Spinal nerves and gossip. spinal nerves

Spinal nerves (n. Spinales) are guys who rostasovani metamerically nerves of the storm. In humans, there are 31-33 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic ones, 5 pairs of transverse ones, 5 pairs of kryzhovykh and 1-3 pairs of spinal nerves, located in 31-33 segments of the spinal cord. The cutaneous spinal nerve behind the traverse of the singular segment of the body and the innervus extending from the th segment of the shkiri (similar to the dermatome), mucous (from the myotome) and cysts (from the sclerotome).

The spinal nerve is repaired with ruffled and sensitive roots. Anterior (rukovy) root (radix ventralis, s. Anterior, s. Motoria) of the spinal nerve of the axons of the nerve neurons, which are located in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. The back (sensitive) root (radix dorsalis, s. Posterior, s. Sensoria) is formed by the central outgrowths of pseudo-unipolar cells, which form the spinal vuzol. Peripheral outgrowths of pseudo-unipolar neurons go to the periphery, and in organs and tissues there are receptors. The spinal cord does not fit into the spinal openings, fragments of the spinal cord do not store the entire spinal canal. Corinthians, repairing from the lower ones, go to their mid-shoulder openings in the lower straight line. Corinthians of the lower transverse and crisp spinal nerves make the "kinsky hvist".

Skin posterior root ma widened - spinal vuzol (ganglion spinale). The number of neurons that can be found in the spinal vuzol is even greater. There are close to 50,000 nerve cells in the warehouse and transverse spinal universities, in the nursing universities - 25,000, in the kryzhovy ones - 35,000 neurons in one university. The spinal spinal cord of the university grows in size between the spine openings. The spinal cord nodes of the first and other spinal spinal nerves are located along the appendix and below the arch of the atlas. Dermal spinal vuzol of effusion with a semi-tissue capsule. From the capsule into the parenchyma of the university, thin bundles of tissue fibers penetrate, which form the frame of the university and avenge the blood-bearing judgment. Neurons in the spinal nodes grow in groups, covering the periphery of the node. The center of the spinal cord is located in the main center of the nerve cells. The neurons of the university are oiled with glial cells - mantle gliocytes.

The anterior and posterior corners of the anterior and posterior cortex are connected through the mid-spine orifice from the spinal canal, and the spinal nerve is buried. The wine is short (up to 0.5-1.5 cm) and does not remember to increase the mid-bone openings, leaving room for the passage of blood-bearing vessels. The cutaneous spinal nerve is to avenge both the ruffs and the sensitive fibers. At the storehouse of the anterior roots, which go from the VIII thorny, all the thoracic and upper two transverse segments, both vegetative (sympathetic) preganglionic fibers, go to the neurons in the spinal horns of the spinal cord.

The spinal nerve, when entering from the mid-spine opening, extends to the spine of the spine: anterior, posterior, Menin-geal, as well as a spinal cord (in the thoracic-transverse spine). There was a spinal cord from the VIII to the II transverse spinal nerves. Anterior and posterior spinal nerves are reduced. Bіlі spoluchnі gіlki revenge preganglіonny sympathetic fibers, so go to the universities of a pretty stovbur.

Meningeal spinal nerves can also penetrate through the spinal canal into the spinal canal; Innervate the walls of the spinal canal, the sheaths of the spinal cord.

To all the spinal nerves from a pretty stovbur, pass through a series of spinal tubes (rr. Communicantes grisei). The stench is represented by pretty nerve fibers, so you can walk from all universities of a pretty stovbur. At the depots of all spinal nerves and hylok, post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers are directed to the blood-bearing and lymphatic vertebrates, bones, skeletal mucosa and other tissues, which prevent these processes from functioning and exchange

Dorsal spinal nerves (rr. Dorsales, s. Posteriores) are lateral and medial nerves (rr. Laterales et mediales), which innervate gliboki (vigorous) spinal muscles, muscles of the back of the head Having come out of the burrows of the spinal nerves, the posterior spines go backward (between the transverse ridges of the ridges), firing the ridges of the ridges. The posterior branches of the spinal cord nerves enter through the spinal cord openings. Razrіznyayut galushes, pectoral, transverse, kryzhovy and kuprikovy nerves.

The posterior throat of the first spinal nerve (CI) is called the subcapillary nerve (n. Suboccipitalis). In the direction of the back, through the path of the cyst and the Atlantis, pass along the upper surface of the posterior arch of the Atlantean. The whole nerve may be more ruffled, the inner nerve is the upper and lower braids of the head muzzle, the rear large and small straight braids of the head. A small number of sensitive fibers in the warehouse innervates the slopes between the Atlantean and the axial ridge, as well as the capsule of the Atlantosatilochian slope. A permanent ligament of the subcranial nerve from the posterior ligament of another spinal nerve is indicated.

The posterior throat of another spinal spinal nerve (CII) is the great cavernous nerve (n. Occipitalis major) - tovsty, enter the other spinal spinal nerve at the lower edge of the inferior oblique mucosa (head). The nerve extends between the lower oblique and the semi-awn glands of the head on the lateral surface of the tilting ligaments. The whole nerve is from the short muscles of the head and to the back of the head. M'yazovy gilki Innervate the semi-awn and dovgu m'yazovy head m'yazov, repaired m'yazov head and shiii. Dovga nerve head pierces the semi-spinal mucosa of the head and trapezoidal mucosa, supervascular artery. All at once from the central artery nerve goes to the mountains and to the innervus of the military area. The dorsal spines of the spinal nerves of the spinal cord nerve the nerves of the dorsal region.

The back of the spinal nerves grows in the joints and backs of the back, as the stench is nerve-wracking.

The posterior spines of the transverse spinal nerves innervate the muscles of the spine and the spine of the transverse region. Three upper lateral branches go down and laterally to the side of the lateral half of the central region and the great vertex, establishing the upper nerves of the central (nn. Cluneum superiores).

The posterior spines of the kryzhovy and kuprikovy spinal nerves are stored in the main sensitive fibers. The posterior spines of the upper cervical spinal nerves pass through the dorsal spinal cord openings, open the spines to the iliac slope, innervate the posterior surface of the Clune medial, as well as the middle nerves. Tsі nerves pierce the great day of the day and іnnervuyut skіr in the middle and lower sіdnichny regions. The rear spines of the fifth kryzha and kuprikovy spinal nerves pass the handrail through the kryzhovo-kuprikovy sound (or they pierce), connect with the posterior kuprikov nerve (div. "Coccygeal gossip") ...

Anterior spinal nerves(Rr. Ventrales, s. Anteriores) Innervate the muscles of the front and back of the body, breasts, abdomen and prints. Metameric buds take only the hips of the thoracic spinal nerves. The anterior spinal, transverse, kryzhovy and kuprikovy spinal nerves perpetuate gossip. Tsi gossip is formed by the way of one to one suspension of the spinal nerves. In gossip, there is an exchange of fibers, which should overlap with the suspension segments of the spinal cord. The overgrowth of sensitive fibers in gossip will establish a link between the same school of thought and the suspicious segments of the spinal cord. As a result, there is an increase in the need for peripheral energy and a foldable reflex reaction to the body. See shiina, shoulder, across, kryzhove and kuprikov gossip.

1. Characteristics of the nervous system and functions.

2. Budova to the spinal cord.

3. Function of the spinal cord.

4. Inspection of the spinal nerves. Nervous, brachial, transverse, and crooked gossip.

META: Know the general scheme of the nervous system, topography, the function of the spinal cord, spinal cord and spinal nerves.

Introduce the reflex principle of the robotic nervous system and the zone of the innervations of the brachial, brachial, transverse and crooked gossip.

Show on posters and tablets neurons of the spinal cord, pathways, spinal cord corins, universities and nerves.

1. Nervous system - one of the systems, which will ensure the coordination of processes in the body and the establishment of interconnections in the body through the middle ground. vchenya about nervous systems- neurology. The main functions of the nervous system: 1) the reception of those who are active on organism; 2) carrying out and processing of information; 3) the formulation of general and prejudicial reactions, including GNI and psyche.

According to the topographic principle, the nervous system goes to the central and peripheral. To the central nervous system (CNS) carry the spinal cord and brain, to the peripheral - all those located behind the spinal cord and brain: spinal cord and cranial nerves from їх roots, іх gіlki, nervovі end and ganglії (nervovі vuzli), approved by the terms neurons. The nervous system mentally changes into somatic (regulation of interaction between organism and the central organ), and vegetative (autonomous) (regulation of the ratio and processes in the middle of the organism). The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve clitine - the neuron (neurocyt). The neuron of the cell is the trophic center and the growths: dendrites, according to which impulses come up to the cell, and the axon, according to the impulse to go through the cell. There are 3 types of neurons in different directions: pseudo-unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar. All neurons are linked one to one behind an additional synapses. One axon can support up to 10,000 cells. In the human body there are 20 billion neurons and 20 billion synapses.

per morphological and functional characteristics see 3 main types of neurons.

1) Afferent (sensitive, receptor) neurons to conduct impulses to the central nervous system, so that docentra. When the number of neurons lies depending on the posture of the brain or the spinal cord in the universities (ganglia) of the peripheral nervous system. hand, secretory, effector) neurons behind their axons to conduct impulses to the working organs (mucous, zaloz). Some of the neurons are located in the central nervous system, or on the periphery - in nice and parasympathetic universities.

The main form of nervous activity is a reflex. Reflex (lat. Reflexus - visualization) - the reaction of the organism to the development of the organism is causally summed up, it is due to the obligatory participation of the central nervous system. The structural basis of reflex activity is to form neuronal lancers from receptor, insertion and effector neurons. The stench make a way, along which nerves and impulses pass from receptors to the organ called reflex arc Before її store to enter: receptor -> afferent nerve paths -> reflex center -> eferent paths -> effector.

2. The spinal cord (medulla spinalis) is the ear-like shape of the central nervous system. Vin is located in the spinal canal and is a cylindrical, flattening from the front to the back, a cord with a length of 40-45 cm, width - from 1 to 1.5 cm, weighing 34-38 g (2% of the mass of the brain). Вгорі він go to prodovuvaty brain, And at the bottom end of the sharpening - a cerebral cone on the level of I - II of the transverse ridges, from every side there is a thin terminal (kintsev) thread (rudiment of the caudal (tail) end of the spinal cord). The diameter of the spinal cord on small plates is not similar. To the shyny i transverse viddilakh win approval (energy efficiency of the upper and lower values). On the anterior surface of the spinal cord, there is the anterior midline, on the posterior surface, the posterior midline is furrowed, the stink of the spinal cord is tied between right and left symmetrical halves. On the dermal half, there is a slight bend in the anterior lateral and posterior lateral furrows. The first person is entering from the spinal cord of the anterior cranial roots, a friend is penetrating into the brain of the posterior sensitive cords of the spinal nerves. The cyclical furrows also serve as a cordon between the anterior, lateral and posterior cords of the spinal cord. All the middle of the spinal cord є the vuzka is empty - the central canal, filling with spinal fluid (in older people, in young adults, and in some people, in all prototypes of overgrowth).

The spinal cord is subdivided into parts: splint, thoracic, transverse, sacral and coccygeal, and parts - into segments. A segment (structural and functional unit of the spinal cord) is called a dilyanka, which is divided into two pairs of corners (two anterior and two posterior). On the entire stretch of the spinal cord from the cutaneous side, there are 31 pairs of corins. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the spinal cord, 31 segments are seen: 8 shinnyh, 12 thoracic, 5 transverse, 5 crotch and 1-3 kuprikovyh.

The spinal cord is built up from syroi and biloi speech. Sira speech - neurons (13 million), which fix 3 syrihs in the skin half of the spinal cord: front, back and back. On the transverse view of the spinal cord, there is a large amount of speech from the cutaneous side. Larger wide front rig and wider rear show the front and rear small sides. Bichny rіg іdpovіdaє to promіzhny stovpa (vegetative) syroї speech. In the middle of the anterior horns, there are nerve neurons (motor neurons), the posterior horns have inserted sensitive neurons, and in those in the lower horns there are inserted vegetative neurons. The spinal cord was localized to be called from the gray and from the front, from the back and from the back. It is necessary to store it over and over to later blow the nerve fibers, united into bundles - conductive paths. At the bottom of the front ropes there are the downward paths, in the downward ropes there are the downward and downward paths, in the back ropes there are the downward paths.

The ligament of the spinal cord from the periphery is connected behind the support of the nerve fibers, and passes through the spinal cord. The anterior cortex is located in the center of the nerve fibers, and the posterior is the docentric sensitive fibers (that is, when the back cortex of the spinal cord is cut on both sides in a dog, the sensitivity of the brain is visible, the anterior root is to be detected, the ale of the tonus is lost)

The dorsal brain is covered with three cerebral sheaths: internal - myakoi (sudinal), middle - pavutinous and lasting - solid. Between the hard shell and the periphery of the ridge canal є the epidural space, between the hard and pavutinous - the subdural space. spinal cord(100-200 ml, viconu trophic and zakisnu functions)

3. The spinal cord of the vicon has two functions: reflex and providnikov.

The reflex function is stimulated by the nerve centers of the spinal cord, which are segmental working centers of insane reflexes. Їx neurons are without anteriorly linked to receptors and working organs. The skin segment of the spinal cord, through its roots, is three metameres (transverse) of the spinal cord, and the sensitive information is also perceived as three metamers. In addition to such a rearing of the skin metamer, the body is innervated by three segments and transmitting signals (impulses) to three segments of the spinal cord (a factor of reliability). At the spinal cord, afferentation comes from receptors of the shkiri, rukhovoy apparatus, Blood-bearing judgments, herbal tract, Vidilnyh and state organs. Effective impulses from the spinal cord go up to skeletal mucosa, including up to the dichal ones - mid-ribbed and diaphragm, up to the internal organs, blood-bearing vertebrates, sweaty glands.

Provincial function to the spinal cord to go for the rakhunok of the lower and lower provincial nobles. Visiting way to transmit information about tactile, pain, temperature receptors of the school and proprioceptors skeletal cells through the neurons of the spinal cord and from the central nervous system to the cerebral cortex great brain.Discending conductive paths to tie the bark of the great brain, the nucleus and the brain of the brain with the motor neurons of the spinal cord. The stench will give you a chance to infuse the central nervous system into the range of skeletal mucosa.

4. In humans, 31 pairs of spinal nerves are related to 31 segments of the spinal cord: 8 pairs of spinal, 12 pairs of thoracic, 5 pairs of transverse, 5 pairs of brains and a pair of cupric nerves. The cutaneous spinal nerve pretends to be the path of the anterior (ruchial) and posterior (sensitive) roots. When going out from the mid-spine opening, the nerve extends on two main arms: front and rear, offending according to the function of change.

Behind the supplementary spinal nerves, the spinal cord will come off energetically: sensitive - tuluba, kintzivka and partly shia, rukhov - all muses of tulub, kintzivka and parts of muses; sympathetic - all organs, such as may, and parasympathetic - pelvic organs.

The posterior lobes of all spinal nerves may be segmented. Smell go to the rear surface of the tulub, go to the cradle and the throat of the head, which innervate the cradle and the throat, the chin, the back, the transverse area and the pelvis.

The anterior spines are the posterior ones, of which only 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves can be segmented (metameric) rosette. Tsi nerves are called mid-ribs, so yak go in mid-ribs on internal surface bridging the lower edge of the protruding rib. The stench of the skin and the mucus of the anterior and the biceps of the breast and abdomen. The anterior spine of the spinal nerves, the first to drink to the general area of ​​the body, to establish gossip. Razrіznyayut shiyny, shoulder, across і kryzhove gossip, from which nerves come in, I can name the skin and the inner region.

Shiina gossip is approved by the front spikes of the upper sheath nerves. Those who have grown up in the area of ​​the upper sheer ridges on the weak neck ridges. transverse nerve of the sheath, supraclavicular nerves. m'yazi shii, and also trapezoidal, sternocleidomastoid-nipple-like misci. 3) The phrenic nerve is the smith and the largest nerve of the spinal gossip, the nerve fibers innervate the diaphragm, and sensitive - the pericardium and the pleura.

The shoulder gossip is approved by the anterior spines of the lower spinal nerves, a part of the anterior spine of the IV spinal and I thoracic spinal nerves. In gossiping, the supraclavicular (short) (innervating the muscles and the chest, all the joints of the shoulder girdle and the backbone) and the extra-clavicular (dovgy) arms (the innervating of the hands and arms).

Transversely, the gossip is fixed by the anterior spokes of the upper three transverse nerves and partly by the anterior spokes of the XII thoracic and IV transverse nerves. Short sleeves of the transverse gossamer innervate the square neck across, the club-transverse muzzle, the abdominal mucosa, as well as the skin of the lower end of the abdominal wall and ring organs. Dovgі gіlki tsi gossip іnervuyut vіlna nіzhny kіntsіvka

Kryzhov gossip is approved by the anterior spokes IV (chastkovo) and V transverse nerves and upper chotir kryzhovy nerves. Before the short heads are carried: the upper and lower central nerves, the statical nerve, the internal obturator, the pear-shaped nerves and the nerve of the square meat of the stegna. Dovgі hіlki kryzhivogo gossip are representedі by the posterior spinal nerve stigna і the sinus nerve.

zm_st

The spinal cord is composed of numerical gossip, which form the spinal nerves, which represent the boys of the storm. The skin pair is formed by the singing part of the body, internal organs, and its unique functions. There are 31 pairs in total, depending on the number of pairs of segments in the spinal cord. It is important to think that it’s also the nerves of gossip of people, for whom the stench is needed, and what functions are to be seen in the body with their robots.

Also spinal nerves

The spinal cord is located near the spinal canal, which is the cob structure of the organs of the central nervous system. It is very important to the body, flattening in front, large cylindrical shape. Structurally, there are anterior arms and posterior corners, which serve to transmit impulses to measles to the brain. On the basis of nutrition, spinal nerves from the spinal cord enter the spinal cord, prostate - 31 couples. Such a number, however, is the same for women, choloviks, not to lie down in a class of patients.

anatomy

The spinal nerve is built up from a great number of cells - neurons, which provide for a reflexive, sympathetic and robust organism. Such an outgrowth shores its cob from the mid-ridgeline opening, it forms from the roots of the sensitive and rukhovykh. Some nerves merge into bunches, which I will call the office, collapse along the afferent paths (downward) and downward paths. There are three types of spinal gossip formed: transversely-kryzhove, shoulder, shiina.

The nerves of the spinal cord є in short structures, the splinters of the spinal cord become 1.5 cm. The stench from the sides of the spinal cord grows out, fixing the back and front shells. Structurally, the posterior spinal nerves are stretched between the transverse protuberances of the bet area of ​​the back, where the spinal cord is stretched. On the front surface, the middle crack is ripped. Such constructive elements cleverly distribute the brain to the right, left half, tightly knitted together in terms of functionality.

In the skin warehouse, lateral furrows are seen anterior and posterior. First, dilyanka with the entrance of the rear sensitive roots of the spinal nerves, and the friend will not be able to see the nerves of the nerves. Bichni furrows vvazhayutsya clever cordons between back, bichny, front cords. At the empty spinal cord, the central canal is localized - the slit, which is stored with a special speech under the name liquor.

Number of spinal nerves

In older people, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and such elements are characterized by their own mental classification. Presented such a rosette 8 shiiny, 5 transverse, 12 chest, 5 kryzhovy, 1 kuprikova gossip. The initial number of nerves - 62 positions, enter the stench to a large warehouse internal organs, System (chastin tila). Without this presence, the activity of the muscles is included, the normal brain activity is also pathologically reduced.

viddili

Vivchayuchi constructive іddіli ridge people, it is necessary to see those important structures, which are penetrated by nerves with fibers, to replace the spinal cord. The stench is indicative of the activity of the support-arm apparatus, sensitiveness to provocative officials. Tse takі wіddіli spinal stop:

1. As soon as the zone of shia is vivified, then shiina gossip is approved by the front spokes, and it is localized between glib mousse structures. permanent nerve cells Sposter in the zones of potential, in the aisle, Clavicle, myazovyh fabrics of the shia, belly. In this way, nerve impulses are transmitted to prevent the collapse of the upper edges. In the case of pathology, the region is potent.
2. The spinal structures of the perineal and transverse regions show the collapse of the lower symptoms, the formation and improvement of the muscular tone. One hour control of the pelvic area, all internal organs will come. Particularly sensitive sidnichny, kuprikovy and stignovy nerves, pinching them to produce a painful syndrome. I am present so inappropriate views, Tse means that pathological process occurs in the body.
3. The nerves of the breast cells are presented in a number of 12 pairs; Mainly zavdannya - to prevent the crumbling of the breast, the mucus of the thin stems of the queue. In such areas of the spinal cord, gossip does not form; The pathology of a characteristic dilyanka is accompanied by pain, albeit at a time-consuming addiction pain syndrome you will come down.

internal vmist

Spinal lobes may be the main center - the spinal cord, the membranes of which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. At your warehouse there is a sera and a speech. The skin structure of the vicon has its own unique functions. For example, the speech line is stored with neurons, which form three stops - long, front and back. The leather element in the shape of the horns puffs up its task.

So, the anterior horns take the place of the nerves, the posterior horns are built up from sensitive fibers, and the back horns are free from the middle spinal cord. In the skin nerve structures presence of spinal cord gossip, number of universities. Sira rechovina is otochened blim, the shape of the cord of the spinal cord from the later expanded nerve fibers.

functions

The main management of the spinal nerves is providnikova and reflex. The first vipad is about the passage of nerve impulses to measles to the brain with the help of a slight loss of the natural reaction to external and internal pressure from officials, for example, high temperature, cold, and irritation. The reflex function, connected with the nerve centers, preserves the innervations of skeletal muscles, and provides the robot with all internal organs and systems. I will look at the following classification of the nerves of the spinal cord:

• sensitive - to ignore the reaction of the body (shkiri) to the inflow of external and internal podraznikiv through the shkirnі pokrivi;
• rukhovi - take and control physical activity m'yaz_v, to calm down the level, to ensure the coordination of the sleeves, the tone of smooth muscles;
• zmіshanі - tse spinal spinal gossip, established from rukhovy and sensitive fibers. The functions of such universities are numerical, and lie in the localization of nerve ends.

Nerve fibers are derived not only for their functionality, but in the field of activity in the body of people (innervations). It is known and widened by such a solid structure throughout the whole structure, and the heat of the universities to produce non-gated heritage for the body. Zvichna rukhova activity and sensitivity does not turn at once, it is necessary to go through a conservative treatment.

Yak pretend to be nervous

Nerves ending may be of a standard structure, and their indications are explained by the functional features of the cores. Structurally, they see the front hubs and rear corners. First, I have a vipad about roc neurons, formed by axons, which lead to the collapse of the pictures. There are back roots, the establishment of the nerve of the spinal cord and thigh nerve, which last since back hornsі sensitive nuclei of the spinal cord. Such anatomical structures quickly transmit nerve impulses.

Video: Formation of spinal plexus

Uwaga! The information, presented in the stat, is of a familiar character. The materials of the statty do not call to self-indulgence. Only the qualifications of a car can be diagnosed and given a recommendation from a doctor, depending on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Spinal nerves (nn. Spinales) are guys, metamerically rosetting nerves of the storm, like the stems of the two corners of the spinal cord - the back (sensitive) and front (ruch) (Fig. 133). On the іvnі of the іzhbrytsevoy opening, the stinks come out and go, dіlyachі on three chotiri gіlki: front, back, menіngeal bіlu sfluuchnі gіlki; stay away from the universities of a pretty stovbur. In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which represent 31 pairs of segments of the spinal cord (8 shinnyh, 12 thoracic, 5 transverse, 5 crotch and 1 pair of cupric nerves). The cutaneous pair of spinal nerves is the innervular membrane of the mucous membrane (myotome), the shkiri (dermatitis) and the cystok (sclerotome). At the show they see segmental energy communication, schools and supplies.

1 - the trunk of the spinal nerve; 2 - front (rukovy) root; 3 back (sensitive) root; 4 strings; 5 spinal (sensitive) vuzol; 6 media part of the rear head; 7- lateral part of the posterior hilka; 8 - rear piston; 9 - front head; 10 - bila gilka; 11 - sira gilka; 12 - meningeal head

The dorsal spinal nerves innervate the dorsal ligaments, muscles, and also the dorsal surface of the head and tulub. You can see the back nerves, thoracic, transverse, crotch and cupric nerves.

The posterior nerve of the I spinal nerve (C1) is called the subcranial nerve. Winnervu large and small back straight head muzzle, upper and lower braid head muzzle and semi-awn head muzzle.

The posterior head of the II cervical spinal nerve (CII) is called the great cavernous nerve, extends on the short muscles of the neck and the inner throat of the head and the inner muscles of the head.

The anterior spinal nerves are significantly higher than the posterior ones. The stench of nervuyut shkira, m'yazi shia, breasts, abdomen, upper ta lower kintsivok... At the end of the posterior locks, the metameric (segmental) buds take over the anterior lobes of the thoracic spinal nerves. The anterior spinal, transverse, kryzhovy and kuprikovy spinal nerves make gossip (plexus). See shiina, shoulder, across, kryzhove and kuprikov nerves, gossip.

Shiin gossip is fixed by the anterior spokes of the upper spinal nerves (CI - CIV) of the spinal nerves, with three arcuate loops and lie on the lugs of the spine. Shiina gossip z'є nerves. Shiina gossip of ma rukhovi (myazov), shkіrnі and zmіshanі nerves and gіlki. Muscle nerves innervate the trapezoidal, sternum-nipple-like tongue, pull the throat up to the flimsy joints, and from the outer loop will recognize the innervating Subplug. Shkirni (sensitive) nerve gossip gives an ear to the great ear nerve, the lesser capillary nerve, the transverse nerve and the supraclavicular nerves. The great inner nerve to the innervu shkiru shellі last ear canal; maliy pylichny nerve - to the shkiru bichesky vіddіlu pylichny region; the transverse nerve of the sheath gives the innervations of the anterior and bicon areas of the sheath; supraclavicular nerves to nerve the skin above the collarbone and below.

The smallest nerve of the spinal gossip is the diaphragmatic nerve. As a result of changes, it forms from the anterior throats of the III-V spinal nerves, pass into the chest cell and end in the diaphragms.

Rukhovi fibers of the phrenic nerve innervate the diaphragm, and sensitive - the pericardium and pleura.

The shoulder of gossip (Fig. 134) takes the form of the anterior spines of the lower spinal nerves (CV - CVIII), part of the anterior spine of the 1st spinal (CIV) and thoracic (ThI) spinal nerves.

Small. 134.

1 - diaphragmatic nerve; 2 - dorsal nerve of the scapula; 3 - upper trunk of the brachial gossip; 4 - middle trunk of the brachial gossip; 5 - plug-in stovbur; 6 - lower trunk, brachial gossip; 7 - additional diaphragmatic nerves; 8 - dovgy pectoral nerve; 9 - medial thoracic nerve; 10 - lateral thoracic nerve; 11 - medial bundle; 12 - posterior bundle; 13 - lateral bundle; 14 - suprascapular nerve

At the interleaf edge of the front head, there are three wells - upper, middle and lower. When a storm is added to a number of drums and is sent to the groin fossa, to deform three bundles (lateral, medial and posterior), and to develop the groin artery from three sides. Stovburi brachial gossip at once with the clavicle, which lies in the clavicle, is called the supraclavicular part, and with the spines, which lies below the clavicle, - the subclavicular part. Gilts, as they come out of the shoulder gossip, go on short and long. Short sleeves are used as the head of the brush and m'yak_ fabric shoulder girdle, dovgі - vіlna upper kіntsіvka

At the warehouse of short hillocks of the brachial gossip there is a dorsal nerve of the scapula - the innervus, the scapula, the large and small rhomboid mucous; dovgy thoracic nerve - to the anterior dentition; pidklyuchichny - one-change m'yaz; suprascapular - over- and empty mucosa, capsule shoulder joint; subscapularis - to the same and great round m'yazi; chest-back - the best m'yaz of the back; lateral and medial thoracic nerves; inguinal nerve - deltoid and small round mucosa, the capsule of the brachial slope, as well as the skin of the upper sides of the bicular surface of the shoulder.

Dovgі hіlki brachial gossip take the cob from the lateral, medial and posterior bundles of the subclavicular part of the humeral gossip (Fig. 135, A, B).

A - the nerves of the shoulder: 1 - the medial nerve of the shoulder and the medial nerve of the shoulder; 2 - the median nerve; 3 - shoulder artery; 4 - lіktyovy nerve; 5 - two-headed m'yaz shoulder (distal end); 6 exchange nerve; 7- shoulder m'yaz; 8- myazovo-shkirny nerve; 9- two-headed shoulder muzzle (proximal end); B - nerves in front of the cyst: 1 - the middle nerve; 2 - round pronator (conversions); 3 - lіktyovy nerve; 4 - glyboky zginach of fingers; 5 anterior interstitial nerve; 6 thylum of the lytic nerve; 7- gliboka of the lytic nerve; 8 - surface of the lytic nerve; 9 - square pronator (conversions); 10 - surface of the exchange nerve; // - brachioradial m'yaz (revised); 12 - promenyevy nerve

The myazo-shkirny nerve takes care of the cob from the lateral bundle, from its side to the brachiolevoid, two-headed and humerus mucosa. when you gave it lіktyovoy slope, The nerve descends yak lateral shkіrny. Winnervu part of the school beforeplichchya.

The median nerve pretends to be a path of evil between two roots from the lateral and medial bundles on the anterior surface of the groin artery. The first nerve of the nerve forms a lithic slope, then, dropping lower, - the anterior muscles in front of it. On the bottom of the palmar aponeurosis, the median nerve extends to the end of the throat, which is the inner ring of the great finger, the middle nerve, which leads thumb brushes. The median nerve also includes the wrist folds, the first few fingers and a part of the worm-like muzzles, and the thick and hollow surfaces.

Liktoviy nerve is repaired from the medial bundle of the brachial gossip, right from the brachial artery along the inner surface of the shoulder, de hilok is not allowed, instead of the medial admiralty of the brachial loop and go to the front of one of the menus, day On the front of the plate, there is an inner lining of the hand and a part of the lug of the fingers. At the lower third of the front, the lactic nerve extends to the lower third and the lower limb, which then passes to the hand. On the hand of the lick of the nerve, there is an inner ring, where the great finger is brought, all the mucus, two worm-like muzzles, the muzzle of the mucus, the groove of the hollow surface on the rive of the 5th finger and on the edge of the fourth finger on the flanks of the V, IV and the side of the III fingers.

The medial nerve of the shoulder extends from the medial bundle, from the medial bundle of the shoulder, the supervascular artery, to enter the inguinal fossa from the lateral nerve II, and for the last time from the third nerve.

The medial nerve in front of the plane is also the neck of the medial bundle, the inner nerve before the plane.

The promenevy nerve takes the cob from the posterior bundle of the brachial gossip, є by the nerve itself. On the shoulders in the brachio-intestinal canal, pass through the brachial cyst and the heads of the truncated muffs, from the muses to the whole mucosa and shkirni - to the back surface of the shoulder and in front. V lateral boron lіktyovoy fossa extend to the side and surface of the head. Glyboka gіlka іnnervuє all the connections of the rear surface of the front (rozginachі), and the surface of the side in the bore at once from the exchange artery, go to the type of brush, de the innervu shkіr 2 1/2 fingers, which is great.

Anterior branches of the thoracic spinal nerves (ThI-ThXII), 12 pairs, go in the intercostal spaces and are called intercostal nerves. The vignette is to become the anterior throat of the XII thoracic nerve, to pass along the XII edge and is called the subcostal nerve. Inter-ribbed nerves go in the mid-ribbed gaps, and the inner and outer ribs, and don't make gossip. A number of upper rib nerves from two sides reach the sternum, and five lower rib nerves and anterior rib nerves trickle onto the anterior wall of the abdomen.

Front arms to innervate the muscles of the breasts, to take part in the innervations of the front wall black empty and draw out the front and back nips, innervating the nape of the breasts and abdomen.

Transversely-kryzhovy gossip (Fig. 136) pretend to be the anterior spokes of the transverse and kryzhovyh spinal nerves, which are connected between themselves, to form the transverse and kryzhov's gossip. A transverse-kryzhovy stovbur can be used as a cross-brace with crimson gossip.

1-posterior branches of the transverse nerves; 2 anterior branches of the transverse nerves; 3 club-hypogastric nerve; 4 stegovy-statical nerve; 5-club-inguinal nerve; 6 - lateral shkirny nerve stitus; 7- stegnova head; 8 - article gilka; 9 - anterior scrotal nerves; 10-anterior block of the obturator nerve; 11 - retractable nerve; 12 - cross-kryzhove gossip; 13 - front heads of crooked gossip

Transversely, the gossip is formed by the anterior legs of the three upper transverse and partial anterior legs of the XII thoracic and IV transverse spinal nerves. There, lie anteriorly to the transverse protrusions of the transverse ridges in the great transverse meat and on the front surface of the square membrane across. From all the anterior necks of the transverse nerves, there are short sleeves of the necks, but the large and small transverse glands, the square muzzle across and the mid-transverse lateral ligaments across.

Naybіlsh great throats of transverse gossip є stigma and locking nerves.

The staginous nerve is formed in three corners, like a spatula to blow the coal of the great transverse ridge, and to settle on the level of the V transverse ridge, making the stubbur of the stinging nerve. Straight down, the stigma nerve grows in the groin of the great transverse and club m'yazami. On the stiff nerve to enter through the lacunae, de viddaє to the front m'yazam stigna and shkiri front medial surfaces quilted. Nybіlsh dvga stigny nerve - the pedicle nerve is stigma. Stop at once z stegnova artery enter the lead channel, at once from the lower knee artery along the medial surface of the homily to the foot. On its own way, the inner circle of the knee slope, the nadkolinka, the small school of the homily and the foot.

Locking nerve - a friend for the size of the galuz of transverse gossip. From the transverse area, the nerve descends from the medial edge of the great transverse muscle into the malium pelvis, at once with the same arteries and veins through the obturator canal on the stegno, as if the muses of the throat to produce іnnervu shkіru medіalії surface stegna) і back (іnnervu zovnіshnyu for-pyratelnuyu, great lead ointment, tazostegnovy slope).

In addition, from the transverse gossip, there are large spines: 1) the club-hypogastric nerve - the inner mucosa and the spine of the anterior abdominal wall, part of the Yagodin region and stegna; 2) the club-inguinal nerve - the innervus of the pubis, the inguinal region, the root of the statical member, the scrotum (the great labyrinth of the lips); 3) the stegnous-sex nerve - extends into two heads: state and stegnov. First gilka іnnervuє part of the shkiri stegna, in the choloviks - m'yaz, scho pidnima yachko, scrotum shkiru, and meaty shell; women have a round uterine ring and a shkir of great lips. Stegnova gilka through the lacuna to pass on to the stegno, de innervu shkіra of the inguinal ligament and the area of ​​the stegovogo canal; 4) the lateral scalp nerve is stigna - to move from the empty pelvis to the stigma, the inner lining of the lateral surface is stiff to the knee slope.

Kryzhov gossip is adopted by the anterior spokes of the upper chotirokh kryzhovykh, V transverse and partly IV transverse spinal nerves. The front heads of the left fit the transverse-kryzhovy stovbur. Vin to descend into the empty space of the small pelvis, close behind the anterior arms of the I-IV cryzhovy spinal nerves. Hits of crooked gossip are subdivided into short ones.

The upper and lower central nerves (Fig. 137), the statovial nerve, the inner locking and the piriform nerves, and also the nerve of the square muscle are stegna, until the short spikes of the crooked gossip are carried. Remain three nerves є ruffled and innervate one joint through the undergrowth opening.

1 - upper sinus nerve; 2 synovial nerve; 3.4 muscles of the sinus nerve; 5 - tibial nerve; 6 - zagalnogo small-olkovo nerve; 7- lateral shkinny nerve іkri; 8- the posterior shkirny nerve is stiff; 9 - lower sinus nerve; 10 medial spinal nerve

The upper synovial nerve from the emptying of the pelvis through the epigastric opening at the same time from the upper synovial artery and the vein pass through the small and middle synovial mucus. Innervuє sіdnichnі m'yazi, as well as m'yaz, scho straining a wide fascia of quilting.

The lower synovial nerve travels from the empty pelvis through the pear-shaped opening and the innervuo great synovial muzzle.

Dovgі hіlki kryzhny gossip are represented by the dorsal cranial nerve stigna, which is the inner nerve of the sidnichnaya dilyanka and the small svkіr of the perineum, and the sidnial nerve (Fig. 138).

Spinal nerves, nn. spinales (Fig. ,,), They are guys (31 pairs), metamerically retracted nerves of the storm:

1. Shiyni nerves, nn. cervicales(C I -C VII), 8 pairs
2. Breast nerves, nn. thoracici(Th I -Th XII), 12 pairs
3. Transverse nerves, nn. lumbales(L I -L V), 5 pairs
4. Kryzhovy nerves, nn. sacrales(S I -S V), 5 pairs
5. Cupric nerve, n. coccygeus(Co I-Зі II), 1 pair, before two.

The spinal nerve є changes and pretends to be the wickedness of the right two roots:

1) back corincy [sensitive], radix dorsalis, і

2) front corincy [ruchovy], radix ventralis.

Skin root of dressings with spinal cord filaments, fila radicularia... The posterior cortex in the region of the posterolateral furrow of the dressings with the spinal cord back filaments, fila radicularia radicis dorsalis, And the anterior root in the area of ​​the anterolateral furrow - root filaments of the anterior root, fila radicularia radicis ventralis.

The back corners are large, so as to the skin of them spinal vuzol [sensitive], ganglion spinale... The cipher becomes the first nerve, at which the anterior cortex is larger than the posterior one. Inodі vіdsutnya vuzol in the root of the coccygeal nerve.

The front corners of the universities are not lost. At the point of establishing the spinal nerves of the anterior cortex, just lie down to the spinal nodes and get along with them for the auxiliary tissue.

The formation of roots in the spinal nerve is drawn laterally from the spinal node.

The cores of the spinal nerves pass through the spinal cord in the subarachnoid space and are soaked without the middle by the soft cerebral sheath. Between the anterior and posterior roots in the subarachnoid space, there is a tooth-like sound. Close to the mid-spine openings of the cores, especially in the three membranes, which grow between themselves and into the connective tissue of the spinal nerve (div. Fig. ,,).

Corinths of spinal nerves are directed to the spinal cord of the spinal opening (div. Fig.,):

1) the corners of the upper nerves are expanded horizontally;

2) the corners of the lower lumbar nerves and the two upper thoracic nerves go down the spinal cord obliquely downward, expanding before entering the inferior opening one ridge lower out of the spinal cord;

3) the corners of the onset 10 pectoral nerves go even more downward and, before entering the mid-spine opening, are located approximately two ridges below their cob;

4) the corners of 5 transverse, 5 cranial and cupric nerve are directed downward vertically and set with the same roots of the protype side кінський хвіст, cauda equina, Which is in the empty corns.

Going out of the Chinese tail, the main way to go to the ridge canal is to go to stovbur of the spinal nerve, truncus n. spinalis.

Most of the spinal cord vasculature in the mid-spine openings; the lower crosswise of the vuzli will grow in small parts in the ridge canal; kryzhovy vuzli, the last one, will fall into the spinal canal in the pose of the dura mater. The spinal vuzole of the cupric nerve is located in the middle of the empty spaces of the dura mater. The roots of the spinal nerves and the spinal nodes can be injected into the root of the spinal canal and the arches of the ridges and slopes are visible.

All storms of spinal nerves, behind a vignette of the first lumbar, puffed crooked and kuprikovy nerves, lie in the mid-spine openings, with all the lower ones, as they take part in the established Chinese tail, to be known as a frequent canal. The first shinny spinal nerve (C I) passes through the pylicular cyst and the I shinny ridge; the eighty spinal nerve (C VIII) grows between the VII shine ridge and the I thoracic ridge; p'yaty kryzhovy and kuprikovy nerves go through the kryzhovy schilina.

Storms of the spinal nerves є zmishanim, tobto. E. Carry sensitive fibers. The cutaneous nerve is sent from the spinal canal to the front head, r. ventralis, і rear spout, r. dorsalis, In the skin of yak yak rukhov, so і sensitive fibers (div. Fig. ,,,). Stovbur of the spinal nerve for help with the best gilok, rr. communicantes, Pov'yazaniy z vidpovidnym vuznym cute stovbur.

With a full dvi gіlok. One of them is not the pre-node (muscle) fibers from the cells of the spinal horns of the spinal cord. won white color[Tsі gіlki from the eighth spinal nerve (C VIII) to the other third transverse (L II -L III) spinal nerve] і be called bіloї sfluchnoї gіlkoyu, r. communicans albus... The first step is not a post-knot (overwhelming lack of muscle) fibers from the nodes of a pretty stovbur into the spinal nerve. Wonderful dark color and I will name it syroї spoluchnoї gilki, r. communicans griseus.

From the stub of the spinal nerve to enter the hard shell of the spinal cord - meningealny gilka, r. meningeus, Yak to take revenge in your warehouse and nice fibers.

The meningeal head turns into the ridge canal through the ridge opening. Here the nerve extends on two heads: more, going along the anterior stintsi canal in the downward direction, and more on the way in the downward direction. The skin s gilts together with gilks of suspicious giloks of the cerebral sheath, as well as gilts of the opposite side. As a result, the gossip of the cerebral sheath is established, which has made the spine to the bone, the cysts, the membranes of the spinal cord, venous spinal gossip, and also to the arteries of the spinal cord. In the area of ​​the spinal cord, nerves take part in the spinal gossip, plexus vertebralis, Navkolo ridge artery.

Posterior spinal nerves

Dorsal spinal nerves, rr. dorsales nn. spinalium (Div. Fig. ,,), Behind a vignette, two upper nerves, significantly thinner than the front. All rear ends from the center of the road, at the lateral surface of the lobe ridges of ridges, go backwards through the transverse ridges of ridges, and in the area of ​​the ridges pass through the dorsal ridges of the openings.

Rear skin lasts for medical gilku, r. medialis, I on lateral head, r. lateralis... Sensitive and airy fibers pass through both heads. The back flaps are distributed in all dorsal areas of the tulub, from the tilting to the crooked area, in the long and short back glands and in the bow glands (div. Fig. ,,).

Anterior spinal nerves

Anterior spinal nerves, rr. ventrales nn. spinalium , Comrades back, behind a vignette of two first nerves, de zorotnі vіdnosini.

The anterior spines, along the pectoral nerves, close to the spinal cord are wide apart from each other and gossip, plexus... From the anterior throat of the pectoral nerves take part in the gossip of the throat from Th I and Th II, inodi Th III (shoulder gossip), and from Th XII (transverse gossip). However, it’s just a lot of people to enter into gossip.

Topographic razr_znyayut offensive gossip: shiine; shoulder; transverse-kryzhove, in which it is seen transverse and kryzhove; Kuprikov (div. fig.).

All the gossip is pretended to be behind the help of one of the leading loops at the loops.

Shiina and shoulder gossip is established in the area of ​​the shoulder, across the area, in the cross section, in the area of ​​the small basin. The gossip comes in the head, which goes to the periphery of the room, and it goes without saying that it’s going to happen. The anterior pectoral nerves, which do not make gossip, are trivially on the periphery of the body, and are spread out in the baby's and the anterior sides of the walls of the breast and abdomen.

Across, kryzhov and kuprikova nerves

Across, kryzhov and kuprikova nerves, nn. lumbales, sacrales et coccygeus , Yak and all the growth of the spinal nerves, there are 4 groups of gillocks: meningeal, back, anterior and posterior.

Anterior branches of the transverse, kryzhovy and kuprikovy spinal nerves (L I -L V, S I -S V, З I-Зі II) establish one spinal cord cross-kryzhove gossip, plexus lumbosacralis.

In a number of gossip topographically, transverse gossip (Th XII, L I -L IV) and gossip (L IV -L V -Co I). Kryzhov gossip grows on the sacral gossip and kuprikov gossip (S IV -Co I, З II) (div. Fig.).