EKG yaky buvaє rhythm. Decryption of cardiograms in children and grown-ups: the basic principle, reading the results, butt of decryption

Re-establishment of electrocardiograms is a way of generating electrical signals, which can be set up with the help of heart signals. For a fixed number of electrocardiograms, there are 10 electrodes: 1 zero on the right side, 3 standard types of pictures and 6 in the heart area.

The heritage of electrical indicators, robots of the development of the organ, becoming an electrical cardiogram.

Її parameters to register on a special roll paper. The flexibility of the paperwork is presented in 3 options:

• 25 mm.sec;
• 50 mm.sec;
• 100 mm.sec;

Use the electronic sensors, so that you can write the EKG parameters to the hard disk of the system unit, if you need to update the data on the monitor or download it on the required paper formats.

Decryption recorded by electrocardiograms.

The result of the analysis of the parameters of the electrocardiograms is the result of the analysis of the cardiologist. I will decipher the deciphering of the license by the way of establishing the triviality of the intervals between the individual elements of the fixed indicators. About the rose 'clarification of the features of the electrocardiograms to avenge a lot of moments:

Normal indicators of EKG.

The look of the standard cardiograms of the heart is presented by the advance indicators:

Electrocardiogram with a diagnosis of heart mellitus infarction.

Myocardial infarction vynikє vnaslidok zagostrennya ischemic ailments, If the internal empty of the coronary artery of the heart meat sounds meaningfully. Yaksho with a stretch of 15 - 20 chilins do not stick it in, it is meant to be ruined, it is insisting the bend of the meat cells of the heart, if you remove the mince and lively speeches from the tsієї artery. The situation is filled with significant damage to the function of the heart and to become an important and serious threat to life. With a diagnosis of heart attack, an electrocardiogram can help to diagnose necrosis. The cardiogram is assigned to avenge the visualization of the electrical signals of the heart:

Rozlad to the rhythm of the heart.

The rhythm of the fast heart muses appears when a ruin appears on the electrocardiogram:

Hypertrophy of the heart.

The improvement of heart mutilation is the adaptation of the organ to new minds of function. The changes, which appear on the electrocardiogram, are due to the high bioelectric power, characteristic of the muses, the change of bioelectric impulses in the company, there is a sign of sour hunger.

Visnovok.

Electrocardiographic indicators of heart pathology. Їх reading is a foldable activity, in which it is necessary to have special skills and detailed practical tools. Fakhivtsyu, which characterizes the EKG, it is necessary to know the basic position of the physiology of the heart, the developmental version of the cardiogram. You need a mother to help you in the smart way to start anomalies in your heart. Virakhovuvati infusion of drugs and other factors, on the basis of the findings, in the structures of teeth and prominences of the EKG. To that, the deciphering of electrocardiograms by the dovirti fahivtsev, which was stuck in its practice different options shortages in robotic hearts.

You can also booty tsikavo

Electrocardiographer (EKG) - prist_y, allowing to assess the heart's activity, as well as to diagnose the stun organ. When passing through, the license will be removed from the viglyadi crooked. Yak to read the EKG-curve? Do you see the teeth? Are you visible on the EKG? For whom do the doctors need the diagnostic method? Will I show the EKG? Not all food is far from being tied to people who have stumbled into the electrocardiography. For a cob slid diznatisya, yak a whipped heart.

The heart of a people is built up from two in front of a heart and two dumbbells. Liva side The heart is big, not right, so it’s great for her. The very little louse is the most awful. Uninvolved in the growth of disagreements, offended sides of the heart are guilty, it is stable, grateful.

Read the electrocardiogram samostyino

Yak read the EKG right? Tse zrobiti not so smoothly, as you can zatatsya for a first glance. For a cob slid marvel at the cardiogram. There are two types of clients clearly visible: great and great ones.

Visnovok EKG is read by cym cells. teeth, cells? The main parameters of the cardiograms. You will soon be able to read the EHC from scratch.

The value of the average (cells)

On the porch for the construction of the result, there are two types: great and others. All stinks are stored in vertical and horizontal lines. Vertical - the voltage, and horizontal - the whole hour.

Large squares are stored in 25 small rooms. The skin is small, 1 mm long and 0.04 seconds horizontally. Large squares equal 5 mm і 0.2 seconds. In a vertical straight line, a centimeter of smog is up to 1 mV sprung.

teeth

All are seen five teeth. The skin from them on the graph represents the robot's heart.

1. P - in ideals, the tooth is guilty of being positive in the intervals from 0.12 to two seconds.
2. Q - negative tooth, showing the mid-slurry septum.
3. R - imaging stanchion of the myocardium.
4. S - negative tooth, showing the completion of the processes in the lugs.
5. T - positive wave, showing renewal of potential in the heart.

All teeth of the EKG may have their own particularity of reading.

P wave

All teeth of electrocardiograms are not important for setting the correct diagnosis.

The highest tooth of the graph is called R. Win, meaning the hour between heartbeats. Whenever you want to see it, you can see the ear and the tip of the teeth the best, and then you will have a lot of small cells. In the norm, the teeth of P maє buti in the intervals from 0.12 to two seconds.

However, the indicator does not give accurate results on the same date. If you are happy, you need to make sure you have the P wave interval on all cards with electrocardiograms.

R wave

Know yak chitati EKG in an easy way, It is possible to have an intelligence, and a pathology of the heart. Let's step on the important prong of the graph є R. It is easy to know what it is - a price tag on the graph. There will be a positive prong. The first part is identified on the cardiogram R, and the lower part is Q and S.

The QRS complex is called a lingual, or sinusoidal. Have great people sinus rhythm on EKG is vuzky, high. The EKG R teeth are clearly visible on the little one, the stinks are good:

In the midst of a number of great squares, in order to tsei, the indicator will be insured for this formula:

300 / number of great squares = heart rate.

For example, between the spikes of the chotiri on the side of the square, even the rozrakhunok will be watched by the following rank:

300/4 = 75 heart beats in khilina.

Inodi on the cardiogram is meant to increase the QRS complex for more than 0.12 s, which is to say about the blockade of the Gis bundle.

Interval between PQ teeth

PQ - the interval from the P wave to Q. The interval from the hour to the atrium to the myocardium of the shlunochki is indicated. The norm for the interval PQ in good luck pic. Zvychay vin to become 0.12-0.2 s.

In addition, the interval grows. So, for children up to 15 rocks, PQ can reach 0.16 s. From 15 to 18 rockets, PQ increases to 0.18 s. In older adults, the indicator is for the first half of the second (0.2).

With an interval of up to 0.22 s, talk about bradycardia.

Interval between QT waves

If the complex is expected, then it is possible to suspend ІХС, myocarditis or rheumatism. With a fast type, hypercalcification may occur.

interval ST

Normally, the indicator grows in the middle of the line, or maybe even more for her on two little tiles. The whole segment shows the process of renewal of heart meat depolarization.

In small families, the indicator can grow for three cells in the middle line.

norm

Deciphering by cardiograms in the norm is guilty of the offensive rank:

• Segments of Q and S are guilty but always lower than the middle line, that is, they are negative.
• The teeth of R and T in the norm of guilt are growing in the middle of the line, i.e., Be positive.
• The QRS complex is responsible for buty not shorter than 0.12 s.
• The heart rate can be adjusted between 60 and 85 beats per chilin.
• The sinus rhythm on the EKG is to blame.
• R is guilty of the S wave.

EKG with pathologies: sinus arrhythmia

And yak read the EKG at other pathologies? One of the most frequent ailments of the heart is a breakdown of the sinus rhythm. It can be pathological and physiological. The remaining type is susceptible to diagnostics in people who go in for sports, with neuroses.

In case of sinus arrhythmia of the cardiogram, there is an onset of the look: sinus rhythms are spared, the number of R-R intervals is spared, and the hour of picking up the rhythm of the graph is spared.

With pathological arrhythmia, the sinus impulse is spared gradually, right away from the response, while at all the intervals of R-R, there are a lot of susceptible snakes.

Having developed an infarction on the EKG

With the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the EKG is swollen. Signs of pathology є:

• increase in the frequency of the heart is fast;
• ST segment of the order;
• in ST introductions є to reach the depresis stiyka;
• the QRS complex is getting better.

In case of headache infarction, the development of zones of death of the heart meat є cardiogram. In addition, it is possible to increase the amount of blood in the body.

With infarction on the graph, the ST segment is shifted, and the R wave will descend downward, inflating the ST shape, and the kitten’s back. In some cases of pathology, there may be a change in the Q wave.

ischemia

In the event of a disagreement, it is possible to get rid of it, in the very part of the country you can grow up.

• Raztashuvannya ischemiya at the front wall of the livin 'louse. Diagnose for symmetric Gostrich T-teeth.
• Roztashuvannya at the epicard of the livy little louse. T-prong of zagostrieniye, symmetrical, downward straightening.
• Transmural type of ischemia livogo duck. T of aggravation, negative, symmetrical.
• Ischemia in the myocardium of the lilac snail. T smoothed, slightly uphill.
• The striking of the heart is represented by a T-wave.

Snakes in flip-flops

EKG showing snakes in flip-flops. Most often the stench is manifested in the lіvom sklunochku. This kind of cardiograms is developed in people with trivial additional benefits, for example, with obesity. In case of a pathological pathology, there is a visualization of the electric power, on the smallest S-wave, the R station.

Holter method

And how about reading the EKG, how can you not be suspicious, like teeth and like rots? In such vipadkah priznachayut without interruption in the restoration of cardiograms for an additional mobile attachment. I will permanently write down the EKG data on a special line.

Such a method is necessary in quiet cases, as the classic EKG does not go into pathology. During an hour of Holter's diagnostics, a lecturer is routinely conducted, a patient ficks all his activities: sleep, walking, watching for an hour of activity, all activity, problems, symptoms of ailments.

Call the restoration of the tribute to be seen with a stretch of finish. However, there will be drops, if it is necessary to know how to show up to three dib.

EKG decoding schemes

1. Analyze the continuity and rhythm of the heart. For the sake of assessing the regularity of the heart, the rate of heart rate is increased, and the system starts.
2. The axes of turns appear: visually the position of the electroos near the frontal area; near the transverse, late axis.
3. The R wave is analyzed.
4. Analyze QRS-T. At the same time, the QRS complex, RS-T, T wave, as well as the Q-T interval are evaluated.
5. To scamper a visnovok.

For the triviality of the R-R-cycle, talk about the regularity and norm of the heart rhythm. When evaluating robots, the heart is not alone promizhok R-R, and all. In the norm, it is admitted that there are 10% of the norm in the boundaries of the norm. In some cases, there is an incorrect (pathological) rhythm.

For the establishment of pathology, the QRS complex is taken for an hour. On a new stage, the segment is repeated. Then we can take the same time for an hour, and then we can see it on the cardiogram. Even if the number of QRS is the same at the same time, then the price is normal. In case of low incidences, pathology is transmitted, with a whole orientation on the R teeth. Stretching out all the graph, the form P is guilty of being the same. Such an option is to talk about the sinus rhythm of the heart.

With anterior rhythms, the P wave is negative. Behind it, the QRS segment is stitched. In some people, the P wave on the EKG can be visible, they get angry at the QRS, and talk about the pathology of the atrium and the shlunochkiv, which impulses can be reached at once.

Shlunochkovy rhythm of indications on electrocardiogram deformed and widened QRS. With a lot of ringing between P and QRS, I wish I knew. Between the R-teeth of the large ones.

heart providence

For the EHC, we start with the heart. For the P wave, there is an impulse at the front of the heart, in the norm, the indicator is guilty of butti 0.1 s. The P-QRS interval represents the frontal fluidity of the forehead. The rate of this indicator is guilty of buti in the boundaries of 0.12 to 0.2 s.

The QRS segment shows the conductivity on the slings, the norm is between 0.08 to 0.09 s. When the intervals are increased, the confidence in the heart conductivity is observed.

I’ll show the EKG, the noble children don’t need it. Fakhіvets is guilty of this. Only the likar can correctly decode the cardiogram and deliver correct diagnosis, Vrahoyuchi feet of deformity of the skin edge, segment.

electrocardiogram vidobrazhaєonly electrical processesin the myocardium: depolarization (revitalization) and repolarization (renewal) of myocardial cell.

spivvidnoshennya Interval EKG s phases of the heart cycle(Systole і diastola shlunochkіv).

In the norm, depolarization is produced to a speedy meaty clitine, and repolarization is to be relaxed.

For forgiveness, I will replace "depolarization-repolarization" Electromechanical dissociation"In case of depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium, do not induce rapid and weakening until it becomes weak.

Elementi okay EHC

Persh, nіzh go to EKG decryption, It is necessary to return, for some items to be stored.

Teeth and intervals on the EKG.

Tsikavo, behind the cordon P-Q interval call meP-R.

Whether EKG is stored in teeth, segments and intervals.

teeth- a lot of opacity and oppression on the electrocardiogram.
On the EKG, there are advancing teeth:

• P(Fast frontal head)
• Q, R, S(All 3 teeth characterize the speed of the shlunochkiv),
• T(Relaxation of shlunochk_v),
• U(Non-permanent tooth, restructuring quickly).

SEGMENT
The segment on the EKG is called direct line(Ізолінії) with two double-sided teeth. The most significant are the P-Q and S-T segments. For example, the P-Q segment is established through the closure of the conduction of stimulation in the airexual (AV-) institute.

Intervals
Stock Interval tooth (complex of teeth) of the i segment... Thus, interval = tooth + segment. Choose the P-Q and Q-T intervals.

Cogs, segments and intervals on the EKG.
To brutalize respect for great and other clitini (about them below).

The teeth to the QRS complex

Oscillations of the myocardium of the shlunochki in the mass of the myocardium in front of the heart and not only the stinki, but the mass of the shlunochkovy septum, then the widening of the growth in the new is characterized by the appearance of a folding complex QRS at the EKG.

Yak right see in the new cog?

Persh for everything amplitude (size) okremich teeth complex QRS. I will change the amplitude 5 mm, Prong means headline (great) letter Q, R or S; if the amplitude is less than 5 mm, then row (small): Q, r or s.

The R (r) wave is be positive(Straightening uphill) a tooth, which is included in the QRS complex. There are teeth, the teeth are strokes: R, R ', R "and t. D.

Negative (downward) tooth to the QRS complex, which is located in front of the R wave Yak Q (q), and pislya - yak S(S). If there are no positive teeth in the QRS complex, then the shlunochkovy complex means yak QS.

Options for the QRS complex.

In the norm:

Q wave visual depolarization of the interstitial septum (zbudzhute between the ventriclespartition wall)

R wave - depolarizationthe main mass of myocardium shlunochkiv ( the top of the heart and lay down to her area)

S wave - depolarization basal (tobto bilya in front of the heart) viddiliv in the middle of the septum ( zbudzhute the basis of the heart)

R wave V1, V2 displaying the appearance of the middle partitions,

a R V4, V5, V6 - zbudzhennya meaz of the left and right shlunochkiv.

The death of myocardial dylyanoks (for example, whenmyocardial infarction ) Wiklikє expansion and loss of the Q wave, so on the tooth, start the saw.

EKG analysis

EKG decryption scheme

1. Reconsideration of the correctness of the EHC reconstruction.
2. Analysis of heart rate and performance:
   • assessment of the regularity of the heart is very fast,
   • heart rate (HR),
   • viznachennya dzherela zbujennya,
   • assessment of performance.
3. The design of the electrical axis of the heart.
4. Analysis of the anterior P wave and the P - Q interval.
5. Analysis of the slurry complex QRST:
   • analysis of the QRS complex,
   • analysis of the RS - T segment,
   • T wave analysis,
   • analysis of the Q - T interval.
6. Electrocardiographic visnovok.

The electrocardiogram is normal.

1) Revision of the correctness of the EHC's restoration

On the cob of skin EKG-stitchka is guilty of buty calibrating signal- so titles reference millivolt... For the sake of writing on the cob, I will submit a standard spill of 1 millivolt, which is guilty of displaying on the page the display in 10 mm... Without a calibrated signal, the EKG record will interfere with the wrong one.

In normі, at least in one of the standard or even stronger ones, the amplitude is to blame for the change. 5 mm, And in breast information - 8 mm... If the amplitude is lower, it should be called EKG voltage reductions, Yakiy buvaє with some pathological camps.

2) Analysis of heart rate and performance:

1. assessment of the regularity of the heart is very fast

   Regularity of rhythm by intervals R-R... As the teeth are located on a regular basis one in one, the rhythm is called regular, or correct. It is allowed to open the triviality of the R-R intervals not exceeding ± 10% from the middle of the triviality. Well, the rhythm of the sinus is correct.

2. heart rate (HR)

   On the EKG-pads, there are large squares, the skin includes 25 small squares (5 vertically x 5 horizontally).

   For a fast heart rate, with the correct rhythm, the number of great squares between two suspension teeth R - R is used.

   With a line speed of 50 mm / s: HR = 600 / (The number of great squares).
   With a line speed of 25 mm / s: HR = 300 / (The number of great squares).

   At a rate of 25 mm / s, a small skin size is 0.04 s,

   and at a speed of 50 mm / s - 0.02 s.

   Tse vikoristovuєtsya for the value of triviality teeth and intervals.

   With the wrong rhythm call me vvazhayut maximum and minimum heart rate The triviality of the smallest and largest R-R interval is obvious.

3. viznachennya dzherela zbujennya

   In other words, joke around lead the rhythm, Yaky wiklikє fast-moving front and shlunochkiv.

   One of the most common stages, however, the deterioration of the wakefulness and the performance can be even more confused, but should not lead to an incorrect diagnosis and incorrect treatment.

sinus rhythm (This is a normal rhythm, and all of these rhythms are pathological).
Dzherelo zbujennya is in sinus-atrial node.

Signs on the EKG:

• in the II standard introduced P waves, whether positive and located in front of the skin QRS complex,
• P waves in one and the same introduced may be of the same shape.

P wave in sinus rhythm.

atrial rhythm. If it’s dzherelo zbudzhennya to be in the lower viddilah in front of the heart, then the urge to expand to the front of the head from bottom to top (retrograde), to that:

• in II and III leads P negative,
• teeth P є in front of the skin QRS complex.

P wave at atrial rhythm.

Rhythm z AV-z'єdnannya. As soon as the rhythm is in the atrio-ventricular ( anteropoietic school) Vuzli, then the little ones zbuduzhuyutsya yak zzvychay (from top to bottom), and in front of the heart - retrograde (tobto from the bottom up the hill).

With a tsom on the EKG:

• P waves can be visible, so it can be found on the normal QRS complex,
• P waves can be negative, roztashovuyuchis on the QRS complex.

Rhythm z AV-z'єdannya, superimposed P wave on the QRS complex.

The rhythm is from AV-z'єdnannya, the P wave is located in the QRS complex.

The heart rate at a rhythm from the AV is less than the sinus rhythm and approximately 40-60 beats per chilin.

Slunochkovy, or idioventricular, rhythm

In a wide range of dzherel rhythm є there is a system of dumbbells.

The debris will expand along the slopes with the wrong paths and more and more. Features of idioventricular rhythm:

• QRS complexes widened and deformed (seemingly "scary"). In the norm, the triviality of the QRS complex is 0.06-0.10 s, while at such a rhythm the QRS changes to 0.12 s.
• there are no certain regularities between QRS complexes and P waves, which is why the AV signal does not release the pulses from the slings, but in front of the heart it can collapse from sinus node, Yak i in normi.
• Heart rate less than 40 beats per chilin.

Idioventricular rhythm. The P wave is not tied with the QRS complex.

d. assessment of performance.
For the correct level of performance, I will write down the speed.

To assess the performance:

• triviality of the P wave (Imaging the speed of the impulse in the anterior region),in norm_ up to 0.1 s.
• triviality to the interval P - Q (Imaging the speed of the impulse from the anterior to the myocardium of the shlunochki); Interval P - Q = (wave P) + (segment P - Q). In the norm 0.12-0.2 s .
• triviality to the QRS complex (Vidobrazhaє expanded zbudzhennya sluchnya). Normi ​​has 0.06-0.1 s.
• Interval of internal delivery for connections V1 and V6. A whole hour between the cob and the QRS complex and the R wave. In normі in V1 up to 0.03 s and in V6 up to 0.05 s. To be victorious in the main for the design of the blockade of the gus bundle and for the design of the dzherel in the boot in the case of shlunochkovoi extrasystoles(Zerchergovogo quickening heart).

Vimіryuvannya to the interval of internal vіdhilennya.

3) The designation of the electrical axis of the heart.

4) Analysis of the atrial P.

• Normal in leads I, II, aVF, V2 - V6 tooth Pexpect positive.
• In connections III, aVL, V1, the P wave can be positive or biphasic (the part of the wave is positive, the part is negative).
• In the introduced aVR, the P wave is always negative.
• In the norm, the triviality of the P wave does not change0.1 s, And yo amplitude - 1.5 - 2.5 mm.

Pathological failure of the P wave:

• Sharpening of the high P teeth is normal triviality in the II, III, aVF hypertrophy of the right atrium, For example, with the "legendary heart".
• Splits with 2 vertices, extensions of the P-wave in insertions I, aVL, V5, V6 are characteristic forhypertrophy of the left atrium, For example, with the defects of the mitral valve.

P-wave shape (P-pulmonale) with hypertrophy of the right atrium.

Formation of the P wave (P-mitrale) with hypertrophy of the left atrium.

4) Analysis of the P-Q interval:

in the norm 0.12-0.20 s.

The increase in the given interval of the buoy in the case of damaged conduction of pulses through the atrio-shlunochkovy vuzole ( atrioventricular blockade, AV block).

AV blockade of 3 stages:

• Stage I - interval P-Q increases, ale-cutaneous tooth P shows its QRS complex ( vipadannya kompleksіv nemaє).
• Stage II - QRS complexes privately vipadayut, So that not all P waves are generated by their QRS complex.
• III stage - blockade carrying out in AV-vuzli. In front of the heart and the snorkel speed up at a whiplash rhythm, just one out of one. Tobto vinikє idioventricular rhythm.

5) Analysis of the QRST slurry complex:

1. analysis of the QRS complex.

   Maximum triviality of the shuttle complex to the door 0.07-0.09 s(Up to 0.10 s).

   The triviality is reduced in case of any blockages of the lower bundle of the gas.

   In normal, the Q wave can be restructed in all standard and stronger versions, as well as in V4-V6.

   The amplitude of the Q wave in the norm does not change 1/4 height R wave, And triviality - 0.03 s.

   The introduced aVR in the norm has a wide and wide Q wave and a QS complex.

   The R-wave, yak and Q, can be re-structured in all standard and stronger introduced types.

   From V1 to V4, the amplitude of the build-up (with a wide r-wave, V1 can be extended), and then decrease in V5 and V6.

   The S prong can be of a very versatile amplitude, or not more than 20 mm.

   The S wave goes down from V1 to V4, and in V5-V6 you can go from V1 to V4.

   In the introduced V3 (or even V2 - V4), start restructuring " crossing zone"(Equivalence of R and S waves).

2. analysis of the RS segment - T

   The S-T segment (RS-T) as a general view of the QRS complex to the cob of the T wave - - The S-T segment is especially respectful to analyze with ІХС, since it is a marriage of sour (ischemia) in myocardium.

   In the norm segment S-T to be in the list of pictures on the izolinia ( ± 0.5mm).

   At V1-V3, the S-T segment can be offset upward (not more than 2 mm), and in V4-V6 - downward (not more than 0.5 mm).

   The point of transition to the QRS complex in the S-T segment is called a point j(From the word junction - z'єднання).

   The stage of detection of point j from the izoliniya vikorisovuyutsya, for example, for diagnostics of ischemia of the myocardium.

3. T wave analysis.

   The T wave represents the process of repolarization of the myocardium of shlunochki.

   In the case of a large input, a high R is destructed, the T wave is also positive.

   In normal, the T wave is positive in I, II, aVF, V2-V6, with T I> T III, and T V6> T V1.

   In aVR, the T wave is always negative.

4. analysis of the interval Q - T.

   Interval Q-T name electrical systole That’s why, in the whole hour, all of the little ones of the heart will collapse.

   When T wave is reset small U-wave, Yakiy to settle through a short-hour increase in the myocardial malaise of the little ones when they are repolarized.

6) Electrocardiographic visnovok.
Maє include:

1. Dzherelo to the rhythm (sinus chi ni).
2. Regularity of rhythm (correct chi nі). Name the sinus rhythm є correct if there is a dyshal arrhythmia.
3. The position of the electrical axis of the heart.
4. Evidence of 4 syndromes:
   • broken rhythm
   • deterioration of performance
   • hypertrophy і / for re-entanglement of mouth and anterior
   • myocardial disease (ischemia, dystrophy, necrosis, scarring)

Pereskodi to EKG

At zyazyazka z frequent meals in the comments for the type of EKG rozpovim about transcripts, Yaki can be on the electrocardiogram:

Three types of pereskod on the EKG(Explained below).

Change to the EKG in the lexicon of medical practitioners to be called tip off:
a) aiming strumi: hemming at viglyadі the correct number with a frequency of 50 Hz, the same frequency of the changing electric strum in the socket.
b) " floating»(Drift) izolіnії from the cause of the filthy contact of the electrode with the shkіroy;
c) tip, pummeled m'yazovoi tremtinnyam(You can see the wrong parts of the bed).

Algorithm for EKG analysis: method of value and basic standards

With all kinds of pathologies heart-vascular system Representatives of both articles and in any category will be found. Timely diagnostics and the process of stabilization will become ill.

Found available, or at the same hour to finish with an informative method, the heart is rich in rock, to get an electrocardiogram. Victory of such a procedure is based on the restoration of heart electrical impulses and graphical records at the teeth of the teeth on the special paper pads. Otrimanie dans allow not only to assess the transmission of electrical impulses in the heart, but also to diagnose problems in the structure of the heart meat.

The EKG allows diagnostics of insignificant to critical pathological heart conditions. However, independently without special professional training of a person, it is impossible to decipher the electrocardiogram. I want to sing visnovka, I can make it, I know yak viglyada normal EKG.

EKG main elements

Biopotentials of heart restructuring of the staff of the electrocardiographers of the electrocardiograph at the top lower kintsivkakh, And also on breast cancer evil. In such a rank, take all the steps of electrogenesis in human life. Restruct the electrodes and roztashovuyut on the small parts of the house and the same way to start on the connections. Stinks are standard, unipolar and chest.

The decoding of the EKG in older adults is based on the development of all positive and negative peaks by cardiograms, triviality, complexity and other parameters. In the process, the following basic elements of the EKG are analyzed:

• view the heart at speed at the viglyadi pikiv (teeth);
• izolіnії mіzh with two articulated teeth (segments);
• complex of teeth + segment (intervals).

When the electric pulse is passed through the wire systems of the heart, the cardiogram is displayed on the cardiogram as it goes down the crooked line, as it is known by the great Latin alphabet letters - P, Q, R, S and T. T vkazu on the process of extinguishing and updating the country.

The interval on the electrocardiogram changes in seconds. Winning for a pulse through the heart. For diagnostic purposes, special respect is given to the interval PQ (characterizing the hour of the increase in the amount of sleep) and QT (not too permanent values, and to stay in the heart rate).

The segment of the EKG is called the izolinii, the spreading between the two peaks. The PQ segments appear informative in the diagnostics statement (an hour from the end of the P wave to the cob of the Q wave) and ST (in the norm, it should be on the iso-electric line or it is slightly visible from it). In the case of the license, it is also possible to construct not only capital letters, but small letters of the Latin alphabet. The stench is also used for the meaning of the main elements, ale only at times, if I do not change it into a 5 mm gin.

If the EKG is recorded at a speed of 50 mm / sec, then the skin is a small line (1 mm) on the line for 0.02 seconds.

To remove more accurate information about the myocardium stump, you can take additional information about the sky

decryption plan

Decryption by cardiograms of the heart is obligatory to include the following parameters:

• sumarne directly to the electric impulse;
• characteristics of the rhythm of the heart and broadening of the pulse;
• frequency and regularity of the heart;
• viznachennya generator electric impulse;
• the amplitude of the P wave, the PQ interval and the QRST complex;
• parameters of іzolіnії RSТ і T wave;
• parameters for QT interval.

In the course of the situation of people, there may be problems with the heart and the vessels, there may be such pathologies as bradycardia, tachycardia, arrhythmia, blockade, re-entanglement of the slums or in front of the heart, and the development of the self-consciousness of the structure of the mind.

In the inventory of the EKG, the following parameters are necessarily included:

• the rhythm of the heart is very fast;
• assessment of the items between the peaks;
• a few hearts per hour;
• EOC position (horizontal / vertical).

The butt of the stowage: “Sinus rhythm with 65 swift hearts in chilina. EOC is not normal. There were no pathological findings. " And maybe not everything is so smooth in the connected butti: “Sinus rhythm with a bending tachycardia (100 times faster). Nadshlunochkova is unhappy with depolarization and fast heart, or even outside the cameras. Nepovna blockade of PNPG. Myocardium is more susceptible to metabolic degradation ”.

On the cob of skin stitching, the electrocardiograms are guilty of the presence of a calibrating signal, which, when a standard pressure of 1 millivolt is applied, is guilty of giving an output of 10 mm. As soon as it is seen, then the EKG record is wrong.

As a rule, on the EKG skin insertion (12 pieces) will be enough

rhythm is very fast

Sinusovy vuzol or vuzol Keith-Flak is the main water for the rhythm of the first order. Even with a number of pathological stances, the sinus vuzol draws in its functionality and only fixes it to lie below the structure.

Possible options for electrocardiographic rhythms:

• In case of sinus rhythm on the cardiogram (the electrode of the left leg (+) and the electrode of the right hand (-) to the skin complex QRS in front, where it goes up from the izolinia, the wave of R. The amplitude of all the peaks is the same.
• The anterior rhythm of the sinus, if the function of the sinus node is weak, and the pulses repair the vikhoditi from the lower atrial centers. Prong R yak і earlier be seen in front of the skin QRS complex, albeit in the connections with the electrical connections to the left leg (+) і right rutsi(-) down to the bottom of the izoline.
• The rhythm of the atrioventricular z'єdnannya. In such a way, the impulses expand retrogradely to the anterior and antegrade to the lugs. For such a rhythm, it is characteristic of the outward appearance of the P waves on the cardiogram, or the stench is sent to the QRS complex.
• Shlunochkovy (indioventricular) rhythm appears in the presence of widened and deformed QRS-complexes. And also every day is classic in the interconnection between the P waves and the QRS complex. Heart rate in such a drop can be reduced to 40.

As the water rhythm grows, whether it’s a structure, it’s an electric pulse of the heart, like a cycle, get lost, and on a smoldering arrhythmia.

Bagatorazov repetition of the rhythm

Bagatorazovy repetition of the heart rhythm is a price indicator of the EKG, which is evaluated in case of a trivial triviality of the complex of teeth and segments (R-R) and decilcoma in the last cycles. The regular rhythm on the cardiogram of the viglyad's heart is like this - by stretching out the re-stratation of the peak, the same amplitude and the same amplitude are generated one by one. Evaluate the prominence between two positive cogs in a complex with a way to see whether any promises between them. Have a lot of additional help with the milimetric papier of the electrocardiograph.

Heart rate

The frequency of the heart is very quick to play mathematically. On the line from the cardiogram, large squares are clearly thrown into the eyes between the downs and downs of the crooked line. If you write down all of the speed of 50 mm / s, then the number is 600. And if the speed of the door is 25 mm / s, then 600 is set to 300.

If the heart rhythm is deliberately wrong, then it is necessary to keep the minimum and maximum number of fast heart meat. For the whole, take as a basis the most and the least appear between the teeth, which are found when the atrium is damaged.

EPC summarized vector

on EKG heart electrical weight of the value - ∠ α (alpha) і the total vector of electrical force (EPC) or shlunochkіv. The total vector EPC can be displayed in a normal way, or it can be rotated vertically (in artistic patients) or horizontally (in siliceous ones).

EOC between the norms is in the range from + 30 ° to + 69 °, at vertical position- from +70 ° to + 90 °, and with horizontal - from 0 ° to + 29 °. In the case of a single axis swing to the right, the indicators from + 91 ° to + 180 ° are observed. With a swivel ssuvі vlіvo - from 0 ° to -90 °. stike pidvischennya arterial vise change the total vector EPC to the right, and with heart blockages, both right-sided and left-sided ssuv can be prevented.

The table shows the EKG norm in adults

Basic criteria for norms

If the decoding of the EKG in the grown-ups has normal indicators, then in the case of the link it may be said that:

• The progression from the cob of the P wave to the cob of the crocodile QRS complex becomes 0.12 seconds.
• The triviality of intraventricular stimulation (QRS complex) becomes 0.06 seconds.
• Look at the cob to the QRS complex before the completion of the T wave to become 0.31 seconds.
• The stable periodicity of the very heart meat (RR interval) becomes 0.6.
• The heart will speed up with a frequency of 75 beats in 60 seconds.
• The normal rhythm of the heart (the pulse is generated by the sinus node).
• Normogrami (normal position of EOC).

The EKG is healthy people are on the basis of the following norms: sinus heart rhythm, heart rate is 60, even lower than 90 beats in 60 seconds, the peak P is set to 0.1 second, the PQ interval is in the range of 0.12-0.2 seconds, the RS segment is T is located on the isoline, the QT interval does not change 0.4 seconds.

Norms of the EKG in children are practically never seen as grown-ups. However, in young children, I will look at the physiological factor, heart rate, but not in older patients. In little ones, up to 3 rocky in the heart, you can get up to 100-110 hits in khilina, so that you can get into the whole normal indicator... And even from 3 to 5 rockets the indicator will decrease by 10 units. In the world of growing up, heart rate changes, and even in older people, it doesn’t occur to older people.

step of decryption

Visually, the EHC is in the norm and can help such projects. Raise the line from the record of the EHC and respectfully print the graphics. The stench is a splinter of parallel horizontal lines with positive and negative teeth... At the time of the transfer, I will write on the actions of the teeth at the time of the change.

The cardiogram is shown in new information, to that the skin is new in its meaning (I, II, III, AVL, VI). It is necessary to know the introduction, when there is a positive electrode on the left, and a new one on the right, and a new one, and then we have interrupted the value of the indicator between them. The qi figure will be in the middle of the lower heart rate in 60 seconds.

The calculation should be carried out with the dimensions of the dimensions of the millimeter paper (1 large cell = 5 mm, 1 small cell or point = 1 mm). For the value of the characteristics of bagatorazovyh, the repetition of the heart is very quick to assess the progression between the R-waves (identical or strongly change). Then, after the last evaluation and visualization of all complexes of teeth and segments on the cardiogram.

And yet, you can see that the stench of the norm is quickened by special diagnostic tables. However, it’s a memory that a person without special education can only approximately evaluate the elements of cardiograms, using tables, to reconsider the norms. Allowing for the residual registration according to the EHC and to indicate adequately the possibility of obtaining diplomas in the field of cardiology.

Electrocardiogram (EKG) is an instrumental diagnostic method, the initial pathological processes in the heart of the path of restoration of heart electrical impulses. The graphical image of the activity of the heart muscles under the electric pulse injection, so the cardiologist's ability to immediately detect any development of heart pathologies.

Indicators of decryption of the EKG add to the great vitality of value:

1. Frequency and rhythm hearty fast food;
2. Chasno diagnostics of the state or chronic processes in the heart;
3. Role of the provincial system of the heart and the third self-paced rhythmic speed;
4. Defeat hypertrophic changes in yo widdils;
5. Viyaviti in all organism destructed in water-electrolyte balance and non-cardiac pathology (Legeny's heart).

The need for an electrocardiographic routine is justified by the manifestation of singing symptoms:

• the appearance of synchronous or periodic noises in the heart;
• syncope (obscurity, short-term loss of evidence);
• attacks of court attacks;
• paraxysmal arrhythmia;
• show ІХС (ischemia) or infarction stanіv;
• I come across a pain in the heart, badness, raptus weakness, cyanosis of the scruffy curvatures of the patients with the manifestation of cardiac illnesses.

EKG doslіdzhennya vikoristovoyt for diagnostics systemic illnesses, Monitoring of patients in the station for anesthesia or before the operation. Before the medical examination of patients, they crossed 45 rubles.

The EKG is obsozhennya є is binding for individuals who undergo a medical committee (pilots, water, machinery, etc.)

Only people have a high degree of electrical power, which allows them to see their surface potential energy of the heart. At the same time, we will help you to bring up the electricity to the children. In the process of energizing the heart meat with electric pulses, the increase in pressure is generated between the singing points of the connection, as it is restructuring with electrodes, rosted on the sides - on the breasts and on the cues.

Pevne ruch and the amount of stress during the period of systole and diastole (fast and weakened) of the heart meat changes, springs, and tries to fix on the diagrams of papery lines with crooked lines, Signals are generated and the tops of the tricyte teeth of the electrodes are formed, they are spaced on the cues (standard introduction).

The number of inserts, spread on the breasts, represent the heart activity in the horizontal position - from V1 to V6.

On kintsivki:

• Introductions (I) - imaging the tension in the industrial lancet of the electrodes on the left and right wrist (I = LR + PR).
• (II) -fics on the page electrical activity in lantsyuzi - ankle of the left leg + wrist of the right hand).
• Introductory (III) - characterizing the spring in the lance of the closed electrodes of the wrist of the left hand and the ankle of the left leg (LR + LN).

If necessary, add additional information, if necessary - "aVR", "aVF" and "aVL".

Decoding of EKG diagrams, photo

The basic principle of deciphering by the cardiograms of the heart is based on the demonstrations of the elements of curve cardiography on the diagram page.

The teeth of the opacities on the diagrams are known by the great letters of the Latin alphabet - "P", "Q", "R", "S", "T"

1. Puffiness (a tooth or a bend) "P" represents the function of the anterior heart (їх zbudzhennya), and the whole complex, straight up the tooth - "QRS", the most widening of the impulse in the heart slums.
2. The opacity of "T" characterizes the renewal of the potential energy of the myocardium (middle ball of the heart meat).
3. I especially respect when deciphering the EKG among older adults to come to the stand (segment) between the suspicious drivers - "P-Q" and "ST" (diastole).
4. Intervals, on cardiographic lines, include both parts and segments. For example - "P-Q" or "Q-T".

A leather element on the graphic image shows the processes that are seen in the heart. Itself for the indicators of the number of elements (up to the age, height, width), the growth of the number of changes, especially to the early growth on the level of the electric power (soil), the way of the development of

Decoding EKG - the norm for grown-ups, table

An analysis of the result of the EKG decryption is carried out for an assessment of the tribute in the singularity:

• Viznachennya indicators of the heart rhythm. With the same interval between "R" teeth, the indicators show the norm.
• Pidrakhovuєtsya the speed of the heart. It’s easy to start - I’ll record the EKG for an hour, and it’s distributed to a number of clips in the interval between “R” teeth. With a heart cardiogram, the frequency of a very hearty meat is guilty of but within a framework that does not transcend 90 beats / min. In a healthy heart, the sinus rhythm is guilty, the fault is in the main on the temporal area "P", which is the visualization of the front of the heart. For a chvilyovy collapse of Denmark, the indicator is 0.25 mV for a triviality of 100 ms.
• The norm of the size of the “Q” tooth is not guilty but more than 0.25% of the size of the “R” tooth and the width is 30 ms.
• The latitude of the line "R" of the temporal area, with normal robotic heart, can be visualized with a great range in between 0.5-2.5 mV. And the hour of activation over the zone of the right heart chamber - V1-V2, is 30 ms. Above the zone of the left camera - V5 and V6 are displayed at 50 ms.
• For the maximum increase in the "S" wave, when it is adjusted to the norm at the most input, the threshold of 2.5 mV cannot be exceeded.
• The amplitude of the "T" shank in the area, which depicts the intracellular cell processes of the viral potential in the myocardium, is to blame for the early shake of the "R" wave. Normal interval (width) "T" in the area can vary (100-250) ms.
• The normal indicator of the width of the QRS complex becomes 100 ms. Get close to the interval between the cob "Q" and the end of the "S" teeth. Normal amplitude of triviality "R" and "S" teeth start electric heart activity. The triviality to the maximum is guilty of being in the boundaries of 2.6 mV.

Decoding of the EKG in children, the rate of indicators

Elektrokardіograma in children, as a show practice, little can be seen from the indicators of norms in older children. Ale pevnі fizіologіchnі vіkovі specialties You can change the indicators. Zokrem - the frequency of the heart is very fast. In small children, up to 3 rocks, the stench can become from 100 to 110 quickly / badly. Ale, already in puberty, won’t be accustomed to growing up indicators (60-90).

At normal, when decoding the EKG heart in children, the passage of electric pulses by heart (in the interval P, QRS, T) varies from 120 to 200 ms.

The indicator of the shuttle stimulation (QRS) is based on the width of the interval between the teeth "Q" and "S" and is not guilty of overstepping between 60-100 ms.

I especially respect the animals for the value (activity of the buzzing) of the right snuggler (V1-V2). Children have an indicator of food low in a lavish slunk. In the end, the indicators return to normal.

• To reach often on the EKG in maluk_v is a sign of growing, splitting or splitting on the "R" temples. Such a symptom in the cardiogram of older adults is indicative of tachycardia and bradycardia, and in children, with a completely normal camp.

Ale є svidchennya and tragedies of cardiograms heart, which is to indicate the manifestation of abnormal pathological processes in the heart. It’s a good idea to hide from the individual indicators of a child. Until then, perepryvannya, or confidence in a normal heart rhythm, manifests itself in children, parts of signs instability of AT or a breakdown in coordination.

Even with EKG, the child is diagnosed with a change in heart rate more than 110 beats / min. - a central alarm signal, which indicates the development of tachycardia.

It is necessary to secretly reduce physical options in a child і to purify yogo from a nervous overexcitation. In children, this symptomatology can be time-consuming, or even if it is not possible to get in, the tachycardia grows into a permanent problem.

EKG butt - flashing tachycardia