In the bark of the great pіvkul razrіznyayut. Typical measles neurons Special features of the stimulation through the nerves of the center

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS

bark great brain

We look at the central nervous system є the cortex of the great brain (the cortex of the great ceremonies). Won’t be sure to thoroughly organize the behavior of creatures on the basis of natural and new functions in ontogeny.

Morphofunctional organization

The bark of the great brain can start morphofunctional features:

Bagatosharovichnosti roztashuvannya neurons;

Modular principle of organizing;

Somatotopic localization of receptor systems;

Ekranі, t. E. Rozpodil zvnіshnoy receptacle on the area of ​​the neuronal field of the cortical analyzer;

Occurrence of the level of activity from the inflow of the inflow structures and reticular formations;

Evidence of representativeness of all functions of the lower structures of the central nervous system;

Cytoarchitectonic rose to the fields;

Reveal in specific projection sensory and motor systems of secondary and third fields with associative functions;

The availability of special associative areas;

Dynamical localization of functions, which rotate in the possibility of compensating functions in the involved structures;

Rekritiya in the bark of the great brain of the zones of suspicious peripheral receptive fields;

Possibility of trivial protection of the future;

Reciprocal functional interconnection of wakeful and galvanized stanіv;

Building prior to radioactive waste and galvanization;

Evidence of specific electrical activity.

Glibokі furrows spread the skin of the great brain on the forehead, skronevu, tim'yanu, potilychnu parts and sharks. Shot of retouching in the glybin of the Sylvian furrow and the curtain from the top with parts of the frontal and temporal part of the brain.

The bark of the great brain extends into the old (archicortex), old (paleocortex) and new (neocortex). The long-standing bark of the order with іnshih funktsіy can lead to scent and preservation of the interaction of systems in the brain. The old bark includes lumbar zivina, hipocampus. The new measles have the greatest development in size, the differentiation of functions is different from the people. The number of new measles rises from 1.5 to 4.5 mm and is maximal in the anterior central part.

The functions of the new measles zones are due to the peculiarities of the structural and functional organisation, connections to the brain structures, participation in the sprouting, recovery and development of information in the organization of sensory functions and behaviors,

Particularities of the structural and functional organization of measles to the brain of the brain, which in the evolution of the cerebral functions, i.e. the transfer of the cerebral cortex of the functions of the lower structures to the brain. However, the transfer does not mean that the bark takes on the display of the functions of their structures. The role is to be brought up to the correction of junior breakdowns in the functions of the interconnecting systems, more detailed, with regard to individual information, analysis of signals and the organization of optimal responses to the signal, form Significant and character of the reaction to the new one. Nadal, in the world of automatization, the reaction is initiated by the subtle structures.

The back of the area of ​​measles is close to 2200 cm2, the number of measles neurons is 10 billion.

Periodic neurons may vary in size, their dendrites carry a large number of spines; the axon of the pyramidal neuron, which, as a rule, can be found through the bile speech in the inner zone of measles, or in the structure of the central nervous system.

Particles of cells may have short dendrites and short asks, which will prevent the connection of neurons in the gut of the measles of the great brain.

Spindle-like neurons provide vertical or horizontal interconnection of neurons in young measles balls.

The bark of the great mozku maє perevazhno six-ball budova

Ball I - upper molecular, representations in the main branching of the lower dendrites of the cerebral neurons, the middle rosettes of the horizontal cells and the cells of grains, where the fibers of the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus come through the cortex of the great brain

Ball II is called granular, it is stored in green cells, so that the triviality of the circulation in the bark of the great brain begins, that is, E. May return to memory.

Ball III is the last one, it is formed from small sized cells, and at once with the second ball it will prevent the cortex-cortical ring of the young brain.

Ball IV - internal granular, to avenge over important parts of cells. This is where the specific thalamocortical paths end, that is, the E.

Ball V is the inner pyramid, the ball of the great pyramids, such as by the external neurons, the axons go into the brain and spinal cord.

Ball VI is a ball of polymorphic cells, a large number of neurons in the ball set up cortico-thalamic paths.

The measles warehouse for the versatile morphology, function, and forms of measles is not so common in the other types of the central nervous system. The neuronal storehouse, rozpodil neurons on balls in the small areas of measles, allowed the appearance of 53 cytoarchitectonic fields in the human brain. The great measles gave the brain on the cytoarchitectonic fields to readily form in parallel with the more sophisticated functions in phylogenesis.

At the bottom of the rukhovy 4 fields, it is good to differentiate secondary fields 6, 8 and 10, functionally provide high coordination, accuracy of rucks; Near the green field 17 - secondary fields 18 and 19, which take part in the analysis of the meaning of the healthy stimulus (organization of healthy respect, control of the eyes). Primary hearsay, somatosensory, school and other fields are also asked for tertiary fields To ensure that the association of the functions of this analyzer with the functions of the other analyzer is not provided. For all analysts, the characteristic somatotopic principle of organizing projection onto the cortex of the great brain of peripheral receptive systems is characteristic. So, in the sensory area of ​​measles, another central area is represented by the localization of the skin point on the skin surface; in the hearing area of ​​measles, the topical localization of the singing tones (Tonotopic localization), the reduction of the local distribution of the measles areas of the measles until the hearing is lost to the singing tone.

In the same way, in the projection of the receptors of the eye's retinas, the measles field is 17 є topographic rose. At the time of the bend of the local zone of the field of 17, the image cannot be lost, as it falls on the dilenka of the sieve, it is designed for the pockening of the measles zone of the great brain.

The peculiarity of crustal fields is the early principle of its function. The whole principle of the field is that the receptor is designed as a mute signal for one measles neuron, and on the field of neurons, as if it were called collaterals and links. As a result, the signal is focused not on a speck at a point, but on the impossibility of developing neurons, which will prevent any additional analysis and the possibility of transmission in the most dynamic structures. So one fiber, which comes into the healthy area of ​​measles, can activate a zone with a size of 0.1 mm. This means that one axon has developed its own activity for more than 5000 neurons.

Incoming (afferent) impulses come into the bark from below, go up to the acute and secondary cells of the III-V measles balls. From small cells to the IV ball, the signal goes to the pyramid neurons of the III ball, and the signals along the associative fibers - to the other fields, the areas of the great brain. Particles of cells of field 3 change the signals to go into the cortex, on the first neuron of the V ball, when the signal goes from measles to the structures of the brain.

In the case of incoming and outgoing elements, at the same time, from the small cells, they set up so-called columns - functional units of measles, organized in a vertical direction. Proof to serve as an offensive: if the microelectrode zanuryuvaty perpendicularly into the cortex, then on its own path, the device of the neuron, which responds to one type of growth, if the microelectrode is inserted horizontally along the cortex, then in the neuron device.

The diameter of the column is close to 500 µm, and it starts with the zone of the growth of the collaterals of the viscid afferent thalamocortical fiber. Suspended columns can interconnect, how to organize a series of non-loudspeakers in the organization of this reaction. The destruction of one of the columns is to produce a galvanized suspension.

The dermal column can be used for a number of ensembles, which implement the same function according to the statistical principle. The whole principle of polarity lies in the fact that when re-exploding in the reaction, it is not the entire group of neurons that will take part in it, but the part of it. Moreover, the skin once a part of the neurons can take on the role of neurons, that is, a group of active neurons is formed (the imovirnіsny principle), which is statistically average enough to secure the required function (statistical principle).

As it has already lost its head, the development of measles areas of the brain may have a developmental field, which begins behind the character and number of neurons, such balls, etc. Surely, in the cortex of the great brain, there are sensory, motor and associative areas.

sensory areas

Korkovі kіntsі analizatorіv create their topography and on them the singular afferents of the provincial systems are projected. The corks of the analyzers of the older sensory systems are overturned. In addition, in the skin sensory system of measles, polysensory neurons do not respond only to an adequate stimulus, but to signals from other sensory systems.

Shkirna receptive system, thalamocortical paths are designed for the rear central system. Here є suvore somatotopic rose. At the top view of the center of education, the receptive fields of the school of the lower pictures are designed, in the middle - the tulub, at the bottom view - the arms, heads.

On the back of the central part, the main design is pain and temperature sensitivity. At the core of the temporal part (fields 5 and 7), as well as end the guides of sensitiveness, there is a greater folding analysis: localization of development, discrimination, stereognosis.

In case of measles problems, the function is rude distal kintzivok, especially hands.

The zorovy system is presented in the size of the brain: fields 17, 18, 19. The central zoroviy path ends in field 17; see the information about the manifestation and intensity of the green signal. In fields 18 and 19, the color, shape, size, quality of objects are analyzed. Striking the field of 19 great measles, the brain must be produced before the disease is sick, but it is not an object (zorova agnosia, with which the same amount of memory is involved).

The hearing system is designed in the transverse skronevyh zviviny (Geshl's zivini), in the posterior viddiliv in the lateral (Silvieviy) furrow (fields 41, 42, 52). It is here that the axons of the posterior humps end with four hills and lateral collinear bodies.

The nyukhov system is designed in the area of ​​the anterior end of the hippocampal zivini (field 34). Kora tsiy galuzi maє not six, but trisharove budova. In the case of a subdivision of the region, scent hallucinations are implied, which are reduced to anosmia (loss of scent).

Smakov's system is designed to be designed in the hippocampal area of ​​measles (field 43).

motor areas

Fritsch and Gittsig (1870) showed that the front central zivini brain (field 4) wiklikє rukhov reaction. At the same hour it is known that the ruch area is the analytical one.

In the anterior central zone, a subset of the wickle bones, presented according to the somatotopic type, with the legs: in the upper branches of the zivini - lower pictures, In the lower - upper.

In front of the anterior central area, there are premotor fields 6 and 8. The stench of organizing is not isolated, but complex, coordinated, stereotyped. The field also provides the regulation of the tone of smooth muscles, the plastic tone of the muscles through the structure.

In the implementation of motor functions, they also take on the fate of another lobov zvivin, potilychna, upper parietal area.

Rukhova measles region, yak niyaka іnsha, there is a great number of connections with other analyzers, niz, mabut, and the existence of a number of polysensory neurons has been discussed.

associative areas

All sensory projection zones and motor area of ​​measles occupy less than 20% of the surface of the great brain (Div. Fig. 4.14). Rashta bark is a warehouse in an associative area. The skin associative area of ​​measles is tied with strangulated ties from a number of projection areas. Vvazayut, scho in the associative areas to see the association of multi-sensory information. As a result, folding properties are formed.

The social areas of the brain in humans are the most flexible in the forehead, time and skronevii.

The skin projection area of ​​measles is marked out by associative areas. The neurons of the regions are often polysensory, they are great health until the beginning. So, in the associative gaze field, 18 the number of neurons “start” a conditioned reflex reaction to a signal, become at least 60% of the number of background-active neurons. For the individual: there are 17 such neurons in the projection field, totaling 10-12%.

Possibility of the field 18 to produce a healthy agnosia. Ailments to bach, to bypass objects, but you can’t name them.

Polysensory neurons in the associative area of ​​measles will prevent its participation in the integration of sensory information, interaction of sensory and motor areas of measles.

In the temporary associative area of ​​measles, a sub-active statement about the new space, about our type is being formed. We are now able to develop well-adjusted somatosensory, proprioceptive and healthy information.

The lobs of the associative fields can connect with the limbic brain and take part in the organization of the program in the implementation of folding ruddy behavioral acts.

First and best characteristic rice associative areas of measles є multisensory neurons, moreover, it is not the primary source of information that comes from here, but the information about the biological significance of the signal. This allows the formulation of the program of a straightforward behavioral act.

Another peculiarity of the associative area of ​​measles in health, up to plastic overflows in fallowness, due to the importance of sensory information.

The third feature of the associative area of ​​measles is manifested in the trivial absorption of sensory infusions. The ruin of the associative area of ​​measles can lead to gross ruin in memory, memory. Most of the function is linked to both the sensory and the rudder systems. The corky rounded center of the movement in the rear view of the third frontal area (field 44) ​​is often part of the book and descriptions from the book by Dax (1835), and later by Broca (1861).

Hearing center for retouching in pershiy early zviviny lіvoї pіvkulі (field 22). Tsei center for descriptions of Vernike (1874). The motor and hearing center are tied together with a straining bundle of axons.

The new functions, tied with the written language, - reading, writing - are regulated by the angular health of the healthy region of measles to the brain (field 39).

When the motor center is severe, motor aphasia develops; In the case of ailments, I can’t say it myself. When the auditory center is affected, you can say ailments, you can’t sleep your thoughts, don’t mind someone else’s moving, hearing caresses, and ailments don’t know. Such a camp is called sensory auditory aphasia. Sickness often speaks a lot (logorea), alemovy is incorrect (agrammatism), it is difficult to replace warehouses, slips (paraphasia).

Help the zorovogo center move to make reading and writing to the point of disdain.

Isolation of the broken letter is agraphia, the winery is also in the distribution of the functions of the rear views of the other frontal aspect of the letter.

In the lower region, field 37 has been removed, as it is indicated for the memory of the words. Ailments from the battlefield cannot be remembered to name the objects. The stench of forgetting people who need to use words is necessary. Sickness, having forgotten the name of the object, the memory of its meaning, power, I will describe it for the first time, how it is, how to use it with an object, but you can’t name it. For example, replace the words "tie" of ailments, marvel at the little one, like: "tse those, who put pressure on her and tie up with a special university, it would be beautiful if you go to visit".

Rozpod_l funkts_y on areas of the brain is not є absolute. It has been established that it is practically all areas of the brain that polysensory neurons, i.e., Neurons, can react to development. For example, when the field is 17, the green area of ​​its function can display the field 18 and 19. In addition, the development of the same field, the measles are more likely to be affected by the fallowness of the flow motor.

As soon as the operation of one of the measles zones is carried out in the early childish If the function is not yet rigidly fixed, the function of the involved area will be practically renewed, i.e. localization of functions, Scho allow to compensate functionally and anatomically damaged structures.

An important peculiarity of the great measles is a trivial hour to get started.

Slidov_ processes in the spinal cord take a second to develop; in pіdkorkovyh stovburovіh vіddіlakh (in the form of folding rok-coordinator acts, dominant installations, emotsіynyh stanіv) trivial; In the cortex of the brain, the processes can take on the principle of a ringing sound by stretching out life. Tse the power given to the core of the vinyatkov is significant in the mechanisms of the associative processing and the collection of information, the accumulation of the base of knowledge.

The preservation of the sleep of awakening in the bark is manifested in the conversation of the її її zhudlivostі; tsі cycle trivayut in rukhovіy area measles 3-5 min, in zorova - 5-8 min.

The main processes that occur in the bark are realized in two ways: excitement and galvanization. The primary goal is reciprocal. Stink, for example, in the fringes of the ruch analyzer, scho zavzhdi sposterіgaєtsya at rukhs; stench can be used by different analysts. Galvanic injection of one analyzer at the same time, without ensuring the efficiency of the data at one process.

Reciprocal of the same activity is even more often susceptible to the activity of susceptible neurons.

The appearance of abnormalities and galmuvannya in the cortex is manifested in the form of the so-called lateral galmuvannya. With lateral galvanization near the zone of excitation, a zone of galvanized neurons (one-hour induction) is formed in length, as a rule, twice as long as the zone of excitation. Laterally, the galmuvannya will ensure the contrast of the image, which will allow the identification of the body to be taken into its own room.

In addition to the lateral spacious galvanizing, in measles neurons there is a destructive galvanizing activity and navpaki, and when galvanizing - stimulation is the name of the last induction.

In quiet cases, if the galleys are not in the snake, the streams have an inconvenient process in the singing zone, the process is in vain. Irradiation can go from a neuron to a neuron, according to the systems of associative fibers of the I sphere, with a very low speed - 0.5-2.0 m / s. In the first place, the radiosurgery can be generated for the opening of the axon to the connections of the pyramidal cells III to the ball of measles between the susceptible structures, including those of the analyzer. Irradiation of developing measles systems during the organization of conditioned reflex and other forms of behavior.

The order of the transmission of activity, as a result of the search for the impulse transmission of activity, the start of the galvanization for the cortex. Mechanism of irradiation of galvanized polyanga in the transfer of neurons to the galvanized camp before the flow of pulses, which comes from damaged measles, for example, from symmetrical areas of the inoculum.

electric show activity of measles great brain

Assessment of the measles great brain function of the people є important and until the present hour non-virgin employees... One sign is, bit by bit, to indicate the functional stan- dard of the structures of the brain, є re-staging the number of electrical potentials in them.

The skin neuron has a membrane charge, which changes during activation, and often decreases during galvanization, i.e. hyperpolarization develops. The brain also has a charge of the membrane cells. The dynamics of the charge of the membrane of neurons, the processes, which are shown in the synapses, dendrites, axons, in the axons, in the axons - all constantly change, differently for the intensity of the structure of the structure of the process, the characteristics of the energy As the indicators are restructured through microelectrodi, the stench represents the activity of the local (up to 100 microns in diameter) brain and is called focal activity.

At times, when the electrode rots in the subcortical structure, when restructuring through new activity is called a subcorticogram, when the electrode rots in the cortex, it is called a corticogram. Nareshty, if the electrode rots up on the surface of the head, then the total activity of measles and subcortical structures will be restored. The whole manifestation of activity is called an electroencephalogram (EEG) (Fig. 4.15).

All types of activity in the brain in the dynamism are strong until they become stronger and weaker and supervised by the singing rhythms of the electric bowls. In people in calmness, when they are outside, they are teasing, I will change the rhythms of the wake, I will become measles, so on the EEG there is an image in the form of the so-called alpha rhythm, the frequency of the sound should be 8-13 per second, and 50 microns.

The transition from people to activeness is to bring the alpha rhythm down to a higher beta rhythm, which is at a low frequency of 14-30 per second, the amplitude of which becomes 25 μV.

If I’m going to be calm until I’ll become healthy, or until sleep, I’ll start to develop more theta rhythm (4-8 times per second) or delta rhythm (0.5-3.5 times per second). The amplitude of the general rhythms becomes 100-300 µV (div. Fig. 4.15).

If, in a calm state, or if the brain is presented to a new product, it is growing rapidly, so called viclikan potentials (VP) are reestablished on the EEG. The stench is a synchronous reaction of the powerless neurons of the measles zone.

The latency period, the amplitude of the VP to lie down as the intensity is applied to the dehumidification. The components of the EP, the number and the nature of its number lie due to the adequacy of the stimulus to the zone and restoration of the EP.

VP can be folded from the primary type or from the primary and secondary. The primary types are two-phase, positive-negative communication. The stench is restored in the primary measles zones of the analyzer and only when the stimulus is adequate for the given analyzer. For example, healthy stimulation for primary healthy measles (field 17) is adequate (Fig. 4.16). The first appearance is characterized by a short latency period (LP), two-phase communication: positive, sometimes negative. The first step is to form for a short-hour synchronization of the activity of adjacent neurons.

Secondary reports are more variable for drug use, triviality, amplitude, lower primary. As a rule, secondarily, they are more likely to be identified on signals that may not be correct, but adequate for the given analyzer stimulus; the stench is good to be molded at navchannі.

mіzhpіvkulny vzaєmini

As a result, a function of the great brain will start as a function, which will prevent the special analysis of the processes, improve the visibility of regulatory processes, and improve the reliability of the management of the organisms, systems of organisms.

The role of instilling the great brain is most clearly manifested in the analysis of the functional mіzhpіvkulnaya asymmetry.

Asimetry in the functions of education was first introduced in the 19th century, if respect was inflated on the inheritance of the left and right half of the brain.

In 1836, Mark Dax made a speech at a medical partnership in Montpell (France) with little additional information about the ailments who suffer for the second time - I will come to see them for the name of the aphasia. Dax, having changed the sounds between the second and the second side of the brain. In those with more caution, more than 40 ailments, with aphasia bouly, were indicative of a little bit of a drink. Vcheny did not go into the vyaviti zhodnogo vipadku aphasia when pozhkozhennі tіlki rightї pіvkulі. Pidsumuvavshi ci spedrezhennya, Dax zrobiv such visnovok: the skin half of the brain to control its own, specific functions; mova is monitored with love.

Yogo didn’t help me to succeed. A dozen hour later, after the death of Dax Brock, with the posthumous prehistoric brain of ailments, they suffered from the second move and one-sided parallel, clearly showing in both vapors of the ears of the ear, as they seized parts of the other. The Western zone became the Broca's zone; Vona Bula is designated as an area in the rear windows of the lower frontal area.

Having analyzed the links between the two hands and the prominence, letting it go, there is great spriteness in the ruffs of the right hand, tied with the left hand in right-handed people.

After 10 years of publication, Brock's warning of the concept, now as the concept of dominance of education, became the main point of view on the interaction of two brainwaves.

In 1864, the English neurologist John Jackson wrote: “Not so long ago, it was not so long ago that I realized that the offense was the same as for the physical, so in the functional plan, ale now, since it became clear to the children of Dax’s children, Drinks can be victorious among the people, and I’ll spend more time, but the point of view has become unprofitable. ”

D. Jackson, having seen the idea of ​​a "provincial" drink, as it is possible to see it in front of the concept of dominance of drinks. “Two pіvkulі can’t just dub one one, - wrote win, - as if only one of them can be reduced to the last move. For qih processes (moving), a whit of nothing, it’s melodiously guilty but the guilty party ”. Dali Jackson scrambled about those, “well, a lot of people have a wicked side of the brain є liva side the so-called will, and the right side is automatic. "

Until 1870, the rock and the forerunners became rosum, which is a lot of different types of ideas, and they can be victorious in every way. K. Vernike knows, when ailments at the back of the early part of the summer season often became difficult and smart.

For people with ailments, with the ear, and not the right, the letters were difficult when reading and sheets. I got into the same way liva pivkulya managed and "straightened rukhs".

Sukupn_st tsikh danih became the basis of the statement about the relationship of two tsikh pivkul. One drink (from right-handed people beckon to the left) was seen as providna for moving those other functions, inshe (right), or "other row", it was said to be known under the control of the "dominant" left.

The first asymetry of the brain was revealed by the beginning of the announcement of the equipotence of the great brain of children before the appearance of the move. Vvazhaєtsya, the asymmetry of the brain to form when the corpus callosum is ripe.

The concept of dominance of food, which is well known in all gnostic and intellectual functions, is carried out by the “right-handers” є liv pivkulya, and the right to appear “deaf and nimy”, gave rise to the mayzhe. However, there has been a step-by-step accumulation of evidence, which has been revealed about the right drink, about another row, the fallow one, which does not appear to be effective. So, in ailments with damaged children, it is better for the brain to be impressed by the test for the form and assessment of spacious interconnections, but not in healthy people. Neurologically healthy viprobovan, as volodyut dvomami (English and idish), more beautifully identifying English words, presented in the right field, and words in idish - in liv. With a bunch of beads, this kind of asymmetry is tied to the patterns of reading: English words are read evil to the right, and the words idish are read from right to left.

Mayzhe, immediately after the expansion of the concept of the dominance of the policy, the tribute began to appear, so that it could be applied to those who are right or in a different way, as well as having their own special health. So, Jackson, having made a statement about those who, in the back parts of the right brain, localized the building to the formation of healthy images.

Prompt to produce a drink, as a rule, until low indicators by tests for verbal health. At the same hour, ailments from the school of the right pіvkulі zvіvlіt vіdnіkіvіlnі vіkonuvali non-verbal tests, which included the manipulation of geometrical figures, folding puzzles, memorizing the same parts of the little ones, and fіgur іnіnіyu

It has been revealed that the education of the right pivkuly is often superseded by severe deterioration of the organization and svidomosty. Such ailments disgustingly live in the open space, not in the snake know the way to the booth, in which a lot of rocky lived lived. In the case of the law of the law, the boules were tied with the same kind of agnosium, that is, E. Porushen, in the form of information that was taken into account, was taken out of the way and the spaciousness of the mind. One of the most common forms of agnosia is agnosia on the face. Ailment with such agnoziyu is not a good idea of ​​a known denunciation, but one cannot see people one in one. The recognition of these situations and objects, for example, may not have been destroyed. Even if they are involved in the specialization of the law, the bully are rejected when they are careful for ailments, and they suffer from important injuries, for those who, however, often get a good health before sleep. In addition, in key cases, there are tales about those that can lead to the loss of the right half of the brain to the loss of musical health, without getting stuck with the new ones. The whole process, called amusement, was most often seen among professional musicians, who underwent an insult or a brainwash.

For this reason, as neurosurgeons performed a series of operations with a comissurotomy and a boule of psychology, it became clear that pivkulya rights Volodya with the most powerful gnostic functions.

It is clear that the multi-dimensional asymmetry in the virgin world is found in the functional level of information processing. In general, it is most important not to find a stimulus by character, but to the peculiarities of gnosticism, to stand in front of a sposter. It is accepted respectfully, that the rights of education are specialized in the processing of information on the figurative functional level, and in the case of the category. Zasosuvannya such a move allows you to take a number of folding super-spheres. So, the transfer of a single drink, when reading music and finger signs, it will be explained that the processes are running on the categorical level of information processing. A test of words without a linguistic analysis of success to be successful at addressing the right hemisphere, and some sufficient reworking of information on a figurative functional analysis for broadcasting people.

Migratory asymmetry is based on the functional level of information processing: when information is processed, it’s possible to process information on the semantic, and on the perceptual functional basis,

In the case of lateral presentation of information, it is possible to see three ways of intercultural interactions that appear in the processes of healthy perception.

1. Parallel activity. The skin is processed through information from the victors of the authorities and their mechanisms.

2. Vibrating activity. Information will be processed into a “competent” pivot.

3. Spіlna dіyalnіst. Insult pivkul take a part in the processing of information, lastly I will play a role in quiet stages of the process.

The main factor that is responsible for the fate of that particular podvkule in the processes of recognizing incomplete images, those, which are elements that are added to the image, and the very steps of the significance of the images in the images. At times, as the details of the image were removed without a degree of significance, it was difficult for those who were ill with the damaged structures of the right pivcule to fit into the larger world. We have given you the right to drink alcohol in the presence of such images. As the image appears to be altogether small, a little more relevant to the picture, then it was lost in the first place when the structures of the blood were damaged, so you should be aware of the change in the role of the hemisphere in the image.

At the right time, there is a greater assessment of healthy stimuli, so the most important and significant signs are assessed.

If the number of details of the image is significant, but for the purpose of understanding, it is evident that the importance of that, which is the most informative, meaningful and meaningful, does not seem to be twisted, but strategically, it is not great, but also In such vipadkah more adequate є strategy, the power of the rule of law, is based on the history of all to be shown in the image information.

Difficulties in the implementation of the left-hemisphere strategy in their minds are accommodated by the same kind of surroundings, as soon as Volodya's lack of "goodness" is given to accurate assessments of the image elements. About the price, there is also a message, a good estimate of the curve and the orientation of the lines, the curvature of the arcs, the size of the cuts will collapse in front of the right pivot.

The picture is taken from vipadkas, if a large part of the image is visible, but the savings are most significant, informative and meaningful. In some situations, it is more adequate to learn, learn from the analysis of the most significant fragments of the image - strategy, as a victorious drink.

In the process of recognizing incomplete images, they take on the role of the structure of both the right and the left pivot, and the steps of the part of the skin from them lie in the peculiarities of the proponated images, and in the first place because of the fact that the meaning of the image is the most important. With the presence of a number of elements, the important role is to shape the life of the drink; when I see it, I will play a role in the process of developing the right to drink.

(Document)

n1.doc

The order of horizontal organization according to verses in the neocortex is the vertical organization of the neuron systems in the vertically united cells of all measles balls. Such a vertically organized malignant group of cytins, which is a functional unit of measles, is called vertical column measles(Mountcastle, 1957).

Vyavilosya, scho vertically neurons interconnect tisnish, lower horizontally. Bula visunuta

The hypothesis of the columnar organization of the neocortex, the main change in the first five positions: 1) all neurons in the column react to the same modality of the same type of sensory stimuli; 2) all neurons of the column may have the same receptive fields; 3) all neurons in the column respond to a subset of receptive fields with the same latent period; 4) vertical columns, neurons that respond to different modalities of the same type of sensory stimuli, spaciousness; 5) activation of a single column wikiwand galvanizing of suspended, non-existent speakers. Such a vertical column is a vertical cylinder with a diameter of about 100-150 mm, which includes the neurons of all measles balls. Tse neuron ob'єdnannya - a local nerve netting, yak, reproducing information, transferring information to the input to the output. The structural basis of the vertical cortical column is vertically arranged bundles of apical dendrites, which take an ear of great and middle pyramidal neurons. Appear between the three beams of dendrites displayed in groups of cells to fit the speakers. Functionally, the column is a combination of vertically knitted pendant and half-sized cells of small balls, axons which can also be rounded vertically. Particular cells wakeful and galvanized interneurons of such a connection, which can only be of their own, intercortical interneuron connections and effective input on axons of pyramidal cells.

It means that the diameter of the cylinder of the vertical column corresponds to the diameter of the elementary neural ensemble in the cortex (A. B. Kogan, 1979).

Morphophysiological vivchennya immediately reestablished closely spaced neurons, measles called for detection about those that are not elementary functional units є not around neurons, but elementary neuron systems - neurons. Elementary neuron ensembles realize their functions statistically, and the fate okremich neurons in the skin elementary ensemble, they were not fixed, but in this chi іnshіy world rozpodіl usіkh. The flexibility and superiority of the function of the neural systems of the neo-cortex are tied to the temporal and statistical power of the elementary neural ensembles. Elementary neuron ensembles є "tseglinks", the most simple elements, from which there can be more neuron integration in the view of the dynamic mosaic of the spacious clock, in the patterns that can be used nervousness... Ymovіrno, a number of elementary neural ensembles, rostasvanih in small balls of measles, combined in vertical columns of measles.

The first elementary neuronal ensembles, and the vertical column of measles represent the cob of neural systems in the cortex, in the microsystems. A number of vertical micro-columns are grouped in a larger volume - Macro columns, or functional cortical module(Fig. 8.3)(A.S. Ba-Tuєv, 1981). The structural basis of such cortical modules is the horizontal alignment of axons of specific thalamocortical afferents, as well as horizontal links of axons of green cells and axons of collaterals of pyramidal neurons. The diameter of the functional cortical module in non-

Small. 8.3. Diagram of interconnecting speakers (micromodules) ifunctional modules in the cortex of lower primates, waspsNova on the inner cortical galvanic bath:II, III, IV, V - sharimeasles; \- spindle-like neuron; 2- pіramіdniy nіyron; 3- part neuron(Batuev, 1984)

When the diameter of the vertical column grows, the size becomes 300-600 microns. The cortical modules, installed thalamocortical afferents, are often overturned by cortical modules attached to the associative and callosal cortical inputs. Specific and associative affect

Renti arrives to neurons III and IV of the cortical module, nonspecific afferents are linked to neurons of all sources, but especially to the I ball. Efficient outputs of the cortical module are also distributed according to verses: corticothalamic - in the IV ball, which power the axon into the spinal cord, stovbur and basal ganglia - in the V ball, associative in the cortex - in the II-III balls. In the world of accelerated cerebral organization in phylogenesis, there are special features of modular organization in the small regions of the neocortex. So, in the somatosensory cortex of grisunas "barila", in the frontal parts, in order to save vertical columns in primates - modules of the "pasta" type.

It is of great importance in the functioning of the measles modules that the processes of intracortical galvanization can be realized by the system of galvanic interneurons. Galmic mechanisms organize convergence of afferent streams to one cortical module, inter-modulation between vertical columns in the middle of the module and between modules. Galmіvni and zadivі vzamodії mіzh functional modules measles lie in the basis of the formation of more great societies - rozpod_lenich systemstim measles brain. Modules, which are stored in different systems, are connected between themselves in the last and in parallel, so this system has a number of inputs and outputs. The command function dynamically grows along quiet rooms, where at the given moment the most important information comes. According to the day, the distribution of the system, described by Mount Castle, are sorted with the dominant dynamicallymi constellations A. A. Ukhtomsky.

In such a rank, in the cerebral cortex є formation of neurons: element

Neuronal ensembles, vertical columns of measles, cortical modules and dynamic changes in the system and the brain. The modular principle of measles organization is the transmission of decliners to the blocks of neuronal enlargement, the construction of which is similar to the rice in the adult areas of measles. The skin module can take part in functional systems of flexible folding, which organize adaptively displaying folding behavioral acts.

8.3. Measles electrical activity

activity great pіvkul the brain supervises the generation of electrical activity. The order of electrical activity in the core of the background (basic) electrical activity, the number of which is displayed continuously, without special injection. backgroundelectric activity including wide range electric number of small triviality, as a quasi-potent potential of measles and ultra-slow number of potentials to high potentials of a child. Between measles surface and white speech є stiyka quasi-postNaya rise in potential: the surface of measles carries a greater positive charge, less than a lot of balls. The whole permanent potential of measles during the period of the rising degree of polarization of the dendritic and axonal poles of the pyramidal neurons of measles, which are vertically arranged. With natural sleep, anesthesia and other changes, the potential for positive side; when awakened, activated - in the negative. Measles can also be resumed ultra-slow connection of potentials s seconds, deca-second, hilinny and bagato-

chilinny periods. infraslow chatting potential to visualize power of general regulation the laryngeal system and the brain; їх nature is tied to the price іonny warehouse on offense side of hematoencepha- personal bar'єru, polarization neuroglia, colivans ion warehouse small space. Naybilsh vivchenimi wide re-structure for assessments of functional I will є povilnyno amount of background electrical activity, as it is possible to restore without front number of twary heads(Pravdich-Neminsky, 1929) and people (Berger, 1929). enrollment elektricheskikh kolivan from shkiri heads - elektroencephalogram (EEG) - to revenge all you see kolyvan, scho i record without front as measles - electricalrocorticogram (EKoG). character by and large electrical activity even minlivy and subtly reactive on the destruction of the functional I’ll become і rіven brain activity(Fig. 8.4). V stanі spokіyny nesannya in EEG good bends alpha-khvili at a frequency of 8-12 kolivan per second. at zakvision of eyes and representation growth, stink nego into a regular alpha rhythm, more turns in polity and time areas. In the camp active nesannya, dіyalnosti or springs alpha-markers change from beta-markers oftentієї 18-35 kolivan in second, more beautiful by turns in frontal and skronevich areas. with a decrease rivnya nesannya i sleep rolls tag-hvili with frequency from 4 to 7 times per second, and in case of severe sleep or losses tissue to the brain - delta-chvili with a frequency of 0.5-3.5 kolivan per second. You can also see the gamma rhythm with frequency monad 35 i sigma rhythm at a frequency of 13-18 kolivan per second and spindle-like change the amplitude

Small. 8.4. Change EEG atchange of functional overburdenedbrain(Oke, 1969)

Doji. Gamma-hvili to agree with the rukhova activity and load, sigma-hvili- in a friendnom become i at dії barbіturatіv. at change of functional I'll become a brainha change range dominant rhythms EEG. Camping hwil EEG married electrical activity overwhelminglythose structures of great pivkul. Originnya all electric activity to contribute additions to perch chergu postsynaptic potential of catfish and dendrites pyramid neurons in measles, and also the potential of neuroglia, destruction of the ionic compositionwa small spaces, depolarization of the hedgehog

Thin dendritic rosacea. When looking at the nature of the general electrical activity of measles, it is a mother on uvaz, which is an amiable guide, in which there is a great number of dzherel elektricheskiy strumu. To this EEG it is possible to see how the integral potential of the way through the passage of the last fields without the need for additional generators. The rhythm of the number of total electrical activity in Denmark is explained by the mechanism of vocal galvanization in neuronal lances, which can lead to periodic galvanization in one hour in both neurons and rhythmic polarization of hypertension. It has been shown that the resemblance to the alpha rhythm and the sigma rhythm is combined with the systems of vortex galmuvannya in specific and nonspecific structures of the thalamus. There is a great number of innovative methods for the analysis of EEG, so that it is possible to assess the development of mental health problems in the camp of great brainworms with young minds, pilon and sleep, respect for relaxation, activism Most of the changes in the functional standpoint are reflected in the parameters of the spacious-clock organization of the background electrical activity of the great cerebral stimuli. Viklikana electrical activity is a change of background electrical activity or short-hour, viclikan potential in response to the injection. The background EEG in people is seen during victorious functional tests: 1) when the eyes are curled and the eyes are twisted; 2) rhythmic light flashes or sound messages at a reasonable frequency (3-20 in seconds); 3) vikonannyam arithmetic and logical employees; 4) hypervenous

Ventilate, so that we can do it with a stretch of 3-5 min (Fig. 8.5). The most private nature of the EEG changes when the eyes are open and the other samples are stored in the "de-synchronization" of electrical activity, if there is a good turn of the alpha

Small. 8.5. Measles potency in the gut brainwith electrostimulation of the contralateral sidnichnogonerve(According to Kullayade, 1968). First reports:1,2 - shortcollagen; 9, 10- long-latency. early denialtilny reactions: 3, 4,- postsynaptic;5,6 - presі-napticheskieItype; 7.8- presynapticIItype. fromchange downwards in response to positive fluctuationspotential. At the center - a diagram of the brain of the cat with the systemstereotaxic coordinates and values ​​of points of potential introduction

The rhythm fluctuates with low-amplitude high-frequency vibrations of the beta rhythm. viclikanі potenticial, re-establishment of measles surface, add to the first and second versions. Pervinnyvidpovid- a short-hour (20-30 ms) electrical reaction of measles to a volley of impulses from specific afferents, such as winnies in singing folders of the projection. The first reason to reestablish from the surface of measles is a positive-negative colony, which overwhelms a small amount of presynaptic activity. The positive phase of the initial appearance of the visualization of the disease of the paramedic neurons of the III and IV measles balls, and the negative phase is the synaptic stimulation of the apical dendrites in the 1st measles according to the afferents of the patients of the non-cerebral arteries The functional meaning of the primary types can be tied to the vision of the cob moment of the child's life. secondaryнідповіді It can be local due to the wide presence of ', in the early latency period, call it great, not in the first generation. Prior to local secondary indications with a short latency period, early negative reactions, early associations and callosal indications are reported. Secondary generalized results from the great latent period of reticulacular and thalamocortical walking are more sensitive to change functional to the brain. Victory potentials, which are restructuring from the surface of the head of a people, may cause a number of negative and positive numbers with a growing peak longevity (from 50 to 300 ms). The stench є in the images of processes not in the arrival of information in the bark, but in the processing, and meaningfully change into the sound of the shift

Gami rivnya uvagi, steps of a rosum spur, an emotional assessment of a stimulus.

8.4. Localization of functions in Korea

Due to the nature of the vicious functions, the new bark grows on the motor, sensory and associative areas.

Motornі zoni measles in primates and humans, they are rooted in the precentral area (anterior central and posterior sides of the upper and middle frontal zivin), Cytoarchitectonic fields 4 and 6 (div, Small. 8.2). On the medial surface of measles, there is an additional motor area. Electric stimulation of young dylyanoks of motor measles to bring up to the ruins of the m'yaziv of the prototile half of the body. The group of mutations is represented by the enlarged neurons of motor measles, which are rosted in a strictly defined post-mortem. Representative of the languages ​​of the lower prints in the medial part of the precentral area, near the late school; Representation of head and head muzzles - in dorsolateral dilenks. Tobto the zone of motor measles is organized strictly according to the somatotopic principle. In savts with a greater low level of organisation of motor measles (dogs, kittens), there is more space for the diagnosis of measles. On the basis of people and primates in huts, stimulation of the motor areas of measles to wicked ruch, in which large groups take on the fate, and not around m'yazi. The most discrete problems are detected when the subdivision of the field is 4; here і best low thresholds for wiklik ruhu. Neuronous aggravation of motor measles, tied with the collapse of the young, occupy the age for the size of the area

Rozpodіlenі nerіvnomіrno. Disproportionately great delinkas are tied with the knuckle of fingers, hands, hands, muses of the face, and much less significant - with the great muses of the back and lower prints. The map of the representation of muses in the motor bore of the ma viglyad "Homunculus" is a cholovichka with a majestic head, tongue, penzel and even a small tulub and legs. Unnecessary growth is associated with this, so that the axons of the pyramidal neurons of motor measles give the greatest number of synaptic contacts on the quiet motor neurons of the spinal cord, such as the inner muscles of the muscles of the hand, fingers, fingers, Such organization will ensure the best and most accurate management of the same type of communication. Vidalennia of motor measles wicker Determination of motor measles in humans is reduced to parallels, especially the muzzles of the hands, muffs, tied with a wash, and minutiae. With unilateral lesions of motor measles, it is not necessary to change the functions of the motor, with bilateral ones. The price will be set on the meaning of two-way connections between the motor bark of both pvkul for compensation of debris debris.

The neurons of motor measles are grouped at the vertical column, so that small groups of meat fibers can be manipulated by the robot. Wash around the columns of motor measles, tied with shy (phasic) and general (thin) ruches. The efficiencies of the columns are gigantic pyramid neurons, rots in the V ball of motor measles. Axons of gigantic pyramids set up a festive path, which ends with wakeful synapses on the motor neurons of the spinal cord of the lateral side of the spinal cord. axoni

The Great Spinothalamic Way may give the best speed of transmissions and serve for the wikklic of the great ruffians. The order of the pyramidal system in the motor cortex is to repair the extrapiracy system. The whole system adapts itself, so that the axons of the circulatory cells go to the basal ganglia, the cornsus, the vermiform nucleus, the reticular nuclei and the smaller structures of the cerebral stubbur, which are on the spinal cord, spinal cord, olivine

The motor cortex receives sensory afferent from the somatosensory, healthy and auditory zones of both the induction and associative areas of measles. The most spacious, clearly organized afferent enter the motor cortex from the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus. It is of great importance that afferentation from receptors in the muscles and tendons enter the motor cortex. The top organization of inputs into the motor cortex from the muscular afferents is specific, allowing reflexes through the neurons of motor measles to mute on the motoneurons of the spinal cord. Such a structure lies in the basis of the highest level of self-organization and thoroughly correcting the way of managing the rods on the basis of the ringing signals.

sensory zones measles zd_ysnyuyut vischii r_ven of sensory analysis. The stench of recognizing the afferent from the specific relay nuclei of the thalamus, spaciously growing on the screen projection, may be the topical principle of organizing. That і are called stench projection zones. The order of the folding analysis in the sensory zones is an integration and a critical assessment of information, as one comes here for specific afferent

Vim logins. Sensory afferentation, which enters the cortex, is multiply represented: the skin from the sensory zones includes the zone of the primary projection, secondary and tretin. The main sensory zones are zorov, auditory and somatic sensory systems of measles.

Zorova sensory system measles is represented by the first green area (field 17) and the other green area (fields 18 and 19) (div. Small. 8.2). In the first green region, there is a wider range of growths - retinotopic organization. So, burn down from the spur furrow is presented upper half sits (lower half of the field zoru), in the lower part of the field 17 - Lower part sitkivki, in the back part - the region of the zhovtoi beaches. With a local ruinuvannі of the field 17 fields vypadayut from the field of zoru. In the first green region, there is a ball of distributions into two parts. Such a fourth ball of measles will mate with the arrival of the event from the retinas of both eyes, as well as the appearance in the network of photoreceptors of two types. In the vertical column 17 fields are divided into neurons with the same receptive fields. As a rule, I will acquaint myself with a single neuron in columns, a sign that is dominant in the clear understanding of a given species of creatures. For example, in blocks - according to vibration to the right edge, in kishoks - an orientation of receptive fields. The health of the neurons of healthy measles detecting lines and contours of the singing organization begins with the spacious organization of receptive fields. The receptive fields of neurons in healthy measles do not appear to be concentric, but parallel to the expansion of antagonistic zones in vigorous smogs, a singing rank of antagonistic zones.

Point to dawn. Along with such simple receptive fields, there are folding receptive fields without antagonistic zones, which lavish over a large part of the field. Neurons, which may cause over-fold receptive fields, may vibrate up to a few parameters to the stimulus (organization, size, straightforward, etc.). In the healthy cortex, it is not a stream of descriptions, as in the lower subcortical lines the analysis of healthy information, but the detection of an external sign of a healthy image, so that it allows changing the overworld of transmitted information. The perception of a healthy image in the healthy bark is connected in parallel, so that it is possible to bring a healthy image to a class, from a class. Secondary healthy regions (fields 18 and 19), welcome the association of healthy information with tactile, proprioceptive and hearing information. Such a synthesis will ensure a greater assessment of the health information, yes, the announcement of the significance. When the field 17 is put into production until the end of the day, then the field is turned on 19 and 18 - until the assessment of the poor man is destroyed; to be impressed by the understanding of the senses of the written text. As far as electric development of the 17th field of the wicket is concerned, the stimulation of the 19th field is good hallucination. When the field is 37, it is a subject agnosia, when the field is 39, it is destroyed.

Hearing sensory system measles are stored in the primary auditory zones (fields 41 and 42), lateral boron, I secondary auditory areas (fields 52, 22, 21). In the primary auditory cortex, the axons of the relay cells of the medial frequency come, which carry sound and vestibular

Information. Here, there is a lot of space for the representatives of the hair cells of the rural parts of the village, where you can get the sounds of the pink hanging, - Tonotopic organization. The inner part of the Heshlya zivini is tied to the analysis of high tones, and the zvn_shnya part is tied to the low tones. All neurons of the same vertical speaker respond to the sound of the same frequency. On the cortical level of the auditory analysis, the tone, loudness and character of short (less than 100 ms) sound signals grow; You can get more trivial sounds on the basis of a childish analogue of sensory analysis. Neurons measles rumorsє Reading the level of the reaction threshold from the frequency and sound: the development of neurons may have their optimal frequency, according to the minimum threshold. Є ugrupovannya neurons, how to react to a change in tone and soundness. Electrically teasing of the primary auditory measles of the wicked see the noise and the ringing in the ears, and the one-sided reduction of the hearing impairment, but do not lead to additional deafness in connection with the saved hearing of measles in the protivocule. second rumors zoni There may be associative links with other sensory systems, their performance is tied to the assessment of the specific and individual significance of sound signals. Outskirts of secondary auditory fields in the first half of the year people are tied to the minds to sound when they sound good. So, with 22 fields affected, the sensory aphasia of Vernike is found.

Somatic sensory system Measles analyzes the signals of the primary and secondary somatosensory areas. The first somatosensory zone is occupied by the posterior central part (fields 1, 2 and

3) і і Suddenly, the axons of the relay cells of the posterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus come. Rіzni dіlyanka tіla can be here in a more spacious representation - the somatotopic principle of organizing. The projection of the lower parts is located at the upper part of the rear central part, and the projection of the head and the upper part of the body is in the lower part of the rear central part. Rіznі dіlyanka tіla borrow nerіvnomіrno I am interested in the area somatosensory measles: hands, revealing, vocal apparatus may be especially great in the presentation of lin, tulub and lower cues - minimal. Such an unrepentant representative is tied to it, but a number of tactile receptors only on the fingers, lips, moving about the same, like on the skin of the whole tulub. Large number of neurons in the first somato sensory zone may be local receptive fields; In the world, the stimulus is shifted towards the center of the receptive field to the periphery of the reaction of the fall. Vertical columns combine neurons to react to one of the modalities of shkirno-myazovoy sensitivity. With electrical stimulation of local somatosensory measles disease in humans, people experience a squeeze, even heat on the upper side of the body. With the defeat of the central region, it is insisted on the loss of a subtle gradation of tactile views and there is a lack of hand in the upper part of the body. Another somatosensory zone is rosted in the lateral boron, the ventral first sensory zone, and occupies a smaller area. Suddenly, the axons of the relay cells of the posterior central nucleus of the thalamus come up, in the meaning of the world it is the essence of information and

Ceptors. In the area of ​​post-central zivini, tactile and temperature reception is presented. mouthwash The analysis of sensory sensory signals in the order of the hippocampus is analyzed.

Association of measles No special entrances, specific manifestations during stimulation, or in general, “moving” zones, are not visible from the projected zones. However, in the course of phylogenesis, the stench swells an increasingly important role in the folding forms of behavior and in primates it occupies a significant part of the neocortex. The main associative zones are є tim'yan (fields 5, 7, 39, 40) and lobova associative areas (fields 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). darknaya associative area safeguarding the creation of intrinsic images of objects or appearances. Here, the integration of the afferent flows of the adult sensory systems is necessary for the implementation of the adolescent behavior. On the neuronal groups of the small area, convergence of afferent streams of the developmental sensory is seen, so that there is optimal flexibility for the afferent synthesis, but to be the basis for the development of the integral image of the subject in the open space. Most neurons in measles respond to stimulation of two or three sensory modalities. Є nerves of cells, as they are destroyed by a complex (association) of multi-sensory stimuli. In the thyme bark, there is no such clear topical organisation, like in the pro ectional areas, in the case of thyme measles, who lie down to the potent areas, more neurons, react to the luminosity, to stimulate on tactile stimuli. Tim'yan kora will be removed

Afferentation from the projection areas of measles along the associative fibers and from the associative nuclei of the thalamus (cushions and ventrobasal complex). Axons of thalamic neurons establish axodendric contacts not only in the IV ball, but mostly in all measles balls. There is a great number of emergent inputs from this measles into the motor cortex, which leads to the formation of a command of a predominant activity on the basis of an afferent synthesis.

The integral function of the measles in humans is especially pronounced. At the time of the earning, the building of a complex cleaning of objects will be destroyed in all such signs, differentiation of objects, and widespread discrimination. In the first place, the knowledge of the synthesis of some components in a folding system of pre-social behavior will be involved. Stimulation of children in the small region to bring about changes in the process of memory: it is possible to celebrate with people, help about those children, in which wines you have previously brave your fate. Let the supernatural enjoy the same emotional experiences as the hour passed before. It’s just that there are processes in this area that can be brought up to the mechanisms of memory.

Lobovi associative regions measles in the world is formed only in primates and humans. They are also characterized by the visibility of specialized afferent inputs, the polysensory nature of neuronal reactions, a great number and foldability of the connections in the areas of measles and the glinous structures of the brain. The people of the front part of the frontal area take part in the implementation of the most folding processes, connected with a safe specialty, the formation of social benefits. Let’s admit, scho dilyanki frontal measles tied with the mechanisms of organizing purpose

Equalities of performance, form of programs and acceptance of solutions. Lobovy areas of measles in people without a mediocre share in the activity of others signaling systems- system and mobile signalization. The growth of the lower half of the front measles and the breeding of the poultry can be brought up to the extreme deterioration of the mobile function. When Broca's center is affected, motor aphasia is infused, if movni ruku is destroyed. The sickness of the building vidavati okremi sounds, ale not can wimoviti the desired word. At the same localization, the writing breaks down - agraphia, the quality of reading in a voice, or the quality of sprymati mov (sensory aphasia Vernike). striking the frontal and temporal areas of associative measles are especially indicated on the most folding forms of brain activity, proteas to similar strikes can lead to the development of small cerebral structures. At the present time, the lack of experimental facts and clinical considerations can be taken into account, since the mental activity is not localized in any other structures and in the function of the whole brain.

9. Principles of regulation motor rooms function

9.1. General principle organization of rukhovykh

function

The structures, which are responsible for the reduction of the position and regulation of the arms (arms or motor centers), are localized in the very different parts of the central nervous system - in the form of measles of the great spines to the spinal cord. In their rostashuvanny, there is a read of the architecture, which depicts the actions of the thoroughly detailed functions in the

Evolutionary processes that didn’t just overwhelm or overwhelm the ruddy systems, overbuilt new control structures, so that they were guided by the singing programs. In fig. 9.1 the zagalny plan of the organization of the rukhovoy system is brought up.

For an adequate vibration to the nature of locomotion and for the normal passage of the locomotion, it is important to complete the act є precisely control rok system... At the same time, for the regulation of a folding, well-nourished structure, a control program is needed beforehand, and for the safety of the variability of the biological parameters, the program is not guilty of being absolutely rude because of the mother's power. For Bernstein, the coordination of the ruchs є the sublimation of the overworldly steps of the freedom of the ruin organ, to transform it into the kerovan system. In such a rank, coordination is the process of organizing the kerovanosity of the rok apparatus. Bernstein, having proponated the closed-loop scheme of interaction, will secure the control of the rucks (Fig. 9.2).

Obligatory elements of the self-regulating system for the offensive of the lanka: 1 - the effector (motor), the robot is able to regulate by the cym parameter; 2 - to put an attachment, to bring in the time of the chi іnshim way into the system of the necessary value of the regulated parameter; 3 - the receptor, which takes the actual current values ​​of the parameter and signals about them, in any way, in a fit way; 4 - adjudgement of ringing, which means the distribution (Aw) of the actual (Iw from Istwert) and the necessary (Sw from Sollwert) value with its value and sign; 5 - re-encrypting device

Small. 9.2. Naiprostisha block diagram of the control unitzheniyas(Bernstein, 1966)

The swarm, transforming the dawn of the ringing into the correct impulses, which is fed by the ringing sound to the regulator; 6 - a regulator, which, according to the given parameter, functions of the effector. The central point of the central point of the cyclone control system is the task of (2), in the fallowness of the powers that go into the system, either stabilize (if Sw is permanently meaningful), or "quit" (if Sw maє changes characteristics). At the given setting, on the basis of the programs, a rukhova plant is formed, which allows predicting the future.

9.2. Special regulation of motor functions

The system of regulation of motor functions can be seen as dvovnevu, de lower spinal-ny ryven is based on the stretch reflex - the reflex on stretching (Leddel, Sherrington), and the upper level of the suprasegmental presentation is injected. Stretch reflex is a system for the automatic regulation of the activity of mucus depending on whether it is shortened or raised. The stretch reflex is based on a negative ringing from the spindles to alpha motoneurons (P.G. Kostyuk). central viddili To the brain, set the parameters of the robot of the lower level (threshold for reflex, performance) and in such a rank to control the activity of the communication through the hands of the unit. Rukhovi, or motor, odnitsi can be destroyed one by one in one (Sherrington); the stench will give you the hail of meat fast. The rukhova unit includes a motor neuron and an innervated fiber. The average number of muscular fibers, which fall on one muscular unit, is strongly varied in young mussels: from 13-25 to 2000. In a weakened mussel, the activity of mussels does not appear, but in the most common reason the frequency to lay down with or quicker (Edrіan). With a wide gradation of strength, they are quick to get into the main way of recruiting rukhovyh odinitsy (with a blame for the range of a weak or even a strong speed).

Mabut, in the language there are two ways of regulation: coarse, step-frequency, the way of switching on and switching on motor neurons, and smooth, thin, as it is possible to get through the crafty changes of the frequency of the great pulses,

Personality of interpulse intervals). With a whole small high-threshold motoneuron with a low speed, the axon in reflex reactions is carried out as thin, innervating a small number of large muscle fibers; the strength of such rukhovyh odinitsa is small, the stench of stinky to a hundred and a building to trivial robots. Great low-threshold motoneurons with bistroconducting axons move around as phase-etic and innervate a larger group of thin muscle fibers; the power to develop in such ruddy units is unmistakably great, even the stench of mensh is stuck to triviality. The functional meaning of the differentiation of the muscular fibers, obviously, is polarized in their attachment to weak and trivial (cognitive) or strong and fast (phasic) stresses. The main role in the control of the robot is not played by the motor neurons, but by the motoneurons of the bullet, so that a group of motor neurons is defined morphologically and functionally. Head of the functional functions of the motoneuron pool in terms of delivery to the muscular system - tse the dose or speed. As soon as the power of a speedy environment is due to the frequency of impulses of a motor neuron, then the power of a fast speed of a whole muscle will remain in the same two officials - the frequency of discharge of motor neurons and the number of active motor neurons in motor neurons. When the amount of muscle is quickly enough, the motoneurons will prevent the “vibration” from activating the motor neurons in the skin situation, because of the activation of the quiet muscle fibers, such as in the fallout of the lumps in the lobsters.

For Henneman, in case of diffuse damage to the motor neuron pool, the role in the organization of the robot is the differentiation of motor neurons along the thresholds, which lie in the size of the cellini ("the principle of magnitude"). For the Grant, the effectiveness of the activation of the motor neuron lies in the main type of organization (localization on the membrane and distribution of the synaptic end). For Lloyd, the activation of the motor neuron starts with the inclusion of quiet inputs (є more wakeful and less wakeful enter). For phasic and fine motor neurons, different paths and activation of supra-spinal structures (Sasaki) are shown. There are two types of centrifugal descriptions of corticospinal projections: broadly diverging and converging and strictly localized ("point to point") way. The grant is given to the great significance of the powers of the neuron itself (input opir, triviality of late hyperpolarization), which is the origin of the phase or subtle type of response. Mabuchi in rіznih modes dіyalnostі vikoristovuyutsya rіznі Principi aktivatsії motoneyronіv: the stabіlnіy pozі i vikonannі stabіlnoї ruhovoї zavdannya virіshalnim Je "largest principle" Hennemana (difuzno aktivatsіya), and at zmіnі Posy abo ruhovoї zavdannya proyavlyaєtsya Square dіyalnіst motoneyronіv of vikoristannyam in the furrows of motoneurons independent entrances (according to Lloyd); in folding rukhovyh acts, offenses are realized.

With motor neurons, the pool is not just a keruyucho, but a kerovan system. The breeders of the soup-dispensed injections will take care of the growth and galvanization in the motor neurons of the bullet, so, in your own heart, you will be able to regulate and control

To manage the inflow from the motor neuron pool to the muzzle through the rods of the unit. The regulator will have an important role to play in the role of ringing sounds to motoneurons from the receptor apparatus of the ring - the ring spindles. Intrafusal fibers (nuclear and nuclear chain), which are connected in parallel with extrafusal fibers and are weakened when they are shortened, enter the spindle warehouse. With a single spindle, the spindle is brought to a spindle of rukhovyh odinits. From the skin spindle, one primary afferent and three secondary afferent enter. The frequency of impulses in the afferents of both types grows with the increase in the amount of pressure (static sensitivity) and with the growth in the fluidity of the expansion (dynamic sensitivity). The dynamical sensitivity of the primary afferents is just the opposite. The impulse of the primary afferents is brought to rest in the motoneurons of the given mucosa and mucous-sinnergists and to the galvanization of the motoneurons of the antagonist muses.

The essential fibers, which innervate the intrafusal fibers of the ovary spindles, are mainly axons of gamma-motor neurons and partly articulated axons of alpha-motor neurons. With a wide range of functions, the gamma and alpha motor neurons develop: the gamma axons with the ends at the end of the plates in the main move the static sensitivity of the meat spindles, and the gamma axon with the ends at the end of the wall.

The activity of gamma-motor neurons can change due to the inflow of impulses from shkinny, suglobovy, thin muscular afferents, as well as mucous supraspinal structures that produce

On gamma-motoneurons thin injected. Have your own charg, gamma-motor neurons, pouring it into the spindle loop, can pour it into the zestiness of alpha-motor neurons (Merton). For Merton, the keruyuchi soup-discerning centri can push the alpha motoneurons not only without the middle through the cerebrospinal tract, but through the gamma-motor neurons, so that they can bring the alfa-motoneurons to strength. (Fig. 9.3).

Small. 9.3. Scheme of Merton's hypothesis about the role of gamma motoneuronew in the activation of alpha motoneurons(Hawke, Henneman, 1967)