy and blood circulation.

Bila Rechovina approved by nerve fibers, storage of all kinds of conductors. The hands of the conductive paths (fall) grow in the anterior windows of the deep brain, sensitive (lateral) lie more dorsally.

reticular formation It is the supremacy of cells, cell purchases and nerve fibers, which create a net, rostasovan in a stovbury brain (dovgastiy mozok, mest і middle brains). The reticular formation is tied with the organs of the senses, the ruddy and sensitive disks of the great measles, the thalamus and the hypothalamus, the spinal cord. Vona regulate the level of anxiety and the tone of the development of the nervous system, including the cortex of the great brain, take part in the regulation of the level of sleepiness, sleep and lack of sleep, vegetative functions, processes.

The viscera of the large brain grows into a place, and the back of the brain is located.

Міст.

міст ( varoliev misst) The view of the recumbent transversely thickened ridge, facing the lateral side of the right side and entering middle lobes. The rear surface of the bridge, covered with a lobe, take the fate in the approved rhomboid pit. The anterior surface at the bottom establishes a clear line between the dovgastim brain, and at the top between the lower parts of the brain. The front surface of the bridge is transversely racked into a link with the transverse strand of the fibers, as they go out of the vascular nuclei of the bridge in the middle of the lobes and the dal - into the cerebellum. On the front surface of the bridge, along the middle line, later basilar boron, in yak lie the same artery. On the frontal opening, two parts are visible through the place: the front ( basilar) and rear (Pokrishka).

At the pavement of the bridge, a reticular formation grows, the nuclei of the V, VI, VII, VIII pairs of cranial nerves are lined up and pass through the other conductive paths.

The front (basilar) part of the bridge is composed of nerve fibers, which form the conductive paths, in the middle of which there are buyers - the nucleus. Providnі way of the basilar part to tie the cortex of the great brain with the spinal cord, with the cranial nuclei of the cranial nerves and with the cortex of the cerebellum. Mіzh the nerve fibers of the provincial nobles flood vlasn_ core to the bridge. Lie on the cordon mіzh about the parts of the bridge trapezoidal body, Do not use fibers to guide the auditory analyzer.

The posterior (Dorsalnaya) surface of the bridge and the large brain serves as the bottom of the IV pit, which, behind its walks, is the empty diamond-shaped brain.

IV crotch from the bottom it goes into the high central canal of the spinal cord, and burn down - into the water supply to the brain - the empty middle brain. The bottom of the IV duckbill of its own form is called diamond-shaped fossa. The upper side of the fossa is flanked by the upper cerebellar lobes, and the lower sides are fixed by the lower cerebellar lobes. The middle boron cut the bottom of the rhomboid fossa into two symmetrical halves. On the side of the furrow, one can see the right and the left lice humps. In the face hump, the nucleus of the VI wager of the cranial nerve - the abducens nerve, lies, and in the glybin and the trochus lateral lies the nucleus of the VII wager of the cranial nerve - the facial nerve. At the bottom of the medialnaya pidnesennya go to tricycle of the pid'yazic nerve, lateral to which tricycle of the faulty nerve. In tricycles, in their speech, the brain is covered with the nuclei of the same nerves. Bichni viddili rhomboid pits were named vestibular fields, this is how the hearing and vestibular nuclei lie in front of the door-ultkovy nerve - VIII pair of FMN. From the auditory nuclei to enter the middle furrow of the transverse brains, roztasovani on the cordon with dovgastim brain and bridge and fibers to guide the auditory analyzer.

At the same rhomboid pit, the nuclei of V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII pairs of FMN are covered. Sensitive nuclei of the cranial nerves grow laterally. Medially lie vegetative nuclei, and most medially - rukov.

Three-part nerve(V pair of FMN) the nucleus machotir, including the roach and the sensitive - the bridge the nucleus of the midbrain path and the nucleus of the spinal path of the tripartite nerve. external nerve(VI pair of CHMN) small ones with one core. Have facial nerve(VII pair of FMN) three nuclei: a roc nucleus, a sensitive nucleus of a single path і parasympathetic - the upper salivary nucleus. Before the door-ultkovy nerve(VIII pair of FMN) there are two groups of nuclei: two auditory ultikovy (anterior and posterior) and chotiri vestibular: medial, lateral, upper and lower. ulopharyngeal nerve(IX pair of CHMN) has three nuclei: a sub-base, a head for IX and X pairs, a sensitive nucleus of a single path (a head for VII, IX, X pairs) and parasympathetic - lower salivary. At the bloating nerve(X bet) three nuclei: the rukhovoe (spilne with the ninth pair) і sensitive, and also the parasympathetic - the posterior nucleus of the blukaya nerve. dodatkovian nerve(XI pair of FMN) small rukhove core. Have pid'yasic nerve(XII wager CHMN) is one core.

After three, open the empty IV in the dakha to get out of the open space. At the heart of the vessel of the IV duck є yogo sudinne gossip, yake produkuvatime spinal cord - liquor.

Above the fourth dumbbell, є on the day of the empty bridge and the big brain, there is a little brain, or, as I call it, “maliy moss”.

Functions of a large brain and bridge... Dovgastiy mozok i mest vikonuyut navazhiv_shy functions... In the sensitive nuclei of the cranial nerves, in the ciches in the brain, the nerves and impulses come from the head, mucous membranes of the mouth and the opening of the nose, pharynx and larynx, from the organs of the organs of the organs of the brain, the serum of the hearing, the apical ... The axons of the keratin of the ruff and autonomic (parasympathetic) nuclei of the deep brain and the bridge of the impulse go not only to the skeletal muzzles of the head, but to the smooth muscles of the organs of etching, the ecstasy of the heart-vascular systems, to the heart.

Through the nuclei of the large brain, there is a lot of reflex activity, including those (cough, migraine, sleepiness, chkhannya). The nuclei of the large brain take a part in the reflex acts of kovtannya, the secretory function of herbal vines. The vestibular nuclei, in which banks the cob of the vestibular spinal path, shows folding reflex activity, overgrowing the tone skeletal cells, Rivnovagi, get the "standing pose". Reflexes won the name current reflexes... The growth in the large brain of a very strong and heart-vascular center will take part in the regulation of the function of mental activity, the activity of the heart and the heart. Prompt to bring tsikh centers to death.

Topic 3. Bulbar dysarthria.

Features of functional organization. Dovgastia's brain in humans is close to 25 mm. Vin є spinal cord progression. Structurally, for the development of the nucleus, the brain is folded, lower in the back. On the vidminu from the spinal cord, it is not a metameric, repeated budovy, the syra speech in the new growth is not in the center, but in nuclei to the periphery.

In the large brain, there are olives, tied with the spinal cord, the extrapiradic system and the cerebellum - the thin and wedge-shaped nuclei of proprioceptive sensitivity (the nuclei of Goll and Burdach). Immediately there is a cross-baptism of the lower and middle nobles and the upper nobles, made up of thin and wedge-like bunches (Gaul and Burdakh), a reticular form.

Dovgastiy mozok for the development of his nuclear devices and reticular formations take care of the fate in the realization of vegetative, somatic, relish, auditory, vestibular reflexes. A special feature of the big brain є those who have the last nucleus, will last the last time, will not be able to see the folding reflexes, which will help the last inclusion of the young music groups, which will make it possible, for example, during the kovtannaya.

In the advanced brain, the nuclei of the onset cranial nerves are rosted:

a pair of VIII cranial nerves - the anterior-ultkovy nerve is stored in the cochlear and in front of the door. The curl nucleus lies in the large brain;

pair IX - the ulopharyngeal nerve; Its core is approved by 3 parts - rukovaya, sensitive and vegetative. Rukhov's part takes part in the innervation of the throat and the empty company, sensitive - I will take information from the receptors in the relish of the rear third of the move; vegetative іnnervuє salivating;

pair X - bloody nerve MAє 3 nuclei: vegetatively innervu larynx, stravohid, heart, shlunok, intestines, grass roots; sensitively take information about receptors in the alveoli of the leg and internal organsі the roach (as it is called the public) will preserve the lasting speed of the throat, larynx mucus when it is blown;

pair XI - dodatkovian nerve; the yogo nucleus is partly roasted in the big brain;

pair XII - pid'yazicovy nerve є with the movable nerve, the second nucleus of the larger roztashovani in the large brain.

Sensory functions. Dovgastia brain regulates a number of sensory functions: the reception of the individual's sensitiveness - in the sensory nucleus of the triple nerve; the first analysis of the relish receptor - in the nucleus of the lazykopharyngeal nerve; the reception of auditory teasers - in the nucleus of the cochlear nerve; reception of vestibular subtypes - at the upper vestibular nucleus. At the back of the head of the large brain, there is a path of high, glib, visceral sensitivity, some of which are transferred here to another neuron (thin and wedge-shaped nuclei). On a small, full-grown brain, the sensory functions are re-analyzed to realize the first analysis of strength and quality of development, the information has been broken down to be transmitted to the parent structure for the purpose of determining the biologically significant value of the given rose.

Provincial functions. Through the back of the brain, pass all the lower and lower paths of the spinal cord: spinal-thalamic, corticospinal, rubrospinal. Take an ear of vestibulospinal, olivospinal and reticulospinal tracts from a new one, so that the tone and coordination of myasic reactions will be avoided. In the dovgast brain, the path from measles to the great brain ends - the cortical path. Here comes the end of the path of proprioceptive sensitivity from the spinal cord: thin and wedge-shaped. Such insight into the brain, like the mest, middle brain, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus and cortex of the great brain, may cause bilateral ligaments with the dovgastim brain. The evidence of the cyclical connections is indicative of the fate of the dense brain in the regulation of the tone of skeletal muscles, vegetative and vital integral functions, and analysis of sensory subtleties.

Reflex functions. The numerical reflexes of a very dense brain contribute to vital and undead important. However, we will also be able to finish it. The dichotomous and vertiginous centers of the large brain can be brought to the vital centers, as a number of heart and dichny reflexes are lost in them.

Dovgastiy mozok organizes and realizes a number of basic reflexes: blues, channya, coughing, sluggishness, deformity. The reflexes are realized due to the fact that information about the subtlety of the receptors of the mucous membrane of the eye, the empty mouth, the larynx, the nasopharynx through the sensitive throats of the threefold and the linguopharyngeal nerve is consumed in the nuclei of the mucous membrane of the eye. The team starts up to the ruddy nuclei of the three-frequent, bluish, facial, lingopharyngeal, pre-infantile or subtype nerves, as a result of which the depleted reflex is realized. In the same way, for the rakhunok of the last inclusion of the meat groups of the head, shia, breast cancer and reflexes of food behavior are organized with diaphragms: smoky, zhuvannya, kovtannya.

In addition, it is the organizational reflexes of the primitive position. The reflexes are formed for the opening of the anterior receptors from the anterior receptors and the intravascular canals to the upper vestibular nucleus; The information on the assessment of the need to change the position to the lateral and medial vestibular nuclei has been reformed. The nucleus takes part in the role of the function of the muscle system, the segment of the spinal cord to take part in the change of position, because of the neurons of the medial and lateral nucleus along the vestibular spinal lines, the signal to come to the anterior spinal segments of the brain the fate of those in the winter positions in Naraz is necessary.

It’s a change of position to start looking for static and statokinetic reflexes. Static reflexes regulate the tone of skeletal muscles with the help of reducing the singular position of the body. Statokinetic reflexes of a large brain will overwhelm the tone of the tulub muses for organizing a position, corresponding to the moment of a straight line or an overturned one.

A large part of the autonomous reflexes of the large brain is realized through rosetting in the new nucleus of the bloating nerve, in order to receive information about the standard of the heart, sudin, herbal tract, Lungs, grasses і ін. In response to the information of the nucleus, the organisms are organized and secretory reactions of the named organs.

Destruction of the nuclei of the bloody nerve wiklikє the strengthening of the fast smooth mucus of the shlunk, intestines, chewing gum, and the weakening of the sphincters of the organs at once. At the same time, the robot's heart is relaxed and relaxed, the bronchial enlightenment sounds.

The diabetic nature of the nuclei of the bloating nerve also manifests itself in the strengthened secretion of bronchial, shlunkovy, intestinal lobes, in the depletion of the mucous membranes, the secretory cells of the liver.

The center of sleepiness is localized in the large brain, the part of which will become more resistant to the root secretion is parasympathetic, and the white secretion of the sleepy worms is sympathetic.

In the structure of the formation of a dense brain, there is a spinal і sudoriferous center. The peculiarity of these centers is in the fact that their neurons are built up reflexively and before a number of chemistry pranksters.

The secondary center is located in the medial part of the reticular formations of the skin symmetric half of the large brain and divisions into two parts, inhalation and vidyhu.

In the reticular formations of the doughy brain, the most important center of life is given - the vertebral center (regulation of the vertebral tone). It is functionally responsible for the establishment of the structures of the brain and perch for everything with the hypothalamus. Damage to the judiciary center depends on the rhythm of the reaction, the tone of the bronchial tubes, the intestinal mucosa, sectional mikhura, Cylar myaza i ін. The process is explained by the fact that the reticular formation of the large cerebral muscle is associated with the hypothalamus and the centers of the brain.

In the middle of the reticular formation, there are neurons that create a reticulospinal path, which is a galvanic infusion onto the motor neurons of the spinal cord. At the bottom of the IV thumbscrew, the neurons were "blakitnogo pamiami". Їх mediator є norepinephrine. The neurons wake up to the activation of the reticulospinal path in the phase of "nimble" sleep, which leads to the galvanizing of the spinal reflexes and the reduction of the muscular tone.

Symptoms of the problem. Possibility of the right half of the mind to the mind of the overbaptism of the hierarchs of the proprioceptive sensitiveness of the vicious on the side of the degradation of sensitiveness and the robots of the muzzles of the face and of the head. At the same hour, on the protelezhny boat, on the other hand, the ears are more likely to deteriorate in their sensitiveness and hands and on paralysis. It should be explained that the paths from the spinal cord to the spinal cord are crossed, and the nuclei of the cranial nerves to innervate their half of the head, i.e. E. cranial nerves DO NOT overlap.

Dovgastiy mozok and mest vikonuyut two functions - reflex and provincial. On the sensitive fibers of the cranial nerves, I will remove the impulses - information from the receptors of the head, mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth (including taste the receptor), From the organs in the hearing, vestibular apparatus (organ of the equine), from the receptors of the larynx, trachea, legends, and also from the interoreceptors of the heart-vascular system and herbal apparatus.

Through the back of the brain, there is a lot of simple and folding reflexes, which do not hunt around metamerism, but systems of organs, for example, systems of etching, energy, blood circulation. The reflex activity of the large-sized brain can be promoted on the bulbar brain, i.e., E. Kishtsi, at which the stovbur was cut into the brain of the large-sized one. The reflex action of such a kitty is foldable and versatile.

Through the back of the brain, the offensive reflexes begin to function: 1) cough: cough, chkhannya, migotinnya, slozovidіlennya, blues; 2) kharchovі: smoktannya, kovtannya, sap separation of grass vines; 3) heart-shaped vessels, which regulate the heart and blood vessels; 4) in the large brain there is automatically a spiritual center, which will prevent the ventilation of the legends; 5) in the large brain and bridge of the vestibular nucleus.

From the vestibular nuclei of the large brain, the decaying vestibulospinal tract is repaired, which takes part in the healthy current reflexes of the position, and itself in the overgrowth of the muscle tone. The bulbar cat can not stand, cannot walk, the aloid brain and shiyni segments of the spinal cord will not provide those folding reflexes, such as the elements of standing and walking. Effortless reflexes, tied to the function of standing, are called setting reflexes. The creatures of the creature will consume their own time, as a rule, they will burn down.

Particularly important is the central nervous system, because in the large brain there is a vital center of life: dyshal, heart-shaped. It’s not only vivid, but to help the poor brain to end with death.

Krim reflexive, downgraded the brain of the vicon to the provincial function. Through the new pass the conductive paths, so that the cortex, the middle, middle brain, the cerebellum and the dorsal cerebral cortex are bound with a two-sided sound.

The cerebellum (cerebellum) is stitched dorsally from the bridge and to the dorsal brain. In a new way, I see two drinks and a middle part - a worm. The surface of the corn is inserted with a ball of blue speech (cortex of the corn) and is approved by the vuzki zvivini, broken by borozy. From the other side, the surface of the corns is divided into lobules. The central part of the corn is stored in the white speech, in which the foundation of the purchase of the blue speech is the nucleus of the corn. The largest of them is the tooth-like nucleus. The tympanum of the dressings with the cerebral stovbur is three pairs of legs: the upper one is closed with the middle brain, the middle - with the bridge, the lower one - with the dovgastim brain. In the lower legs, there are bundles of fibers passing through the cerebellum with the small parts of the brain and spinal cord.

The isthmus of the rhomboid brain in the process of development becomes the cordon between the back and middle brain. The upper cerebellar sails are developed, the upper cerebellar sail and tricot loops are developed between them, and the name of the upper cerebellar loops should lie.

Quarter (IV) shlunochk (ventriculus quartus) in the process of development є the back of the empty dorsal brain. At the bottom of the IV lingo, it moves through the central canal of the spinal cord, at the top of the medullary water supply to the middle brain, and in the area of dressing with three openings with the subarachnoid space of the brain. The anterior (ventral) side of the yogo - the bottom of the IV aperture - is called a rhomboid fossa. Lower part the diamond-shaped pit is fixed with a dovgastim brain, and the upper one is a bridge and an isthmus. The rear (Dorsal) stink - dax IV dorsal - is set by the upper and lower cerebral sails and added to the back of the platy muscular shell of the brain, whitened by the pendimi. There is a great number of blood-bearing deaths near the tsіy dіlyantsі, so the gossip of the IV thug can be done. The mice of the congestion of the upper and lower vitrils protrudes into the cerebellum and set the mark. Rhomboid fossa ma life more important So, as in the whole region, a large number of nuclei of the cranial nerves are laid (V - XII bet).

physiology of the moss

The uterus is the supra-segmental form of the central nervous system, which does not have a direct connection with the receptors and effectors of the organism. By the numerical paths of dressings from the use of the central nervous system. Until now, the afferent conductive paths are sent, which carry impulses from the proprioceptors of the mucous membranes, tendons, vestibular nuclei of the large brain, the pyocytic nuclei, and measles of the great brain. In its own heart, the brain empowered the pulses until the central nervous system.

The function of the corns is up to the speed of development, the partial abnormal visualization and the development of bioelectrical manifestations. The legends of the visual moss and the visualization of its function The Italian physiologist Lucian characterized the famous A tradition: astasia, atony and asthenia. The advancing monitors gave another symptom - ataxia.

A cerebellarless dog stands on widely spaced legs; She has destroyed the correct tone of the muscles of the genes and the roots (atony). Rukhs are badly coordinated, diligent, unavailable, rizannya. When walking, the paws are thrown over the middle line (ataxia), so that they cannot be spared by normal creatures. Ataxia explain that the control of the ruins will be broken. Analysis of signals from proprioceptors of muscle and tendon. A dog cannot eat its muzzle in a bowl with a horse. He hit his head down or towards the wiklikє stronger than the prototype roc.

Rukhi stomlyuyut even: a creature, a spit of crocs, frogs and wakes. This symptom is called asthenia.

When a dog has a cerebellar dog, it will smooth out. It will be independent, the course may be normalized. Only in advance of being wary of a deyak of destruction (phase of compensation).

Yak showing Ye. A. Asratyan, compensation funktsіy vіdbuvaєt for a rakhunok measles the great brain. If such a dog has a bark, then all the damage will appear again and will not be compensated for.

The lobe takes care of its part in the regulation of the rucks, the shy ones are smooth, precise, the principle of proportionality. Behind the figurative vislovom L.A. Orbeli, the cerebellum is the cousin of measles to the brain from the control of skeletal tissues and the activity of vegetative organs. The yak was shown before L.A. Orbeli; in cerebellar dogs, vegetative functions were impaired. Constant blood, vertebral tone, robotic herbal tract and vegetative functions become even more unstable, it is easy to suck in the flow of quietness for some other reasons (with the help of the flow of the robot, the change in temperature and in.).

When half of the corn is visible, rupture of functions on the sides of the operation. It will be explained by the way, which conducts the paths of the moss or does not overlap the call, or overlap 2 times.

middle brain

Up to the middle brain, it is carried out to the brain, roztasovany ventrally, and the plateau dahu (lamina tecti), or the quadruple, which lies dorsally. Empty the middle brain є water supply to the brain. The platyvka dahu is stored in two upper and two lower humps, in which the cores of the syroi speech are embedded. The upper humps are tied with a healthy path, the lower ones - with a hearing. From them I take a cob of rukhovy path, and go down to the clines of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. On the transverse surface of the middle brain, three can be seen: dah, pokrishka and podstava lower brain (Fig. 114). Between pokrishkoyu and by the way there is a chorne speech. The pokryshtsi have two great nuclei - the red nucleus and the nucleus of the reticular form. Water supply to the cerebral effusion with a central gray speech, which contains the nuclei of the III and IV pairs of cranial nerves. The bark of the brain is set up by the fibers of the first paths and paths, so that the bark of the great brain is connected to the nuclei of the bridge and the brain. At the pokrishtsi go through the systems of the hierarchical nobles, so that you can create a bunch of titles in a medial (sensitive) loop. Fibers of the medial loop are repaired in the large brain from the cells of the nuclei of a thin and wedge-shaped bundle and end in the nuclei of the thalamus. The lateral (auditory) loop is folded from the fibers of the auditory path, which goes from the area of the bridge to the lower humps of the bridge (quadruple) and the medial number of the intermediate brain.

Small. 114. Cross-sectional growth of the middle brain (diagram). 1 - nіzhka to the brain; 2 - black word; 3 - dahu plate; 4 - chervone core; 5 - the core of the okoruha nerve; 6 - gory nerve; 7 - water supply to the brain

Physiology of the middle brain

The middle brain plays an important role in the regulation of the muscular tone and health of normal and direct reflexes, as well as being able to stand and walk.

The role of the middle brain in the regulation of the muscular tone is most beautifully promoted in the kidneys, in which fractures have transverse growth between the dovgastim and the middle brain. In such a kitten, the tone of the mucus, especially rozginalny, is growing rapidly. The head is thrown back, the paws are sharply straightened. M'yazi nastilka is very fast, but if you try to bend the tip, it will end in failure - it will straighten out at once. A creature, put on a knight, like a club, paws, can stand. Such a camp is called decerebration rigidity. As soon as it grows in the middle of the brain, then the decerebration rigidity is not vicious. After about 2 hours, such a cat to rob the Zusilla will grow. With a handful of people, get your head, then your tulub, then get up on your paws and you can walk around. Also, the nerves of the regulation of the muscular tone and the function of standing and walking are located in the middle brain.

The manifestations of decerebral rigidity are explained by the fact that by cutting it out from the dense and spinal cord, the nucleus is red and reticular. The chervoni nuclei do not seem to link without the middle to receptors and effectors, and the stench is tied to the central nervous system. Before them, there are nerve fibers from the cornsus, basal nuclei, measles, injections of the great brain. From the worm nuclei, the decayed rubrospinal tract is repaired, through which impulses are transmitted to the ruby neurons of the spinal cord. Yogo call extrapiracy the tract

The sensitive nuclei of the middle brain show a number of the most important reflex functions. The nuclei, which are located at the upper humps, are the primary green centers. The stench of recognizing the impulses from the scent and taking part in the oriental reflex, that is, turning the head to light. At the same time, the width of the window and the curvature of the crystal (akomodatsiya) change, so that the object is clear.

The nuclei of the lower humps are the primary auditory centers. The stench takes a part in the oriental reflex to the sound - turning the head into the bik sound. Rapid sounds and lights wink folding reaction alarms (start-reflex), mobilizing the creature to a quick reaction.

middle brain

The intermediate brain (diencephalon) grows away from the calluses and crypts, growing from the sides with the infusions of the great brain. The thalamus (zorovy humps), epithalamus (supra-hillock area), metathalamus (foreign region) and hypothalamus (sub-hillock region) are introduced before new ones. Emptying of the brain є III cluck.

Thalamus is a pair of egg-like speech purchases, including a ball of white speech. The front outlines fit up to the middle opening, the back extensions - up to four hillocks. The lateral surfaces of the thalamus grow with infusions and between the caudate nucleus and the inner capsule. The medial surfaces fit the walls of the III louse, the lower ones are inserted into the hypothalamus. Thalamus has three main groups of nuclei: anterior, lateral and medial, and there are 40 nuclei in total. At the epithalyamus there is an upper appendage of the brain - epiphiz, or pineal tilo, appendages on two appendages at the gripped between the upper humps of the dahu plate. The metathalamus of representations is medial and lateral lumpy bodies, with single bundles of fibers (handles of humps) with upper (lateral) and lower (medial) humps of the dahu plate. They have roztasovany nuclei, є reflex centers for hearing and hearing.

The hypothalamus transits ventral to the thalamus and includes the vasne hypothalamic region and a number of apparatuses that have grown on the back of the brain. They are seen as: endurance plate, overbaptism, gray hump, line from its lower appendage to the brain - hypophysis and mastoid body. In the hypothalamic region, the nucleus rots (supervisory, peri-ventricular and in.) At the posterior end of the hypothalamus, there are nuclei, fixed by other nerve cells, which are tied to the anterior lobe of the hypophysis by a special system of blood-bearing vessels.

The third (III) slingshot of straightening along the middle line is a vertical slit. Bichni stinki of the thymus are established by the medial surfaces of the thalamus and the sub-hillock area, the anterior - by the end of the star and the anterior commissure, the lower - by the hypotolamus and the posterior - by the brain and the supra-hillock region. The upper slab - the third slumber - nytonsha - is stored from the soft shell of the brain, whistled from the side of the empty slime by an epithelial plate (ependyma). M'yaka obolonka can be even more richly bloody sudins, so it can make the verdict gossip. In front of the III slumber, go out with the small slings (III) with the slurry openings, and at the back go into the water supply to the brain.

Prolonged brain.

An anatomical presentation of the anatomy of the cutaneous viddil of the brain is clear, repaired from the lower one - the medulla oblongata, which is the middle of the spinal cord. The lower cordon interferes with the origin of the roots of the first spinal nerve, or the intersection of the piracy, the upper - the rear edge of the bridge. Dovzhin's brain is close to 25 mm, the shape is close to a truncated cone, beaten up to the top. The front surface is broken by the front middle slit, from the sides of which the middens are ripped apart - pied, fixed with bundles of nerve fibers of the paramount wires. The fibers are partly crossed (crossing the pirids) in the glybin described by the lines at the border of the spinal cord. On the side from the skin side, the olive grows about 1.5 cm, it is lifted out from the front lateral groove, as if to replace the nuclei of the syroe speech.

Zvernit respect for those, where the back surface of the large brain is subdivided by the back middle furrow. From the sides from the side of the progression of the posterior cords of the spinal cord, as they diverge, they pass into the lower cerebral cords. Remain encircled below the diamond-shaped fossa. The posterior cord is folded in two bundles - wedge-shaped (lateral) and thin (medial), near the lower cut of the rhomboid-shaped fossa, end with humps, to replace the wedge-shaped and thinner nucleus. Dovgasty brain of motivation from the blue and syroe of speech (diagram), the remnant is represented by the nuclei of the IX-XII pairs of cranial nerves, olives, reticular formation, centers of energy and blood circulation. From the last speech, from the second to the last speech, which was approved by the most and short fibers, Warehouse services.

Yak is meant to be a viscera, the reticular formation is the sufficiency of cells, cells of the collection and removal of nerve fibers that have been removed in the stovbury brain (secondary brain, myst and middle brain) and make the measure. The reticular formation is tied with the organs of the senses, the ruddy and sensitive disks of the great measles, the thalamus and the hypothalamus, the spinal cord. Vona regulate the level of anxiety and the tone of the growing diseases of the central nervous system, including the cortex of the great brain, take care of the role in the regulation of the level of sleepiness and lack of sleep, vegetative functions, and cerebral problems. A large number of neurons in the reticular formation are linked by synapses from two or three afferent fibers of a growth pattern.

By the emptying of the hind brain є IV dork (ventriculus quartus). Tse the empty rhomboid brain, from the bottom to the central canal of the spinal cord, up through the aqueduct to the brain, go down to the third lug. I can see Budov IV slunk. Dah IV slut is approved upper cerebral vitril, stretched between the upper cerebellar ligaments, i lower brain vitril, Yaky to attach to the legs of the valve. On the side of the IV crotch to the lower cerebral vіtril of the lateral saphenous base of the IV crotch. Vіtrila, z'єdnuchis in the mountains, set up a kut, go down to the bottom, like a spike to go into the corn. After three openings in the dakha (middle to the back і bottom і two lateral apertures of the IV slung), the empty IV slung will get into the open space. There is a lot of gossip at the bottom of the court of the IV thug.

The bottom of the IV duckbill of its own form is called diamond-shaped fossa. Vaughn is fixed on the back surface of the big brain and bridge. From the sides of the fossa, flank the upper and lower cerebral lobes. The middle boron extends the bottom of the fossa into two symmetrical halves. On the side of the furrow, you can see the medial movement, which expands in the middle of the fossa into the right and left sides of the humps. In your facial hump, the nucleus of the VI wai of the cranial nerves (the external nerve) is covered, and the nucleus of the VII wai (the facial nerve) is larger and more lateral. To the bottom of the medial podnesennya go into the tricuspid of the lumbar nerve, laterally which is the tricusp of the blukayuyu nerve. In tricusters, the brain is covered with the nuclei of the same nerves. They called the vestibular fields the name of the vestibular fields, or the vestibular nuclei of the vestibular nerve (VIII pair of cranial nerves). From the auditory nuclei go up to the middle furrow of the transverse brain of the male, roztashovani on the cordon between the ears and the fibers to carry out the path of the auditory analyzer.

In such a rank, the nuclei of the V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII pairs of cranial nerves are covered in the rhomboid fossa. Beastly respect, that sensitive afferent nuclei grow laterally, medially - vegetative, most medially. Three-part nerve (V) of the machotiri of the nucleus: rukhove, sensitive, bridge (lower) of the middle cerebral path and the nucleus of the middle cerebral path of the tripartite nerve; access nerve (VI pair) mauve nucleus; facial nerve (VII pair) - three nuclei: the mucous і sensitive nuclei of a single path і parasympathetic - the upper salivary; vestibular nerve (VIII pair) - two groups of nuclei: two auditory (anterior and posterior) ultkovy and chotyri vestibular: medial, lateral, upper and lower; the ovipopharyngeal nerve (IX pair) - three nuclei: the mucous membrane, the root for the IX and X pairs, the sensitive nucleus of the single path (the root for the VII, IX, X pairs) і parasympathetic - the lower salivary; the bloating nerve (X pair) - three nuclei: the meaning is subtle and sensitive, and the parasympathetic is also the posterior nucleus; dodatkovy nerve XI para-ruch nucleus; pidazicovy nerve (XII pair) - one rukovy nucleus. The nucleus, which does not have special names, is named according to the nerve.

Dovgastia brain regulates a number of sensory functions: the reception of the individual's sensitiveness - in the sensory nucleus of the triple nerve; the first analysis of the relish receptor - in the nucleus of the lazykopharyngeal nerve; the reception of auditory teasers - in the nucleus of the cochlear nerve; reception of vestibular subtypes - at the upper vestibular nucleus. At the back of the head of the big brain, there is a path of high-pitched, glib, visceral sensitivity, some of which are transferred here to another neuron (thin and wedge-shaped nuclei). On the basis of the first-rate analysis of the sensory functions, the first analysis of strength and quality of development was realized, the first analysis of strength and quality of development was carried out, the structure of information about the future

It means that the brain will organise and realize a number of reflexes: blues, chan, cough, tearing, shuddering. Reflexes are realized due to the fact that information about the subdivision of the receptors in the mucous membrane of the eye, the empty mouth, the larynx, the nasopharynx through the sensitive throat of the threefold and the linguopharyngeal nerve, the command of the of the ligamentous nerves, as a result of the realization of the same reflex. In the same way, for the last inclusion of the meat groups of the head, breast, breast tissue and diaphragms, the reflexes of grub behavior are organized: smacking, zhuvannya, kovtannya.

In addition, it is the organizational reflexes of the primitive position. The reflexes are formed for the opening of the anterior receptors from the anterior receptors and the intravascular canals to the upper vestibular nucleus; The information on the assessment of the need to change the position to the lateral and medial vestibular nuclei has been reformed. The nucleus takes part in the role of the function of the muscle system, the segment of the spinal cord is responsible for taking part in the change position, because of the neurons of the medial and lateral nucleus along the vestibular spinal lines, the signal to come to the anterior horn positions of the the given moment is necessary.

The big brain is localized dream center Parasympathetic is the part of which will become more resistant to the root secretion, and the sympathetic part is the white secretion of the lingering salmon.

dichny center to be localized in the medial part of the reticular formations of the skin symmetric half of the large brain and partitions into two parts, inhalation and vidyhu.

In the reticular form of a full-bodied person, the brain is given the most important center of life - shipborne center(Regulation of the court tone). It is functionally responsible for the establishment of the structures of the brain and perch for everything with the hypothalamus. The destruction of the judiciary center depends on the rhythm of the reaction, the tone of the bronchial tubes, the intestinal mucosa, the sectional mucus, the ciliary tongue and the inn. The process is explained by the fact that the reticular formation of the large cerebral muscle is associated with the hypothalamus and the centers of the brain.

In the middle of the reticular formation, there are neurons that create a reticulospinal path, which is a galvanic infusion onto the motor neurons of the spinal cord. At the bottom of the IV thumbscrew, the neurons of the "blakitny plyami" were roasted. Їх mediator є norepinephrine. The neurons wake up to the activation of the reticulospinal path in the phase of "nimble" sleep, which leads to the galvanizing of the spinal reflexes and the reduction of the muscular tone.

Food for self-control.

1.Give I'll go back to the testimonial anatomical budovi physiological functions big brain.

2. List the cranial nerves, the nuclei of which are located in the large brain.

3. What is the role of the large brain in the regulation of autonomic functions of the body?

4. What is the budget and the function of the reticular formation of neurons.

5. Tell the anatomical Budova IV to the brain.

6. Name the nuclei and rosette of the threefold, double, facial, frontal-ultkovy, tongue-and-pharyngeal, bloody, pre-lateral and subtyperal nerves.

7. Give a description of the main centers of physiological functions of the large brain.

misst

misst(Varoliev Mist) to be deprived of the workers in connection with the development of the cloak of the brain, the people have the greatest development. The posterior cerebellum (metencephalon), including the place, is neutral, and the cerebellum lies behind the bridge. a) budova bridge. In fig. 3 views of the cross section of the bridge on the level of the upper cerebral vitril.

Fig. 2. Lateral height of the bridge on the level of the upper cerebral vitril:

1-upper cerebral sail, 2-upper cerebellar lower lamina, 3-posterior sub-lateral bundle, 4-central crawl, 5-lateral loop, 6-medial loop, 7-lateral loop, 8-lateral nerve, 9-nerve of the facial nucleus 10-core of the access nerve, 11-facial nerve, 12- tripartite nerve, 13th nucleus of the tripartite nerve, 14th upper salivary nucleus, 15th superior sensitive nucleus of the tripartite nerve, 16th nucleus of a solitary path, 17th IV slurry.

The place of the viewer is at the viewpoint of the recumbent transversely thickened ridge, from the lateral side of the yoke on the right, and the middle of the midsection is entering. The posterior surface of the bridge, covered with a cornucopia, takes part in the established rhomboid pit, the front (Lying down to the base of the skull) between the lower brain and the lower brain in the mountain. The anterior surface is transversely covered in a tie with a transverse strand of fibers, as it goes through the vlast nuclei to the bridge in the middle of the medulla of the lower leg. On the front surface of the bridge, along the middle line, a basilar boron was later roasted, before which the artery was the same. On the frontal opening through the misst, two parts are visible: front (main, basilar) and rear (cover) (Fig. 2).

The place is stored from the powerless nerve fibers, so that it creates the paths that are in the middle of the shopping malls - hairy kernels bridge (sira rechovina). Providnі paths (bila speech) of the anterior (basilar) part to tie the cortex of the great brain with the spinal cord and with the cortex of the cerebellum. At the rear part of the bridge (pokryshtsi) pass through the main paths and frequent decline, the reticular formations, nuclei V, VI, VII, VIII pairs of cranial nerves grow. On the cordon between the parts of the bridge, lie a trapezoidal body;

Sensor functions of the bridge to take care of the nuclei in front of the door-ultkovy, three-part nerves. Zavitkova part of the frontal-ultkovy nerve ends in the brain in the ultkovy nuclei; the vestibule part of the anterior-ultkovy nerve - in the tricut nucleus, the Deiters nucleus, the ankylosing spondylitis nucleus. Here, the first analysis of vestibular teasers, both strength and directness, can be seen.

Provided the function of the bridge... It will be provided with late and transversely welded fibers. The fibers are transversely expanded to form the upper and lower balls, and between them they pass through the measles of the great brain. At the pokryshtsi bridge, the bundles of fibers of the medial loop will be blown out later. The stench overflows transversely with the fibers of a trapezoidal body, which is an axon of the cochlear part in front of the door-ultkovy nerve of the prototypal side, which ends in the core of the upper olive. From the nucleus, go through the path of the bichny loops, which go to the posterior quadruple of the middle brain and in the medial colony

only the brain.

In the area of the brain, the anterior and posterior nuclei of the trapezoidal body and the lateral loop are localized. At the same time, the nucleus from the upper olive will provide the first analysis of information to the organ of hearing and then transmit information in the back hump by the quadruple.

The reticular formation of the bridge is poured into the bark of the great brain, viciously awakened or sleepy. At the bridge formation there are two groups of nuclei, which are carried to the zahal dichal center. One center is active, the center of the vidikhu in the brain, and the one is the center of the vidihu. The neurons to the dichotomous center, roztashovani in the bridge, adapt the robot of dichal cells to the large brain, according to the smallest organism.

lobe

Another part of the hindbrain є lobe, Anatomical Budova. Vicon's umbilical function:

1) regulate posture and muscular tone;

2) the control of the visibility of the swift, straightforward rukhiv;

3) directing the direction of the direction of movement and coordinating the reflexes of the adjustment of the position.

lobe It is close to 120-160 g to be roasted in the posterior cranial pit, behind the bridge and in the upper part of the large brain. Hanging above the brain private parts Inoculation of the great brain, as it is seen from the brain, the transverse cleft of the great brain. Two bulges of the surface of the corns - the upper and lower ones - are divided by the transverse rear edges, before passing through a horizontal slit, in order to repair in the small holes at the point of entry into the cerebral of the middle lower regions. yachsm

I respect you for those who open two drinks in a brain and an unpaired middle phylogenetically old part - worm.

Afferent and efferent fibers, how to tinkle the cerebellum with the other wisps, make three bets of cerebellar lice: lower heading for a big brain, middle- to the bridge, upper- up to four hills.

The surface of the worms and worms break out the transverse parallel furrows, between the bright leaves of the moss. Leaves of the appearance of leaves (zivin) on the surface near the stratum of a human warehouse in the middle of 850 cm 2. Slide means that the front, back and shreds-nodular parts are adhered to the corn. Groups of leaves, grown with large, succinic beards, fix the lobules of the corn. The furrows of the moss are susceptible and pass from the worm to the pisculus, so the skin part of the worm is tied with the right and left parts of the worm. Brutal respect for those who

Small. 3.Construction of measles corns.

1-molecular ball, 2-ball of pear-shaped neurons,

3-granular ball, 4-blue speech, 5-glial cell with sultan (Bergman fiber), 6-large nerve cell - grain (Golgi cell), 7-basket-like nerve cell, 8-small neurocyte-grain, 9-ganglion nerves klitini (klitini Purkin), 10-astrocyte.

young klaptik є the most isolated and phylogenetically old part of the drink. A scrap from the side of the skin lies down to internal surface middle cerebellar ligament and dressings with the worm's knot with the lower clap, which goes into the lower cerebral sail. Similar to the cerebral cortex, they develop into the cerebral corns, such as in connection with the hikes in phylogenesis: Architserebellum is an ancient cerebellum, which includes a valve and a university; paleocerebellum - old lobe anterior lobe, pyramid, tongue and area of the valve; neocerebellum - the great noviy

a lobe, to which the pivucleus and the back part of the hrobak can be carried (Fig.).

Yak and before the front of the brain, the cerebellum develops from the blue and the blue speech. Bila speech, penetrating through the gray, like banging, embracing bili, nagaduyuchi on the middle growth of the figurine of a branching tree - the "tree of life" of the corn.

The cortex of the corn is folded from the syroe of speech with a thickness of 1-2.5 mm. In addition, in comrade white speech є the purchase of syroe is a pair of kernels. Nybilshe, nybilshe new toothed core roztashovane laterally in the boundaries of the pivucleus of the moss; medial to yogo - corky, More medial - spherical, Naybilsh medially located core of the tent.

A slid of memory, a dermal leaf (zvivin) of the corn is a thin prosp of white speech, covered with bark (gray speech) with a thickness of 1-2.5 mm. In the cortex, there are three balls: the outer one is molecular, the middle one is the ball of pear-shaped neurons (ganglionic), and the inner is granular (Fig. 3). In molecular and granular balls, fill in the main neuron. Among them, there are other grain-like neurons growing, they are spreading into a granular ball, and the number of grain-like neurons in humans is 10 10 -10 11. Axons of grain-like neurons are sent to the molecular ball, depressingly grow T-shaped. The skin of the skin with a 1-2 mm length passes parallel in a molecular ball, establishing synapses with dendrites of all types of skin cells.

In a granular ball, there are also large particles of neurons (cells of Golgi), the axons of which form synapses with cells-grains in a single ball, and the dendrites are directed to the molecular ball.

Large pear-shaped neurons (clitini Purkin) with sizes up to 40 microns, roztasovany in the middle ball in one row, - the central neurons of the cornsus. The number of these in humans is 14-15 million. Pear-like neurons are densely packed, they are clearly dendritic, and dendrites grow in the molecular sphere in the area perpendicular to the surface of the leaf of the corns. That їх form in the area, through the yak pass dendrites, pear-like, in the perpendicular area - spindle-like. Skin cells with our dendrites rounded out yak bi form one ball. The axons of the piriform neurons are directed through the speech cord to the nuclei of the cornsus, establishing synapses with the neurons, and also to the vestibular nuclei. Rashta neurons measles corns є insert, associative, which transmit nerve impulses, go into the cortex of the cortex, reach the piriform neurons.

similar to kor great pіvkul The cortex of the corn is also vastovanny behind the type of vertical columns with a diameter of 1 mm, so there are about 500 pear-shaped neurons, 600 basket-like, 50 great small, 3 million Clitin-grains and about 600 thousand synaptic tangles.

The lobe will be removed from measles into the brain, stovbur and spinal cord information, which will integrate with Purkin cells.

From the cornsus of information going through the upper and lower legs. Through the upper legs, the signals are sent to the thalamus, to the mest, the red nucleus, the nucleus of the stovbur to the brain, to the reticular formation of the middle brain. Through the lower lobes of the corns, they signal to go into the cerebral to the vestibular nuclei, olives, and reticular formations. The middle lobes of the corns ring the new cerebellum from the frontal part of the brain.

The core of the tent will remove information from the medial zone of measles, the cornsus and is tied to the Deiters' nucleus and the reticular form of the large and middle brain. The stars were signaling to go along the reticulospinal path to the motor neurons of the spinal cord.

The mid-cortex of the cortex is designed on the cork-shaped і kulast of the nucleus. From them, the sound goes into the middle brain to the nucleus of hearts, and then into the spinal cord along the rubrospinal path. Another path goes from the intermediate nucleus to the thalamus and dal to the ruch zone of the great measles brain.

The toothed nucleus, which receives information from the lateral zone of measles, is tied to the thalamus, and through the new one - from the motor zone of measles to the cerebrum.

Effective signals from the cornsus to the spinal cord regulate the strength of the musculoskeletal quickly, to prevent the development of the muscular tissue from the earliest, to the trivial, fast muscularity, to ensure the optimal tonus of the musculoskeletal in the quiet, but in case of collapses, distribution and navpaki.

The lobe will get the synergy of very fast muscular tissues with folding collars. For example, if you are timid when walking, a person will put his leg forward, and the center of the tuluba will move forward at once due to the fate of the back muscles.

In the area of measles corns, we will take information on the spinal tracts from the corns region of measles to the brain (precentral zivini) along the collaterals of the cerebral cortex, which go into the spinal cord. Collaterals go into the mest, and go into the cortex of the cortex. Otzhe, for the rakhunok kolateraly, the brain will take away information about the preparation of a good Russian and the possibility of taking part in the unhealthy tone of the mucous membranes, which is necessary for the implementation of the whole rus.

The lateral cortex of the cerebellum will take information from the cortex of measles to the cerebrum. At its chick, the lateral cortex has provided information in the denticle, the nucleus of the cerebellum, goes along the cerebellar-cortical path into the sensorimotor area of the measles great cerebrum (postcentral zivina), and through the cerebellar-rubral path to the vermiform nucleus and the outer cortex. brain. At the same time, they signaled along the pyramidal highway to go to the quiet front horns of the spinal cord.

In such a rank, the little brain, having obliterated the information about the preparation of Russia, corrected the program for the preparation of the root in the cortex, and instantly the tone of the muscles for the implementation of the brain through the spinal cord was prepared.

Functionally, the cerebellum can press down, galmus and compensatory infusion on the realization of the functions of the great measles to the brain.

The lobe for the rakhunok of its own flowing into the sensory-motor area of measles can change the tactile, temperature, and healthy sensitivity. It appears that the reduction of the brain is lowering the level of the release of the critical frequency of the flashing of the light (the lowest frequency of the flashing, when the light is stimulated, it is not the case of the sleepers, but the uninterrupted light).

Vivid corns to produce to the weakening of the power of the processes of stimulation and galvanizing, destroying the balance between them, the development of inertia. rocking mind reflexes if the visible corns is smoother, especially in the case of drops it is formed locally, isolated rocket reaction... In the same way, it is possible to adapt to the spinning of grubby mental reflexes, to increase the amount of grunts (latency) period from the wiklik.

The uterus is driven and stimulating infusion onto the robot heart-vascular, Dikhal, herbal and other systems to the body. As a result of the sub-infusion, the cerebellum is stabilized, optimizing the functions of the organisms' systems.

Sertsevo-Sudinna system reacts to teasing of the corns, either to the strengths (for example, fresh reflexes), or to the lowering of the central reaction. The directness of the reaction is to lie in the background, on which one is wicked. When the moss is teased, the high blood pressure will decrease, and when it is not, it will move. Rozdratuvannya moss on aphids of accelerated dichannya (hyperactive) lowering the frequency of dichannya. With a lot of one-sided razdratuvannya moss wiklikє on its own lowering, and on the other side - increasing the tone of the spinal mucus.

With such a rank, it is necessary to learn that the brain takes its part in different types of organism: motor, somatic, vegetative, sensory, integrative, etc. However, the function of the brain is realized through the structures of the central nervous system... The vertebral column is a vison of the function of optimizing from one side

activation of the center, from the point of view of the system of activity within the framework of the growth, labileness and so on.

It is clear to the budovu of the onset of the brain - the middle brain.

middle brain

In the process of evolution, the middle brain (mensencephalon) is conceived of fewer changes, less of the brain. Yogo development of dressings from good health and hearing analyzers. Up to the middle brain, the lower brain and the middle brain are introduced (Fig.).

nіzhki to the brain- tse bіlі rounded (to reach the goods) heavy, how to go from the bridge and straight forward to the pіvkul of the great brain. Between the bottom of the hole, the middle hole is pushed out, at the bottom of which you can see the back perforated speech. 3 furrows on medial surfaces cutaneous ligament to enter the okorulovy nerve (III pair of cranial nerves). Skin nizhka is stored from pokrishki and show. A cordon between them is a chorna rechovina, which can be found as a great amount of melanin in its nerve cells (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Lateral growth of the middle brain

1-dakh middle brain, 2-pokrishka middle brain, 3-podstava nіzhki brain, 4-chervone nucleus, 5-chorna speech, 6-nucleus of the okoruhny nerve, 7-dodatkovo nucleus of the okoruhny nerve, 8-criss-crossing pokrishki, 9- okoruhovy nerve, 10-frontal-bridge path, 11-cortical-nuclear path, 12-cortical-spinal path, 13-cortical-lateral-temporal-bridge path, 14-mediyn loop, 15-handle of the lower hump, 16- the nucleus of the middle cerebral pathway of the triple nerve, the 17th upper hump, the 18th water supply to the middle brain, the 19-central syra speech.

Chorne speech shall be made before ekstrapіramіdnoї systems, as take a part in the growth of the meat tone and automatically regulate the robot muscles. The podstava of the nizhka is fixed by nerve fibers, so that it travels from the measles to the brain into the spinal cord and into the midst. Pokrishka nіzhok to the brain to avenge the head rank of the viscid fibers, scho straight up to the thalamus, in the middle of the nucleus. Mosty є chervonі kernels, from which to repair ruchy red-nuclear-spinal shlyakh. In addition, the reticular formation and the nucleus of the dorsal lateral bundle ( promіzhne core).

In the middle of the dahu, the brain develops a dahu plate ( quadruple). upper(Підкіркові centri healthy analyzer) І two lower(Pidkirkovi center of the auditory analyzer). Have a pineal-like shape near the dead with the upper humps. From the skin hump on the sides to the midbrain, enter the handles. The handle of the upper hump is directed to the lateral colonic body; the handle of the lower hump - up to the medial. quadruple- a central reflexive center of a growing family of rukhiv, which is the head rank for the inflow of healthy and auditory teasing. From the nuclei of cich humpbacks on the cob, carry out a path (subcrystalline-spinal cord), which ends on the cells of the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

Beastly respect for those who are empty of the middle brain є water supply middle brain (Silviyu water supply) - a tse vuzky canal, which is the bottom of the III and IV shlunochki. On top of it, I am intertwined with a plate of dahu, the bottom is to pokrishka to the brain. Dovzhin's water supply does not change 2 cm. Around the water supply, the central serum of the tongue grows, in which the reticular formation is embedded, the nuclei of the III and IV pairs of cranial nerves, as well as the unpaired middle nucleus and the nucleus of the midbrain path of the threefold nerve.

The isthmus of the rhomboid cerebral isthmus (isthmus rhombencephali) of the statements by the upper cerebellar loops, the upper cerebellar vitril and the male tricot loop. The upper cerebellar sail is a thin lamina, rostchavanny between the cerebellum from above and the upper cerebellar sails on the sides. Stop at once with the upper cerebral vitril to form the anterior-upper part of the dacha IV of the cerebral bone. The tricot of the loop is encircled in front of the handle of the lower hump, above and behind - by the upper cerebellar lower, to the side - by the lateral furrow, evident on the lateral surface of the lower brain. In the tricycle, the loop has a lateral (auditory) loop, which is a part of the auditory to guide the way.

sensory functions the middle brain realizes for a rakhunok the hopeful in new health, auditory information.

Providnikov function ... Polyaga is in that, through the new passage of the mustache path to the upper thalamus (media loop, dorsal-thalamic path), the great brain and corn. The slope goes through the middle brain to the large spinal cord. Ceramic paths, cortical-bridges fibers, rubroret_culospinal paths.

rukhova function... Realize for the rakhunok of the nucleus of the trochlear nerve, the nuclei of the okoruhny nerve, the chervony nucleus, the black speech.

chervony kernels roztashovuyutsya at the upper part of the brain. The stench is tied with the bark of the great brain (low from the measles path), pidkirkovy nuclei, the cerebellum, the spinal cord (red-spinal path). The basal ganglia of the brain, the cornsus may end up in the nuclei of red.

The red nuclei, which receive information from the corneal zone of measles, to the brain itself, the tonic nuclei and the corns, about the preparation of the cortex and the stanchion of the musculoskeletal apparatus, power the correcting impulses to the motor neurons of the spinal cord to the rubbing of the tract ...

The core of the middle brain is functionally more important - h black speech- roztashovutsya in the brain, regulating the activity of juvenile, kovtannya (їх last), without preserving the exact crumbs of the fingers of the hand, for example, with leaves. The neuronal nucleus of the building synthesizes the mediator dopamine, which is supplied by axonal transport to the basal ganglia of the brain. Defeat the black speech to produce the plastic tone of the mucus to the point of deterioration. Subtle regulation of plastic tone in case of grin on violins, sheets, vikonny graphy robits, to become preoccupied with black speech. At the same hour, at a trivial singing position, plastic changes are seen in the memory for the rakhunok of the serpent of the colossal authorities, which will preserve the best vitra of energy. Regulation of the whole process of building up by the clientele of black speech.

The neurons of the nuclei of the okorukhovy and block nerves regulate the eyes uphill, down, so called, up to the nose and down to the cuff of the nose. neurons dodatkovy nucleus of the okorulovy nerve (Yakubovich's nucleus) regulate the education of the winter and the curvature of the crystal.

neurons quadruple They can be polymodal and detector. In the last drop of the stench, react only to one sign of annoyance, for example, the change of light and temperament, directly to the mouth of the light dagger, etc. signals. Activation of the middle brain in cich vipadkah through the hypothalamus to produce up to an increase in the tone of the mucous, more often the heart is very fast; training will take place until the uniqueness, before the defense reaction. The four-hill organizovu orіntovnі zorіvі and rumorі reflexes.

In humans, I have a quadruple reflex to the viconuє to protect the role. In the case of piddling awkwardness, quadruples with a rapt sound abnormally svitlovy razdratuvanny in a man, wins, sometimes jumps to his feet, a scream, as much as possible to be seen from a teaser, an hour of non-prominence in the flow.

When the four-hill reflex of a lyudin is destroyed, one cannot quickly switch from one type of ruch to another. Otzhe, the quadruple take a part in the organization of powerful rukhiv.

Food for self-control.

1. Give the posterior characteristics of the anatomical budovi of the hindbrain.

2. Yake anatomichna budova measles pivkul moss?

3. Name the nucleus of the middle brain and its function.

4. Yaka Budova Sylvieva water supply?

5. Overhaul the structures of the middle brain, which may be related to the auditory and healthy sensory systems.

middle brain

Step into the brain є middle brain, Budova is clear.

middle brain(Diencephalon), rosetting under the callus til, folds from the posterior thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus. Sera of speech of the intermediate brain establishes the nucleus, which is the centers of all kinds of extravagant sensibility, as well as the nucleus, which takes part in the functions of the autonomic nervous system, and neurosecretory nuclei. With the intermediate brain, there are two strands of internal secretions: hypophysis and epiphysis. By the cordons of the brain on the front of the brain є the front surface of the green crossing (front), the front edge of the back perforated speech and the back of the path (back). On the dorsal surface back cordonє bordered, showing the upper humps of the middle brain from the posterior edge of the thalamus. Thermal cranium emerges from the dorsal side of the intermediate brain from the kintsevoy.

I can see the budov in the middle brain - the rear thalamus... Thalamus (zoroviy bugor) is a guy, ovoid in shape, made by the head rank with a gray speech. Both the medial and the posterior surfaces are visible, the good is visible on the growth of the brain, the anterior is grown with the hypothalamus. The anterior end (anterior hump) of the thalamus is spiked, the posterior (pillow) curves. The medial surfaces of the green humps are one to one, the stench smells of the empty ones to the industrial brain - III slingshot - and from the same to the intertalamic children. lateral to the surface thalamus to the bottom and from the back to the inner capsule.

Beast to respect

Lecture.

SLEEVE OF THE BRAIN. VIDDILI OF THE HEAD CROWN.

At the third stage of the uterine development, the cranial shape of the neural tube extends into 3 cerebral microorganisms (anterior, middle, posterior (or rhomboid).

At the fourth stage, 1 and 3 bulbs are divided into two parts - the 5th stage of development of the brain.

In such a rank, the brain is built up for stowbora (Dovgastiy brain, middle and middle brain), pіdkіrkovogo vіddіlu (Industrial brain and basal ganglia) measles great pivkul .

PROMOTION OF MOZOK.

Dovgastia brain є without pre-mediated spinal cord progression and in the main form і budovu. Vin roztashovuєtsya on the grains of the skull in the posterior cranial fossa. Dovzhina mozka 2-3 cm. MA the shape of a truncated cone abo tsibulin. On the vidminu from the spinal cord is not a metameric, repeated budovi. Sira speech is roasted in the center, and the nuclei - along the periphery.

The front surface is broken by the front middle slit, from the sides of the rosette piracy (anterior cords), fixed with bundles of nerve fibers of the piriform paths, often overlapping (crossing the piracy). Olivia (the ventral part of the cords) grow out from the side of the skin side of the skin flank, which appears from the front lateral groove.

The posterior surface of the rather dense brain is subdivided by the posterior median furrow. From the sides of the rosette sweeping - thin and wedge-shaped bundles of the posterior cords of the spinal cord with humps at the upper part. The posterior lateral furrow leads to the posterior cords from the dorsal part of the vertebral cords, represented by the lower cords of the corns.

Between the time and the olive, the XII pair of cranial nerves (pidyazic) go from the anterior bicular furrow, and from the posterior bicular groove - the roots IX, X, XI pairs of cranial nerves (lingopharyngeal, bloody).

The upper part of the rear surface is shaped like a tricycle and the bottom of the IV lug.

internal budov big brain.

In the dovigast brain, the nucleus of the syroe speech is laid, which may lead to a change in speech, coordination of arms, to the regulation of the exchange of speech, energy and blood circulation.

Sira Rechovina the brain is presented with:

1. Olivie kernel The yake is tied with the toothed nucleus of the cornsus and the intermediate nucleus of the rivovagi.

2. reticular formation, Yaka is a superality of cells, cells and nerve fibers, which are rosted in the brain and make a border. The reticular formation is tied with the organs of the senses, the ruddy and sensitive areas of the CPB, the thalamus and the hypothalamus, the spinal cord. Vona regulate the level of anxiety and the tone of the growth of the central nervous system, including the CPB, take part in the regulation of the level of sleepiness, emotions, sleep and lack of sleep, vegetative functions, and healthy rucks.

3. Nuclei IX-XII pairs of cranial nerves, I may be able to get back to the innervations of the inside. Especially significant is the bloody (X) nerve, which is the innervuos of the organization, the poisoning, the blood circulation and the inn.

4. Life is important centers of hygiene, blood circulation To that, with a heavy-handed brain, death may occur in consequence of the dilemma and the strength of the heart.

Bila Rechovina To take revenge on the big brain, on the short and short growths. Before it is possible to pass through the anterior cords of the spinal cord, the lower pathways, which partly overlap in the area of the pathways.

Up to short paths, bundles of nerve fibers are carried out, so that they can draw between themselves around the nucleus of the syroe speech, as well as the nucleus of the large brain with susceptible viddili to the brain.

Functions of a full-length brain.

Yak and spinal cord dovgastius vicon have two functions: reflex and providnikov.

Dovgastiy mozok for the development of his nuclear devices and reticular formations take care of the fate in the realization of vegetative, somatic, relish, auditory, vestibular reflexes. There is a center for the news, smoktin, kovtannya, viddіlennya slini and shlunk juice, Zakhisnі reflexes (cough, channya, blues). A special feature of the big brain є those who have the last nucleus, will last the last time, will not be able to see the folding reflexes, which will help the last inclusion of the young music groups, which will make it possible, for example, during the kovtannaya.

Providnikov function of a large-brain pole in transmission of impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. There are new and low-level business paths. Є wire paths that ring the nuclei of the large brain and bridge with the smaller central nervous system.

HINDER BRAIN.

From the speech, close to the wall; cerebral mikhura pretend to be a back brain, pons and moss .

varoliev misst.

Roztashovuyutsya on the scaly of the skull in a large brain and vison of the sensory, guides, rukhov, integrative, reflex functions. There is a view of the transverse shaft, bordered by transverse grooves from the deep (below) and middle brain (above). Bichny cordon bridge є cleared line, from which go V pair of cranial nerves (three parts). Here there is a wedge between the middle lobes of the corn. On the front surface of the bridge, the front middle is bordered, in which lies the main artery to the brain. On the offensive sides of the middle furrow, there are arcuate trails.

Sira speech rose to the center of the bridge and bea speech - call. The front part (subdivision) in the main storage is made of white speech, lateral and transverse fibers. At the dorsal sides of the bridge, pass the visceral sensitive highways, and in the ventral - the downward passages extrapіramіdnі ways... Immediately there is a є system of fibers, which will provide a double-sided ligament of the cortex with the cortex of the great brain. At the rear part of the bridge (pokrishka), the nuclei grow out: the tripartite nerve (V pair), the double nerve (VI pair), the facial (VII pair), the front-end nerve (VIII pair), as well as the fibers of the medial loop, which go to the reticular shape of the bridge has been removed. The superreticular form is the bottom of the rhomboid fossa. At the dorsal (rear) part of the bridge, there are also conductive paths to the big brain.

The uterus.

The cerebellum is placed under the capillaries of the great brain and lie in the capillaries. The maximum width is 11.5 cm, and the maximum width is 3-4 cm. At the cornmeal, there are pivcles, and between them there is a corn worm. The surface of the corns is embedded with a gray speech or bark, as if it were made up, one from one borozy emerged. In the case of the brain, it grows into a bile of speech, which is stored in fibers, so that the internal connection of the brain is secured.

The cortex of the trisharov's moss, folds from the outer molecular ball, the ganglionic (aka the ball of the purkine) and the granular (granular) ball. Five types of neurons can be found in the cortex: granular, sparse, basket, Goldzhi and Purkini cells, which may be able to reach the folding system of links. Between the cerebellum and the bridge with the dovgastim cerebrum, the IV shlunochok, filling the spinal line.

In the molecular sphere, there are 3 types of intercalated neurons: basket cells, short and long detachment of cells of cells.

In ganglionic spheres - cells of Purkin, the axons of measles penetrate into the fluvial cord to the nuclei of the cornsus.

In a granular (granular) sphere - granular cells, Golji cells. The axons of the granular cells lie on the surface, in a T-shaped way, the fibers grow parallel.

kernels of the cornsus roztasovani in the glybin of the corn in the comrade of the white speech above the IV cerebral slurry - tse the core of the tent, the cork-shaped core, the kulyaste and the dentate of the nucleus... The largest nucleus of the cornsus is the dented nucleus. At all 4 nuclei of neurons, I’m going to budova. From the neurons of the nuclei of the cornsus, they are repaired by the way. The kernels of the corns play an important role in the healthy functions of the muscular cells and in the development of the destruction:

The core of the tent - the rupture of the rivnova tila,

Cork-like and nucleus core - the robotic muscles of the shia and tulub will collapse,

Toothed nucleus - the robot's muscles will collapse.

provinces... The ligament of the callus with the small holes is formed in three pairs of legs.

The lower lobes of the cerebellum ring through the back of the spinal cord, the middle part of the cerebellum with the bridge, and the upper folds from the nerve fibers, which pass in both strands to the midbrain.

The peculiarities of the ligaments in the cornsus are central, on one side, a wide range of afferent impulses (impulses in the receptors of the skin, musculoskeletal and tendon), and from the bottom - the appearance of the mediated Russian thalamus by the dose-response systems In such a rank, without a direct connection to motoneurons, the cerebellum will provide a fine coordination of the range of motor systems.

Function of the corns.

The lobe is coordinated to the ruff, to rob them with clear and smooth, playing an important role in the preservation of the spine, pouring into the tone of the mucous. When people have a severe moss, a decrease in the tone of muscular tissue is observed, a discord, go along, get along with a mova. The lobe also takes care of its part in the regulation of autonomic functions (storage of blood, sudinni reflexes, intestinal tract).

IV SLUNCH.

IV crotch is a surplus of empty IV and V cerebral mihurіv. At the bottom, the slit is connected to the central canal of the spinal cord, at the top to cross the middle brain at the water supply lines, the bridge at the top, at the bottom - with the cerebrum, at the back - with the cerebellum. The IV lug is nagadu to name, in the yak ryznyayut the bottom and dax. The bottom of the IV lingo ma viglyad rhombus (that is called diamond-shaped fossa), Vono yak bi squeeze into the back surface of the big brain and bridge. The lateral kuti of the muzzle end slavishly at the viglyadas of the 2 chisels, as it bent near the lower nizhok of the mucus.

Dakh IV the skewer has the shape of a tent and is folded with two brain sails: upper and lower.

At the bottom of the IV duck, pass the middle furrow and perpendicular to the second brains of the dwarf. In the rhomboid fossa, the nucleus of the V - XII pairs of cranial nerves are laid. The law of distribution of kernels: The middle position occupies the rukovy nuclei, laterally - the sensitive nuclei, the intermediate position occupies the nuclei of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system.

MIDDLE MOZOK.

The middle brain is established from the speech, adjacent to the third cerebral michura. I see new people and women. Empty the middle brain є water supply to the brain.

Dah the middle brain It is a plate of a quadruple, the yak is roasted over the water-drive to the brain. You will be stored from chotiroh pidvischeny - 4 humps (four hills), which can be seen through the spheres, as they emerge one out of one two pedestrian ones with straight cut grooves. In the middle of them, the purchase of the green speech is the nucleus, which are the middle centers: at the upper humps lie the middle centers, in the lower ones - the middle centers for the hearing. From the skin from the humps to the lateral right there is a pulling in at the viglyadi of the roller - the hump handle. The handle of the upper hump should be folded backwards towards the thalamus and directed to the lateral collinear body, and partly into the healthy tract. The handle of the lower hump is directed to the medial number of parts.

nіzhki to the brain at the sight of two large bolsters, go out of the bridge, go forward and laterally (spread out along the way) to the right and left spikes of the great brain. balls of the upper hump and the core of the lower hump), which is covered with a thin ball of white speech. On the transverse growth of the middle brain, in the lower brain it is clearly seen with its dark color (for the rakhunok to take revenge in the nerve cells to the melanin pigment) Chorna Rechovina(Chorna substance) . It is subdivided into two parts of the brain: the posterior (dorsal) - the middle of the brain and the anterior (ventral) - the basis of the lower brain. In the middle of the brain, near the water supply, the central line is removed, in which the nuclei of the middle brain are lined and pass through the upper wires. Pokrishka kernels:

1) the nucleus of the III par of the cranial nerves (okoruhovy), which folds from the somatic nucleus and 2 vegetative nuclei.

2) the nucleus of the IV bet of the cranial nerves (block).

3) a chervone nucleus, from which to repair the red-nuclear-spinal path.

It’s all over the place to go to the brain, and here the slopes pass through.

Water supply to the middle brain(Silviyu water supply) - a vuzky canal of almost 1.5-2 cm, from the bottom of the empty III and IV slums. Win revenge on the spinal cord. For their podkhodzhennyam water supply to the brain є the deserted empty of the middle brain mikhur.

PROMIZHNY MOZOK

In the process of embryogenesis, the intermediate brain develops from the stage of another cerebral mechanism. The industrial brain of the retouching from the corns is til and is stored from the thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus and hypothalamus.

Thalamus (zorovi hump) is the purchase of syroi speech, which has an egg-like form. The anterior end of the thalamus is inflamed, and the posterior end (pillow - pidkirkovіcentri zoru) is expanded and instigated. The thalamus is a great sensitive sensitive center, through which into the bark of great pivots to pass the developmental afferent paths (collector of all kinds of sensitiveness). Signals come from the thalamus from zorovoi, rumors, relish, shkirnoi, myazovoi systems, From the nuclei of the cranial nerves, stovbur, corns, spinal cord and spinal cord. The nerves of the cells are grouped into a large number of nuclei (up to 40). The outgrowths of the thalamus neurons are sent frequently to the nuclei of the dark til of the endocrine marrow (the sensitive center of the extropyramidal system can be seen through the cymbal thalamus);

In such a rank, the thalamus is the center of all kinds of sensitiveness, except for the scent. Until now, it is possible to switch the communication (afferent) connections, according to which information is transmitted from the other receptors.

The size of the thalamus to the intermediate brain is carried to the same area:

hypothalamus- the phylogenetic age of the intermediate brain, which plays an important role in the growth of the inner middle and the safe integration of the functions of the vegetative, endocrine and somatic systems. The hypothalamus takes care of the fate of the bottom of the III louse. To the hypothalamus, the height of the crossing, the healthy tract, the gray hillock from the line and the nipple-like body are recognized.

Zorove overbaptism (chiasma)– The place in the brain, destructively and often overlapping the healthy nerves (II pair), go out from the right or left eye. There is a view of the transversely recumbent ridge, from the skin side laterally and backwards, into the healthy tract, which runs backwards from the anterior perforated speech, to the lower brain from the lateral side and end with two corners in the centers. The larger lateral root extends to the lateral colonic body, and the larger thin medial root goes to the upper hump of the middle brain.

Behind the zorovogo perehreshennya there is a gray hillock. To the bottom of the gray hillock, go into the funnel, as it goes with the hypophysis. The walls of the gray hillock are established with a thin platyvkoy gray speech, so that they can avenge the syro-tuberous nucleus. The nerves of cells, warehouses of the gray hillock, set up the nuclei of the autonomic nervous system, which inject into heat regulation and exchange of rivers (water-salt, white, fat exchange and energy),

Soskovidnі tila roztashovany in front of mezh sіrim hillock. The stench may look like two small ones, with a diameter of close to 0.5 cm of leather, spherical apparatuses white color... The word was removed only from the nipple-like body. All in the middle there is a sera of speech, which will fix the nucleus of the nipple-like body. For its function, the mastoid body is carried to the pedigree scent centers.

epithalamus... The epithalamic area is rosetted dorsally along the height to green humps and a relatively small amount. Before the її warehouse includes the brains of the thalamus, the tricot of the brains, the statements of the enlargement of the lower part of the brains of the thalamus. Trikutniki z'єdnani leashes. On the hangers - the guy weights, which are repaired from the tricycle, the unpaired pineal is not paired, or the end of the day is close to 6 mm. Epifiz is a zalose of the internal secretion.

In the pineal type of older people, especially in the old age, the chimeric form of disclosure is not often developed, as they give the epiphysis a similarity with the yalin cone, which explains its name.

metathalamus representations lateral and medial with ratchet tilami - dudes approved. The stench may have a slightly oval-shaped shape and close the humps of the middle brain behind the auxiliary handles of the upper and lower humps.

Metathalamus is stored from syroї speech. Lateral geniculate body, right and left, є pidkirkovy, the primary center of the zor. The nerves fibers of the healthy tract go to the neurons of the yogic nucleus (as a result of the eye). Axoni cich neurons go into the measles zone. Medial kolіnchatі tіla є pіdkіrkovy primary centers of hearing.

III LITTLE

III crotch is a vuzka vertical slit, which serves as an advanced water supply system forward into the area of the brain. On the sides of its front part of the III dugout, we can handle and livim the mid-dive openings with the ditches, so that we can lie in the middle of the dugout. Bichnі stіnki III lugs are approved by the medіal sides of the green humps. The bottom of the III slung is prompted by the onset of the set (from the front to the back): the crossing of the healthy nerves, funnels, gray hillock, nipple bodies and back space. Let me approve the endim to enter the storehouse of court gossip III and biches.

KINTSEVIY MOZOK

Kintseviy (front) brain is established from the speech, adjacent to the wall of the first cerebral michura. Wine distribution along the middle line with a vertical gap on the right liva pivkuli, Z'єdnanih mіzh for help corpus callosum... In the case of leather products, they are: cortex- ball of syroї speech (2.5-5 mm), where to lie call, i Bila Rechovina The role of the provincial gentry is growing. In addition, in the products of the skin drink, the purchase of syroe speech - basal nuclei(Gangles), as well as є empty - bichny slunk... The surface of the brain is porous with numerical bearded, Whenever you want to retouch the business, call zivins. For a rakhunok of such a relfu, the surface area of measles grows. For a grown-up people, it will grow to 2200 cm ².

The skin has three surface: medical, upper-lateral, і lower, Abo the basis of the brain. Gliboki (first) furrows podilyayut skin injection into parts: lobovu, tim'yanu, skronevu, potilichnu, limbic and sharp. Bichna is boroznaya from the front and back of the Kremlin. Central borozhennaya- frontal view of the time. Tim'yano-potilichna borozdiläk tim'yanu and potilichny parts on the medial surface of the pivots. An insular piece grows in the glybin biches. Limbichna (kraiova) part of the warehouse is stored in 3 units:

1. girdle zvivina, yak seen from the top of the lumbar furrow, and below - the furrow of the corpus callosum;

2.paragіppocapmpova zivina

3.Shock.

Second, third and third Furrows spread out the skin part on the type of skin.

Budova measles.

The bark is phylogenetically the most juvenile and at the same time folds to the brain, it is used to process sensory information, form behavioral reactions to the body.

The bark folds into 6 sharіv kіtin. cytoarchitectonics- tse roztashuvannya neurons in the cortex.

1. molecular ball- other neurons and fibers. Afferent thalamocortical fibers come from the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus, which regulates the level of malignancy of the cerebral neurons.

2. Callous granular ball statements by other neurons in the form of grains and other perennial cells.

3. The famous ball to be stored in small sized cells. Functionally, II and III measles balls unite neurons, the adrenal glands of which will prevent cortical-cortical associative ligaments.

4. Internal granular ball of the statements made by the spirits of the clients. Here the afferent thalamocortical fibers end, which go out from the projection nuclei of the thalamus.

5. Internal ball including great pyramidal cells - Betz cells, axons that go into the brain and spinal cord.

6. Polymorphic ball (multiforme)– multifaceted neurons, which can produce a triangular and spindle-like form.

microarchitectonics- a number of fibers in the cerebral cortex. See 3 types of fibers:

1 . associative fibers - short and long. The stench is to unite the clientele of susceptible zvivin: in one part - short, the clit in one part - in one part - dovgy.

2 . comisural- create the basis of the corpus callosum.

3 . projections- to pass from measles to the lower part of the brain and in a headache.

Ear of corn Riznoyakisness of Budov and measles of the great pivkul bulo was laid in 1674 by the Kiev anatomist A.A. Betz. Piznishe K. Brodman in 1903-09 rr. seen 52 cytoarchitectonic fields. O. Vogt and C. Vogt saw 150 microarchitectonic fields in the bark.

Basal nuclei of pivcul.

To them are admitted: dark tilo, fenceі no core.

Smugaste tilo ( Striopallidal system) is stored in 2 nuclei - caudate and lenticular, separated by a projectile of white speech - an internal capsule. On the tail, the nucleus is spread close to the thalamus. It has a shape-like shape, folds from the head, body and tail. The lenticular nucleus is in the form of a lenticular grain, located lateral to the thalamus and caudate nucleus. The lentil-like kernel is divided into 3 parts, starting with a big speech. Naybіlsh laterally lie the shkarupa, but it is darker, and two light parts are called lateral and medial blіdіmy kuli.

Shkaralupi is characterized by participation in the organization of food behavior: food-seeking, directional, food-grabbing and food-handling. Rozdratuvannya shkarulupi to produce up to change of action, sleepiness.

The ligaments of the bloodstream from the thalamus, the shroud, the caudate nucleus, the middle brain, the hypothalamus, the somatosensory system, etc. To tell about his fate in organizing simple and folding forms of behavior.

Stimulation of the child, on the basis of stimulation of the caudate nucleus, is not a vicious galvanization, but a provocation prompt reaction, Rukha kintsivok, kharchova behavior (sniffing, zhuvannya, kovtannya, etc.).

Smugas tilo keru by the processes of thermoregulation and exchange in carbohydrates. Up to the name of the lenticular nucleus, a thin plate of gray speech is roasted - a fence.

no core(Great adhesion to the brain) is located in the front viddili early part, Enter to the warehouse of the limbichnoy system.

In such a rank, the basal nuclei of the brain are the integrative centers of the organisation of motor skills, emotions, food nervousness Moreover, the skin with its functions can be strengthened or galvanized by the activation of the environment of the basal nuclei.

bicnі slunochki.

bichny slunk- empty pivot (I and II slings) and received through the interventricular opening from the III slings. In the dermal slut, there is a central part and three horns: anterior (forehead) - in the forehead; back (potilichny) - in capillary lobesі lower (skronevium) - in the skroneviy part. Bichnі shlunochki, like іinshі shlunochki to the brain, and the central canal of the spinal cord in the middle is covered with a ball of Ependimocyti. Ependymous clinics will establish a spinal cord and regulate a warehouse.

cranial nerves

All cranial nerves enter the base of the brain, behind a vignette of one (IV bet), which enter the brain from the dorsal side of the dorsal side (below the middle brain). The bet number and name are behind the cutaneous nerve. The order of numbering is displayed after the input of the nerves: I - nasal nerve, II - healthy nerve, III - okoruchial nerve, IV - block nerve, V - tripartite nerve, VI - nerve to introduce, VII - facial nerve, VIII - frontal nerve , IX - ulcopharyngeal nerve, X - blukuyu nerve, XI - dodatkovy nerve, XII - pid'yasic nerve.

The smelling and healthy nerves are tied with the brain of the brain; okorukhovy and blocky - from the middle brain; tripartite, lazykopharyngeal, bloody, dodatkovy and pid'yazikovy - z dovgastim muskiv.

On vidminu vid spinal nerves, Yaki є changes, cranial nerves move on sensitive (I, II, VIII), ruhovs (III, IV, VI, XI, XII) and changes (V, VII, IX, X). Deyaki nerves (III, VII, IX, X) revenge parasympathetic fibers, which go to smooth ointments, vines, zalozam. Sensitive nerves look out at once from the provincial paths, in the course of the destruction.

LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTIONS IN THE CORE OF THE GREAT PIVKULES.

I.P. Pavlov, having looked at the bark of the great brews, as a susceptible perceptual surface, as the supremacy of the crimson analysts. I.P. Pavlov showed that the cores and roscian elements are growing in the bark. The nucleus is the center of the concentration of neurons, all structures of the peripheral receptor are designed and displayed important analysis and synthesis and integration of functions.

The rosette elements can grow along the periphery of the nucleus and on the rise from the date of origin. They have more simple analysis and synthesis.

The localization of the nuclei of motor analyzers is clear:

1. In the cortex of the postcentral zivini (fields 1, 2, 3) and the upper temporal part (fields 5 and 7), the nerves of the cells are covered, so that the nucleus of the cortical analyzer of the backward sensitiveness(Temperature, pain, prescription and proprioceptive).

2. The core roche The analyzer is mainly located in the so-called measles area, before which the precentral zivina (fields 4 and 6) and the paracentral lobe on the medial surface of the pituitary is present. In the upper dylyankas of the precentral section and in the paracentral part of the growth of the clitine, the impulses from which are rectified to the muses of the lower ends of the tulub and lower kintzivok... At the lower part of the pre-central zone there are rukhovi centers, which regulate the power of the face.

3. Core zorovogo the analyzer will be able to get into the physical part of the great brain (fields 17, 18, 19). The core of the right analyzer of the right eye is tied by the conductors with the lateral half of the right eye and the medial half of the left eye. Thus, only two-way razorozhennya nuclei of the healthy analyzer to produce an additional crusty slime.

4. In glybin lateral furrow on the beast to the edge of the middle part of the upper early zivini there is a core auditory analyzer (fields 41, 42, 52). Before nervous clitines To become the nucleus of the auditory analyzer of the skin from the insulin, to pass the conductive paths from the receptors as well as right side... At the sound of a single-sided beat of the nucleus, it does not wick more often than the sound of the sound. Bilateral puncture of supernatant cortical deafness, as in many cases of cortical slap.

5. The core of the rok analyzer articulations mov(Speech analyzer, Broca's center) frontal zivini(Field 44). Win prilyaga to the rukovaya zone of measles. Tse - the motor center of the movi, the keruyuch meyazy movi, the slit of the throat, the sounds of which are heard. It’s a center of pozdzheniy, vinikak aphasia, can’t be a rukhovi act. Pislya the insult center will be parallized, at the same time, the reading of that letter will not be ruined, and the ailment perceived its own defect.

6. Core auditory analyzer Center Vernike) is clearly connected to the center of the auditory analyzer and grows in the upper-posterior section of the left skrone part. Tse is the sensory center of Movi, which is considered for the reasoning of Movi, її comprehension. At the time of the earliest vernacular aphasia Vernika, if the mindset of the movement is very difficult, the movement is unintelligible, the lack of eyesight, the reading, the letter of corruption, and the ailments cannot understand the lack of eyesight of their promises.

7. Bezposredny connection with the core of the zorovye analyzer has a core healthy writing analyzer(Field 39), roasted in the kutovy zviviny of the lower tim'yano patch. Strike the core of the text, read it to the end of the writing.