The sequence of the components of the reflex arc. Sho also reflex arc

The reflex arc is the aim of neurons from the peripheral receptor through the central nervous system to peripheral efector. The elements of the reflex arc are a peripheral receptor, afferent paths, one or more insertion neurons, an eferent path and an effector.

All receptors take part in quiet reflexes, so their afferent fibers serve as the afferent path of the reflex arc. The number of intercalated neurons is more than one, except for monosynaptic reflex stretching. Eferent paths of representations with either roch axons, or post-ganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system, and effectors - skeletal muscles and smooth muscles, heart, hair.

An hour is given to an ear of a stimulus before the reaction of the effector is called an hour to a reflex. In most cases, it should start in the main hour of spending in the afferent and in the eventual routes and in the central part of the reflex arc, until the hour of transformation of the stimulus in the receptor in the central part of the transmission of the pulse, the hour of transmission from the effective way to the effector and the hour of the effector's activation.

Reflector arcs go on a chain of types

1. monosynaptic reflex arcs - in such a dusa the fate of only one synapse, which is located in the central nervous system. Such reflexes are even more specific in all the backbones, the stench takes a part in the regulation of the muscular tone and position (for example, the colonic reflex). In cich arcs, neurons do not reach the brain, and reflex acts to go without their participation, so as the stench is stereotyped and does not vimagayut ponder the decision. The stench of economy is just the number of times to take on the fate of the central neurons and to do without involving the brain.

2. polysynaptic spinal reflex arcs - in them two synapses take part, which are located in the central nervous system, as in the arc of inclusions the third neuron is a statutory one, and an intermediate neuron. Here, there is a synapse between a sensory neuron and an interneuron and a neuron and between an interneuron and a nerve neuron. Such reflex arcs allow the organism of the healthy, and the like, automatic mimic reactions, which are necessary for the regulation to change the new middle (for example, the mental reflex, or to preserve the blood flow) in the case of oversupply.

3. polysynaptic reflex arcs for the participation of both the spinal cord and the brain - in the reflex arcs of the type є synapse in the spinal cord along with the sensory neuron and neuron, which energized the impulses into the brain.

Reflexes are classified according to different criteria. So, in the fallowness of the arc fading, so that behind the place of localization of the reflex center, reflexes move to the spinal (reflex to stagnate in the spinal cord), bulbar (reflex center - prodovuvaty brain), Mesencephalic (the fading of the reflex arc goes to the middle brain), diencephalic and cortical reflex centers are in endocrine brain i core great pіvkul for sure.

For the efectorial acquaintance, the stench is somatic, as far as the reflex is concerned, the innervations of skeletal muscles, and vegetative ones, if the effectors are the internal organisms.

It is always in the form of a teasing reflex receptor to distribute to exteroceptive (which is a receptor in the form of information from the outer middle), proprioceptive ( reflex arc repair from receptors in the cyst-muscle-tendon apparatus) and interoceptive (from receptors internal organs).

Interoceptive reflexes, in their own way, are connected to viscero-visceral (the reflex arc connects two internal organs), viscero-myazov (the receptor is found on the muscle-tendon apparatus, the effect is internal) localized in school, working organization - inside).

For Pavlova, reflexive to mind (vibrate life, specific for the skin individual) and insane (nature, species-specific: food, statues, defense-movers, homeostatic and in.).

Indirectly, in view of the reflex, the reflex arc reveals the receptor, the afferent paths, the nerve center, the eferent paths, the working organ and the vortex ring. As a vignette є axon reflexion, the reflex arc of a kind grows in the interstices of one neuron: sensitive outgrowths generate docentral impulses, which pass through the neuron, along the axon expand into the central nervous system, and along the axon in the axon of the extension. Some reflexes are brought to the function of the metasympathic nervous system, through them, for example, the mechanisms for regulating the tone of the skin and the effect of the skin cells can be developed.

The function of developing the receptor for the reflex arcs is the function of developing and converting it into energy. Receptor energy is developed in the character of a local form, which is significant in the gradation of energy.

It is possible to distribute the receptors for the first time, secondarily, and the end of the nerves. In the first in the receptor, the neuron itself (develops from the neuroepithelium), so that it is also the protagonist and the first afferent neuron of the non-mediated structures. The local response to the primary receptor - receptor potential - is the generator potential, so that the potential for action on the membrane of the afferent fiber is determined. Prior to the primary receptors, they recognize healthy, scent, chemo and baroreceptors of the heart-vascular system.

Suddenly, they see cells є special structures of non-nervous walking, such as, behind the addition of synaptic neuroreceptor contacts, they interact with the dendrites of pseudo-unipolar sensitive cells. The receptor potential, which is the result of the child's activity, is secondary to the cells that are not generator and not victorious to the potential of action on the membranes of the afferent fiber. The sickly postsynaptic potential of the mediator through the mechanism of seeing the mediator's receptor cell. Gradation of the strength of the mediator to seek the help of the mediator's additional numbers (the more the mediator is seen, the stronger the teaser).

Prior to secondarily, patients are aware of rumors, vestibular, carotid, tactile and іnshі receptors. In conjunction with the features of the function to the whole group, bring photoreceptors, both from the anatomical point of view, and in connection with the trips from the neuroepithelium, and secondarily see.

Vilny nerves of the end are the dendrites of pseudo-unipolar sensitive cells and are localized more often in all tissues of human body.

Due to the energetic nature of the subject, on which receptor reacts, it stinks on the mechanoreceptors (tactile, baroreceptors, volumoreceptors, hearing, vestibular, stinks, as a rule, sprites out the mechanic subdivisions, chemosensory systems), nerve receptors , photoreceptors (sprying out through sticks-and cones-ni virgin cells), thermoreceptors (reacting to the "warm-cold" - tiltsya Rufina and colby Krause mucous membranes) and nociceptors (non-capsulation)

Post-receptor light reflex arcs є afferent paths, apprehensions of a pseudo-unipolar sensitive neuron, which just lie in the spinal ganglion, and axons set up the back corners of the spinal cord. The function of the afferent way is to carry out information to the central lance, moreover, on this stage, to see the information code. For cich purposes, a double code is stored in the organisms of the spine, folds into packs (volleys) of impulses and promises among them. There are two main types of coding: frequency and spaciousness.

Better the field in the formulation of a different number of pulses in the pachts, small number of packs, and the triviality and triviality of interruptions between them in the depletion due to the force applied to the receptor for dehydration. The vastness of the coding is due to the gradation of the strength of the tempter, the number of nerve fibers is drawn back, for which one is immediately carried out.

A-b, A-c and A-d fibers enter the warehouse of the afferent way.

Having traversed the fibers, the nerve impulse is consumed in the reflex center, which in the anatomical sense is the supreme number of neurons that have grown on the singing part of the central nervous system and take part in the formulated reflex. The function of the reflex center of the field in the analysis and synthesis of information, as well as in the intermixed information from the afferent path.

The central part of the nervous system (somatic and autonomic) reflexes, the center of the swarms in the spinal cord, grows according to the localization of the intercalated neurons. So, for the somatic nervous system and the reflex center of the retouching in the industrial zones between the anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord. The reflex center of the autonomic nervous system (the body of the inserted neurons) lie in rear horns... somatic i vegetative species The nervous system is also derived from the localization of the existing neurons. The length of the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system lies in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, while the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic system lie in the middle horns.

Axoni of both types of cells form eferent paths of reflex arcs. The somatic nervous system does not interrupt, it stores fibers type A-b... The win is to deprive the A-g fibers, as they carry out the stimulation from the spinal cord clin to the intrafusal fibers of the spindle spindles. Eferent paths of the autonomic nervous system are digested in the autonomic ganglion, roztashovany abo instrumental (parasympathetic part), or near the spinal cord (okremo or in a sympathetic stovburi - a pretty part). Pregangly fiber is carried to B-fibers, post-ganglionic - to group C.

The working organ for the somatic viddilu of the nervous system is the transverse dark-brown skeletal ointment, in the vegetative duz_ the effector is the zaliza abo myaz (smooth or the transverse-dark midget of the heart). Between the effective way and the robotic organ of the chewing of the neurosecretory synapse.

The reflex arc freezes in the ring of the ringing effect - the flow of impulses from the receptors of the effector back to the reflex center. The function of the vortex is a signaling to the central nervous system about viconane action. Yaksho vono viconano is lacking, the nerve center zbuzhutsya - a reflex trivaє. The control of the peripheral activity by the central nervous system is also helpful for the development of a vortex effect.

Create a negative and positive ringing tone. The first at the viconious singing function of launching is the mechanism that brings the function. The positive zvorotny connection of the pole in the subal stimulation of the function, as it is already in the applied function, as it is also imputed. Positive echoing afferentation is developed rather quickly, so as to create a biological system in a non-urban camp.

Simple (monosynaptic) reflex arcs are formed without two neurons (afferent and efferent) and only develop in proprioceptive reflexes. The arc reshta includes all the important components.

Physiological power and functional significance of nerve fibers

Nerve fibers can be found to be awkward, to be found to be awake, the shortest refractory period, high lability. Tse be sure to have a high level of exchange processes and a low value of the membrane potential.

Function: conduction of nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system and back.

Features of budov and types of nerve fibers

The nerve fiber - axon - is covered with a cell membrane.

There are 2 types of nerve fibers:

Without muscle nerves fibers - one ball of Schwann's clitin, between them - slit-like space. Klіtinnа membrane on all protrusions of contactє with navkolishnіm middle. When applied, a tease is created in a mice of a tease. Without malignant nerves fibers may cause Electrogenic power (the generation of nerve impulses) on all sides.

Мієлінові nervіvі fibers - cover the balls with schwannіvskoy clіtin, as with mice they confirm the overloading of Ranvier (dіlyanka without mієlіnu) through the skin 1 mm. The triviality of Ranvier's overload is 1 micron. Mієlіnova shell of a viscous trophic and insulating function (high opіr). Dilyanki, pokriti mієlіnu do not volodyut Electrogenes by the authorities. Nimi will be overloaded by Ranvier. The destruction of the winery is in the closest to the day of the peer of Ranvier. The overcapacity of Ranvei has a large capacity of Na-canals, thus, in the skin overcapacity of Ranvier, the strength of nerve impulses is increased.

Ranvier's overcapacity to display the function of the repeaters (generating and transmitting nerves and impulses).

Mechanism of carrying out stimulation along the nerve fiber

1885 - L. Herman - in the midst of buzzing and non-crumbling with nerve fiber dividing lines, there are circular structures.

With the help of the protagonist, the potential difference between the outer and inner surfaces of the fabric (dilenka nonsense charge). Mіzh cimi dіlyankami vinikє electric strum (rukh іonіv Na +). In the middle of the nerve fiber, the strum from the positive pole to the negative pole, i.e. Tsey strum to go through the zoomed dilenka and recharge. On the last surface of the nerve fiber, the current is seen from the buzzed dilenka until it is damaged. Tsey strum does not change the camp of a ruined dilyanka, because K. Win is in the camp of refractoriness.

Proof of the presence of circular structures: the nerve fiber is able to supply NaCl in the range and restructuring the efficiency of the implementation. If the nerve fiber is put into oil (the opyr is added), the speed of the performance is reduced by 30%. When the fiber is sent to your nerves, it’s overflowing - the speed of the performance is reduced by 50%.

Special features of the training on muscle and non-muscle nerve fibers:

mієlіnovі fibers - weave the sheath of Volodya with a high support, Electrogen power only in the overload of Ranvey. On the way of a tempter destructed in the closest surplus of Ranvier. Susidny overcrowding in the camp of polarization. Vinikak strum vicliky depolarization of mid-day overcrowding. The overcapacity of Ranway has a large capacity for Na-channels, so in the cutaneous offensive overcapacity of the trocha, there is a greater (in terms of amplitude) potential of the action, for the development of a wide range of growth without decrement, and you can jump over the overflow. Tse of Tasak's saltatory theory. The proof of the theory is that drugs were injected into the nerve fiber to block the overcrowding, otherwise the revitalization was carried out. It is a very high and high-quality way, because it is not a lot of money, the efficiency of the energy is increased, the energy vitrati changes;

lack of fiber - the surface of the electrogenic power on all sides. To that, small circles of strumms are found on the site in a small circle of micrometers. The destructiveness can be seen constantly bizhuchoi hvili.

Tsei sposib mensh vigidny: great vitra of energy (for the robot of the Na-K-pump), lesser efficiency of the implementation.

Classification of nerve fibers

Nerve fibers are classified for:

· Triviality to the potential of the development;

· Budova (diameter) fiber;

· Shvidkostі conducting zbudzhennya.

See the onset of a group of nerve fibers:

· Group A (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) - the shortest potential for the development of the myelin sheath;

Group B - the myelin sheath of the mensch is rotated;

· Group C - without milinovaya shell.

Morphological views of dendrites from axons

1. Have surrounding neuronє a splinter of dendrites, an axon depends on one.

2. Dendriti is shorter than the axon. If the size of the dendrites is 1.5-2 mm, then the axons can reach 1 m or more.

3. Dendrites smoothly go out of the cell and gradually constant diameter on a significant protrusion.

4. Dendrites to get out of the way for a gostry kut, and branches out of a clit. Axons show the colors most often with a straight cut, the organization of the colors is not tied without a middle ground.

5. Small dendritic growth in cells of the same type is more persistent, lower in the axon of cych cells.

6. The dendrites of healthy neurons are covered with dendritic spines, which appear on the catfish and the cob part of the dendritic stems. Axoni do not have thorns.

7. Nicoli dendrites do not stir up the pulp. Axoni are often otochenі mієlinom.

8. Dendrites may be more regular spatial organization of microtubules, in axons in the main they relate neurofeatures and microtubules to grow in order

9. In dendrites, especially in the proximal dilyankas, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, which are mute in axons.

10. The surface of the dendrites in greater contact with synoptic plaques and in the active zone with postsynaptic specialization.

budova dendritiv

As well as about the geometry of dendrites, about the geometry of the dendrites, about internal budov, About budovuykh components in їkh cytoplasms є if there is less development of vіdomosti. All kinds of houses have become young as they are in neurohistology of electronic - microscopic dosages.

The main characteristics of dendrite rice, which can be seen on electronic microscopic images:

1) the visibility of the muslin shell,

the presence of the correct microtubule system,

3) the presence of active zones of synapses on them with a clear electronic cleavage of the cytoplasm of the dendrite,

4) identification of the outlying stovbur of the dendrite of spines,

5) specially organized zones and universities,

6) dissemination of ribosomes,

7) the presence of granulated and non-granulated EPR in the proximal dilens.

The most primitive particularity of dendritic cytoplasm is the presence of numerous microtubules. The smell of good yak appears on the transverse spines, and so on later. Recovering from the proximal dendrite, the microtubules go parallel to the axis of the dendrite to the distal root of the dendrite. Microtubules flow into the dendrite in parallel, one to one, do not cross and do not overlap between themselves. On the transverse spines, it is possible to bachiti, which is formed between the okremny tubes. Outside dendritic tubules stretch to reach large spaces, often followed by wiggles, which can be found along the dendrites. The number of tubules is gradually per unit area of ​​the transverse dendrite break and becomes approximately 100 per 1 micron. The same number is typical for any dendrites taken from different types of the central and peripheral nervous systems, new species tvarin.

Function of microtubules - transport of rivers along the branches nerve cells.

When microtubules are ruptured, the transport of rivers to the dendrite can be ruptured, and, in such a rank, the end of the line can be reduced to the influx of the elderly and energetic talk from the cell. Dendrites, in order to preserve the structure of synaptic contacts in extreme minds and by themselves, to preserve the function of interneuronal interaction, to memorize the deficiency living talk behind the rakhunok structures adjoined to them (synaptic plaques, bagatosharovy myelin sheath of soft fiber, as well as fragments of glial cells).

As soon as the pathogenic factor will be quickly attached, the dendrites will introduce the structure and the correct spaciousness of the organization of the microtubules, and the system for the transport of rivers, which dominates the normal brain, will also be introduced. If the strength and triviality of the pathogenic factor will be significant, then the manifestations of endocytosis can replace their adolescent functions, since phagocytic fragments cannot be utilized.

Destruction in the organization of the microtubule before the big change in the behavior of the creatures. In animals, in the experiments of some boules, microtubules in the dendrites were smoothed, disorganized disorganization of folding behavioral forms while preserving prostates mind reflexes... In humans, it can lead to serious damage in the eyes nervousness.

About those who are dendrites є the most sensitive locus to the pathological agent in case of mental illness, bring together the actions of robotic American scientists. It appeared that with aging dementia (blue dementia) and Alzheimer's ailments on preparations of the brain, chipped by the Golgi method, no nerve cells appear. Stovbury dendrites are built as bi-charred and charred. It is not the case that the growths of the growths on the histological preparations of the brain are also associated with the damage in the growths of the systems and the microtubules and the neurophilic elements.

Dendrites start to appear. The stench follows parallel to the axis of the dendrite, you can lie close to or go into bunches, protects the cytoplasm of a mute suvorogo roztashuvannya. Imovirno, at once with microtubules can be equivalent to neurofibrils.

All dendrites of the central nervous system are characterized by an increase in the surface of the bagatoraz dichotomous sublayer. At the same time, it is necessary to establish in the zones of the special distribution of the maidan, or the higher education institutions.

A normal analysis shows that in the university there are galleries, up to which two dendritic arms come, which carry a skin-friendly signal, such operations can be performed. To pass through the university to the out-of-the-box stovbur and to the length of the neuron:

for a signal from one head,

for only from the inshoi,

for the result of the interaction of two signals,

for the signals to extinguish one one.

In the cytoplasm of the university, all the components, which are characteristic of the nerve cells, and the dilenca, grow rapidly for their own form, the cytoplasm of the dendritic dendritic stembur and the hylok, which are removed in the course of rose. At the universities of distribution, there is a number of mitochondria, granulation and smooth reticulum, one can see the purchase of single ribosomes and ribosomes, taken into the sockets. The components (granulation and smooth reticulum, ribosomes) take an immediate role in the synthesis of protein. The purchase of mitochondria in cychics depends on the intensity of oxidative processes.

functions of dendrites

Although it would seem that it is the main difficulty, it is difficult to see what the glimpse of during the implantation of dendritic function is, - at the same time, the information about the power of the dendrite membrane (at the site of the membrane of the entire neuron) through the imperfect

Assessing in the whole geometry of dendrites, growing synapses and especially Bud's cytoplasm in the muscles of dendritic growths, we can talk about the special loci of the neuron due to its power function. Nayprostishe, it is possible to attribute dendritic maidan chicks in places of galloping - a central function.

It’s a great idea, that the cytoplasm of the dendrites reveals the abundant ultrastructural components, which are very important functions. Dendrites have singular loci, and this robot has its own specialties.

The main reason for the number of dendritic growths in the nerve cells is to prevent the interconnection of the neurons. In the cortex of the brain big part axodendric ligaments of the seizure on contact with special specialized dendritic virost - dendric spines. Dendritic spines are phylogenetically the youngest ones in the nervous system. In ontogeny, the stench ripens significantly more than those of the nerve structures and is the most plastic apparatus of the nervous cell.

As a rule, a dendric spine is in the cortex of savtsi a characteristic shape. (Fig. 2). From the main dendritic stubbour, it is usually seen as a small head, and it ends with a head. This is the form of the dendritic appendage (the appearance of the head) is tied, from one side of the brain to the areas of synaptic contact with the axon of the ends, from the latter to serve for the distribution of the central spine of the special At the link with cymus, there is a pre-river analogy with the form of synaptic axonal termination, since the thinner preterminal fiber is expanded. The widening (synaptic plaque) establishes a great contact with the substrate innervated and reveals a great variety of ultrastructural components (synaptic puffy, mitochondria, neurofilment, glucogen granules).

The basic hypothesis (yaku, zokrema, razdіlyaє and development of the Nobel Laura F. Crick) is about those spines geometry can change in fallowness as a function of the brain. With a large spine, the spine can expand, and the spine itself can shrink, as a result of which the effectiveness of axo-spine contact can be improved.

If the shape and size of the dendritic spines in the bark of the saplings may be a little bit variegated, then the most consistently in them is the manifestation of a specific spine apparatus. Wine is a complex of interconnected tubules (cisterns), rosted, as a rule, in the head of the spine. However, the organelle is tied to even more important functions that govern phylogenetically the youngest brain devices, so as a spine apparatus is installed in the main brain in the cerebral cortex, and only in other creatures.

Uninvolved on the spine є the dendritic dendrites, in the new outer neurofems and dendritic tubules, in the cytoplasm to avenge roughly or finely granulated matrix. one more characteristic rice a spine in the cerebral cortex є obov'yazkov the presence of synaptic contacts on them with axon ends. The cytoplasm of the spine has little special components, which are responsible for the formation of dendritic stovburi. It is possible to distinguish a common process in the cytoplasm of a spine: subsynaptic specialization of active zones - spine apparatus - mitochondria. I will look at the development of folding and important functions, Yak vikonuyut mitochondria, it is possible to ochikuvati also folding functional manifestations in the "triad" in synaptic transmission. You can talk about those who are cytoplasm dendritic spines and spines can help mothers without a mediocre synaptic function.

Dendritic spines and dendrites are also sensitive to extreme factors. With any kind of spine (for example, alcoholic, hypoxic, important metals - lead, mercury, etc.), there will be a number of evolved spines on the dendrites of the cinnamon measles of the great spines. Generally, the spines do not know at all, otherwise their cytoplasmic components are destroyed, and the stench is impregnated with salts important metals... Since the spines are one of the structural components in the prevention of interneuronal contacts, then problems in them can lead to serious damage to the function of the brain.

In some cases, with a short-term action of the extreme factor, a dorsal situation can occur on the first glance, if the number of evolved spines on the dendrites of the brain does not change, but rather grows. So, it should be spared during the experimental cerebral ischemia in the cob period. In parallel with the increase in the number of emerging spines, the functional stance of the brain may change. In this case, hypoxia is a bureaucrat, which strengthens the metabolism in nerve tissue, Beautifully realizing reserves, so that you don’t get caught up in the wicked situation, and the shitty waste of slags accumulated in the body. Ultrastructurally, it manifests itself in a greater intensive optimization of the cytoplasm of the spines, the growth and expansion of the cisterns of the spine apparatus. Ymovirno, the phenomenon of a positive hypoxia is encouraged to be promoted, if Lyudin is great physical options in the minds of the hypoxia, the top of the mountain. It is difficult to be compensated for by more intensive productive work, like the brain, as well as other organs.

dendrite shape

Dendrites and interneuronal connections are formed in the process of ontogenetic development of the brain. Moreover, the dendrites, apical sprouts, in young individuals, it takes an hour to become awesome for making new contacts. Dilianki of dendrite, roztasvani closer to the body of the bed, can be tied with great and simple - natural intellectual reflexes, and the finer points are needed to establish new connections, associations.

In an adult on dendrites, there are already many types of interneuronal contacts in dendrites, but at an old age, they have the same number of dendrites and by their number of contacts.

old people have a stink of dendrites childish vik... It is possible to see it through those that will ease the transport of protein synthesis processes in the cells, as well as due to the destruction of the blood supply to the brain. Perhaps, it’s the morphological basis for such a fact that is widely seen in neurology and in everyday life, if it’s important for people who have been kidnapped to learn something new, they often forget the current stories and even remember the past. Those same sposterіgaєtsya і when deprived.

It has already begun that the improvement and acceleration of the dendritic tree in phylogenesis is necessary not only for the reception of a great number of impulses, but rather for the forward processing.

The dendrites of the neurons of the central nervous system may have synaptic function in every way, and the anthrochial disease does not compromise on the middle. As soon as we talk about the distal (kintsevic) distal dendrites of the apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurons of the measles, the part in the healthy interneuronal interactions is even more significant, lower than the proximal ones. There, up to a large number of endovian synaptic plaques on the very stovbury and root of the apical dendrite adhere to more contact on the dendritic spines.

I think of the problem behind the help of electronic microscopy, the pre-glans also got overwhelmed by the fact that the children of the dendrites are shielded by synaptic plaques and, in such a rank, take an average part in interneuronal relationships. Electronic microscopy also showed that dendrites can establish contact with oneself. These contacts can be either parallel, which most of the authors ascribe to electro-tonic power, or typical asymmetric synapses with clearly rotated organelles, which can prevent a cheeky transmission. Such dendro-dendritic contacts can only be repaired and respect the past. Otzhe, dendrite in all its prototypes viconuє synaptic function. By the same rank, the surface of the dendrite is attached to secure contacts with axons?

The superficial membrane of the dendrite is vastored so that the maximum grade of vikoristovuvatisya for interneuronal contacts. Dendrites are all endemic, folds, intestines, small irregularities of the genus of blood, thorns, mushroom-like appendages and in. All the relativities of dendritic stubs show the forms and sizes of synaptic endings. Moreover, in young species of the nervous system and in young creatures, the relief of dendritic surfaces is very specific. Well, by the very miraculous virost of the dendritic membrane є the dendritic spine.

Dendrites are even more sensitive to other extreme factors. Destruction in them can lead to sickness, for example, psychotic problems.

The reflex arc is folded from:

- receptors - spritzdratuvannya.

- sensitive (docentric, afferent) nerve fiber, transmitting stimulation to the center

– nerve center, De view the mixing of excitement from sensitive neurons on the hands

- ruchic (vidcentral, eferent) nerve fiber, which carries the stimulation from the central nervous system to the working organ

- an effector - a working organ, which is a healthy effect, a reaction in response to the release of a receptor.

Receptor and receptive fields

receptor- clitini sprymayut teasing.

receptive fields- tse anatomical area in case of subdivision of the Danish reflex.

The receptive fields are the first to detect receptors in the organization of the most simple. For example, the tactile and abo nociceptive receptive field of the skin surface is the reddening of a single sensitive fiber.

Receptors, roztasovany in the small boxes of the receptive field, may be sensitive to adequate razdratuvannya. At the center of the receptive field there is a highly sensitive zone, and closer to the periphery of the receptive field there is a sensitiveness of the fall.

The receptive fields secondarily see receptors in an analogous order. The reason for this is that the reddening of the afferent fiber does not end, but rather the synaptic contact with sensitive cells - receptors. Thus, the organizated savor, vestibular, acoustic receptive fields.

Re-enactment of receptive fields. One and the same delicate surface (for example, shkiri or slickers of the eye) is innervated by a number of sensitive nerve fibers, which, with their curved hairs, overwhelm the receptive fields of peripheral afferent nerves.

The staff of the receptive fields will improve the sensory surface of the body.

Classification of reflexes.

By type of coverage:

Umovnі (nabutі) - seemingly on іm'ya, the dog's sludge on the light.

Crazy (natural) - blinking kovtalny, colinny.

For the location. receptors:

Exteroceptive (shkirni, zorov, rumors, sniffs),

Interoceptive (from receptors in internal organs)

Proprioceptive (s receptors of the muscle, tendon, suglob)

For effectors:

Somatic, abo rukhov, (reflex skeletal cells);

Vegetative internal organs - herbal, heart-shaped, visual, secretory and in.

For biological trips:

Defense, for example (see on tactile pain section)

Travі (disintegrated receptors of the empty company.)

Statevi (hormones in the blood)

Оієнтовні (head turn, tila)

rukhovi

Pozotonicheskie (postac. Posi Tila)

For a number of synapses:

Monosynaptic, arcs of which are formed from afferent and eferent neurons (for example, colony).

Polysynaptic, arcs that can be replaced are also 1 or 2 decile of intermediate neurons or 2 or 2 or 3 of synaptic intermixes. (Somat. I veget. Ref-si).

Disinaptic (2 synapses, 3 neurons).

For the nature of the general reaction:

Motorni \ rukhovi (m'yazov speedy)

Secretory (seeing by secretary)

Sudinorukhovy (expansion and sounding of the Sudin)

Sertsev (vim. Robots m'yazi sertsya.)

For triviality overrun:

phase (shvidki) hands

fine-grained position

According to the growth of the nerve center:

Spinal (take the fate of the SM neuron) - pulling the Hand out of the hot 2-4 segment, colline reflex.

Reflexes in the brain

Bulbarnі (dovgastiy mozok) - the smack of a century when touching. to rogіvtsі.

Mezentsifalnye (middle m) - zir orintir.

sooventually ( middle brain) - scent

Cortical (BP GM bark) - condition. ref.

The power of the nerve centers.

1. Uniformity of expansion.

Damage is transmitted from the afferent to the eferent neuron (reason: budova synapse).

Trusting transmissions.

Obusl. The appearance of powerless synapses, so it is possible to lie in or out of force. (Sumats_ya) і from the physical state. Central nervous system (stomaluvanism).

3.Summation folding of efects, lower than the thresholds.

Timchasov: ref. View across. Imp-sa is not a success, but a slid. Vzhe priishov.

Prostorova: zm_shannya dec. Підпір. Їm -sov cond. Image. Ref-sa.

Center for lodging and occlusion.

The center of lodging-winyk when the optimal partner (max type of reaction) is the belt. Lodging center.

When dії min. (Reduction of vidp. Reactions) vinik occlusion.

The conquest and transformation of the rhythm of revitalization.

Transformation is a change in the frequency of the nerve impulse when passing through the nerve center. The frequency can increase or decrease.

Zasvoєnnya (dance, daily regimen)

heritage

Delay in the end of the general reaction after the process of dissolution. Tied around the circus nerve. Іmp. Behind the lock. Lantsyugah neurons.

Short hours (parts of a second)

trivale (seconds)

Rhythmic activity of nerve centers.

A decrease or a decrease in the frequency of nerve impulses connected with the powers of the synapse and the integrative triviality of neurons.

8. The plasticity of the nerve centers.

Building on the functionality of the authorities for more effective regulation of functions, for the new reflexes that did not dominate the center before, but rather to update the functions. Basically, there is a layer of synpses of the mall-th structure.

Zmini of spookiness from every cheeky talk.

Visoka Chust-t until the actual razlich-x ve-in.

Stomluvance of the nerve centers.

It is tied with high synapses. Zmen pochuttyv. Receptors.

General principle coordination activity of the central nervous system.

Braking special ner. percent I will appear in the change or in the main іshennіі vіdp. reactions.

convergence principle

Convergence is the process of convergence of impulses to come from different afferent paths to one central neuron or a nerve center.

2 ... The principle of convergence is clear dressing with the principle zalny kintsevoy way seen by Sherrinkton. There are no different kinds of fun-lovers who can wake up one and the same motoneuron and one or the same rukhovu reaction... The whole principle of accumulation is not the same as the number of influential and eventual nobles.

divergence principle

Tse the contact of one neuron with no lynchs.

Irradiation and concentration of education.

Expansion of the process of stimulation on the inner nerves of the center, called іrradіаtsієyu (viborcha- in one straight line , generalized- great).

Irradiation in a ten hour will change into a manifestation of concentration in the same vyhіdniy Pukto of the central nervous system.

The process of irradiation is positive (the formation of new intellectual reflexes) and negative (the destruction of subtle interactions formed by the processes of excitement and galvanization, so that roles are brought to the end of the rudimentary spirit).

The principle of reciprocity (vitormizes)

Destruction of some of the cells of the wake of the galvanization of the children through a statutory neuron.

dominance principle

Ukhtomsky having formulated the principle of dominance as a working principle of the efficiency of nerve centers. term dominant I will develop a centralized central nervous system, which will help me refine the activity of the body.

Principles of the dominant vognisch :

The malaise of the nerve centers is increased;

Strength of damage per hour;

Health before the sum of third-party podraznikiv;

Inertia (the health of a trivial saving for the end of the day); The state of the art of galvanizing.

DAYS І VALUE TO THE PROCESS OF SELF-REGULATION

For self-satisfaction CONSUMPTION OF PEOPLE

homeostasis- building biological systems to stand up to the changes and to create a dynamic change of the inner middle of the organism. The functional activity of the organs and the coordination of their activity is influenced by the nervous and (or) humoral systems of regulation. nerve regulation HELP FOR THE SUPPORT OF NERVOUS IMPULSES AND I WILL NOT PRESENT THE VICTOROUS REACTION TO REDRESSION. humoral regulation Hurry up and down the flow of internal secretions of biologically active words (hormones and іn.), so that they come into the roof and infuse into the fluidity and directness of the communication processes.

PC. Anokhin vozvav: function- tse dosyagnennya organizm coryse pristosuvalnogo result in interaction with the middle iznuvannya. functional system- such an organization of activity around the parts of the body, like in a bag, gives a brown, pristine result.

Having created the program of behavior, the organism fights for it, add the definitions of the middle, especially which one should be introduced to the program of sensory corrections. As a result, the behavior is actively developed according to the principle ringing bell. Physiological basis of the ringing sound - reflex ring. The head of the sign of the annoying sound of the field in the minimizatsiya (reaching the minimum or reduced to new), whether it is a vidhilennya kerovan indicator in accordance with the norms. It is the very same regulatory systems to adjust the indicators on a steady basis.

Vishy rіven of regulation physiological functions and interconnection of the organism with the development of the center of the central nervous system. VNS, by the functions of organs and systems, attracting or stimulating, healthy II level of regulation. The endocrine system becomes III level of regulation, infused into the regulatory processes for the additional hormones and their biologically active words. lower rivn internal control automatic systems regulation (self-regulation), how to adapt to the singing mode of living, vicious and natural physical and chemical laws. Interneuronal and neuromuscular contacts secure media.

The knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of life is important for the intelligence of the peculiarities of attaching to the body to the young minds of the new middle.

BUDOVA'S NURSING PLAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system visualizes an important role in the regulation of the functions of the organisms and the integration of the activity of the organisms and systems. Wonderful links to the organism with the call of the middle. The revival of the budget and the functions of the nervous system is necessary for the intelligence of the mechanisms for the development of ill people, the correct organization of the work and the decision.

The nervous system is stored in centralі peripheral viddiliv... Central nervous system (CNS) presented brain localized in the skull, i spinal cord, roztasovanim in the ridge canal. head i spinal cord stocked with a white and gray speech. Sira Rechovina represented by neurons and dendrites. Bila Rechovina to be stored in the growths of nerve cells - nerve fibers (їх biliy kolir enveloping millenovyh shells).

Nerve fibers to establish providnі shlakhi, ringing out of the central nervous system, the nucleus (nerves of the center) as well.

Peripheral nervous system including: korintsi spinal nerves; spinal cord and cranial nerves, Їх gіlki, nervovі vuzli and gossip.

The somatic and autonomic nervous system is seen from the zones of innervations and certain anatomical and physiological features. The somatic nervous system I will preserve the innervations of the tila - catfish: shkiri and skeletal mussels. Vaughn regulates the connection to the body from the calling center for the help of the organs of the senses.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Innervue of internal organisms and zolozi, regulating exchange processes in all tissues and organs, penetrating into them through the vessels. VNS structures have prettyі parasympathetic viddili, and in them, in their own heart, - central and peripheral.

REFLEX. REFLECTOR ARC

Reflex activity becomes the basis of nervous regulation. reflex-Response reaction to the organism on the development, zd_ysnuvana for the obligatory participation of the nervous system. Reflexive response, in its own right, for a stimulus. In such a rank, the reflex is the whole process with a ringing sound.

reflex arc- path from the receptor to the working organ - including the receptor, the afferent nerve path, the reflex center, the eferent nerve path, the effector. Іmpulse wins receptors- sensitive nerve endings. For the afferent (docentral) path of nerves and impulses from the receptors, go to the reflex nervous center of the central nervous system. afferent way representations by sensitive nerve fibers of the afferent neuron. V reflex center there is a repetition and mixing of impulses on the new way. per eferent (to the center) way The hands (effector) pulses from the nerve center reach the visonaural organ on the muzzle or the zalos, which appear on the nerves pulses with a change of their own activity. Such an organ of presentation by the roc and secretory nerve fibers of the eferent neurons, rosted in the central nervous systems or the autonomic ganglia.

Small. 5.2. Scheme of the reflex arc of the somatic reflex (A) and the autonomic reflex (B). 1 - receptor; 2 - sensitive neuron; 3 - central nervous system; 4 - rudny neuron; 5 - working organ (m'yaz abo zaliza); 6 - associative (statutory) neuron; 7 - vegetative vuzole (ganglion).

A simple reflex arc includes two or three neurons (arcs of reflexes stretching, for example, colonic). The majority of the reflex arcs of humans - folding - turn on the powerless neurons on the lower levels of the central nervous system. As a rule, the reflexes are detected when not one, but not one, but one receptors, which are rosted in the singing areas of the body, are called in a wide variety of ways reflexogenic zones. Massage of reflexogenic zones (comic zones and other analogous areas) is of great importance for reflex infusion into internal organisms.

Simple reflex arc to be formed from two neurons, from which one dressings with something like a sensitive surface (for example, a skin), and those who help their neurites end up in a muzzle (or a zalozi). When the sensitive surface is damaged, the damage goes along the neuron connected to it in the docentral direct (center-petal) to reflex center, De known z'єdnannya (synapse) of both neurons. It's hard to switch to the first neuron and where else by center (center / fugal) to the meat abo zalozі. As a result, there will be a quick response or a change in secretion. Often, before the warehouse of a simple reflex arc, a third statutory neuron enters, which serves as a transmitting station for sensitive way to rukhovy.

Krim simple (triple) reflex arc, Є foldably wedged multi-neuron reflex arcs, Scho pass through the pits of the brain, including the cortex. In other creatures and people, on the basis of simple and folding reflexes, as well as for additional neurons, time-based reflex calls of the general order are established, in the form of by the name of the mind reflexes(I. P. Pavlov).

In this way, the entire nervous system can be built up in a functional manner from three poles of elements.

1. Receptor (sender), transformation of energy into nervous process; in the dressings with the afferent (docentric, or receptor) neuron, which broadened the excitation (nerve impulse) to the center; the analysis is to be repaired (I.P. Pavlov).

2. Conductor (conductor), statutory, chi associativny, neuron, zd_ysnyu zamikannya, that is, re-mixing from the docentric of the neuron to the vidcenter. Tse phenomenon є synthesis, which represents, "obviously, the manifestation of nervous confusion" (I. P. Pavlov). Tom I. P. Pavlov called the neuron a contactor, which is what we call it.

3. Eferent (vidcentroviy) neuron, what a good news about the reaction (to the secretary) nervous excitement from the center to the periphery, to the effector. Effector- the whole nerve end of the eferent neuron, which transmits the nerve impulse to the working organ (myaz, zaliza). This neuron is also called effector. Receptors are generated from the side of three sensitive surfaces, or receptor fields, to the body: (Exteroceptive field) when in the middle there are genetically connected organs with it, as they will recognize the growth from the last middle ground; 2) h internal surface tila (Interoceptive field), Acceptance of the head rank from the side of the cheeky speech, which should be in the empty cores, (Proprioceptive field) In some pledges of the cyst, mucous and іnshі organisms, it is possible to carry out teasing, and to use special receptors. Receptors for the named fields are linked to afferent neurons, which reach the center and there switch over an hour later, folding systems and conductors to different eferent guides; the rest, connected with the working organs, give the same effect.

The main form of nervous activity is a reflex. The reflex is a causally-summed up reaction to the organism on the change of the outward energy of the internal medium, due to the obligatory participation of the central nervous system and in response to the depletion of receptors. For the rakhunok of reflexes, there is a judgment, a change, for any kind of activity to the body.

Nervous way, according to which the stimulation is widened when the reflexes are healthy, I call reflex arc.

Reflex arcs are composed of five components: 1) receptor; 2) afferent nerves of the path; 3) reflex center; 4) eferent nerve path; 5) effector (working organ).

receptor- tensely sensitive nerves of the end, scho sprym teasing. In the receptors, the energy of the subject is transformed into the energy of the nerve impulse. Razr_znyayut: 1) exteroreceptor- break down in flowing tease from the navkolishny middle (receptor shkiri, internal wuh, Mucous membrane of the nose i mouthwash); 2) interoreceptor- sprymayut subdivision from the internal medium to the organism (receptor of internal organs, sudin); 3) proprioreceptor- to react to the change in the position of the surrounding parts of the body in the open space (receptor of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, lump bags).

Afferent nervovy shlyakh representations by sprouts of receptor neurons, which carry excitement to the central nervous system.

reflex center to be composed of groups of neurons, rosttasvanih on the lower levels of the central nervous system and to transmit nerve impulses from the afferent to the eferent nerve paths.

Eferent Nervous Shlyakh to conduct nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effector.

Effector- Vykonavchy organ, the power of how to change under the inflow of nerve impulses, and come up to it according to the statements of the reflex arc. The effectors can be used to make a sound.

reflex arcs They can be simple and foldable. A simple reflex arc is composed of two neurons - spry and effector, and between two - one synapse. A diagram of such a two-neuron reflex arc is shown in Fig. 71.

By the application of a simple reflex arc є a reflex arc of tendon reflexes, for example, a reflex arc of a knee reflex.

Reflex arcs of large reflexes include not two, but a larger number of neurons: receptor, one or more intercalated and effector. Such reflex arcs are called folding, multi-neuron. A schematic of a folding (three-neuron) reflex arc is shown in Fig. 72.

At the given hour, it has been established that before the hour of the general reaction of the effector, the numerical nerves of the end will collapse, evidently in the working organ. Nerve impulses are now already sent to the effector to enter the central nervous system and inform about the correctness of the response to the working organ. In such a rank, the reflex arcs are not roses', but by ringers.

Reflections are brought up to great business people. Їх it is possible to classify for a number of signs: 1) by biological values(Kharchov, defense, article); 2) depending on the type of receptor: exteroceptive, interoceptive and proprioceptive; 3) by the nature of the general reaction: rukhovi or motor (vikonavchy organ - mu'az), secretory (effector - zaliza), sudoric (annoying or extended blood vessels).

The efforts of the reflexes of the social organism can be divided into two great groups: insane and clever. Considerations between them will be discussed in Chapter XII.