Leaky normal circulation leads to liquor. It is necessary to have a spinal cord ridina

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OSVITA,CIRCULATING SITES І for fuel liquor

The main way is to establish liquor with judgmental gossip behind the auxiliary mechanism of active transport. In the vascularisation of the vertebral gossip of biless arteries, the role of the anterior villous arteries and the lateral posterior villous arteries, the III pitcher - of the medial posterior villous arteries, the IV pit of the posterior villous arteries In this hour, I will not wake up, but take part in the purged liquor, beyond the vascular system, and the structure of the brain: neurons, glia. Formation of the storehouse of the CSR is in charge of the active participation of the structures of the hemato-liquor bar'єru (HLB). In humans, close to 500 ml of CSR is produced, so that the circulation becomes 0.36 ml in quiline. The value of liquor production is tied to its resorption, a vice in the liquor system and other factors. Wonderful sutta in the minds of pathology nervous system.

The amount of liquor in the adult population becomes 130 to 150 ml; from them in bicheskih slunochki - 20-30 ml, in III and IV - 5 ml, cranial subarachnoid space - 30 ml, spinal - 75-90 ml.

Circulating sludge likvoru enriching the mice with the main products of the birth and anatomy of liquor-bearing nobles. In the world of illumination in the court gossip of bichons' lickers, through the guys in the middle of the mouth (Monroe), go into the III duck, zmishyuchis with liquor. vyroblyuvanim judgmental gossip of the rest, see through the water supply to the brain in the middle of the IV slumber, decelerate with liquor, produced by the judgmental gossip of this slumber. In the shlunochkovu system, there is also a diffusion of the line from the speech of the brain through the endoma, which is a morphological substrate of the cerebrospinal fluid-encephalic bar'єru (leb). The hearty and ringing strum rіdini through the endіmu and іzhklіtinnі space to the surface of the brain.

Through the paired lateral apertures of the IV slug, the liquid is placed between the slurry system and the subarachnoid space of the brain, then lastly pass through the systems of cisterns, which have been obtained by themselves in the debris of the nasal canal. The part of the liquor is consumed in the spinal subarachnoid space. The caudal right to the collapse of the liquor to the openings of the IV slingshot is evidently due to the expansion of the liquidity of the products and to the maximum of the vice in the slums.

The progressive flow of liquor in the subarachnoid space of the cerebrum will rise behind the liquor-bearing channels. Prior to M.A. Baron and N.A. Mayorova, they showed that the subarachnoid space to the brain is a system of blood-bearing canals, such as the head gates of the circulation of blood, and subarachnoid cells (Fig. 5-2). The micro-runners can be easily moved one by one through the openings in the walls of the canals and cells.

Small. 5-2. Scheme of leptomeninipgus in the brain. 1 - likvoronosnis channels; 2 - brain arteries; 3 stable designs cerebral arteries; 4 - subaraxoidal whisk; 5 - veni; 6 - sudinna (myaka) shell; 7 pavutin saberfish; 8 - pavutin shell visible to the canal; 9 - brain (M.A. Baron, N.A. Mayorova, 1982)

Those who were sent to the liquor beyond the boundaries of the open space have been living for a long time. In the Danish hour, a dumka, which leads to the path from the subarachnoid space of the brain, is able to move through the pavut shell of the region of the visible canals and derivatives of the pavutin shell (subdural, intradural and granular) Through the circulatory system of the dura mater and the blood-bearing capillaries of the vertebral (myakous) sheath, the liquid is consumed into the basin of the upper sagittal sinus, the appendages through the vein system (inner jugular - pidclavicular - brachial - upper left)

It can be seen in the shelter in the area of ​​the spinal cord space through the pavutinous membrane and the blood-bearing capillaries of the dura mater. Resorption of liquor is also often found in the parenchymal brain (especially in the periventricular area), in the veins of the vertebral column and in the perineural joints.

The step of resorption of the CSR is to lie in a pressure of blood in the sagittal sinus and in the subarachnoid space. One of the compensatory attachments for the liquid drain when the liquid vise is moved є spontaneously open the opening in the pavutinous membrane over the liquid channels.

In such a rank, we can talk about the discovery of a single cola of hemolytic circulation, within the framework of a functional system of liquid circulation, which includes three main lanes: 1 - liquor products; 2 - CSF circulation; 3 - liquidation.

PATHOGENESISPost-traumatic liquor

With anterior craniobasal and anterior-basal nasal obstructions, additional sinus infections occur; in case of small craniobasal and laterobasal ones - pyramids of cranial cysts and additional sinuses of the vuha. The nature of the fracture is due to the applied force, straightforward, the peculiarities of the skull and the skin type of deformity of the skull, the characteristic fracture of the fall asleep. Opposite to the cyst fragments can become juvenile of the cerebral membranes.

H.Powiertowski saw three mechanisms of ciches: the squeezing of the cyst cells, the destruction of the integrity of the shells by the strong cyst cells and the large breaches and defects without signs of regeneration along the edges of the defect. Moss membranes prolapse into a cystic defect as a result of injuries, and, in fact, can lead to a fracture of the graft in the muscle, which can be formed from the dura mater, arachnoid membrane and cerebral speech.

As a result of the heterogeneous buds of cysts, which fix the base of the skull (there are no okremos, internal plates and diploic balls between them; cranial nervesі sudin), inconsistency of elasticity and springiness in the parabasal and basal areas of the skull of the mucous membrane, small arachnoid sheaths can be seen in case of minor head injuries, It’s the time to produce up to the early liquor, as it takes 48 years to fix it with 55% of injuries, and 70% of the first.

When chastkovoї tamponade dіlyanki ushkodzhennya TMOіlі іnterpozіtsііtkaney liquorrhea Mauger proyavitisya pіslya lіzisu krov'yanogo zgustku abo poshkodzhenoї mozkovoї tkanini and takozh in rezultatі regression nabryaku mozk i pіdvischennya lіkvornogo vise at napruzі, kashlі, chhannі i t. D. The cause viniknennya lіkvoreї Mauger Buti displacements pіslya injuries of meningitis, in which case it is established on the third semi-tissue cicatrix in the area of ​​the defect of the brush is lysis.

Describes the symptoms of a similar occurrence of liquorrhea after 22 years of head injuries and after 35 times. In some cases, the occurrence of liquorrhea is not expected to be associated with the fact of TBI in the anamnesis.

Early rhinorrhea is prone to spontaneous stretching of perspiration in 85% of the ailments, and otorrhea is practical in all cases.

Persistent interruptions in the presence of inadequate knitted fabric(Replacement fracture), damaged regeneration along the edges of the defect of the dura mater in the joint with the joints of the liquor vise.

Okhlopkov V.A., Potapov A.A., Kravchuk A.D., Likhterman L.B.

Rukh lіkvoru pummeled yo without interruption in education and resorption. Rukh lіkvoru zdіysnyu in the offensive straight: from the slums, through the middle opening into the III slums and from the water supply great brain into the IV slunker, and go through the middle and the middle and open it into the cerebellar-dovgasto-cerebral cistern. Then the liquor is sucked up to the upper-lateral surface of the brain and down to the endoscopy and into the spinal fluid canal. Linearity of circulation to liquor is close to 0.3-0.5 mm / s, and volume is 0.2-0.7 ml / s. The reason for the ruin of the liquor is to serve the speed of the heart, the dikhannya, the position and the ruins of the til and the ruck of the instantaneous epithelium of judgmental gossip.

Bring the liquor from the subarachnoid space to the subdural one, then soak up the other veins of the dura mater.

Dorsal-brain ridina (likvor) is responsible for the development of ultralight blood plasma and secretory components in the cerebral vernacular gossip.

The hematoencephalic bar (GEB) of dressings from the surface, as a result of the brain and the liquid from the blood, and without bi-directional control, selective exchange of small molecules between blood, cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral fluid. The increased contacts of the endothelium of the cerebral capillaries, the epithelial cells of the gossip and the arachnoid membranes serve as a morphological base of the bar.

The term "bar'єr" is placed on the camp of impenetrability for molecular critical size. Low molecular weight components of blood plasmas, such as glucose, sechovina and creatine, can easily enter the blood plasma, so that the cells pass passively diffuse through the wall of the spinal plexus, and the space between the brain plasma and the spinal cord molecular weight bіlkіv.

The penetration of vermin gossip and the hematoencephalic bar is bridged to produce normal homeostasis and warehouse fluid.

Physiological meaning to liquor:

• solution to the function of a mechanic to brain;
• secretory and so-called Sing-function, that is, the vision of certain metabolites for increasing their accumulation in the brain;
• liquor to serve as a transport means for small talk, especially biologically active, such as hormones, etc.;
• viconu stable function:
• pіdtrimu viklyuchno stable otochennya to the brain, which is guilty but it is indiscernible to the shyness of the storehouse of blood;
• adjusting the concentration of cations, anions and pH, which will prevent the normal zestiness of neurons;
• the function of the specific immunobiological bar'єru.

Rules for rejecting and delivering liquor to the laboratory

I. I. Mironova, L. A. Romanova, V. V. Dolgov
Russian medical academy for diploma education

To reject liquor, the most frequent is the lumbar puncture, and the higher is the suboctal puncture. The ventricular solution is cleaned up until the hour of the operation.

lumbar puncture carried out between III and IV transverse ridges (L 3 -L 4) along the Quincke line (the line, which is the only part of the combs of two club cysts). Puncture can also be carried out between L 4 -L 5; L 5 -S 1 і між L 2 -L 3.

Suboccipital (cisternal) puncture it is carried out between the cranial and the I shinny ridge, at the height of the line, from the nipple-like outgrowths.

Ventricular (shlunochkova) puncture- a very practical surgical manipulation, to be seen in quiet drops, if there are any problems with evidence or underestimation. Dotted the anterior, posterior or lower ridges of one of the little ones in the brain.

When a lumbar puncture is carried out, it is necessary to first 3-5 drops of blood-borne vividness, so that it is allowed to come from the house of the "gentry" blood, and it is consumed in the first portion of the liquid as a result of the reduction of blood-bearing blood-bearing regions. Then take 3 ports (in vinyatkovy vypadki two) in sterile or plastic test tubes, scrutinizingly, on the skin test to order the ordinal number, іm, according to the need for that additional need, an hour for the point It is not safe to pick up liquor in a test tube to a clinical diagnostic laboratory.

For the additional lumbar puncture, in the older people it is possible to trim 8-10 ml of liquor without delay, in children, including young children, - 5-7 ml, in infants - 2-3 ml.

One of the reasons for the diagnosis of headaches and debris, Cry in the broken circulation of the liquid. Likvor є cerebrospinal (CSR) or spinal cord (CMP), as it becomes a permanent internal midst of shlunochkiv, shlakhiv, behind which pass the liquor and subarachnoid space of the brain.

Likvor, often unremarkable by the lanka of human body, has a number of important functions:

• Pidtrimannya steel of the inner middle to the body
• Control over the exchange processes of the central nervous system (CNS) and tissue in the brain
• Mechanical support for the brain
• Regulation of the activity of the arteriovenous fissure behind the additional stabilization of the intracranial vise and
• Normalization of osmotic and oncotic vise
• Bactericidal against foreign agents, for an additional change in its warehouse T- and B-lymphocytes, immunoglobulin, suspected of immunity

Sudden gossip, roztashovane in cerebral clowns, є the right point for vyroblennya liquor. The cerebrospinal groove passes from the small holes into the brain through the Monroe holes into the third hole.

Silvia water supply to serve as a bridge for the passage of liquor into quarters of the water supply to the brain. You have completed more than a few anatomical statements, such as the openings of the Majand and Lyushka, the cerebellar-cerebral cistern, the Sylvian boron, eating into the subarachnoid or subarachnoid space. Tsia shilina roztashovuєtsya between the pavutin's and myaky sheath of the brain.

Fluid blending is approximately 0.37 ml / hv or 20 ml / yr just as indices in the intracranial vise. The head figures of the cerebrospinal line in the empty system of the skull and ridge in the newly born baby are 15-20 ml, the baby, one ric, 35 ml, and the lud is close to 140-150 ml.

Stretching for 24 years, the liquor will increase from 4 to 6 times, in conjunction with which products become in the middle close to 600-900 ml.

The visibility of the solution to the fluidity of the brain is high. CSF chasing is seen for additional pachyon and granulation - the villi of the pavutin sheath to the brain. The grip of the middle of the skull makes a share of liquor - if it is low, it will go away, and if it is too weak, it will become worse.

Krym the vice, chase the liquor to lie down and see the very villi of the bavutin shell. Їх hindering, blockage of the duct due to infectious processes, leading to an appropriate response, disrupting the circulation and causing pathological conditions in the brain.

Likvornykh open space to the brain

The first information about the drug system was tied to the names of Galen. The great Roman liquor was the first to describe the shells and licks of the brain, as well as the liquor itself, which took wine for the spirit of the creature. I know that the liquid system is of interest to the brain just through a lot of capital.

Cheer Monroe and Majandi to describe the openings, how to describe the movement of the Central Socialist Republic, which they rejected them. Vtchiznyans vcheni, also put their hand to the contribution of knowledge to the understanding of the liquor system - Nagel, Pashkevich, Arendt. At the nautsi, the understanding of liquor spaces is empty, filled with liquor. To such spaces include:

• Subarachnoid - slit-like empty space between the membranes of the brain - pavutin and myako. See great and spinal spaciousness. Falls from the effort of a part of the pavutinous membrane to the head or to the spinal cord. More space is needed to take close to 30 ml of liquor, and spinal close to 80-90 ml
• The Virkhov-Robin space or the perivascular space - the surrounding vascular area, yaka is in its warehouse a part of the pavutin shell
• The ventricular space is represented by empty slugs. The destruction of the fluid dynamics, tied with the shlunochkovy spaces, characterize the witches of the monovetricular, bventricular, triventricular
• tetraventricular in the fallowness of the number of small creepers;
• Cisterns to the brain - spaciousness in the viglyadi widening of the subarachnoid and myakhobolonka

Plenty of space, way, and also to produce the liquor of the klitini, to be united with the understandings of the liquor system. Destruction of any Lanka can be the cause of fluid dynamics or fluid circulation.

Liquorodynamic problems і їх reasons

Vinnikayuchі liquorodynamic damage in the brain is brought to such stanіv in organіzmі, in case of which dysfunction, circulation and utilization of spinal cord rіdinі. There may be problems with hypertensive and hypotensive damage, with characteristic intense headaches. Prior to the causes of the factors of cerebrospinal fluid disorders, it is common to recognize the vomiting and nabuty.

In the middle of the rozladіv main vvazhayut:

• Malformatsiyu Arnold-Kіari, yak supervise on the wrecked in current liquor
• Malformation of Dendi-Walker, the cause of which is an imbalance in the product of the liquor between the children and the third and fourth brain
• Stenosis to the water supply to the brain of the primary or secondary genesis, which leads to the first zvuzhennya, as a result of which there is a transition for the passage of the CSR;
• Agenesis of corpus callosum
• Genetic problems of the X chromosome
• Encephalocele - cranial grizzly
• Porencephalic bones, which lead to the hidrocephalus - Vodnyak of the brain, which complicates the flow of liquor

Among other reasons, you see:

Already in the period from 18 to 20 years of age, one can judge the state of the maluk's liquor system. Ultrasound scan in a wide range of terms allows for the presence or absence of pathology in the fetal brain. Liquorodynamic damage is attributed to a number of species from fallow:

• I will get overwhelmed by GOST I chronic phase
• The stages of ailment progression on - a progressive form, yak, a quick development of a vise and a build-up of an internal cranial vise. The form is compensated by a stable inner-cranial vise, an ale-expanded cerebral slurry system. I subcompensated, as it is characterized by an unstable stump, which can lead, with minor provocations, to liquorodynamic crises
• Mystery of CSF growth in the brain empty - internal drainage, the reason for which is to serve as a liquid in the middle of the brain, subarachnoid, so that the complexity of the structure of the CSR in the brain
• Even the grip of liquor on - a hypertensive type, normotensive - with optimal indicators, a little obvious causal factors, fluid dynamics and hypotensiveness, which is supervised to lower the grip of the middle of the skull

Symptoms and diagnostics of cerebrospinal fluid disorders

Falling as a sick person with damaged drugs, symptomatic occurs. Newly born children are suffering to one fate:

• Frequent and clear haircuts
• We trust dzherelets overgrowing. An internal cranial grip is made to replace the overgrowth, until the swelling and intensive pulsation of the great and small dzherelts
• Shvidkim zrostannyam of the head, pribannyam unnatural tricky form;
• Spontaneous crying without visibility, which leads to the weakness and weakness of the child, and drowsiness
• Sapannya kintzivok, tremor of pidboriddya, mimic zdriguvanny
• Swirling in the midst of the child, on the skinny area, on the side of the chest and up the breasts, to appear in the tense camp of the baby when crying, trying to take the head off.
• Rukovy razladami in viglyadі spastic parallels and paresis, often lower paraplegia and earlier hemiplegias with increased muscle tone and tendon reflexes
• Poznim cob function holding head, sitting and walking
• Converging or razbіzhny oblique, as a result of the block of the okoruchial nerve

Children in a greater fate, fix sticking with the following symptoms, such as:

• An internal cranial grip, like before attacks of intense headache, part of the wound, in the superconductor boring or vomiting, as it does not bring lulling
• Shvidko change apathy and unconsciousness
• Coordinating imbalance in rucks
• belittling healthy functions with horizontal nistagmus, as a result of which children cannot look up the hill
• "Hitna Lyalka's Head"
• Destruction of the intellectual development, as the mother can be minimally or globally. Children may not be good to the senses when they hear them. With a high level of intelligence, the child is balacuch, sick up to the surface humor, the lack of speech in thick phrases, sometimes the difficulty in meaningful words and mechanical repetition is easy to remember. Such children may be prompted by the sensibility, the relaxation of the initiative, the instability in the mood, are often found in the state of the world, as they can easily change by force or aggression.
• Endocrine disruption with obesity
• Sudomny syndrome, like the rocks are getting bigger and bigger

When people grow older, they often endure CSF lesions in hypertensive forms, as they manifest themselves in vigilads:

• High digits vise
• Severe headaches
• periodical
• Nudoti and blues, which suproduce a headache and do not bring sickness to the sick
• heart imbalance

In the middle of diagnostics in case of breakdowns in liquid dynamics, they see the following:

• Full-time follow-up by an ophthalmologist
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT () - methods that allow you to correct and read the image of any structure
• Radionucleic cisternography, recorded on pre-existing cisterns in the brain, stored with cerebrospinal fluid behind other small particles that can be used
• Neurosonography (NSG) is safe, painless, it doesn’t take an hour until it’s long enough to see the picture of the little ones in the brain and in the open spaces.

Store the slings in the brain and subarachnoid space near the brain and spinal cord and the buffer system spinal cord from the hard bones of the skull i spinal stop:
Likvor whirring with the judgmental gossip of the beggars and the third licks in the brain with a filter and secret.
The number of liquor is also significant, the pose of court gossip can be carried out.
Liquor in grown-ups is produced with a liquid of 0.4 ml / min. The liquidity of the product is proportional to the metabolism and decreases in general.

obsyag likvoru... Evaluations of the postal obsyagu lіkvoru changed in the world of more precise methods of vimіryuvannya. The last few days for an additional MRI showed that the internal cranial ossification of liquor in older adults with a size of 170 ml. Slunks should be replaced with 25 ml, and should be close to 100 ml.

circulation of liquor... In normal sinks, the liquor from the little ones drank into the third lid, then through the water supply to the IV lug, then the liquor filled the IV lug through the lateral and middle opening (Lushka and the majandy base often) A part of the lіkvoru stіkє udovzh ridge stovpa to the lumbar mitk.

vilne change likvoru According to all systems, it is necessary to compensate for the adjustment of the internal skull volume and to prevent the city from getting a grip. Yakshko vilny strum lіkvoru lesions (trauma, malformation Arnold-Kіarі, occlusion of the hydrocephalus) іnikє pathological gradієnt vise.

absorption of liquor... Likvor turn into the venous roof through the pachyon granulation, such as the virost of the pavutin sheath and pass through the dura mater (TMT) in the venous sinus:
Absorption of liquor is a one-sided, passive process. Increase the venous vise or reduce the intracranial vise to reduce the absorption of liquor.
The definition of absorption can be assessed for additional infusion tests. The normal value is close to 6-10 mm Hg. / ml / min.
With some pathological camps (for example, normotensive hydrocephalus), the liquor can leak into the parenchyma of the brain, and it can be absorbed annually.

Licvorny (spinal) vice... The grip of the lіkvoru to lay down from the mіstsya vimіryuvannya (Intrakranialny abo lumbar), as well as the position of the patient:
ICP to liquor in the norm is 7-15 mm Hg. Art. in the horizontal position and decrease to -10 mm Hg. Art. v vertical position.
Lumbar vise in a vertical position, one ICP (7-15 mm Hg) and an eye in a sitting position.
The grip of the liquor is to stay at the heart rate.
The grip of the liquor is also fed into the inflow of a venous grip (for example, the adduction of a venous grip in the thoracic grip when coughing).

warehouse likvoru... The production of liquor is an active process, that is why for its own clerical and ionic warehouse there is a kind of blood.
CO2 and bicarbonate of the spinal cord... Concentration of bicarbonate in liquor of trocha lower, lower in plasma of blood, at that time it is PCO2 and concentration of ions in water of trocha vishche. In vitro buffer The liquid is small, but it is less used for the liquid and bicarbonate with plasmas in vivo to transfer the pH to the pH.

Katіony lіkvoru... The concentration of sodium in the liquid is approximately the same as in the blood plasma, instead of the calories - approximately 60% of the plasma, 50% of calcium, and the magnesium of trocha is less that blood plasma.
Anioni spinal cord... Concentration of chlorides in liquor, lower in blood plasma.

glucose liquor... Instead of glucose in liquor, change to half to 2/3 of plasma concentration. More low instead of glucose to talk about bacterial menіngіtі.
bіlok lіkvoru... Significantly lower concentration levels are lower than in blood plasma. Douche of the temporal concentration of the bottle in liquor (1-3 g / l) is possible in the case of Gin-Barre syndrome. At the children rosy sclerosis There may be abnormal oligoclonal antibodies.

Klitini of the spinal cord... In not bleeding at once, the fault is less than five leukocytes per cubic millimeter with even weak polymorphism. Gostre bloody Veda until all blood cells appear in the liquor. Likewise, taken for more than 12 years after the SAK, can be used for xanthochromium through the presence of products in the fall theme.

Initial video analysis of liquor in norm and in case of meningitis

- Turn into zm_st rozdila " "

liquor- tse spinal cord ridina with folding physiology, as well as mechanisms of education and resorption.

Won є the subject of such science, yak.

There is a single homeostatic control system for the spinal cord, navkolishny nerves and glial cells in the brain, and the growing capacity of a chemically stored warehouse in some kind of chemically stored blood.

In the middle of the brain there are three types of lines:

1. shelter, Yaka is circular at the great hedgehog capillaries;
2. likvor - spinal cord ridina;
3. Ridina of small spaces They can be close to 20 nm wide and are very sensitive for the diffusion of various ions and great molecules. The main channels, through which lively speeches reach the neurons and the main cells.

Homeostatic control is provided with endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries, epithelial cells of vertebral gossip and arachnoid membranes. The link to the liquor can be represented by such a rank (marvel at the scheme).

knitted:

• with blood(Bezposeredno through gossip, arachnoid shell, etc., and bit by bit through that extracellular type of brain);
• with neurons and glia(Pozaklіtinnu pozaklіtinnu іdina, endіmu і meaku mozkovaya shell, and bezposeredno - in deyakie mіstyah, especially in the III duck).

Osvita likvoru (spinal cord)

Lіkvoryuyutsya in judgmental gossip, ependy and cerebral parenchyma. People's judgment and gossip have 60% internal surface brain. In the rest of the fate, it was brought up that the main person was the verdict of the spinal cord the verdict of gossip. Faivre in 1854 was the first to put it in the spotlight, but the gossip of the day was the best choice for liquor. Dandy and Cushing confirmed the course experimentally. Dandy, when he saw the gossip of the court in one of the little ones, put a new phenomenon - the hidrocephalus in the little gossip to save gossip. Schalterbrand and Putman promoted the vision of fluorescein from gossip from intravenous administration of the drug. The morphological Budova gossip of judgment is indicative of his fate in the established liquor. It is possible to remove the proximal parts of the nephron tubules from the bud, to see and absorb the development of speech. Skin gossip є even more vascularized tissue, yak penetrates. Sudden gossip is seen from the soft membrane to the brain and blood-bearing vessels of the subarachnoid space. The ultrastructural visualization shows that the surface is built up from a great number of villi, which are covered with one ball of cubic epithelial cells. The stench is a modified endymmetry and rots over the thin stroma from collagen fibers, fibroblasts and blood vessels. Sudden elements include other arteries, arteries, large venous sinuses and capillaries. Blood flow in gossip - 3 ml / (xv * g), tobto 2 times faster, lower in nirkah. Endothelium of capillaries in the brain and follow the structure of the endothelium of capillaries in the brain in the middle of the brain. The epithelial villas of the clitin occupy 65-95% of the bulk of the clitin. It smells like the structure of the secretory epithelium and the designation for the transcellular transport of the receptacle and the receptacle. Epithelial cells are large, with great centrally rosette nuclei and gruped microvilli on the apical surface. They have chosen close to 80-95% of the extravagant variety of mitochondria, which is very rich in sourness. Susidny good epithelial cells are tied between themselves with strangulated contacts, in which there are transversely rooted cells, so that the middle space can be filled with such a rank. ci lateral surfaces Closely displaced epithelial cells from the apical side create a “belt” for the skin cells. The optimal contacts are between the penetration of great molecules (proteins) into the liquor, or through them they can easily penetrate into the small space of molecules of small sizes.

Ames and Sp_Authors got the idea of ​​being ridiculed from court gossip. The results, rejected by the authors, once again made it clear that judgmental gossip of the bourgeois, III and IV slums, was the main point of approval of liquor (from 60 to 80%). The spinal lobes can also be found in other mice, simply letting go of Weed. It will remain for an hour that the thought will receive new data. However, the number of such liquor is much greater than that which was adopted in court gossip. There is ample evidence to support the understanding of the spinal cord vertebral posture. Nearly 30%, and according to the figures of the authors, and up to 60% of the verdict is the posture of judgmental gossip, or, more precisely, the place of your awareness to become a subject of discussion. Ingestion of the enzyme carbonic anhydrazi with acetazolamide in 100% of the formulation of alcohol in isolated gossip, or in vivo efficiency decreases to 50-60%. The rest of the furnishings, as and the inclusion of liquor formation in gossip, allow the possibility of developing the spinal cord posture of gossip from the vertebral column. Pose of gossip liquor is established in the main in three scenes: in the blood-bearing vessels, in the nependymal cells and in the cerebral interstitiality. The fate of ependymi, ymovirno, trochas, just to reduce the morphological structure. The head dzherel of the solution to the gossip pose is to serve as the brain parenchyma with the capillary endothelium, which is close to 10-12% of the spinal cord. For the approval of the first time markers were introduced, as they were introduced into the brain, they appeared in the pits and the subarachnoid space. The stench penetrated into the vastness of the space as a mass of molecules. The endothelium itself is rich in mitochondria, which indicates the active metabolism from the energy statements, which is necessary for the whole process. Extracorporeal secretion is explained and the visibility of success in case of plexusectomy on a perilous basis in case of hydrocephalus. Spostering penetration of the line from the capillaries without the middle into the ventricular, subarachnoid and small space. Intravenous reach to liquor, do not go through gossip. Isolated Pialnaya and nependymal surfaces vibrate to a distance, behind a chemistry warehouse, close to the spinal cord. New data is about those, that the arachnoid membrane will take part in the extrahoroidal education of the liquor. See the morphological, and, really, and functional insights from the vernacular gossip of the family and IV scum. Vvazayut, that close to 70-85% of the spinal origin is in the vernacular gossip, and the solution, to be close to 15-30%, is in the cerebral parenchyma (cerebral capillaries, as well as water, which is set in the process of metabolism).

Mechanism of affirming liquor (spinal cord)

Zgіdno secret theory, liquor є a product of the secretion of judgmental gossip. However, the whole theory cannot explain the presence of a specific hormone and ineffectiveness in the infusion of stimulants and ingibitors of internal secretions for gossip. According to the filtration theory, liquor is a serous dializate, or ultrafiltrate of blood plasma. I will explain the actions of the spinal and interstitial power of the spinal cord.

With a lot of friends, it's a simple filter. It has been revealed that a number of biophysical and biochemical regularities are quite important for the establishment of the solution:

• osmosis,
• Donna Rivnovagu,
• ultrafiltration and in.

Biochemistry warehouse likvoru the most overconflicted with the theory of filtration as a whole, that is, those that spinal cord ridina є only with plasma filtrate. The solution is to take revenge on a large amount of sodium, chlorine and magnesium and a low amount of calcium, calcium bicarbonate, phosphate and glucose. Concentration of cich fluids is deposited in the process of eliminating the spinal cord, as there is no interruption in diffusion between the brain, extracellular fluid and cerebrospinal fluid when the remaining prostate is passed through the prostate. The volume of water in the plasma is close to 93%, and in the spinal cord - 99%. Concentration of liquor / plasma from a large part of the elements is often produced from the ultrafiltered plasma store. Vmist bilky, as the bulo is set at the reaction of Pandy in liquor, to become 0.5% of the blood plasma and change from the start to the formula:

23.8 X 0.39 X bik ± 0.15 g / l

Lumbar liquor, as showing the reaction of Pandy, to avenge in 1.6 times more out-of-the-box bottles, lower licks, toddlers of the spinal cisterns can be 1.2 times more than out-of-the-box bottles, lower ones

• 0.06-0.15 g / l in slings,
• 0.15-0.25 g / l in the cerebellar-medullary cisterns,
• 0.20-0.50 g / l in the lumbar.

It is important to note that a high level of blood plasma in the caudal part is caused by an influx of blood plasma, and not as a result of dehydration. These views do not extend to all views.

Spіvvіdnoshennya liquor / plasma for sodium - close to 1.0. The concentration of calories, and for the data of the authors, and chlorine, will change directly from the doughs to the open space, and the concentration of calcium, navpaki, I want to keep trying, so as to concentrate on The pH of the trocha solution is lower than that of the plasmas. The osmotic grip of the spinal line, plasmas and ultrafiltrate plasmas in the serpentine mill is even closer, to indicate the hyperextension, which indicates that there is a great deal of vitality in the waters and in the two biological regions. The concentration of glucose and amino acids (for example, glucine) is still low. Warehouse liquor with changes in the concentration of plasmas will become unimportant. So, instead of the fecal matter in the spinal cord, there is 2-4 mmol / l in the spaces, while the plasma concentration changes from 1 to 12 mmol / l. For the additional homeostasis mechanism, the concentration of calories, magnesium, calcium, AA, catecholamines, organic acids, and also pH is increased at a constant level. The price is great, so as the worms will pull the liquid after itself the destruction of the neurons and the synapses of the central nervous system and the wrinkles normal functions brain.

In rezultatі rozvitku novih metodіv doslіdzhennya lіkvornoї System (ventriculo-cisternal perfusion in vivo, іzolyuvannya i perfuzіya sudinnih spletіn in vivo, ekstrakorporalna perfuzіya іzolovanogo plexus bezposerednіy zabіr rіdini of spletіn i її analіz, contrasting radіografіya, viznachennya napryamku transport rozchinnika i rozchinenih rechovin through epіtelіy ) there was a need for a look at the food, tied with a solution of liquor.

Yak slid to look at the ridin, approved by judgmental gossip? As a simple filtrate of plasmas, removal as a result of transependymal symptoms of hydrostatic and osmotic vise, as well as a specific folding secret of villous parts of kendyne and other cell structures, what is vinic as a result of vitratic energy?

Mechanism of liquid secretion - to complete the folding process, and if you want to see a lot of phase, all the same, there are no neurosis of Lanka. Active vesicular transport, lodging and passive diffusion, ultrafiltration and transport, play a significant role in the established liquor. The first stage in the establishment of the spinal cord is the passage of ultrafiltrate with plasmas through the capillary endothelium, in every day of the contact. Before the flow of a hydrostatic vise in the capillaries, loosening the base of the chorioid villi, the ultrafiltrate should go into the new tissue from the fibers of the villi. Here the main role is playing passive processes. The offensive stage in the education of liquor is the transformation of ultrafiltrate into a secret, the title of liquor. At the same time, there is a great deal of active metabolic processes. One of two phases is important to see one kind of one. It is not easy to get involved in extracellular shunt into gossip, so that through contacts and lateral intercultural space. In addition, to prevent passive penetration through the membranes of non-electrolytes. Hiking is still a lot of reasons to be found in some kind of difference in the trip / water. An analysis of the data to indicate about those, how the penetration of gossip changes in the narrower wide boundaries (from 1 to 1000 * 10-7 cm / s; for candies - 1.6 * 10-7 cm / s, for sechovina - 120 * 10-7 cm / s, for water 680 * 10-7 cm / s, for coffee - 432 * 10-7 cm / s, etc.). Water and sechavina penetrate quickly. The fluidity of this penetration lies in the form of a lipid / water efficiency, which can be infused for an hour by penetrating through the lipid membranes of the molecules. Sugar passes through a whole path behind the help of the so-called lodged diffusion, which shows the abundance of hydroxyl groups in hexose molecules. Until now, there are reports about the active transport of glucose through gossip. The low concentration of sugar in spinal cord ridges is explained by the high speed of glucose metabolism in the brain. For the illumination of the liquor, the active transport processes against the osmotic gradient are of great importance.

Davson's testimony to the fact that the Na + plasmics were not completely straightforward, and the ultrasonicity of the established sequence, became true when looking at the secretion processes. It has been reported that sodium is actively transported and is the basis of the process of secretion of the spinal cord from the vertebral gossip. Before using specific microelectrodes to show that sodium penetrates into the food of the plant in a continuous electrical potential gradient, approximately 120 mmol, through the base-lateral membrane. When the wine is drawn, go from the cell to the slurry against the concentration gradient through the apical cell surface behind the auxiliary sodium pump. The remaining is localized on the apical surface of the clin at the same time with adenyl cyclo nitrogen and phosphatase. The sight of sodium in the slings is seen as a result of the penetration of this water through the osmotic gradient. Kaliy collapse in a straight line to the epithelial clines against the gradation of concentration from vitratic energy and due to the participation of a cool pump, which is also roasted on the apical side. A small part of before + going to collapse in a shelter passively, as a result of an electrochemical potential city. A hot pump of dressings with a sodium pump, so as an offense to the pump, the same can be put to uabain, nucleotides, bicarbonates. Kaliy move only in the presence of sodium. Vvazayut, that the number of pumps in all cells is 3 × 10 6 and the leather pump will pump 200 pumps into quilting.

In the rest of the rock, the role of anion in the processes of secretion is revealed. Transport of chlorine, in a way, is interested in the participation of an active pump; Osvita NSO 3 - s CO 2 і Н 2 O is a great value in the physiology of liquor. Mayzhe all the amount of bicarbonate in the spinal cord is set in CO 2, and not transferred to the plasmas. The whole process of tying with Na + transport. Concentration of HCO3 - in the process of developing liquor on the basis of food, low in plasma, only low in Cl is low. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which serves as a catalyst for the reaction of determination and dissociation of carbonic acid:

This enzyme plays an important role in the secretion of liquor. Confirmed protons (H +) exchange for sodium in the cell and pass into the plasma, and buffer anion follow the sodium in the spinal cord. Acetazolamide (diamox) is an ingibitor enzyme. Winstotally change the approval of the liquor of any current, because of those and іnshe. With the introduction of acetazolamide, sodium exchange decreases by 50-100%, and the speed of this without a priori percentage of the speed of coverage of the spinal cord ridges. The pre-treatment of the newly-created liquor, taken without a priori from the court gossip, shows that it is slightly hypertonic due to the active secretion of sodium. Tse accumulate osmotic water transition from plasmas to liquor. Instead of sodium, calcium and magnesium in the spinal cord, it is low in ultrafiltration plasmas, and the concentration of calcium and chlorine is lower. Due to the reasonably great enlightenment of chorioidal vessels, the fate of hydrostatic forces in the secretion of liquor can be tolerated. Closely 30% of the price of secrecy may not be coarse, they are priced on those who process the process passively, through an endurance and lie in a hydrostatic vise in the capillaries.

Clarified for the actions of specific іngіbіtorіv. Uabain brought Na / K in deposits as ATP-azi and Na + transport. Acetazolamide induces carbonic anhydrase, and vasopressin induces capillary spasm. Morphological data detail the clinical localization of parts of these processes. One of the transferred waters, the electroliths and the ones who are in the midst of the good open spaces are in the camp of the collapse (marvel at the little ones below). When іngіbuvannі transport іzhklіtinnі space expands to the extent of squeezing the clіtins. Recipe for UABANU roztashovani mіzh microvilli on the apіcal side of the іnіtіlіyu and іvnenіy to lіkvorny spaces.

Segal and Роllау admit that the solution of liquor can be divided into two phases (the little ones are surprised at the bottom). At the first phase, the water and it is transferred to the top of the line as a result of the development of all the centers of local osmotic forces, presumably to the hypothesis of Diamond and Bossert. When it comes to another phase, the water is transported, going from small spaces, in two straight lines:

• into the lugs through the apikalny contacts and
• vnutrіshnoklіtinno і potim through the plasma membrane into the slings. Cy transmembrane processes, it is necessary, to lie down from the sodium pump.

Liquor in the slips, the cerebellar-oblong cerebral cistern and the subarachnoid space are not the same behind the warehouse. Tse to inform about the realization of extrahorioidal processes of exchange in the open spaces, pendy and mental surface of the brain. Tse brought to K +. The concentration of K +, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ changes in the vernacular gossips of the cerebellar-medullary cistern, and at that hour the concentration of Cl increases. Liquor from the open space has a greater low concentration of K +, less suboktsipital. Sudin's sheath is permeable to K +. The combination of active transport in the spinal cord in case of frequent and persistent secretion of the liver from the vertebral gossip can be explained by the concentration of cychions in the spinal cord.

Resorption and improvement of liquor (spinal cord)

Continuously approved of the liquor to talk about the idea of ​​uninterrupted development. With physiological minds, there are two processes of іsnu іvnovaga. The spinal cord riddles have been assessed, which is located in the licks and the subarachnoid space, as well as in the lymphatic system (resorbed) due to the participation of the structures:

• arachnoid villi (cerebral and spinal);
• lymphatic systems;
• to the brain (adventitia of the cerebral sudin);
• judgmental gossip;
• capillary endothelium;
• arachnoid membrane.

The arachnoid villi vvazayut a small piece of drainage to the liquor, so that they come from the subarachnoid space into the sinus. More than 1705 r Pachion describing arachnoid granulation, named for the first time - pachion and granulation... In addition, Key and Retzius were used for the value of arachnoid villi and granulation for bringing liquor to the roof. In addition, the posture is summed up, which in the development of the spinal line takes the part of the membrane, where it sits with the cerebrospinal fluid, the epithelium of the cerebrospinal system, the cerebrospinal membrane, the perineural space, the lymphatic prostate and The fate of the cichs of the dodatk nobles is not great, the stench is of great significance, if the bugs are ruined by pathological processes. Most of the arachnoid villi and granulation are found in the zone of the upper sagittal sinus. In the rest of the rock, new data on the functional morphology of the arachnoid villi have been removed. On the surface, I will set one bar for output to liquor. The surface of the villi of the minliv. On their surfaces there are spindle-like cells of 40-12 microns and 4-12 microns in the middle, in the center there are apical opacities. The surface of the cells is to take revenge on the number of other irregularities, for example, microvilli, and suspicious of them near the cordon surfaces may have incorrect outlines.

The ultrastructural dosage shows how the surface of the clitin undergoes the transverse basal membrane and the submesothelial tissue. It remains to accumulate from collagen fibers, elastic tissue, microvilli, basal membrane and mesothelium cells with large and thin cytoplasmic outgrowths. At the bagatokh mіstsyah, there is a lot of fabric, for which there is empty space, as it is located in a link with the small spaces of the villi. Internal part villi settled with good cloth, Bagatoy clitines, gardening labyrinths from the small spaces, which serve the advanced arachnoid spaces, and revenge the liquor. Clitini of the inner part of the villi may be різні formі organization і similar to cells of mesothelium. Opuklostі blіzkostoyu klіtin tied between itself and set up for the same purpose. The cells of the inner part of the villi may bend good turns of the parts of the Golgi apparatus, cytoplasmic fibrils and pinocytosis vesicles. Among them there are some "bloody macrophages" and різні кітини leukocyte row. So, as the arachnoid villi do not take revenge on the blood-bearing vessels and nerves, they vvazhayut, how the stench stinks with the spinal cord. The superficial mesothelium cells of the arachnoid villi fit into the adjacent cells without interruption of the membrane. The important power of the mesothelium cells, which curl the villi, є those who smell the smell of one or more giant vacuoles, inflated right in the apical part of the cells. Vacuoles from the membranes and wake up empty. A large part of vacuoles is eliminated and tied without the middle to the cerebrospinal fluid, which is located in the submesothelial space. At a significant part of the vacuoles, the basal openings are larger than the apical and the changes are interpreted as the smaller canals. The vacuole of the transcellular canal is bent into the function of a one-way valve for flowing liquid, so that in a straight line from the base to the top. The structure of the cich vacuoles and canals is good for additional targets and fluorescent speech, which is most often introduced into the cerebellar-medullary cistern. The transcellular canal of vacuoles is a dynamical system of pyr, which is the main role in the development (output) of liquor. Vvazhayut, which is part of the transfer of vacuole transcellular canals, on the day, є widening small spaces, which also may be of great importance for bringing the liquid into the roof.

As early as 1935, the Weed at the beginning of the presentation of the exact predictions, having established, lymphatic system... In the last few years, there was little evidence of drainage of the spinal cord through the lymphatic system. However, some of them have become obstructed from the food supply about those, as some of the liquor is absorbed and the mechanisms in which they take part. After 8-10 years, the introduction into the cerebellar-oblong-medullary cistern of a prefabricated albumen, or small amounts of 10 to 20% of these words, can be introduced into the lymphatic system, which can be established in shyny vіddіlі ridge. With an increase in the intraventricular vice, drainage through the lymphatic system will be supported. Earlier, it was transferred to the liquid through the capillaries to the brain. For help computer tomography It has been established that the periventricular zones and the decreased efficiency are often accumulated to the appropriate liquor pozaklitinno in the tissue of the brain, especially with an increased grip in the slings. Let us ask for food about those who are good at having a spinal cord in the brain by resorption or a lot of dilatation. Sponsor the vitality of liquor in the small space of the brain. Macromolecules, which are introduced into the ventricular spinal cord or the subarachnoid space, quickly reach the posterior cerebral space. Sudden gossip vvazhayut mice in the current liquor, so as the stench is fired upon the introduction of farbi with an increase in the cerebrospinal fluid osmotic vise. It has been established that the judgment of gossip can be resorbable close to 1/10 of the secret of them liquor. Tsey vіdtіk superbly important with a high internal sludge grip. The spirits are fed up with the absorption of liquor through the capillary endothelium and the arachnoid membrane.

Mechanism of development and output to liquor (spinal cord)

For the development of liquor, a number of processes are essential: filtration, osmosis, passive diffusion, active transport, vesicular transport and processes. The answer to the question can be characterized by:

1. one direct leakage through the arachnoid villi behind the additional valve mechanism;
2. resorption, as not іnіynoї і vimagаn vise (squeeze 20-50 mm water column);
3. a clear passage from the spinal line to the roof, rather than navpaki;
4. resorption of liquor, changes, if the foreigner instead of the library grows;
5. resorption with the same frequency for molecules of different sizes (for example, molecules of mannitol, sucrose, insulin, dextran).

The fluidity of the resorption of the spinal cord line lies in the meaning of the world of hydrostatic forces and obviously linear with a vice in wide physiological boundaries. There is a growing difference in the grip between the cerebrospinal fluid and the venous system (from 0.196 to 0.883 kPa), letting go for filtration. There is a great deal of dissipation in otrimanny bіlka in cich systems viznacha value osmotic vise. Welch and Friedman allow for the arachnoid villi to function as a valve and to form a flap straight down the line to the blood (in the venous sinus). The size of particles, which pass through the villi, is small (coloid gold with a size of 0.2 microns, polyether particles - up to 1.8 microns, erythrocytes - up to 7.5 microns). Do not pass small particles with great sizes. Mechanism to flow to liquor through development structures. The underlying morphological structure of the arachnoid villi is based on hypotheses. good luck closed system The arachnoid villi cover the endothelial membrane and there are no contacts between the cells. As a result of the manifestation of the membrane resorption, the liquid is responsible for the participation of osmosis, diffusion and filtration of low molecular weight fluids, and for macromolecules - by way of active transport across the barriers. However, the passage of deyakikh salts і lead and become vilnim. On the opposite side of the system, there is a system that is located in the arachnoid villi є through the canal, so that the pavutin membrane is connected to the venous system. The system of transmission is passively passing through the micromolecules, as a result of the absorption of the spinal cord, it will lead to a vice. Tripathi having proponated another mechanism of absorption of liquor, which, according to the day, є a further development the first two mechanisms. Among the remaining models, there are dynamic transendothelial vacuolization processes. In the endothelium of the arachnoid villi, the transendothelial or transmesotelial canals are established at the same time, through which liquor and the storage of the particles the particles flow from the subarachnoid space into the roof. Efekt vise with the whole mechanism of non-binding. New messages for the development of hypotheses. Vvazayut, that from an increase in the vice the number and size of vacuoles in the epitheliy are growing. Vacuoles with sizes larger than 2 microns are very rare. Complexity and integration change with great deviations in a vice. Physiologists vvazayut, so resorption lіkvoru є passive, stale process more sizes protein molecules. The spinal mucosa passes through the distal subarachnoid space between the cells, so that the stroma of the arachnoid villi reaches the subendothelial space. However, endothelial cells are pinocytosis active. Passage of liquor through the endothelial ball is also an active transcellulose process of pinocytosis. The well-known functional morphology of the arachnoid villi, passing through the spinal line, go through the vacuole transcellulose canals in one straight line from the base to the top. There is a squeeze in the subarachnoid space and the sinuses, however, the arachnoid growth is in the colaps, the elements of the stroma of the hospital and endothelial cells may sound small to the specificity of the specificity. If in the subarachnoid space the vice moves only to 0, 094 kPa, or 6-8 mm of water. Art., growing up, the cells of the stroma emerge one form of the same and endothelial cells are watched smaller by the exchange. The small space of enlargements and cells of the endothelium show an increase in activity to pinocytosis (the little ones are astonished below). With a great rise in the grip of a change, a big turn. The transcellular canal and the widening of the intracellular space allow the passage of liquor. If the arachnoid villi are found in the collapse, the penetration of the storage particles of plasmas into the spinal cord is uncomfortable. Microcropinocytosis is also important for the development of liquor. The passage of protein molecules and other macromolecules from the spinal line of the subarachnoid space lies in the singing world of the phagocytic activity of arachnoid cells and “bloody” (vilny) macrophages. It is unlikely that, however, the clearing of the macroparticles is going to be done only by the way of phagocytosis, so as to complete the trivial process.

In the next hour, there are more and more adherents to the theory of active resorption of liquor through judgment gossip. The exact mechanism of the process is not specified. However, allowance is made for the spinal cord line to be seen in the direction of the gossip from the subpendymal field. Send the liquid through the fenestrated villi of the capillary to the roof. Epidemic cells from the microscope of resorption transport processes, to be specific cells, є in the middle for transferring the flukes from the ventricular fluid through the villous parts of the epithelium into the roof of the capillaries. Resorption of additional storage parts of the spinal line to lay down from a colossal line of the river, its range in lipids / water, delivery to specific transport bottles and so on.

The rate of solution to the spinal fluid and resorption of the spinal cord

Metodi doslіdzhennya shvidkostі utvorennya lіkvoru i rezorbtsії spinnomozkovoї rіdini, SSMSC vikoristovuvalisya to teperіshnogo hour (trivaly lumbar drainage; ventrіkulyarny drainage yaky vikoristovuєtsya takozh for; vimіr hour, neobhіdnogo for vіdnovlennya in vise pіslya zakіnchennya spinnomozkovoї rіdini of subarahnoїdalnogo expanse) pіddavalisya krititsі for those Well, the stench of boule is not physiological. The method of ventriculocisternal perfusion, injections by Pappenheimer and co-authors, but not only physiological, but allowing one hour to get an assessment of education and rozrobtsі lіkvoru... The speed of education and resorption of the spinal origin began with a normal and pathological clutch of the spinal origin. Osvita likvoru do not lie in the nontrivial changes of the ventricular vice, because of the line of dressing with it. The secretion of liquor changes with a trivial sliding grip as a result of changes in good blood flow. With a grip lower than 0.667 kPa, the resorption is zero. With a vice mіzh 0.667 і 2.45 kPa, or 68 і 250 mm of water. Art. Apparently, the rate of resorption of the spinal cord is directly proportional to the vice. The Cutler was implanted in 12 children and was installed in a vise of 1.09 kPa, or 112 mm of water. Art., the fluidity of the coverage and the fluidity of the fluid flow to the liquid (0.35 ml / hv). Segal і Pollay tune, how people have a shyness inspect spinal cord ridin reachє 520 ml / min. Still little is seen about the effect of pouring the temperature into the approved liquor. Experimentally gostro wiklikane p_vischennya osmotic vise of galmus, and reduction of osmotic vise according to the strength of secretion of liquor. Neurogenic stimulation of adrenergic and cholinergic fibers, as well as nerve blood vessels and epithelium, may develop. With stimulation of adrenergic fibers, which flow from the upper, sympathetic university, the current of liquor changes rapidly (by 30%), and denervated pressure by 30%, does not change the choroidal blood flow.

Stimulation of the cholinergic release increases the level of liquor up to 100%, does not impair the choroidal blood flow. The role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the passage of water and communication through cell membranes, including flowing onto the gossip, will remain for an hour. The concentration of cAMP can be found in the activity of adenylcyclase, an enzyme that catalyzes the subactivation of cAMP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the activity of its metabolism to inactive 5-AMP due to the participation of a specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and even when cAMP for a number of hormones. Cholera toxin, which is a specific stimulant of adenylcyclase, catalyzes the establishment of cAMP, which promotes a five-fold increase in the rate of speech in court gossip. Accelerated, with cholera toxin, can be blocked with drugs from the endomethacin group, which are antagonists according to the reduction to prostaglandins. Nutrition, such as specific hormones and endogenous agents, stimulate the establishment of the spinal line along the way to cAMP and some mechanism of the process. Є a great list of leaks that I pour into the approval of the spinal cord. deyakі lіkuvalny drugs inject liquor into the solution to change the metabolism of clitin. Dinitrophenol is added to phosphorylate oxide in court gossip, furosemide is used to transport chlorine. Diamox changes the speed of the affirmation of the spinal path by the galmuvannya carbonic anhydrazi. It also helps to improve the intracranial vise, which is capable of producing CO 2 from tissues, which, in turn, improves cerebral blood flow and volume of blood in the brain. Heart glucosides galvanize Na- and K-accumulation of ATP-aza and reduce the secretion of liquor. Glik and minerlocorticoid may not be infused into the exchange of sodium. Improving the hydrostatic grip on the filtration processes through the capillary endothelium gossip. When the osmotic grip is shifted, the introduction of a hypertonic range of sucrose, or glucose, the solution changes, and with a decrease in the osmotic grip the introduced water solutions- zbіlshuєatsya, so yak tsey calls mayzhe line. With a change in the osmotic vice introduced by 1% of the fluidity of the approval of the spinal cord will break down. With the introduction of hypertonic solutions in therapeutic doses, the osmotic pressure increases by 5-10%. The intracranial vise is much more likely to lie in the cerebral hemodynamics, lower in the cerebral hemodynamics.

Circulating liquor (spinal cord)

Circulation of liquor (spinal cord) is imaged on the baby.

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