Reflexi. Scheme of the reflex arc of the cerebral salivary reflex

> Reflex yak base nervousness and reflex arc. Mechanism of establishing a mental reflex. See reflexes and classifications

reflex- the main form of the nervous system's activity, which is related to the reaction of the organism to the development of the organism, which is responsible for the participation of the nervous system. Recovery from the external and internal medium receptors, the detection of nerve impulses in them, which are transmitted through sensitive neurons to the central nervous system, so they come to the inserts, then to the organs of the neurons.

reflex arc- way, on any nerve impulses to pass during a healthy reflex. Її integrity - obov'yazkova mind function of reflex. Uzgodzhena reflex activity is the result of interaction in the central nervous system of processes of stimulation and galvanization.

The reflex arc folds down from:

· Receptor - the nerve of the Lanka, scho spriymaє teasing;

· Afferent lanka - docentral nerve fiber - outgrowths of receptor neurons, so there is transmission of impulses from sensitive nerve ends to the central nervous system;

· Central Lanka - nerve center (non-ligamentous element, for example for axon reflex);

· Eferent lanka - from the center of the nerve fiber, which conducts the stimulation from the central nervous system to the periphery;

· The effector is the viconaural organ, the power of which to change in the result of the reflex.

Design: - monosynaptic, two-neuron reflex arcs; - polysynaptic reflex arcs (include three or more neurons). Pavlovim delightful reflexion on mind and madness.

> Crazy reflexes

crazy reflexes- recessively transmitted (inherently) reaction to organism, power to all kinds. Vykonuyut zhisnu function, as well as the function of adjusting homeostasis.

The main types of insane reflexes: kharchov, zhisn, orintovn, statévi.

With the attachment of a zaschisny reflex є reflexive hand fidgeting from a hot object. Homeostasis is susceptible to, for example, reflex frequent changes in the presence of excess carbon dioxide in the blood. Practically, the dermal part of the body and the dermal organ take care of the part in reflex reactions.

to form until the moment of the people і sberіgayuyutsya stretching out life. However, the stench can change with ailing ailments. Bagato insane reflexes are manifested only in singing vіtsі; so, in the power of the new population, the hapal reflex is lowered in 3-4 months.

> Mind reflexes

mind reflexes- the price of attaching an individual life to the organism of reaction, which is found in the singing minds on the basis of insane reflexes. Mind the reflexes in the course of the individual development and accumulation of new tips. Vibrating new time-clock sounds between neurons to lay down in the minds of the most recent middle-class. Mind reflexes are formed on the basis of the insane for the participation of other minds.

The development of a vchenya about intellectual reflexes is tied in a pearl with im'yam I. P. Pavlova. Having shown that a new stimulus can be considered a reflex reaction, it seems that for a certain hour it is presented at once with an insane stimulus.

A system of mental reflex sounds is being developed in the world of everyday life in the bark of pivkul. Such a system is called a dynamic stereotype. Vin lie at the base of the bagatoh key and key. For example, having nailed to ride on kovzans, bicycles, we still don’t think about those, how we will collapse, we will not fit in.

Mind reflexes are kindly established only with singing minds. Most of them є:

1. The appearance of two substitutes: an indifferent (mayybutny intelligent) and insane, such as a wicked like a dog.

2. Stagnation of cich podraznikiv can grow in an hour in between 0.5-2 seconds.

3. Diya of the signal patron can overwhelm the mad in the fringes of 0.5-2 seconds.

4. Bagatorazov reiteration with the receipt of a mental and insane cheerleader in a singing mode for an hour.

5. Nerves in the center of measles in the brain for an hour to wake up the mental reflex, they are guilty of being in an active state.

6. The power of zabudzhennya on the insane teaser is guilty but more, not on the signal, but not viclikati galmuvannya.

7. Third party teasers who wink prompt reaction and on the go, guilty but on the day.

8. badoriy stan organizmu;

Mind reflexes are established only with the presence of sufficient awkwardness in the center of the minds of the reflexes. For example, when dogs have their grubby mental reflexes viroblen, they must be put behind the high zestiness of the grub center (hungry creep).

State Budgetary Osvitnє Installation

Center Osviti №1329

mind reflexes

Kulakova Anna 6 "V"

Pankrukhin Ivan 6 "V"

Kerivnik robots:

Homeland V.V.

Moscow 2011 r

Chapter 1. History of development of physiology of food nervous activity 4

Chapter 2. Structural elements and bases of physiology of nervous activity 7

2.1 Nervova klitina 7

2.2 Synapse 9

3.2 Neuromediators 9

Have rounds of materialistic thought by Varto Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650). Correcting from Descartes the term "tilo" and "soul" will be reminded of a new wolf. In the efforts before Descartes, the mind was set on organisms for small mechanical machines and with an organic ear.

Descartes hanging on the hypothesis, for two days. Tilo and one day - a lingering substance, that is, like the soul is a substance, that is, a special day. The soul is made up of short-lived manifestations of svidomosty, or "dummies". Until the whole category of boules, it’s not just rosum, ale and vidchuttya, feeling, being aware - everything you know. This is how Viniklo is famous for Descartes' lingering: “ cogito ergo sum"(" I miss, now, I am sensible ").

Naybilshoyu the 17th century. there was an indication of the reflex principle in the behavior of organisms. Understanding about the reflex winiklo in Descartes's phizitz, and failing to complete the mechanistic picture of light, including in it and the behavior of living things.

The eighteenth century was marked by the fact that understanding the reflex, like being based on the principles of physics, took into account the work of the chesky physiologist I. Prokhazki (1749 - 1820) biology. Winning the term "reflex" and developing the phenomenon of reflexes like the mechanism of attaching the body to the minds of life.

Anatomy Insights spinal cord, Zroblenі in the XIX century. The English neurologist Ch. Bell (1774 - 1842) established the function of the anterior and posterior cortexes of the spinal cord. The managers of the whole vidkrityu to finish the cleverly declaration about the reflex has been transformed into a natural-scientific fact. The French physicologist F. Mazhandi (1783 - 1855) has just come to Bella to such a visit. The transition of impulses from the posterior cortex to the anterior cortex of the spinal cord is called the Bell-Majand law. In such a rank, the idea of ​​a reflex was for the first time rejected anatomically unspecified.

The closest to the materialistic position of the problem is the "brain and psyche" of the children Ludwig Buchner is a kind of naturalist and philosopher. The wake of the day, prompting the manifestation of divine dignity in prompting the organism and its intelligence (teleology), as well as the manifestation of the mystical life force, seeing alive from the inanimate.

Until the 60s of the 19th century, the materialistic assessment of the processes that run through the brain became the basis of the glance of the past.

Before

the whole hour of a fit the ear of a young І.М. Sechenov in the field of physiology of the central nervous system.

In 1863, a small number of robots went to Russia in Russia, I.M. Sechenov's "Reflexes to the Brain". At the top of the bottom, the reflex principle of effectiveness lies at the heart of mental processes.

The psyche is determined by the lasting middle ground and factors of the middle middle ground. The behavior of people is a whole psychological, somatic and vegetative component. In general, a person is a psychophysiological unity.

However, until the ear of the 20th century, there were no methods yet, for the help of which it is possible to track down the mechanisms of processes that flow into the brain.

In Russia, the development and development of a sense of nerve power is tied to the name of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. We will not learn directly from the wine І. M. Sechenov.

H academic competence of I.P. Pavlova. The ear of the XX century has led to a radical turn in the bik of experimental development of physiological foundations of the psyche. Laboratories, kerovans I.P. Pavlovim.

Physiologists have been respectful until the end of their work. shlunk juice to be seen as a result of the closure of the slunk by the walls of the slunk, so that without the participation of the nervous system. Dovedennya nervous in flux for the revision of slurry juice bulo І.P. Pavlovim in Dosvіdі z "explicit year". The dog is overwhelmed by the trawler and the slurry fistula is normal.

About

However, if you go back into the bowl, do not poke it into the slurry, that’s not the less, put the grass sic into the empty slurry.

Yakim rank їzha, yak doesn’t perebu in a slunker, zmushuє pratsyuvati yogo travі zalozi? When cutting the bloating nerve, the secretion of juice is pulled back - at the same time when the power supply is on.

With clever reflexes I.P. Pavlov, naming the reactions of the creatures to the signals, went on to say that they crumpled up on uvazi diy, so that they could overwhelm this insane teaser, for example, light, transmitting dachas, fixing the dreaming by themselves. The sound transmitted by the rhythm of the picture in the dog for a number of repetitions, by itself, having started the reaction of the picture - the defensive reaction, etc. Vinikla specific terminology: the clever assistant - the target signal, that is, the factor E. before the presentation of the insane teaser - pіdkrіplennya. For example, the signal is light, the signal is light, the reaction is the dream. Dosvid, in which vikoristovuyu signal and warning, buv names by єdnannya. It happened, so that a number of people get the idea of ​​a mental reflex, that is, a reaction to a signal to navigate without a support.

Chapter 2. Structural elements and bases of physiology of nervous activity

2.1 Nervova clitina

With the help of rice of nerve cells є the temples anxiety and goodness for their adolescents and for the purpose of carrying out training head function nerve cells - reprocessing and transmission of signals from receptors to the visceral organs of the body (mucous, zalosis).

Most of the nerve cells are stored in the brain.

All people have about a hundred million neurons.

Nerve cells are carried to the process cells with a clear sub-layer on the skin, nuclear part, pericarion and outgrowths. The axon (neuritis) and dendrites are seen in the middle of the outgrowths.

• 
  The axons are drawn from the dendrites in a large and equal contour, while the axon is drawn from the axon, as a rule, to achieve a great view from the vision.
• 
  Dendrites are short and gilly, below axons. Axons lay down the basis of the organization of nerve fibers and conductive paths of the brain and spinal cord.

The name of the membrane of the nerve cell passes into the membrane of the axons and dendrites, filling one surface of the broadened nerve impulse. With a large dendrite, serve as guides of nerve impulses to the nerve cells, and the axon - from the neurocyte. Parts of the axon show different functions:

1. 
   Axoplasmic hump (cone-shaped illumination, which is seen from the body of the nerve cell) and the cob part of the axon (from the axon between the hump and the hairy nerve fiber);
2. 
   Vlasne nerve fiber to carry out the stimulation of the form of the nerve impulse;
3. 
   The key part of the nerve fiber will be provided with a pre-synaptic part of the synapses for transmission to the pulse and form.

1. 
   Bipolar - (with one axon and one dendrite);
2. 
   Multipolar (with one axon and a few dendrites).

The nerves of cells, axons that go beyond the boundaries of the Central nervous system and end in the effector structures, or in the peripheral nerve nodes, were called eferent (rukhovyh, as the stench invokes the muscles).

Another group is stored fraudulently, for example, sensitive, nerves of the clitine: їх tila evoke a rounded shape, there may be one sprout, which then continues in a T-shape. One of the sprouts is sent to the periphery, de-sensing the end, and the second sprout goes to the central nervous system, deform the synaptic end, to end at the end nerve cells.

The prominence of the nerves of the family, those who grow, grow, and the growths only grow in the central nervous system. The stench of growing up behind the form, growing, running and growing up.

The end of one industrial nerve cell set up the presynaptic part of the synaptic apparatus, and a part of the other nerve cell - the post-synaptic part. In the middle of the presynaptic end, there is a large number of mitochondria and synaptic puffs (vesicles), which can be seen in the process of synoptic transmission.

2.2 Synapse

The synapse of the statements by the contacting membranes is two cells. The membrane, which is located in the outgrowths of the nerve cells, is called presynaptic, the membrane of the cell, before which a signal is transmitted, is called postsynaptic.

E

then it will provide protection for the transmission of a nerve impulse from a nerve fiber to either a nerve cell or a nerve fiber, as well as from a receptor cell on a nerve fiber (the area of ​​a nerve cell is one of one and is a nerve cell). To inspect the synapse, you need 2 cells (Fig. 2)

Between cells - this is the name of the synaptic gap, through which the excitement is transmitted for additional mediators (chemical synapse), ioniv (electrical synapse), for example. In a way (synapse changes). Large neurons of the brain may grow by 4-20 yew. Synapses, deyaki neurons - only one at a time.

3.2 Neuromediators

Nervous impulse, which comes in the presynaptic end, wakes up to the synaptic path of the mediator. Mediator molecules react with specific receptor cells of the cell membrane, triggering biochemical reactions, so that they can be used for information transfer.

There are close to thirty young neuromediators. Some of the most important mediators of the central nervous system are serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, endorphin, enkephalin, acetylcholine and others.

2.4 Recipe

The recipes will show you the best buddha and the recognition.

The stench can be represented by vial ends of nerve fibers, ends, covered with a special capsule, as well as special cells in neatly organized installations, such as the eyes of the eye.

The receptors are divided into calls (exteroceptors), and internal (interoreceptors).

The new receptor is rostered on the new surface of the creature, or the people and the young people are growing out of the roaring light (light, sound, thermal, etc.).

V

internal receptors are found in different tissues and internal organs (heart, lymphatic and blood vessels, legends, etc.); sleep teens, as they signal internal organs

A variety of internal receptors - proprioceptors, rosters in the muscles, tendons and ligaments, and the static structure of the muscles and the dynamics.

Falsely from the nature of the spriyman razryznyayut:

1. 
   Mechanoreceptor (sensitive to a vice);
2. 
   Photoreceptors (sensitive to the light);
3. 
   Chemoreceptors (sensitive to cheeky pals);
4. 
   Thermoreceptors (sensitive to temperature differences) and ін.

Chapter 3. Understanding about the reflex arc and types of reflexes

Reflex accepted the naming of the "machine-like" attitude to the body as a kind of inflow, which is realized in the form of a post-day excitement of a lance of elements, which is how the reflex arc is called.

V reflex arc development of a receptor (sensor), afferent paths, central lanka, eferent paths, effector (working organ).

NS

An example of a reflex is the improvement of a picture in the event of a painful stimulation. This type of appearance can be spared in a headless toad.

The reflex arc to the reflex includes the receptor of the brain, sensitive neurons, insertion neurons, motor neurons of the spinal cord and the interneurons of the spinal cord (effector) that they innervate.

For simplicity, a reflex arc is shown at the viewer of a lance of single elements or a number of such parallel lance

Described and vivcheno bezlich reflexes in young creatures and people. All reflexes for a number of moments can be divided into groups.

3.1 Understanding the reflex

The term "reflex" (from the Latin Reflexus - bend back, mimic, vidbit) vіv, like Descartes.

Reflections є by the attachment reactions of a living organism to the health of the body in a healthy relationship, and also to the interaction between organs and systems; and the reaction to the integrity of the body and the continuity of the inner midst.

Skin reflex zd_ysnyuєt behind the aid of the reflex arc.

In the world of the evolution of the living, the arc has accelerated and reflexively.

The reflex arc of the spinal reflex folds, as a rule, from two or three neurons. The two-neural link is more old, not three-neural.

The dermal reflex arc is formed from the afferent (sensitive) Lanka, which is repaired by the receptor apparatus, and the eferent (ruchial), which ends with the working organ (effector).

It is often necessary to deliver between two meaningful lanks - one or two inserted neurons, send impulses from receptor devices and reprobates to the center of impulses, then go to the visonaural organ.

They develop simplicity and foldable, addictive and vivid, insane and clever reflexes.

1. 
   Crazy reflexes - like nature, low-level reflexes, vibrations in the process of phylogenesis,
2. 
   Umovny is a priceless, indivisual reflexion, dribbling through life as a result of the interaction of an organism with a callous middle course, vibrating on the basis of insane reflexes.

The most folding is the intertwining of insane reflex and mind-reflex activity to create one complete picture of behavior.

3.2 Reflex arc

Reflex arc components:

1. Receptor - sprying the energy into the energy of the nerve impulse;

2. Afferent path - from the receptor to the central nervous system;

3. The reflex center is the number of neurons that lie in the central nervous systems, in which information is processed and a response is formed;

4. Eferent path - from the central nervous system to the periphery;

5. Working organ - m'yaz, zaliza;

6. Zvorotn_y zv'yazok.

For the folding buds and reflex arcs to go for:

1. Simple - to build up from 2 neurons (sensitive and rukhovoy); such an arc has one synapse in the central nervous system - a monosynaptic arc - approximately 2% of all reflex arcs;

2. Foldable - to be stored from 3 or more neurons (sensitive, rukhovy, statutory) - polysynaptic arcs.

Reflex arc - a folding complex, closures in the ring. Won be stored in two halves:

1. 
   Відчуває, or bring;
2. 
   Rukhovoi, or to introduce.

1... Visible half of the reflex arc

Half of the reflex arc is visible from the peripheral vision of the neuron.

The cell is laid in the intervertebral or spinal ganglion, which lies in the intervertebral opening. From the center of the cell to enter the growth, which is to grow on two heads. One bottle goes to the periphery in the warehouse of the peripheral nerve and ends here in the skin, the mucous membrane, or in the large tissues with the help of the apparatus. Іnsha, in the warehouse of the dorsal cortex, enter the spinal cord.

In the spinal cord, neurons see outward and outward paths. Some of them turn and go, without digesting, to the brain, but they end in the syllable of the spinal cord for the cells of another neuron.

2. Rukhov half of the reflex arc

Rukhov half of the reflex arc folds into the peripheral ruch neuron.

Yoho attitudes: the clerk can lie in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, and force the sprout outward through the anterior ruddy root, and then through the peripheral nerve to the meatus.

Offending half of the reflex arc are in contact with each other.

Simply put the robot on the reflex arc on the butt of the knee reflex.

With a special hammer, I hit it on the tendon of the chotirigolum quilted meat. Tse rozdratuvannya will be taken off by the device, and it will sweep along the sensing fiber into the spinal cord.

At the spinal cord, it’s possible to penetrate the brain to measles, and there will be a very sensitive enemy.

But in one case, the main direct way to see the impulse is not to be interrupted. Likewise, as the water in the river is not surrounded by a plinth along the main channel, or to go into the everyday life, because the smell є, is a nervous stream of the main bottle, when you go through the trees, one at a time. how to get in touch.

In a kintsevoy rakhunka, peripheral vidchuvak razdratuvannya - a blow with a hammer on the tendon - viclich myazove quickening, viclich vidome rukh. We see those who are called a reflex, in the given view of the tendon reflex.

This is how the reflex arc is stimulated, and this is how every ruffian reflex is opposed.

I want it, as if everything was cleared up for good. At first glance, the reflexes pass without the participation of our will;

Eferent (paramedical) paths through the brain with my kintsev rosals will hunt for a tab of the front horn, if I can stretch from above to the reflex arc and enter into contact with it. The names are similar to those as if the hand was touching, it was hanging from above, the fingers squeezed the skin arch with the fingers, so that it would pass through the spinal cord to the transverse one.

The function of the central neuron in relation to the distance to the range of the reflex arc is used for tendon reflexes - slowing down: the paramedic path of the halmic reflex.

Bagato reflexes to gurgle at the paramount way even more strongly - right up to the slaughter.

Chapter 4. Typical reflexes

Evidence of natural and well-trained reflexes

4.1 Crazy reflexes

The main types of insane reflexes: kharchov, zhisn, orintovn, statévi.

With the attachment of a zaschisny reflex є reflexive hand fidgeting from a hot object.

G

homeostasis is susceptible to, for example, reflexive frequent reactions with an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. Practically, the dermal part of the body and the dermal organ take care of the part in reflex reactions.

The simplest reflex arcs, which take part in the crazy reflexes, are lost in the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord, or they can be lost in the food (for example, in the subtle structures or in the cerebral cortex). Іnshі vіddіl of the nervous system and also take part in reflexes: stovbur to the brain, cerebellum, cortex of the great pіvkul.

Arcs of crazy reflexes are formed until the moment of the people and are taken by the stretching of life. However, the stench can change with ailing ailments. Bagato insane reflexes are manifested only in singing vіtsі; so, in the power of the new population, the hapal reflex is lowered in 3-4 months.

4.2 Mind reflexes

The retail box about clever reflexes is tied into the first place with I.P. Pavlova.

About

and having shown that a new teaser (stimulus) can see a reflex reaction, it’s as if it’s for a day or so hour to start at once with an insane stimulus.

For example, if sobatsi give a sniff of meat, then she will see a slime (a crazy reflex).

Well, at once with the meat dzveniti dzvinochkom, then nervous system Dogs associate the sound with a ginger, and the slime will be seen at the end of the line, you will not be able to eat the meat.

It is important to be aware of it, so that at the base of these reflexes lies the mind.

The navkolishn_y light is constantly changing, so in the new one there can be a successful life deprived of it, but it is quickly and thoroughly seen at the time of the change.

A system of mental reflex sounds is being developed in the world of everyday life in the bark of pivkul. Such a system is called a dynamic stereotype. Vin lie at the base of the bagatoh key and key. For example, having nailed to ride on kovzans, bicycles, we still don’t think about those, how we will collapse, we will not fit in.

Mind reflexes are kindly established only with singing minds. Most of them є:

1. 
   Repeated reception of a previously insignificant intellectual friend, for example, the inclusion of a light, from the back of a crazy (їzha) friend;
2. 
   Diya of a clever friend (turning on the light) can overwhelm a diy of a pedagogue of a friend (їzhі);
3. 
   Badoriy Stan to Organizmu;
4. 
   Visibility of the other types of active activity;
5. 
   Adequate steps of madness of a mad or kindly mind-boggling adolescent;
6. 
   Significant is the intensity of the mental protagonist (if the light is bright, it is not even worse, if the sound is thick, it is not even worse).
7. 
   The receptiveness of the center is to allow for reflexes.

1. 
   Gradually from hour to year (more beautiful with caress) whistles;
2. 
   Some whistle sounds (in 10 seconds), and then some more;
3. 
   Do not torment the sleepy dog, do not wake him up with a whistle and do not cram him with a whistle;
4. 
   Do not get whistled and wait until the hour is gray;
5. 
   Whistle - so whistle, not whistle.
6. 
   The Danish reflex is easier to form when engaging with a hungry dog.

visnovok

We asked our classmates from whom to tell us about the reflexes of their lovers (div. Dodatok).

Obviously, and such factors like to infuse a mental reflex into the vibe, so old creatures are much more important than dresser, less young, less young ones, it is important to start.

Already, I will reject a creature with a mental reflex, the order of a reaction to a child (sleepy, licked and ingenious), Viklik also has an appetite for seeing a new neuron being activated, as a result of hunger.

We all see that it is even more hungry that we can bring great satisfaction. Fostering hunger stimulates viral neurotransmitters (hormones satisfying - Endorf, serotonin, etc.)

Zgadaimo about chocolate, a little piece of food from the radio exchanged for a savory obid. To what? Obid to us is enough, and the chocolate is happy.

So, a whole product that stimulates the production of "hormones of happiness" - neuromediators - enkephalin and endorphin - internal drugs, which bring happiness and happiness.

For us there is a sense of intelligence, which is more powerful than the development of a mental reflex, and we are quicker to form and stronger.

Before drugs, they were carried out on pisces, they confirmed that some creatures-drug addicts were dying from hunger and hunger, vibrating either from a drug or from a drug addict.

Every creature is suffering and in cich slides, albeit they have no choice!

VIBIR Є IN US!

• 
  BE HEALTHY, STRONG AND SUCCESSFUL!
• 
  Become old in the world of schur_v ...

Bibliography

1. 
   BMP;
2. 
   Vіkіpedіya;
3. 
   Beritov I.S. General Physiology of the M'yazovoy and Nervous System, vol. 2.- M., 2001;
4. 
   Fundamentals of Physiology. ed ed by P. Erasing. M .: Mir, 1984 p.;
5. 
   Physiology of people. ed ed. R. Shmidta and G. Tevs. M .: Mir, 1996 p.;
6. 
   Nemechek S. Introduction in neurobiology, prov. z chesk., Prague, 1978

Small. 3

supplement

supplement

Understanding the reflex is even more important in physiology. For the help of an understanding, it will be explained that the robot is automated to organism according to the quick attachment to changes in the middle of the world.

For the help of reflexes, the nervous system also gives the organism a signal to come from the midst of the day.

reflex (Imagination) - the whole basic principle and methods of robotic nervous system. Bilsh zagalne ponder - reactivity ... The witness thinks on the respect that the reason for the behavioral activity of the body is not in the psyche, but psycho pose , Pose of the nervous system, і to start up calls in relation to the psyche and to the nervous system and by signals - mockers. also rely on respect determinism , So that the behavior of the behavior for the development of the causal-herdial connection between the child and the general reaction of the organism to the new one is different.

Understanding the "reflex" and "reflex arc" is carried to the area of ​​the physiology of the nervous system, and in them, there is a general need to rise to the level of additional intelligence and clarity for this purpose, the reason for the reasoning of some of the topics and the pathology of the physiology.

the appointment of the witness

It is simple to mark the understanding of the "reflex"

Reflex - tse type of reaction. It is possible to give and assign a reflex, but if it is necessary to name 6 important criteria (sign) for the reflex, which it characterizes. The stench is indicated in the lower part, in the main reflex of the understanding.

Reflex - tse stereotyped automated adaptive type of reaction to the stimulus (teaser).

Reflex in wide sense - tse secondarily a manifestation, as a vicious one, tobto visualization, The taste of the date to the chogos of the cob. Physiology has a reflex - tse type of reaction the body receives a signal for it, which is located behind the boundaries of the psyche, if the start signal (teaser) is the primary manifestation, and the reaction to the new one is secondary, general.

Outside of the meaning of the understanding "reflex"

Physiological characterization of the learner "reflex arc"

reflex arc - a schematic path to the ruku from the receptor to the effector.

You can say that the path of nervous excitement from the moment of the nation to the moment of storing, as well as the path from the information entrance to the information entrance to the body. The axis is also a reflex arc from the point of view of physiology.

Anatomical visualization of the "reflex arc"

reflex arc - price tag nerve structures, Scho take a part in a healthy reflex act.

The insult to the value of the reflex arc is rather vivid, but often I think it is anatomical to be victorious, I want the understanding of the reflex arc to go to the physiology, and not to the anatomy.

Remember, the circuit of the reflex arc is to blame for teaser , Wanting the teaser himself not to enter the warehouse of the reflex arc. The reflex arc ends with the organ- effector , Yakiy and yes, there is a certain reaction.

playboy - a chain of physical factors, such as when injected into an adequate sensor for a new sensory receptor, which is generated in them nerve zbudzhennya.

The process of launching in receptors transduces, as a result of which the development is transformed into stimulation.

The electric strum is a universal companion, the fragments of the building are damaged not only in the sensory receptors, but also in the neurons, nerve fibers, vales and muscles.

Variant to the result of a teaser on organism

1. Launch an insane reflex.

2. Launching the mental reflex.

3. Launching an oriental reflex.

4. Launch of dominant.

5. Launching the functional system.

6. Launch of the emoji.

7. Launching the stem of the nerve model (zokrem, sensory image), the process of navchannya / memory.

8. Start off.

Efektorіv is not the same as many types.

vidi EFFKTOR v:

1) transversely dark ointments of tila (shvidki bіlі and poіlnі chervonі),

2) smooth muscles of the vessel and internal organs,

3) zaznіshnyoї secrets (for example, slynnі),

4) fill in the internal secrets (for example, overhead).

Apparently, some of the reactions will be the result of the efficiency of these effectors, that is, quicker or weakening of the mucousins, which can produce up to the rupture of the body or the internal organs and the vessel, or the storage of secrets.

Understand the clock's nerve ring

"Timchasova call is the process of thinking of biological, neurophysiological and, perhaps, ultrastructural changes to the brain, which occurs in the process of thinking and insane matchers and forms the memory of strictly singing structures for the purpose of minimizing tsі vzaєmini, zabpechuyu їkh fixing and creating ". (Khananashvili M.M., 1972).

Tim for an hour, the sensation of being wisely made up to the offensive:

Timchasov's nerve ring - tse nnochu chastin capaciously reflex arc, which is formed when the mental reflex is violated for madly reflex arcs. Vona zabezpechuє carrying out zabudzhennya mіzh nerve centers of two crazy mad reflexes. A collection of one of the two crazy reflexes is triggered by a weak adherent ("we will"), and the other - by a strong ("insane" or "to" children "), or even if the mental reflex is wobbling, then the weak intellectual will deny the" reactivity " Rahun the transition from the nerve center to the nerve center of a strong insane cheerleader.

See reflex arcs:

1. Elementary (simple) reflex arc of the insane reflex. © 2015-2016 Sazonov V.F. © 2015-2016 kineziolog.bodhy.ru ..

A reflex arc is simple, you can take revenge on all 5 elements. If you want to see more elements for a little one, then there are 5 main and necessary ones: receptor (2) - afferent ("bring") neuron (4) - statutory neuron (6) - eferent ("win") neuron (7, 8 ) is an effector (13).

It is important to understand the value of the skin element of the arch. receptor : I will reimagine the excitement in the nerves. Afferent neuron : Delivering sensory stimulation to the central nervous system, to the insertion neurons. statutory neuron : Reconsideration has come to the wake and the direction of the consumer on the way. So, for example, a statutory neuron can trim the sensory ("signal") stimulation, and then transmit it to the rukhova ("control"). eferent neuron : Delivering management excitement to the effector organ. For example, rukhove zbujennya - on m'yaz. Effector there is a general response.

On the little one, the right-handed person is presented with an elementary reflex arc on the butt of the knee reflex, as it is simple on the bottom, but in the first place to navigate through the inner neurons.

I respect those who are on motoneurons, which end the reflex arc, converge without the end of the neurons located on the older ravines of the nervous system, and to exclude the keruvati from the wide range of motor neurons.

4. bilateral arc clever reflex E.A. Asratyan. I’ll show you how, when the mental reflex is vibrated, an intelligent time-clock is formed and offended against vicious followers є at once, both clever and insane.

On the little one, the right-handed person is given an animated diagram of the subordinate conditioned-reflex arc. It is actually built up from two unconditioned reflex arcs: liva is a blinking insane reflex to the teasing of the eye by a twisting stream (the effector is to speed up the capital), the right is a wedge-shaped insane rail to the ejection of an acidic muzzle. For the establishment in the bark of the great brainworms of the time-consuming mental reflex sounds, the experts will correct the given responses to inadequate for them in the normal conditions:

5. reflexive ON. Bernstein. The diagram shows how to reflexively corrode the collapse in fallowness as a result of the supply.

6. functional system for the preservation of preschool behavior P.K. Anokhina. Qia scheme showing the management of folding behavioral acts, directing to the achievement of the planned result. Main signs of the model: acceptor of the result mіzh elements.

7. sub-line arc of the cerebral salivary reflex. The qia diagram will show you, if a mental reflex is to blame two reflex arcs, set up by two different crazy reflexes, to that, a skinny mummy (mind-boggling and crazy) is a kind of crazy crazy reflex.

Applied to the protocol of admission of the brain pupillary reflex to sound at laboratory work

1) photoreceptor ochі, 2) afferent neuron, 3) thalamus, 4) cortical center healthy analyzer, 5) timid sleep, 6) cortical center of sleepiness, 7) hypothalamus, 8) bulbar parasympathetic center of sleepiness, 9) sympathetic spinal center of sleepiness, 10) parasympathetic ganglion, 11) sympathetic ganglion.

In case of a non-one-time alternation of a pre-juvenile signal and an insane grubber, horizontal and vertical hour-long links are formed between the crusty and subtle etching centers and the zoru. As a result, the breakdown of the healthy analyzer by the time-clock calls comes to the center of the insane reflex. Now turn on the light bulb central viddilu The sound analyzer was sent to the cortical center of the dream according to the clock calls. Vіn active vegetative nucleus, scho to produce up to a reflexive vision of a slug.

For an hour, a biologically significant conditioned reflex act is galvanized at the sight of intelligent reflexes. Fallow from nature Physiological Mechanism To lay the foundation of the galvanic effect on conditioned reflex activity, to develop two types of galvanic reflexes - madlyі cleverly.

crazy galmuvannyaє vrogenim і not vimag viroblenya yak mental reflex. You can beat can bootie zovnishnimі in between.

To the insane galmuwans I call the suppression of flow conditioned reflex action when there are other side-by-side pranksters, as they wick a crazy emotional reflex.

Orange reflex- a rich-component non-specific reaction to "novelty", which is directly related to the adjustment of the building of sensory systems to a new approach. The mechanism of a callous galmuvannya is a galvanic movement from the center of an oriental, insane reflex to the cortical point of reception of a signal mate. With a lot of galvanizing flowing behavioral activity, one assimilates the transition to an oriental reflex, which means that life can become important. The same is the driving of intellectual reflexes, so that the winners of those who are not supported by third parties call on behalf of.

The biological sense of the insane callous galvanization of mental reflexes is brought up to the point of unhealthy reaction to the most important stimulus for the body at the given moment, with an one-hour stifled reaction to another supplicant, in the sense of a mental signal.

other galmuvannya wines with an overwhelming increase in intensity or triviality of a signaling friend. Also, the galvanization of the grasping of cells in the brain as a result of over-excitement and overvitration of energy and plastic resources. Extremely in the middle of the adjacent galvanizing є zatsіpenіnnya, scho winnіkє pіd injected with overpowering signal podraznikіv.

cleverly galvanized(internal ) Maє viroblyatisya, like і mental reflex. Wono go to chotiri vidi:

1) fading,

2) differentiation,

3) retarded,

4) clever galmo.

The extinguishing cleared up galmuvannya to develop, as a clever friend of bagatoraz, not to be detected by an insane reflex. The variability and speed of the vibration of the extinguishing galmuvannya lie in the form of the mental reflex and the biological significance of education. Timchasovі doesn’t know the sound at all, but it’s deprived of being overwhelmed. To that earlier, the mental reflex with singing minds can be manifested again.

The loss of mindful reflexes is biologically important, the prejudicial reaction. The leaders of the whole organism cease to vitraciate energy and react to the signal, having lost their adaptive meaning.

differential galvanizing winery in case of unintentional insane reflex of quiet adolescents, the parameters of which are similar to the characteristics of the juvenile signal. For example, if a blue light is turned on by an insane teaser, and a red one, or green - not by a green light, then the differential galmuvania will be manifested in the conditional response of the green light.

Differentiating galvanizing of mind-reflex activity is the basis for the development of subdivisions in terms of information significance. Behind the additional differentiation from the mass of other factors of the middle, one stimulus is seen, which is carried in its information about the most important for the organism's path. On the differentiating galmuvannya zasnovaniye navchannya peoplenie chitannya, letters to rakhunku.

Retarded galmuvannya It appears that the action of a mad follower is meaningfully displayed at the ear of a signal stimulus. As a result of the delayed galvanizing, the triviality of the latent period of the mental reflex increases, which is the result of significant output from the ear to the signal.

The adaptive meaning of the delayed galvanization of the field in the subtle analysis of the hour of the presented madcap. Vono protecting organism from the pre-chasnaya vitra of energy, which is why, when the delayed galvanization is violated, the mental reflex of the big-mens is exactly timed up to an hour to the ear of a mad cheerleader. So, a cat that checks a victim at a mink's mink, sees a smell and a sound of shurkhit (mental reflex signals), but does not show conditioned reflex sleepiness until quietly, if the misha does not appear in her teeth.

clever galmo Viroblyaєtsya in quiet droppings, if the warning signal to podkrіplyutsya, and once again with the least clever teaser, not to be insane reflex. In this situation, another clever companion has become a galma, be a conditioned reflex action, up to which the mental reflex has been rocked before.

biologically meaningful mental galm, as it is itself a differentiating galmuvannya, a glimpse in the fact that the creatures of the creature and the people can see from the midst of the midst of friendly, unwelcoming signals, distracting and responding to them by everybody.

All kinds of mental galmuvannya, in the form of insane, vibrate in the process of ontogenesis. The managers of the mental galmuvannyu reach the most optimal response to the organisms of minds in the midst of the community.

The extent of measles to the brain is named by I. P. Pavlovim with great nervousness. In its own capacity, the bark of the great festivals is closely tied to the closest pedagogical universities (the closest pedigree). The extent of measles, as well as those of the nervous system, is of little reflex nature. The provisions on the reflex activity of the brain were caught by І. M. Sechenovim in his book "Reflexes to the Brain", which appeared in 1863. However, it became possible to deprive of processes that are being introduced into the cerebral cortex, since І. P. Pavlov, having cleared up his reflexes and having set up the stench as the basis of the food's nerve power of food.

On the basis of measles and most common diseases pidkirkovyh universities I will call the robot the lowest nervous activity and the principle is not clever, but insane reflexes.

crazy reflexes- tse reflexes vrodzheni, scho transmitted in recessions. Folded vivid reflexes are also called instincts. To insane reflexes are brought up to the zynichny, smoktalny, kovtalny, tendon and richly. Reflex arcs of insane reflexes afterwards, i.e., they include singing receptors, sensitive nerves, centers and nerves. Crazy reflexes are found in the view on singing teasers. So, the insane reflex of dreaming appears only when the papillae are savoring (Fig. 136). Vinnik is transmitted through sensitive (relish) nerves to the center of sleepiness, which is located in the brain. s dovzhastogo brain nerve impulses are carried out along the rukovy (secretory) nerves up to sluggish vines... The centers of young crazy reflexes grow in the small spaces of the spinal cord and the brain. Behind the principle of crazy reflexes, one can see without interruption in the regulation and narrowing of robotic organs and systems of organs, and gradually adapt to the senses of the organism. Crazy reflexes will become insensitive to the organism only until the middling changes, which were given a lot of generations of a given species of creatures.

mind reflexes- reflexes pribanі, vinikayut stretching out the life of creatures or people. The stench is strictly individual and non-perceptible, that is, you can know and know. Mind reflexes recognize whether they are teasers - clever teasers, or signals. So, as if a tease with a crazy grub reflex, just like a grub on the papillae, then an intellectual grudge reflex in a grudge when a grub smell (without a grudge), and also if there is an early irritant The reflex arcs of the intellectual reflexes are lost in the bark of the great festivals and have a time-based character.

The mindful reflexes of people represent the time-consuming link between organism and the middle, in which wine is found. From the other side of the body, it attaches itself to the progressively minuscule, intelligent minds of the middle, to become unconcerned "... In the creature's body, a functional connection is established between clever and insane reflexes.

Establishment of clever reflexes is seen for singing minds. The stench vibrates on the basis of crazy reflexes. This will be bound є sbig in an hour of mental irritation of the body with the help of an insane cheerleader... In other words, the clever teaser is guilty of being the insane teaser. Thus, the conditioned reflex appearance of a slug on the viewer and the smell of їzhі was the result of a series of different podraznikіv with the reception of їzhі. It is also necessary, schob ear of a clever friend kilka overwhelmed the devil's play. The mind's reflex is to pretend to be like zbіg dіya clever and insane cheerleader repeat kіlka razіv... Admittedly, it is necessary to virobit the creature with a sleek reflex on the svitlovo razdratuvannya. As a clever friend, take the light of an electric lamp (div. Fig. 136). To serve as a mad cheerleader, in the opinion of the introduction of what is likely to be seen a sludge. The electric light is turned on a few seconds before the creature removes the food, and does not vimikayut until the end of the day. If the inclusion of an electric light is repeated, once it has been turned on at once, then an intelligent sleep-like reflex will be played on the light and the appearance of a light will be seen in the case of the light on without receiving it. At the pointed attachment, the light becomes a clever grunt, a signal for razdratuvannya, scho wiklikayutsya yzheyu.

For I. P. Pavlova, vibrated mind reflexes can be the basis for establishing new mental reflections. Such minds reflexes are called reflexes of a different order. On the basis of reflexes of a different order, one pretends to navigate reflexes of the third order. The mind reflexes in the savage minds of life are not only on the other side of the child, but on the complex of the child, but on the way to the body at once. The process of establishing mental reflexes, especially reflexes in order of magnitude, is even more folding. At the same time, there are connections between the children of measles, between the bark and the closest children of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

In a schematic vicladi, the principle of the establishment of intellectual reflexes is brought up to the offensive. When there is a clever friend in the corridor, the winery is always busy. Farther away, a mad razdratuvannya supervodzhutsya the emergence of another vognische zbudzhennya (according to I.P. Pavlov, the center of insane reflexes may "represent" in the bark). Mіzh tsimi dvoma vognischami zbujennya vinikє "timchasova zvyazok". Pislya kilkoh on the day of the clever and insane follower of the team clock calls the old mitsnishoyu. The preconceptions of the appearance of such a connection due to one clever friend (without the fake crazy act) viciousness of two reasons of awakening and a response to an insane reflex. The reflex arc of the mind reflex includes such viddili; a receptor, which is cleverly discharged, a sensitive nerve, and a sensible nerve, which is connected to the center of madness.

In our hour, in conjunction with the development of scientific advances about the management of folding processes, it is not easy for the brain to start as a kind of information processing. Through the receptor, along sensitive nerves, signals are sent to the brain about all the changes in the outer middle, which are infused into our body, and about all the processes that occur in the body itself. The signals are sent back to the nerve centers brain. At the same time, you will be able to get some corrections of signals from the amount of information about some of the snapshots, so that you can get in the mind of the eyes of the next memory, and the plan for the next story. Kintseviy result of processing information is transmitted according to the principle of direct connection from the regulating centers of the brain along the nerves to the regulated working organisms - the mouth, heart, zalozi and in. - і wiklikє reflexive change іх activity. In the process of healthy functioning of the working organs, a ringing ring is established - from the organs along sensitive nerves information about the success of the working life is transmitted. The managers of the information on the control organs of the regulating center of the brain will be able to control the activity of these organs and, if necessary, change it as needed.

Thus, the reflexive regulation of the functions of the organs is based on the principle of a sub-link, and the reflex arcs take on the character of a small fold. Slide it means that the result of the processing of information is not expected to be manifested in the view of that particular act - a quick mucus, a collapse of the intestine, a secretion of the brain, etc. To remember the building of functional systems before the accumulation and production of signals because of the smell. I will revive the mechanism of memory in the human brain yet not in vivo. It has been established that foldable biochemical processes take place in the neurons in the brain, and the growth of ribonucleic acid changes in maturity.

Galmuvannya in the cerebral cortex... In the cerebral cortex, as in the other parts of the nervous system, galvanized processes occur in the order of the processes of stimulation. Destruction and galmuvannya - main nerve processes... The name of galmuvannya is signified in weakened mental reflexes, or in general їkh knowledge. There are two types of galvanized mental reflections: call and internal.

Zovnishn galmuvannya a mental reflex insisted as a result of the work of a new student. In the cerebral cortex, with a tsiye vinyk nova, there is a burnout, like a wicket drive (galmuvannya) of a strong burnout. As a result, a weakened or an additional knowledge of an earlier reflex is seen - a galvanized one. So, as soon as an hour is heard from the mind-reflexive messages of a slip on the creature, a third party (for example, noise, scream) is added to the creature, when the slip appears to lean. Galmuvannya of bright mental reflexes can come in the process of vibrating a new reflex.

internal galvanizing Vinnikє in the quiet nerve cells of measles, with the yaky dressings of the Danish mind reflex. One of the types of internal galmuvannya є extinguishing the mental reflex. In order to wiggle the mind of reflexes to save, it is necessary an hour every hour of the day of the smart supporter (for example, the light) to start playing with the crazy supporter (їzheyu). If it is not done, then the mental reflex is weak and vreshti-resht znika: the mental reflex is gassed. The process of galvanizing mental reflexes, like and establishing them, is seen by stretching out the life of the people. The galvanized staff in the bark will have an unused time ring.

Irradiation and concentration in the cerebral cortex... Zbujennya, scho has been found in the cerebral measles perennial, to expand on the suspicious dilyanka. So the extension of the zbudzhennya is called іrradіatsії... Protolezhny physiological process, if you "pour" zooseredzhuyutsya in the singing of measles, I will name concentration... Tsi two processes were in the first place І. P. Pavlovim in the Precepts of Vyroblennya of Mental Reflexes in Dogs. For example, the creature has a sleepy reflex to the sound of a singing tone. Some of the sleeps are seen not only at the sound, but at the same sounds. Such a reaction will be explained by the way in which there is a revival of energy in the country. It’s not only in the nerve cells, tied with these clever razdratuvannya, but thrown on the suspicious razdratuvannya razdratuvannya, but reacted to some razdratuvannya. If a clever adolescent is insane (for years), and those who are similar to them (sounds close in tone) do not come up, then a day later, a concentration of awakening will be seen in the bark. The line will be displayed only in the case of a suspected clever friend. Reflector of the appearance on the part of the moans to become faint. This rank is the differentiation (more precisely, the development) of the clerics. There is also a deterioration in the process of radiation and concentration of galvanizing. Concentration of dressing or galvanizing of dressings process індукції... Concentration of zbudzhennya in singing dilyantsi measles viklikak (induku) in oochuyuyu dilyanka galmuvannya. I, navpaki, concentration of galmuvannya supervise to be held in vinniknennya to buduzhennya in susіdnіh dіlyankas. The bark can be positively induced in the pediatric centers, for example, measles galvanization (with alcoholic sleep or anesthesia) is abused in the pediculous centers, which can lead to anxiety.

Analytical function of measles to the brain... One of the functions of measles in the brain є analysis is appropriate for a new discussion. The central nervous system is capable of differentiating (making one kind of one) different kinds of things: sounds, lights, tastes, pains and others. Moreover, the differentiation is not only on the different kinds of people (for example, the light from the rumors), but also on the quality of the given type of development. So, for the help of a healthy analyzer, there is a sense of the clarity of illumination, the color and the appearance of the objects, the shape of the objects, it appears, on which stench is found. І. P. Pavlov wrote: "If the creature is guilty of constantly developing and attaching itself to all minds, then, obviously, the organism is guilty of the mother of the development of the elements of the call of the light and the development of the callous" An analysis of the differences in the health of the organs in the senses (receptors) and measles in the brain. The first (most simple) analysis is seen in the receptors. The skin receptor is sprying only as it is developed: the scent of the eye is the light, the organ for hearing is the sound and the like. The entire bark is a collapsible system of analyzers, in which differentiation is subtle. One hour the activity of measles appears in the script, about the common tease - to see the process synthesis... Synthesis, albeit a miraculous building, is well known for the sound (intellectual reflexes) and manifests itself in the singularity of the organism. The establishments of synthetic measles health and wellbeing grow up to ring and sleep at the sight of the whole complex. Reactions to organisms in cich vines of vinikє to the whole complex of teasing. So, if a dog has a mental reflex of dreaming to a complex of healthy, auditory and tactile teasers, then it doesn’t depend on these types of stimuli by its own reflex reaction, it’s a reflexive dreaming of a wine. Also, in the cerebral cortex there is an uninterrupted analysis and synthesis is coming up in some subtlety, as a result of which the organism appears to them by singing reactions.