The p wave can be negative in normal. P wave negative on EKG

In front of the heart, it’s getting started and when it’s finished. The cardiograph restructures the summarized vector of both anterior apex, tiny P wave: first and descent of the P wave, slope gently, the apex is rounded.

The positive P wave is indicative of sinus rhythm.
Most of the P wave is seen in 2 standard insertion, in which fault it is guilty, but it is generally positive.
In the norm, the triviality of the P wave should be set to 0.1 seconds (1 large clip).
The amplitude of the P wave is not to blame for overhanging 2.5 cells.
The amplitude of the P wave in the standard inputs and in the introductions of the pictures start directly with the electric axis in front of the heart (it will be said about them later).
Normal amplitude: P II> P I> P III.

The prong P can be serrations at the tops, when the teeth are not guilty it is not guilty to overturn 0.02 s (1 clip). The hour of activation of the right anterior heart moves towards the ear of the P wave to the first peak (not more than 0.04 s - 2 cells). The hour of activation of the front of the heart is from the cob of the P wave to the other top, or to the most high point (not more than 0.06 s - 3 cells).

The most widened options for the P wave are presented on the lower one:

In the tables below, it is described that the P wave is to blame for the new ones.

The amplitude is to blame but is less than the amplitude of the T wave

Yak decrypt the electrocardiogram?

At our hour, the ailments of the heart-vascular system occupy one of the leading positions of the middle pathologies. One of the methods for determining the disease is electrocardiogram (EKG).

What kind of cardiogram?

The cardiogram graphically shows the electrical processes that are displayed in the heart tissue, and more precisely, the renewal (depolarization) and renewal (repolarization) of the tissue tissue.

Not long ago, I read the article, in which I talked about Monastirsky tea for the love of the heart. For the help of this tea, it is possible to FAST vilikuvati arrhythmia, heart failure, atherosclerosis, ischemic ailment of the heart, myocardial infarction and a lot of heart problems, and judgment in home minds.

I didn’t sound any information, but I didn’t change it and replaced the bag. I remembered the messages through the day: post_in_ boli and they tortured me to the heart of my heart - they entered, and after 2 days they disappeared. Try і vi, and if someone is tricky, then the lower the power of the article.

The conduction of an impulse is carried out through the wire systems of the heart - folding nerve-mucous structures, which can be stored from the sinoatrial, atrioventricular nodes, the small and the bundles of the heart, which is shown to pass into the fibers of the Purch. The heart cycle is repaired by transmitting an impulse from a sinoatrial university, or a rhythm. The wine gave a signal of 60-80 times per quill, which is very fast in healthy people, when sent to the atrioventricular university.

In case of pathologies of the sinoatrial university, the main role is to take on the AV - vuzol, the frequency of impulses in which is approximately 40 per chilin, through the wines of bradycardia. The signal was sent to pass into the gas beam, to store the right and left nizhka, which, in its own circle, go to the Purkin fiber.

A guided heart system will ensure automatism and correct speed of all heart messages. Pathological systems are called blockades.

With the help of the EKG, it is possible to find out without indicators and pathologies, such as:

The frequency of the heart is very fast, їх rhythm.
Poshkojennya of the heart mead (gostrі abo chronіchnі).
Blockades in the provincial system of the heart.
Zagalny camp heart.
Loss of exchange of small elements (calcium, magnesium, calium).

Detection of pathologies, such as tied with a heart (for example, embolism of one of the Legendary arteries). What is the stock of the analysis? At the warehouse of the EKG there are a number of elements: teeth, segments and intervals. The stench is vidobrazhayut, like an electric impulse to pass through the heart.

Also, the cardiogram is supplied directly with the electrical axis of the heart and knowledge of the information. The teeth are tse opukli or vpuklim dilyanka cardiograms, known by the great Latin letters.

The segment is a part of the izolіnії, where it grows between two teeth. Ізолінія - a straight line on the cardiogram. Interval - a tooth at once with a segment.

The yak can be seen from the little one below, the EKG is stored in the following elements:

Prong R - displays a widening of the pulse along the right and left atrium.
Interval PQ - hour of passing the pulse to the slings.
QRS complex - stimulation of the myocardium of shlunochkiv.
The ST segment is an hour of repeated depolarization of both lugs.
T-wave - repolarization of lugs.
QT interval - systole of shlunochk_v.
The TR segment - displays the diastole of the heart.

Invisible part of the analysis є introduction. Introduction - the price of potential difference between points, which are required for more accurate diagnostics. Іsnuyut kіlka tipіv vіdveden:

Standard information (І, ІІ, ІІІ). I - the potential difference between the left and the right hand, II - with the right hand and with the left foot, III - with the left hand and with the left foot.

Enhanced performance. Put a positive electrode on one of the kintzivok, if there are too many negative ones (on the right, the black electrode is grounded).

There are three types of stronger input - AVR, AVL, AVF - from the right hand, left hand and one leg are visible.

Olena Malishev recommends a new method for the preparation of Monastirsky tea for the treatment of heart-damned ailments.

Yogo has a warehouse of 8 brown Lykarsky Roslin I can be extremely effective in the treatment and prevention of arrhythmia, heart failure, atherosclerosis, ІХС, myocardial infarction, and other diseases. At the same time, only natural ingredients, no chemistry and hormones are to be found!

How do you know the teeth on the result?

The teeth are an important part of the cardiograms, on which they can marvel at the correctness and lastness of the robotic elements of the heart.

Prong R. Signifies the excitement of both anterior forehead. In normі winn it is positive (vischeіzolіnії) I, II, aVF, V2 - V6, the first time becomes 0.07 - 0.11 mm, and the amplitude is 1.5-2.5 mm. The positive P wave is an indicator of sinus rhythm.

As soon as the right atrium is enlarged - the tooth P becomes high and aggravated (typical for the "heart of the heart"), with an increase in the left atrium, pathological m-subtype is visible (splitting of the teeth from the mouth of the two-bladed valve).

PQ. Interval - an hour of passing the signal from the front to the shlunochkiv. Winikak through a patch of conduction of an impulse in the AV - university. In the norm of the first meal, it is 0.12 to 0.21 seconds. Tsei іnterval show, in which there is a sinoatrial university, in front of and atrioventricular university of the wiring system of the heart.

Yoho podovzhennya to inform about atrioventricular heart block, while podovzhenya - about the Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome and (abo) Laun-Ganon-Levin.

QRS complex. Demonstration of the conduction of the impulse along the slings. You can play on the following steps:

Having implemented the methods of Deer Malishevoy in the love of heart disease, as well as the renewal of that cleaning of the judges, we have made the proponation of this and your respect.

Invisible part of the decoding of the EKG є the value of the electrical axis of the heart.

The concept of understanding means the total vector of its electrical activity, it is practical to learn from the anatomical view of small results.

Electric heart

Існ 3 axis display:

Normal weight. Cut alpha from 30 to 69 degrees.
The axis is visible to the left. Kut alpha 0- 29 degrees.
The axis is facing to the right. Kut alpha 70-90 degrees.

There are two ways to designate the axis. The first one is to marvel at the amplitude of the R wave in three standard inputs. If the other has the greatest interval, it is normal, if in the first it is left, if in the third it is to the right.

The whole method is quick, but it is not always possible to use it directly on the axis. For a wide range of other options - graphic design for the alpha kuta, which is more foldable, and for the first time in double and folding collars for the design of the axis of the heart with a drop of up to 10 degrees. For many vicarist tables of Dedu.

Segment ST. The moment of the repeated excitement of shlunochk_v. The standard of triviality is 0.09-0.19 s. The positive segment (more than 1 mm above the insulin) speaks about myocardial infarction, and the negative (more than 0.5 mm above the insulin) - about ischemia. The lateral segment is indicative of pericarditis.
Tongue T. Chi means the process of renewing the meat of the cloth. Vin is positive in introductions I, II, V4-V6, its triviality in the norm is 0.16-0.24 s, the amplitude is half of the R wave.
U-wave. There is no sign of the T-wave in the narrower drops, the resemblance of the D-wave is not exactly indicated. Imovirno vіn shows a short-hour improvement in the malignancy of the heart tissue and slugs from the electric systole.

How do you get pardons on cardiograms, not related to heart pathologies?

On the electrocardiogram, you can change three types:

Introduced strumi - kolivannya with a frequency of 50 Hz (the frequency of the alternating struma).
The "floating" isoline is a change of isolation up-and-down through a non-intrusive overlay of electrodes to the patient's shkiri.
M'yazove tremtynnya - on the EKG you can see parts of the wrong asymmetric kolivannya.

At the end, you can say that EKG is an informative and affordable method for detecting pathologies of the heart. I want a great number of characteristics that will help you in setting up a correct diagnosis.

Glyboka vivchennya all aspects of decryption by cardiograms can be helped by a likar in the Basque horse and a quick detection of ailments and the choice of correct tactics of detection.

Do you often find disagreements in the heart (bil, pokolyuvannya, squeezing)?
Raptovo you can see weakness in volume ...
gradually see grip…
About the backslide of the least physical stress and nothing to say ...
And you have already taken a bunch of likivs for a long time, sit on the child and stitch after the car ...

Read more beautifully, what Olga Markovich says, for a drive. Some of the rockies suffered from atherosclerosis, ІХС, tachycardia and angina pectoris - bile and inappropriateness in the heart, heart rhythm malfunction, shifting grip, backwardness when changing physical training. Unspecified analyzes, go to drugs, the pills did not show my problems. ALE zavdyaki forgive the recipe, Post-wrinkle and shake-up in the heart, high vise, Zadishka - everything is in the past. I see myself wonderfully. Now my likuyuchiy likar marvel at yak tse so. The axis of the position is on the article.

Krasnoyarsk medical portal Krasgmu.net

The initial EKG decryption scheme: decoding by cardiograms in children and adults: zagalny principle, Chitannya results, butt deciphering.

Normal electrocardiogram

Whether the EKG is stored with decal teeth, segments and intervals, it is possible to visualize the folding process of expanding the development of the heart.

The shape of the electrocardiographic complexes and the size of the teeth of the development in the new data is the size and the direct projection of the moment vectors of the EPC of the heart for all of the same data. As the projection of the moment vector is straightened into the bik of the positive electrode of the given input, the EKG is re-structured up to the top of the polarity - positive teeth. As the projection of the vector is turned into the bik of the negative electrode, on the EKG it is directed downward towards the isolin - negative teeth. If the moment vector is perpendicular to the input axis, its projection on the road is zero and on the EKG the output from the input is not restored. As long as the cycle stretches, the vector changes straight along the distance to the poles of the axis, then the tooth becomes two-phase.

Segments and teeth of normal EKG.

Prong R.

The P wave represents the process of depolarization of the right and left front of the heart. In healthy people, in introductions I, II, aVF, V-V, the P wave is always positive, in III and aVL, V can be positive, two-phase or (rarely) negative, and in the introduced aVR, the P wave is always negative. At introductions I and II, the P wave has a maximum amplitude. The triviality of the P wave does not change 0.1 s, and its amplitude is 1.5-2.5 mm.

Interval P-Q (R).

The P-Q (R) interval shows the triviality of atrioventricular conduction, that is, an hour of enlargement of the excitation in the atria, AV-vuzla, Hus bundle and thymus. The triviality of the heart is 0.12-0.20s, and in healthy people, the main frequency of the heart is very fast: the frequency of the heart is faster, the interval P-Q (R) is shorter.

Shlunochkovy QRST complex.

Shlunochkovy complex QRST imaging a folding process widening (QRS complex) and disappearing (segment RS - T and T wave) is stimulated by the myocardium of shlunochki.

Q wave.

The Q wave in the norm can be registered in all standard and more affordable unipolar introductions as well as in breast insertions V-V. The amplitude of the normal Q wave in all connections, except for aVR, does not overlap with the R wave, and its triviality is 0.03 s. Introduced aVR in healthy people can have a large and wide Q-wave or a QS complex.

Prong R.

In normal, the R-wave can be reduced in all standard and stronger versions of the teeth. At the introduced aVR, the R wave does not have too many twists and turns, but rather outward in the back. At the chest input, the amplitude of the R wave gradually increases from V to V, and then it often changes in V and V. prong

R shows the widening of the sound along the mid-hole septum, and the R wave - along the muzzle of the left and right slots. The interval of the internal exit at the introduced V does not change 0.03 s, and at the introduced V - 0.05 s.

Prong S.

In healthy people, the amplitude of the S wave in the new electrocardiographic inserts rises at the great boundaries, not twisting 20mm. With a normal position of the heart in the chest, the amplitude of S is small, except for the introduction of aVR. In the thoracic insertions, the S wave gradually changes from V, V to V, and in the V, V insertions, there is a small amplitude or the outward call. The parity of the R and S teeth in the thoracic insertions ("transition zone") make it necessary to reset at the V and V or V and V or V and V.

The maximum triviality of the slurry complex does not change 0.10s (often more than 0.07-0.09s).

Segment RS-T.

Segment RS-T in healthy people in the form of embellishments on izolinia (0.5 mm). In the norm in the thoracic insertions V-V, there may be a small change in the RS-T segment up to the edge (not more than 2 mm), and in the V-insertions - downward (not more than 0.5 mm).

T.

In normal, the T wave is positive in introductions I, II, aVF, V-V, with T> T, and T> T. In III, aVL and V, the T wave can be positive, biphasic or negative. In the introduced aVR, the T wave is normally negative.

Interval Q-T (QRST)

The Q-T interval is called the electric systole of shlunochkiv. It’s trivial to lie down in the first place because of the number of hearts it’s very fast: the frequency of the rhythm is higher, and the Q-T interval is shorter. It is normal for the Q-T interval to start with the Bazett formula: Q-T = K, de Do - efficiency, which is 0.37 for men and 0.40 for women; R-R - triviality of one heart cycle.

Analysis of electrocardiograms.

The analysis of whether-EKG followed from the revision of the correctness of the technique and the restoration. In the first place, it is necessary to have a lot of respect for the manifestation of versatile transitions. Pereshkodi, who will be found during the restoration of the EHC:

a - aiming strumi - flicker pickup at the correct kolivan viewers with a frequency of 50 Hz;

b - "floating" (drift) izolіnії as a result of the filthy contact of the electrode with the shkіroy;

c - tip, pummeled we will tremor(You can see the wrong parts of the bed).

Pereskodi, who will be found at the restoration of the EHC

In another way, it is necessary to reconsider the amplitude of the control millivolt, which is to blame for 10mm.

In the third place, it is necessary to assess the speed of the paperwork before the hour of the EKG re-establishment. When recording the EKG zi shvidkistiu 50mm z 1mm on the paprovіy strіchtsі vіdpovіdaє every hour 0.02s, 5mm - 0.1 s, 10mm - 0.2 s, 50mm - 1.0C.

The scheme (plan) of the EKG decryption is in the back.

I. Analysis of heart rate and performance:

1) assessment of the regularity of the heart rate;

2) the number of hearts is very fast;

3) viznachennya dzherela zbujennya;

4) assessment of the functionality of the provision.

II. The number of turns of the heart about the anteroposterior, late and lateral axes:

1) the designation of the position of the electric axis of the heart at the frontal area;

2) the value of turning the heart around the late axis;

3) the value of turning the heart about the transverse axis.

III. Analysis of the atrial R.

IV. Analysis of the slurry complex QRST:

1) analysis of the QRS complex,

2) analysis of the RS-T segment,

3) analysis of the Q-T interval.

V. Electrocardiographic visnovok.

I.1) The regularity of the heart is very quick to assess when the R-R intervals are trivial and the heart cycles have been repaired. The R-R interval evolve to change between the tops of the R waves. Regular, or correct, rhythm of the heart is diagnosed, as the triviality of the R-R ones, however, is the same and the loss of values does not change 10% of the average R. In some cases, the rhythm is abnormal (irregular), which can be promoted with extrasystoles, blinking arrhythmias, sinus arrhythmias, etc.

2) With the correct rhythm, the frequency of the heart is very fast (HR) following the formula: HR =.

If the rhythm of the EKG is incorrect in one entry (most often in the second standard entry), it should be recorded more, lower, for example, for 3-4C. The number of QRS complexes registered in 3 seconds increases, and the result is multiplied by 20.

In a healthy person, in a calm heart rate becomes from 60 to 90 in khilina. The increase in heart rate is called tachycardia, and the rate is called bradycardia.

Evaluation of the regularity of the rhythm and the frequency of the heart is very fast:

a) correct rhythm; b), c) wrong rhythm

3) In order to make the dzherel sound (rhythm) it is necessary to assess the direction of the sound by the front of the heart and to establish the development of the R waves to the QRS complex.

The sinus rhythm is characterized by: the presence of positive H waves in the II standard introduction, which can overwhelm the QRS skin complex; consistently the same shape of all P teeth in one and the same input.

When out of sight, it is a sign of diagnostics різні options non-sinus rhythm.

The anterior rhythm (from the lower apical apices) is characterized by the presence of negative P, P waves and the imminent QRS complexes behind them.

The rhythm from AB-z'єdnannya is characterized by: being on the EKG of the P wave, getting angry with the invariable, invariable QRS complex, or the obvious negative P waves, which are rooted out due to the invisible, invariable QRS complexes.

Shlunochkovy (idioventricular) rhythm is characterized by: general shlunochkovy rhythm (less than 40 beats per chilin); apparent widened and deformed QRS complexes; during the daytime of the regular connection of the QRS complexes and the P waves.

4) For a rough preliminary assessment of the conductivity function, it is necessary to change the triviality of the P wave, the triviality of the P-Q (R) interval and the triviality of the QRS slurry complex. The increase in the triviality of the significant teeth and intervals in order to ensure that it is carried out at the general view of the wiring system of the heart.

II. The designation of the position of the electrical axis of the heart. The following options are available for the positioning of the electrical axis of the heart:

Six-axis Bailey system.

a) The value of the kuta by the graphical method. Calculate the algebraic sum of the amplitudes of the teeth in the QRS complex in any two introductions of the cues (call the vicorist I and III standard introduction), axes of the retractable ones at the frontal area. Positive or negative is the value of the algebraic sumi in a pre-selected scale, to contribute to the positive or negative part of the axis of the visualization in the six-axis coordinate system of Beyla. The value is є the projection of the electric axis of the heart on the axis I and III of the standard input. From the beginning of the projection, the perpendiculars are introduced to the input axes. The point of cross-flow of perpendiculars is located at the center of the system. Tsya liniya and an electric heart.

b) visually kuta. Allows quick assessment of the cut with an accuracy of up to 10 °. The scaffold method is based on two principles:

1. The maximally positive value of the algebraic sum of the teeth in the QRS complex is promoted in that introduced, which is approximately connected to the rosette of the electric axis of the heart, parallel to it.

2. A complex of the RS type, de algebraic sum of teeth to zero (R = S or R = Q + S), to be written in that entry, the length of which is perpendicular to the electric axis of the heart.

With normal position of the electric axis of the heart: RRR; in III and aVL leads R and S approximately equal to one to one.

With a horizontal position, or when the electrical axis of the heart is left: the upper R teeth are fixed in the connections I and aVL, with R> R> R; glib S-wave is restructuring at insertion III.

With a vertical position, or if the electric axis of the heart is open to the right: the upper R teeth are re-set at the III and aVF connections, with R R> R; large S-waves are re-set at I and aV inputs

III. Analysis of the P wave includes: 1) measuring the amplitude of the P wave; 2) Vimіryuvannya triviality of the P wave; 3) the value of the polarity of the P wave; 4) the shape of the P wave.

IV.1) Analysis of the QRS complex includes: a) assessment of the Q wave: amplitude and ratio with amplitude R, triviality; b) R-wave estimation: amplitude, set at Q amplitude or S in the same input and from R in the same input; the triviality of the interval of the internal view of the entries V and V; more splitting of a tooth or a pre-dodat one; c) evaluation of the S wave: the amplitude, set at the amplitude R; More widening, serration or split teeth.

2) when analyzing the RS-T segment, it is necessary: to know the point of origin j; vimiryati and vidhilennya (+ -) from insolinia; change the magnitude of the shift of the RS-T segment then go up or down in points, outward from point j to the right by 0.05-0.08 s; visually the shape of the junior zsuvu segment of the RS-T: horizontally, obliquely descending, obliquely ascending.

3) When analyzing the T wave, the following: the value of the polarity of the T, the assessment of its shape, the amplitude of the amplitude.

4) Analysis of the Q-T interval: in terms of triviality.

V. Electrocardiographic visnovok:

1) danced to the rhythm of the heart;

2) regularity of the rhythm of the heart;

4) the position of the electrical axis of the heart;

5) the appearance of chotiroh electrocardiographic syndromes: a) disruption of the heart rhythm; b) deterioration of conductivity; c) hypertrophy of the myocardium of the shlunochkov and the front of the heart or the gostrich re-entanglement; d) ear myocardium (ischemia, dystrophy, necrosis, scarring).

Electrocardiogram with broken heart rhythm

1. Damage to the automation of the SA-vuzla (Nomotopnie arrhythmias)

1) Sinus tachycardia: an increase in the number of hearts is faster to (180) in chilin (shortening of the R-R intervals); preserving the correct sinus rhythm (correctly drawing the P wave and the QRST complex in the cycle and the positive P wave).

2) Sinus bradycardia: a decrease in the number of heart rate hviliinu (increase in triviality of intervals R-R); preserving the correct sinus rhythm.

3) Sinus arrhythmia: the number of triviality intervals R-R, prevailing 0.15 with and connected with the phases of the reaction; Saving all electrocardiographic signs of sinus rhythm (marking the P wave and the QRS-T complex).

4) Syndrome of weakness of the sinus atrial university: sinus bradycardia; periodic occurrence of ectopic (non-sinus) rhythms; the presence of the SA blockade; bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.

a) the EHC is great people; b) sinus bradycardia; c) sinus arrhythmia

2. Extrasystole.

1) Anteroposterior extrasystole: antecedently post-dural belts of the P 'wave and the onset of the QRST' complex behind it; deformation or change in polarity of the P wave of the extrasystole; the manifestation of the invisible extrasystolic shlunochkovogo complex QRST ', similar in form to the extraordinary normal complex; the manifestation of the atrial extrasystole is not the same compensatory pause.

Atrial extrasystole (II standard introduction): a) from the upper atrium; b) in the middle of the front of the heart; c) from the lower viddiliv atrium; d) the atrial extrasystole is blocked.

2) Extrasystoles from the atrioventricular z'єdnannya: the pre-dorsal belly on the EKG of the unchanged shlunochkovy complex QRS ', similar in shape to the sinus walking QRST complex; negative tooth P 'in leads II, III and aVF for the extrasystolic complex QRS' or the appearance of the wave P '(zlittya P' and QRS '); the manifestation of an incomplete compensatory pause.

3) Shlunochkova extrasystole: an early post-darting belly on the EKG of the shlunochkovy complex QRS '; sign of extension and deformation of the extrasystolic complex QRS '; the expansion of the RS-T segment 'and the T wave' of the extrasystoles is discordant right across the main tooth to the QRS complex '; the visibility in front of the slurry extrasystole of the P wave; the appearance in the greater number of vapors during the shlunochkovy extrasystole of the additional compensatory pause.

a) livoshlunochkova; b) right-handed extrasystole

3. Paroxysmal tachycardia.

1) Anterior paroxysmal cardiac artery: to repair quickly and to end the attacks of frequent heart attacks while maintaining the correct rhythm; the appearance of a low, deformed, two-phase or negative P wave in front of the cutaneous shlunochkovy QRS complex; normal non-shlunochkovy QRS complexes; in some cases, there is a decrease in atrioventricular conduction with the development of atrioventricular blockade of the 1st stage with periodic visualization of the QRS complexes (inappropriate signs).

2) Paroxysmal tachycardia from atrioventricular z'єdnannya: rapt to repair and so rapt to end the attack of frequent heart rate sickness while preserving the correct rhythm; The presence of negative P 'waves in II, III and aVF introductions, the QRS complexes rosetting behind them, or getting angry with them and not restructuring on the EKG; normal intact QRS complexes'.

3) Shlunochkova paroxysmal tachycardia: to repetitively and so to quickly end the attacks of frequent heart attacks while saving in greater proportions of the correct rhythm; deformation and expansion of the QRS complex more than 0.12s with discordant expansion of the RS-T segment and T wave; The manifestation of atrioventricular dissociation, a recurrent rise in the frequent rhythm of shlunochki and the normal rhythm of the anterior to the eye is restructuring one by one normal uncontrolled QRST complexes of sinus walking.

4. Tricky anterior: the appearance on the EKG of parts - chilin - regular, one-to-one similar anterior hvil F, which may have a characteristic pilk-like form (introduction II, III, aVF, V, V); in most cases, the correct, regular groove rhythm with the same intervals F-F; the manifestation of normal unimpeded lingering complexes, the skin of the anterior frontal hvili F (2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, etc.).

5. Merekhtinnya (fibrillation) at the front of the heart: visibility at all inputs of the P wave; the manifestation of stretching the heart of the heart to the cycle of heartless hwil f, I can develop the form and amplitude; hvili f more beautifully restored at entries V, V, II, III and aVF; irregularity of the shuttle complexes of the QRS - irregular shuttle rhythm; The presence of QRS complexes, which may appear in a large amount in a normal appearance.

a) coarse-wave form; b) fine-wave form.

6. Tricky slobber: parts (dyes) are regular and, however, similar in shape and amplitude are tricky, so they can figure out a sinusoidal curve.

7. Merekhtinnya (fibrillation) shlunochkiv: parts (from 200 to 500 per chilin), even irregular chvili, where one form of one in a bright form and amplitude.

Electrocardiogram in case of deterioration of the function of conductivity.

1. Sinoatrial blockade: periodical vypadannya okremich heart cycles; Decrease at the moment of heart cycles pause between two parallel teeth P or R may be 2 times (up 3 or 4 times) in incremental P-P or R-R intervals.

2. Intra-atrial block: an increase in the triviality of the P wave is greater than 0.11 s; splitting of the R.

3. Atrioventricular block.

1) Stage I: increase in triviality to the interval P-Q (R) more than 0.20s.

a) anterior form: widening and splitting of the P wave; QRS is normal.

b) high-school form: subdivision of the P-Q (R) segment.

c) distal (three-beam) form: the QRS deformation is rotated.

2) Stage II: visualization of the QRST complex.

a) Mobitz type I: move to increase the P-Q (R) interval with the further QRST. When a pause is paused, it is a normal or slightly pushed P-Q (R), for which the whole cycle is repeated.

b) Mobitz type II: QRST visualization does not supervise the steps of P-Q (R), which become permanent.

c) Mobitz type III (non-povna AV block): either type of skin (2: 1), or two or more sleepers in the complex (blockade 3: 1, 4: 1, etc.).

3) III stage: Outside of the rise of the anterior and the dimple rhythms, and the decrease in the number of dimples, there is a lesser amount of dysfunction.

4. Blockade of lice and gillocks of the Gis bundle.

1) Blockade of the right nіzhka (hіlka) of the Hіs bundle.

a) Reblock: the appearance in the right thoracic connections of V (earlier in the cases of III and aVF) QRS complexes of the rSR type 'or rSR', which may be M-similar, with R '> r; the presence in all chest connections (V, V) and connections I, aVL of a widened, slightly serrated S wave; increase in triviality (width) to the QRS complex is more than 0.12s; The presence of a depression of the RS-T segment with a swelling, turned uphill, and a negative or two-phase (- +) asymmetric T wave in the V introduction (earlier in III).

b) Inappropriate blockade: the appearance of the introduced V to the QRS complex of the rSr type 'or rSR', and in the introductions of I and V - a slightly expanded S wave; triviality to the QRS complex 0.09-0.11s.

2) Blockade of the left anterior branch of the gas bundle: the opening of the electrical axis of the heart (cut α -30 °); QRS in I, aVL type qR, III, aVF, type II rS; the triviality of the QRS complex is 0.08-0.11s.

3) Blockade of the left posterior branch of the gas bundle: ascending the electrical axis of the heart to the right (cut α120 °); the form to the QRS complex in type I and aVL type rS, and type III, aVF - type qR; triviality to the QRS complex between 0.08-0.11s.

4) Blockade of the lithium of the gus bundle: at the extensions V, V, I, aVL, there are deformed slurry complexes of type R with a split or a wide apex; at introductions V, V, III, aVF, expanded deformed slurry complexes, such as QS or rS with split or wide apex S wave; increase in the amount of triviality to the QRS complex is more than 0.12s; the appearance in V, V, I, aVL introductions discordant in relation to QRS replacement of the RS-T segment and negative or biphasic (- +) asymmetric T waves; The visualization of the electric axis of the heart is spared often, but do not expect it.

5) Blockade of three hillocks of the Gis bundle: atrioventricular blockade of I, II or III stage; blockade of two hylocs of the Gis bundle.

Electrocardiogram with hypertrophy of the anterior and shlunochki.

1. Hypertrophy of the left atrium: doubled and increased amplitude of the P waves (P-mitrale); increase in the amplitude and triviality of other negative (left atrial) phase of the P wave at the introduced V (before the V) or the formation of negative P; negative or two-phase (+ -) tooth P (non-permanent sign); Increase of the zagalnoy triviality (width) of the P wave - more than 0.1 s.

2. Hypertrophy of the right atrium: at introductions II, III, aVF of the P waves, with a pointed apex (P-pulmonale); in the V introductions, the P-wave (or the right atrial phase) is positive with a pointed apex (P-pulmonale); in introductions I, aVL, V, the P wave is of low amplitude, and in aVL it can be negative (non-valid sign); The triviality of the teeth of P does not change 0.10s.

3. Hypertrophy of the lithic slut: an increase in the amplitude of the R and S teeth. 25mm; signs of turning the heart about the late axis of the opposite direction; replacement of the electric axis of the heart in vlovo; the change of the RS-T segment in the V, I, aVL connections is lower than the izoline and the formation of a negative or two-phase (- +) T wave in the I, aVL and V connections; Increase of triviality to the interval of internal QRS display in all chest insertions is greater than 0.05s.

4. Hypertrophy of the right lug: zsuv of the electric axis of the heart to the right (cut α more than 100 °); increased amplitude of the R wave in V and the S wave in V; appearing at the introduction of the V QRS complex to the type rSR 'or QR; signs of turning the heart about the late axis behind the year's arrow; change of the RS-T segment downwards and the appearance of negative T waves in the connections III, aVF, V; Increase of triviality to the interval of internal visualization in V greater than 0.03s.

Electrocardiogram with ischemic ailments of the heart.

1. The state of the stage of myocardial infarction is characterized by a swift, extending 1-2 dB, the formation of a pathological Q wave, or the QS complex, changing the RS-T segment to the izolinia and getting angry with it as a positive, and because of a negative T wave; through a few days the RS-T segment is approaching the isola. At the 2nd-3rd pregnancy, the RS-T segment becomes Isoelectric, and the negative coronary tooth of T quickly looses and becomes symmetrical, becomes overwhelmed.

2. At the adolescent stage of myocardial infarction, a pathological Q wave is restructuring, or a QS complex (necrosis) and a negative coronary T wave (ischemia), the amplitude of which can be repaired and gradually changed. Segment RS-T of seams on the izolinia.

3. The cicatricial stage of myocardial infarction is characterized by sparing stretching out a number of rocky, not infrequently stretching out a sickly, pathological Q wave or to the QS complex and the appearance of a weakly negative positive T.

Does the myocardial stance display the R-wave on the EKG results?

From the health of the heart-vascular system to lay down the body of the body. if you come across inappropriate symptoms, Most people go to waste for medical assistance. Otrimavshi results with electrocardiograms on hand, there is little hto reason, about scho id mova. How does the p wave appear on the EKG? What are the troubling symptoms that can help you control your drug and help you get sick?

An electrocardiogram is being held now

After I look around at the cardiologist, I’m going to repair myself from the electrocardiography. The procedure is even more informative, while it is carried out quickly, not in the form of special training and additional vitrates.

Cardiograph fiksuє passing electric impulses to the heart, restructuring the frequency of the heart is very fast and can be used to develop serious pathologies... The teeth on the EKG give more detailed information about the small parts of the myocardium and about the robot.

The norm for the EKG is in the fact that the development of the teeth is shown in the new data. The stench is counted by the way of measuring the magnitude of the projection of the vectors of the EPC for the entire introduction. A prong can be positive and negative. As far as the growth of the cardiography is concerned, it is positive, and at the bottom - negative. A two-phase tooth is restructuring, if, at the moment of fracture, the tooth passes from one phase to іnshu.

Important! The electrocardiogram will show the heart, in which there is a wire system, which is stored from bundles of fibers, through which pulses pass. Spostering for the rhythm of the speed and especially the disturbance of the rhythm, it is possible to beat the development of pathology.

Conductive heart system - foldable structure. Won stock from:

sinoatrical university;
atrioventricular;
lower beam of gas;
Purkin fibers.

Sinus vuzol, like a rhythm, є dzherelom impulses. The stench of pretending to be quick. In case of severe breakdowns and arrhythmias, the pulses may develop more often or more, lower in the norm.

For an hour, bradycardia (spovilne sertsebittya) develops through those who, using the function of driving the rhythm, take care of their heart. Arrhythmic manifestations can be caused by blockages in other zones... Through the tse, the heart will break down automatically.

I'll show you EKG

As the nobility is the norm for showing cardiographers, since it is the fault of the growth of teeth in healthy people, it is possible to diagnose pathologies. This procedure is carried out in the minds of the hospital, on an outpatient basis, and in extreme critical cases by doctors with a high level of assistance for setting up a preliminary diagnosis.

The images displayed in the cardiogram can be shown as follows:

rhythm and frequency of the heart is very fast;
myocardial infarction;
blockade of the wire system of the heart;
destruction of the exchange of important microelements;
blockages of the great arteries.

Obviously, before the help of the electrocardiograms, it can be even more informative. And why are the results from the rimanih tributes to be stacked?

Uwaga! Krim teeth, in the picture of the EKG є segments and intervals. Knowing that it’s the norm for all the elements, you can put a diagnosis.

Details of decryption by electrocardiograms

The norm for the P-wave is rosetting from the top to the izoline. This anterior tooth can be negative only in insertions 3, aVL and 5. In 1 and 2 insertions, the maximum amplitude is reached. The visibility of the P wave may indicate a serious breakdown in the impulse conduction along the right and left apex. The whole prong shows the body of the very heart.

The prong P is deciphered by the first, so that in a new way the birth of an electric impulse transmitted to the heart is seen.

Splitting of the P wave, if there are two vertices, indicate the improvement of the left atrium. Often, the bifurcation develops in pathologies of the bicuspid valve. Double-humped tooth P is shown for carrying out additional cardiological suture.

The PQ interval is shown, as the impulse goes to the slings behind the auxiliary atrioventricular unit. The norm for a chain of dilyanka is a horizontal line, so there is no way to catch it through good visibility.

The Q-wave at normal is high, its width is not more than 0.04 s. in all indications, and the amplitude is less than a quarter of the R wave. Also, the Q wave is backward glib - not one of the possible signs of an infarction, but the indicator itself is estimated deprivation in the complex with the small ones.

The R-tooth is a snuggly one, which is the best one. Walls to the organ in the most important zones. As a result, the electric power is found in the best way. On one side you have a small negative Q wave.

With normal robotics, the heart-toothed R wave is reshaped in all chest insertions (V5 and 6). With a lot of guilt, the indicator of 2.6 mV is not guilty of changing the indicator. Tsey stan vimag of deafened diagnostics for the determination of the reasons for the improvement (ІХС, arterial hypertension, Valve defects of the heart, cardiomyopathy). Also, the R wave decreases sharply during the transition from V5 to V6, which can also be marked with IM.

The writing of the fast is insisting on the renewal step. On the EKG, the illustration of the negative S wave is illustrated. A small T wave is followed by the ST segment, which in the norm is guilty of direct line representations. Tckb the line takes a straight line, on nіy mute dilyanoks, it becomes a norm and to bring myocardium up to readiness before the offensive RR cycle - as fast to fast.

The value of the axis of the heart

Another step in the decryption of electrocardiograms is to determine the value of the axis of the heart. It is normal to get into the cut from 30 to 69 degrees. The fewer indicators speak about the approach to the left, and the great ones - to the right.

May pardons in doslіdzhenny

It is possible to correct the incomplete data from the electrocardiograms, even when the signals are restored to the cardiograph, such officials are injected:

kolivannya of the frequency of the wintry struma;
substitution of electrodes through non-social overhead;
m'yazove tremtinnya in the patient's room.

All the moments are added to the rejection of reliable tributes during the electrocardiography. Also, according to the EKG, it can be seen that the clerks are mali mice, until they are held again.

If the cardiogram is deciphered by the cardiologist's advice, it is possible to correct the least of the most important types. Do not neglect the pathology, it is important to turn to a drug with the first symptoms of ailment. So you can save your health and life!

EKG decryption scheme

the designation of the position of the electric axis of the heart at the frontal area;
the designation of turns of the heart around the late axis;
The value of turning the heart around the transverse axis.

P waves in the II standard introduced positive and overwhelm the ventricular QRS complex;
the shape of the P waves in one and the same input is the same.

if an ectopic pulse can be reached at once in front of the heart and on the EKG;
Even if the ectopic impulse is available to the slings and only to the front of the heart, on the EKG it is necessary to reestablish the negative in the II and III standard P-waves, as it is possible to overcome the passage of the extraordinary unmistakable QRS complexes.

the triviality of the P wave, which characterizes the speed of the electric impulse in the atria (in the norm - not more than 0.1 s);
the triviality of the P-Q (R) intervals in the II standard introduction, which shows the backwardness of the performance in the atria, the AV-university and the GIS system (at the normal speed 0.12 to 0.2 s);
The triviality of the slingshot QRS complexes, as shown by the exercise of the slingshot (in the norm - from 0.08 to 0.09 s).

The maximally positive or negative meaning of the algebraic sum of the teeth in the QRS complex is restored in that electrocardiographic input, which is approximately connected to the rosetting of the electric axis of the heart. The average resulting QRS vector is applied to the positive or negative part of the axis.
A complex of the RS type, de algebraic sum of teeth in the road to zero (R = S or R = Q = S), is written at the input from the axis, perpendicular to the electric axis of the heart.

vimir amplitude of the P wave (in the norm, not more than 2.5 mm);
vimіryuvannya triviality of the P wave (in normі not more than 0.1 s);
the value of the polarity of the P waves in the introductions I, II, III;
The value of the shape of the P wave.

assessment of the spacing of the Q, R, S teeth in 12 entries, which allows the number of turns of the heart around three axes;
the amplitude and triviality of the Q wave. The so-called pathological Q wave is characterized by an increase in the triviality of more than 0.03 with the amplitude of more than 1/4 of the amplitude of the R wave in the whole transmission;
evaluation of R waves from the values of the amplitude, triviality of the interval of the internal display (in cases of V1 and V6) and the values of the split teeth of R to the same value of the other R
assessment of the S waves with the size of the amplitude, as well as the values of the flexible extension, serration and split of the S wave.

the value of the polarity of the T wave;
assess the shape of the T wave;
change the amplitude of the T.

For an unprepared interpretation of changes in the analysis of the EKG, it is necessary to read the deciphering scheme shown below.

In routine practice and in the presence of special possession for the assessment of tolerance up to the physical adjustment and activation of the functional status of the ailments, in addition to the important conquests of the heart against the legacy of the test, the test can be

Electrocardiography is a method of graphical reconstruction of changes in the potential of the heart, which is determined through the processes of stimulating the myocardium.

Video about rehabilitation sanatorium Upa, Druskininkai, Lithuania

Diagnostics and sign of treatment of a drug during in-person consultation.

Scientific and medical news about the treatment and prevention of ailments in older adults and children.

Foreign clientele, hospitals and resorts - maintenance and rehabilitation beyond the cordon.

When the materials are posted on the site, you are actively using the information.

Electrocardiogram (EKG heart). Part 2 of 3: EKG decryption plan

Tse another part of the cycle about the EKG (in the people - EKG heart). For a more reasonable time, you need to read:

The electrocardiogram depicts only electrical processes in the myocardium: depolarization (stimulation) and repolarization (renewal) of the myocardium cell.

Allocation of ECG intervals with phases of the heart cycle (systole and diastolic shlunochkiv).

In the norm, depolarization is produced to a speedy meaty clitine, and repolarization is to be relaxed. For the sake of forgiveness, I will substitute “depolarization-repolarization” for “quick-depolarization”, if I wish it’s not called for sure: I’m sure to understand “electro-mechanical dissociation”, when it comes to depolarization of early depolarization of depolarization. I wrote a few reports about the phenomenon earlier.

Elementi okay EHC

First, go to the decryption of the EKG, it is necessary to return, for which items are stored.

Tsikavo, behind the cordon the interval P-Q is called P-R.

The teeth - the chain of opacity and oppression on the electrocardiogram.

On the EKG, there are advancing teeth:

A segment on the EKG is called a straight line (izoline) with two two-sided teeth. The most significant are the P-Q and S-T segments. For example, the P-Q segment is established through the closure of the conduction of stimulation in the airexual (AV-) institute.

The interval is stored from the teeth (complex of teeth) of the segment. Thus, interval = tooth + segment. Choose the P-Q and Q-T intervals.

Cogs, segments and intervals on the EKG.

To brutalize respect for great and other clitini (about them below).

The teeth to the QRS complex

Oscillations of the myocardium of the shlunochki in the mass of the myocardium in front of the heart and not only the stinki, but the mass of the mid-shlunochkovy septum, then the widened development in new is characterized by the appearance of the folding QRS complex on the EKG. Is the yak correct in the new cog?

First, for everything, estimate the amplitude (size) of the edges of the QRS complex. I will change the amplitude 5 mm, the prong denotes the heading (great) letter Q, R or S; if the amplitude is less than 5 mm, then the row (small): q, r or s.

The R (r) wave is a positive (uphill) wave that enters the QRS complex. Yakscho teeth of the spike, the step of the teeth is denoted by strokes: R, R ', R ", etc. ). If there are no positive teeth in the QRS complex, then the slunk complex means the QS.

Options for the QRS complex.

In normal, the Q wave represents depolarization of the midshlunochkovy septum, the R wave is the main mass of the myocardium of the shlunochkov, the S wave is the basal (to be the front of the heart) is seen in the midshlunochkovy septum. The teeth R V1, V2 represent the sound of the middle partitions, and R V4, V5, V6 represent the sound of the left and right mouths. Death of myocardial infarction (for example, in case of myocardial infarction), the enlargement and loss of the Q wave, so that on the whole tooth, you should be able to rescue the saw.

EKG analysis

EKG decryption scheme

Reconsideration of the correctness of the EHC reconstruction.
Analysis of heart rate and performance:
- assessment of the regularity of the heart is very fast,
- heart rate (HR),
- viznachennya dzherela zbujennya,
- assessment of performance.
The design of the electrical axis of the heart.
Analysis of the anterior P wave and the P - Q interval.
Analysis of the slurry complex QRST:
- analysis of the QRS complex,
- analysis of the RS - T segment,
- T wave analysis,
- analysis of the Q - T interval.
Electrocardiographic visnovok.

1) Revision of the correctness of the EHC's restoration

On the cob of the skin EKG-line, the calibruval signal is guilty - this is the title of the control millivolt. For the sake of writing on the cob, I will write a standard spacing of 1 millivolt, which is guilty of displaying on the line of 10 mm. Without a calibrated signal, the EKG record will interfere with the wrong one. In normі, at least in one of the standard or stronger insertions, the amplitude is 5 mm, and in the chest insertions - 8 mm. If the amplitude is lower, it is worth lowering the voltage of the EKG, which will be in case of some pathological camps.

Control millivolt on the EKG (I will write on the cob).

2) Analysis of heart rate and performance:

The regularity of the rhythm is assessed by the R-R intervals. As the teeth are located on a regular basis one in one, the rhythm is called regular, or correct. The triviality of the R-R intervals is not more than ± 10% of the average triviality. Well, the rhythm of the sinus is correct.

heart rate (HR)

On the EKG-pads, there are large squares, the skin includes 25 small squares (5 vertically x 5 horizontally). For a fast heart rate, with the correct rhythm, the number of great squares between two suspension teeth R - R is used.

With a line speed of 50 mm / s: HR = 600 / (number of great squares).

With a line speed of 25 mm / s: HR = 300 / (number of great squares).

on vischerozmіshenoi EKG Interval R-R is approximately 4.8 large cells, but with a speed of 25 mm / s, it is 300 / 4.8 = 62.5 beats. / Khv.

At a speed of 25 mm / s, a small skin size is 0.04 s, and at a speed of 50 mm / s - 0.02 s. Tse vikoristovuєtsya for the value of triviality teeth and intervals.

If the rhythm is wrong, you will increase the maximum and minimum heart rate, but the triviality of the smallest and the greatest R-R interval is obvious.

viznachennya dzherela zbujennya

In other words, to whisper, there should be a rhythm, like a wicket fast in front of the heart and shlunochkiv. One of the most common stages, however, the deterioration of the wakefulness and the performance can be even more confused, but should not lead to an incorrect diagnosis and incorrect treatment. To start correctly, start the dzherelo zbudzhennya on the EKG, it is necessary for the good nobility to provide a system of hearts.

Sinus rhythm (not normal rhythm, and all other rhythms are pathological).

Dzherelo is in the sinus-atrial university. Signs on the EKG:

in the II standard introduced P waves, whether positive and located in front of the skin QRS complex,
P waves in one and the same introduced may be of the same shape.

P wave in sinus rhythm.

Anterior rhythm. If it’s dzherelo zbudzhennya to be in the lower viddilah in front of the heart, then the urge to expand to the front of the head from bottom to top (retrograde), to that:

in II and III leads P negative,
teeth P є in front of the skin QRS complex.

P wave at atrial rhythm.

Rhythm z AV-z'єdnannya. If the rhythm is in the atrio-ventricular (anterior-ventricular vuzli), then the snorkel is zbudzhuyutsya yak zvychay (top to bottom), and in front of the heart - retrograde (to the bottom of the hill). With a tsom on the EKG:

P waves can be visible, so it can be found on the normal QRS complex,
P waves can be negative, roztashovuyuchis on the QRS complex.

Rhythm z AV-z'єdannya, superimposed P wave on the QRS complex.

The rhythm is from AV-z'єdnannya, the P wave is located in the QRS complex.

The heart rate at a rhythm from the AV-back is less than the sinus rhythm and the average beats in the chilin.

Slunochkovy, or idioventricular, rhythm (in Latin Ventriculus [ventr_culus] - slunker). In a wide range of dzherel rhythm є there is a system of dumbbells. The debris will expand along the slopes with the wrong paths and more and more. Features of idioventricular rhythm:

QRS complexes widened and deformed (seemingly "scary"). In the norm, the triviality of the QRS complex is 0.06-0.10 s, while at such a rhythm the QRS changes to 0.12 s.
there are no certain regularities between QRS complexes and P waves, which is why the AV signal does not release the pulses from the slings, but in front of the heart it can collapse from sinus node, Yak i in normi.
Heart rate less than 40 beats per chilin.

Idioventricular rhythm. The P wave is not tied with the QRS complex.

For the correct level of performance, I will write down the speed.

To assess the performance:

triviality of the P wave (visualization of the speed of the impulse along the atria), in the norm up to 0.1 s.
triviality to the interval P - Q (visualization of the speed of the pulse from the anterior to the myocardium of the shlunochki); Interval P - Q = (wave P) + (segment P - Q). Normi 0.12-0.2 s.
triviality to the QRS complex (visualization of the widening of the buzzing on the flip-flops). Normi has 0.06-0.1 s.
Interval of internal delivery for connections V1 and V6. A whole hour between the cob and the QRS complex and the R wave. At normal in V1 up to 0.03 s and in V6 up to 0.05 s. Vikoristovuєtsya in the main for the design of blockades of the gus bundle and for the designation of the dzherel zbudzhennya in the slings in the form of the slurry extrasystole (post-cranny fast heart).

Vimіryuvannya to the interval of internal vіdhilennya.

3) The designation of the electrical axis of the heart.

In the first part of the cycle about the EKG, it was explained that the heart is also electric and start at the frontal area.

4) Analysis of the atrial P.

In normі in leads I, II, aVF, V2 - V6, the P wave is always positive. In connections III, aVL, V1, the P wave can be positive or biphasic (the part of the wave is positive, the part is negative). In the introduced aVR, the P wave is always negative.

In the norm, the triviality of the P wave does not overlap 0.1 s, and its amplitude is 1.5 - 2.5 mm.

Pathological failure of the P wave:

Sharpening of the high teeth P is normal triviality in introductions II, III, aVF are characteristic for hypertrophy of the right atrium, for example, when " to the legendary heart».
Splitting with 2 vertices, enlargements of the P wave in introductions I, aVL, V5, V6 are characteristic of hypertrophy of the front atrium, for example, with defects of the mitral valve.

Formation of the P wave (P-pulmonale) with hypertrophy of the right atrium.

Formation of the P wave (P-mitrale) with hypertrophy of the left atrium.

The increase in the given interval of pulses in case of damaged conduction of impulses through the atrioventricular vuzole (atrioventricular blockade, AV blockade).

AV blockade of 3 stages:

Stage I - the interval of P-Q increases, the ale-cutaneous P wave shows the QRS complex (the complex does not appear).
Stage II - QRS complexes are often seen, so that not all P waves are generated by their QRS complex.
Stage III - the next blockade was carried out in the AV-university. In front of the heart and the snorkel speed up at a whiplash rhythm, just one out of one. Tobto vinikє idioventricular rhythm.

5) Analysis of the QRST slurry complex:

The maximum triviality of the shuttle complex is 0.07-0.09 s (up to 0.10 s). The triviality is reduced in case of any blockages of the lower bundle of the gas.

In normal, the Q wave can be restructed in all standard and stronger versions, as well as in V4-V6. The amplitude of the Q wave in the norm does not overlap 1/4 of the height of the R wave, and the triviality is 0.03 s. The introduced aVR in the norm has a wide and wide Q wave and a QS complex.

The R-wave, yak and Q, can be re-structured in all standard and stronger introduced types. From V1 to V4, the amplitude of the build-up (with a wide r-wave, V1 can be extended), and then decrease in V5 and V6.

The S prong can be of a very versatile amplitude, or not more than 20 mm. The S wave goes down from V1 to V4, and in V5-V6 you can go from V1 to V4. At the input V3 (or even V2 - V4), change the "transition zone" (the equality of the R and S teeth).

analysis of the RS segment - T

The S-T segment (RS-T) as a general view of the QRS complex to the cob of the T wave. The S-T segment is especially respectful to analyze with ІХС, as it is imaging a marriage of sour (ischemia) in myocardium.

In the normal case, the S-T segment is located in the form of pictures on the izoline (± 0.5 mm). V1-V3 introductions can be changed segment S-T up (not more than 2 mm), and in V4-V6 - down (not more than 0.5 mm).

The transition point to the QRS complex in the S-T segment is called point j (from the word junction - z'єднання). The stage of detection of point j from the izoliniya vikorisovuyutsya, for example, for diagnostics of ischemia of the myocardium.

T. wave analysis.

The T wave represents the process of repolarization of the myocardium of shlunochki. In the case of a large input, a high R is destructed, the T wave is also positive. In normal, the T wave is positive in I, II, aVF, V2-V6, with T I> T III, and T V6> T V1. In aVR, the T wave is always negative.

analysis of the Q - T interval.

The Q-T interval is called the electric systole of the heartbeats, so that all of the heartbeats will break down in an hour. In the event of a T wave, a small U wave is restructuring, which is set up through a short-hour increase in the myocardial malaise of the mouth during repolarization.

6) Electrocardiographic visnovok.

Dzherelo to the rhythm (sinus chi ni).
Regularity of rhythm (correct chi nі). Name the sinus rhythm є correct if there is a dyshal arrhythmia.
The position of the electrical axis of the heart.
Evidence of 4 syndromes:
- broken rhythm
- deterioration of performance
- hypertrophy і / for re-entanglement of mouth and anterior
- myocardial disease (ischemia, dystrophy, necrosis, scarring)

Attach visnovkiv (not some more, but real ones):

Sinus rhythm with heart rate 65. Normal position of the electric axis of the heart. Pathology is not revealed.

Sinus tachycardia with heart rate 100. Single supragastric extrasystole.

Sinus rhythm with heart rate 70 beats / min. The blockade of the right lower part of the Gis's bundle is not complete. Some metabolic changes in myocardium.

Apply the EKG for specific ailments of the heart-vascular system - for the next time.

Pereskodi to EKG

At the connection with frequent meals in the comments for the form of the EKG, we will tell you about the pereshkodi, which can be found on the electrocardiogram:

Three types of pereskod on the EKG (explained below).

Change to EKG in the lexicon of medical practitioners called a tip:

a) aiming struma: flicker aiming at the correct number of heads with a frequency of 50 Hz;

b) "floating" (drift) izolіnії from the cause of the filthy contact of the electrode with the shkіroy;

c) a tip-off, pummeled with myazovaya tremtynnyam (you can see the wrong parts of the ringing).

The positive P wave is indicative of sinus rhythm.
Most of the P wave is seen in 2 standard insertion, in which fault it is guilty, but it is generally positive.
In the norm, the triviality of the P wave should be set to 0.1 seconds (1 large clip).
The amplitude of the P wave is not to blame for overhanging 2.5 cells.
The amplitude of the P wave in the standard inputs and in the introductions of the pictures start directly with the electric axis in front of the heart (it will be said about them later).
Normal amplitude: P II> P I> P III.

The most widened options for the P wave are presented on the lower one:

In the tables below, it is described that the P wave is to blame for the new ones.

The amplitude is to blame but is less than the amplitude of the T wave

What is the correct way to decode the EKG?

analysis of electrocardiograms

Decoding EKG - the price of analysis of graphical images, presented on the electrocardiogram.

General information about the need for the procedure

Electrocardiogram is a central graphical reconstruction of electrical processes that take place every hour of the robot's heart. For the support of the EKG in cardiology, it is practical to put all residual diagnoses. Electrocardiography є basic patient care with heart problems. The EKG gives the possibility of detecting such pathologies, such as hypertrophy of shlunochkiv, change of the heart septum, thrombosis of coronary arteries, which pump blood into the heart, and some of the most common pathological processes, serum.

The skinny patient, having pummeled the lines of the graphical teeth, would like the nobility, well, the stench means. But not everything is so simple, as to be built, and in order to achieve the intelligence of the electric cardiographers, it is necessary for the nobility, which itself is a human heart and processes in a new way.

A human heart is an organ that can be stored in 4 chambers: two anterior and two slings, separated by valves and a septum. The main fast-feeling function of the heart meat is to lie on the little ones. At his own devil, the right and livy saw the heart seemingly between himself: the livy slunker can make a big mistake, and, apparently, I’m more swiftly, but not the right one.

Volodyuchi with such a heterogeneous structure, the heart also has heterogeneous electrical processes, which in a new time pass by the hour.

The heart of the people has such good health, yak:

automatism is the heart of the very viroblyaє impulses, as they take part in the destruction;
Providence - to carry out impulses from that moment, devilishly, to the moment of fast-feeling elements;
wakefulness - the health of being active at the time of the winery impulses;
speed - quickness and relaxation of the heart meat in the form of pulses;
subtlety - a powerful tone, which sets the shape of the person, as the heart doesn’t need to go through the hour of dastoli (relaxation).

By itself, the heart is electrically neutral. Ale, as it is meant to be a visce, in them, nerves and impulses are constantly detected and carried out, as they are not just an electric charge. So the axis, the electrocardiogram of the restructuring of the same impulses, is capable of producing the myocardium (heart) to the fast-feeling health.

Yak vidbuvato write electrocardiograms

Taking an electrocardiogram for the sake of not becoming great difficulties. It’s easy to do it because you can fit in to any student of a medical university. Electrocardiograph є in skin lesions, polyclinics. There is a strong presence in the car for extra help. In order to use the EKG, it is necessary to lay the patient on his back on a flat surface, in front of the front of his chest and legs out of the way.

Dilyanki, on which the introduction is imposed, are subject to a special breakdown. Introductions represent a tangle of small colors, from which to attach a cardiographer to go darts. Likewise, the chest connection - suction cups with wires, which can be attached to the middle of the door in the middle of the day. On the attachment of the electrocardiograph, there are various modes and images, such as the display of the fahivets, the paper line, on which all the information from the viewers of the graphic pulses is rebuilt.

For that, as an elektrokardiogram otriman, fahivets engage in deciphering.

EHC designation and approval

Viznachennya danikh, otrimanih on the cardiogram, you can, if you know the basics of cardiology and cardiography.

So, on the cardiogram of representations, graphical babies with intervals and teeth. For the definition of vikoristoyutsya letters of the Latin alphabet: P, Q, R, S, T, U.

The skin letter is indicative of the singing dilyantsi on the cardiogram. Skin dilyanka EKG is a chain process that can be seen in the heart. put on:

Prong P - depolarization (fast) atrium;
R-wave - depolarization (fast-moving) of lugs;
T-wave - repolarization (relaxation) of the lugs of the heart.

The clear understanding of the isoline is a clever line, how to see the teeth on the positive and negative. The R wave is the beginning of the line. This means that win is positive, and the Q wave below is win negative.

Also on the electrocardiogram is the presentation of the information, which was recorded by the cardiographers. Tsyh v_veden zvvychay 12:

standard 1.2 and 3, denoted in Latin numerals;
feasibility of AVR, AVL, AVF;
chest from V1 to V6.

analysis of electrocardiograms

In order to decipher the cardiogram, it is necessary to generate the last rosary, to correct the necessary results. Scheme for the analysis of the viglyadє approximately by the offensive rank.

Viznachennya vod_ya rhythm, tobto dzherela zbujennya. Lyudin is healthy when he has a rhythm, rosetting in a sinus node, and such a rhythm is also called sinus. Cei rhythm maє deyaki characteristics:

frequency from 60 to 80 strokes per quill;
positive P wave in another standard introduction;
unchanged normal form P in all introductions.

Ale the rhythm is bang and non-sinus, that is, there will be characteristics of the one.

So, atrial rhythm characterized by negative P waves in other and third introductions.

Shlunochkovy (ventricular) rhythm is less than 40 beatings per chilin.

The frequency of the heart is very fast. In order to increase the frequency of the heart, it is necessary to adjust the frequency of the heart rate to the RR interval. If arrhythmia, then the mean value of five RR intervals starts. If we use the value, it must be multiplied by 0.04, as the speed of the paper line in the cardiograph is 25 mm per second, or by 0.02 at 50 mm per second. In healthy people, the frequency of hearts is very fast to vary from 60 to 90 per quill.

The position of the electrical axis of the heart. The price is a total value, which is represented directly by the electric power of the heart meat. The position of the axis is physiological and pathological. The physiological position of the electric axis is made possible by the healthy people and by the option of norms. Razr_znyayut normal, horizontal and upright... The pathological camp is susceptible to becoming sick in the midst of sickness of the heart. The position is as follows: turning the axis to the left and turning the axis to the right.

The value of the interval. Interval PQ - the image for an hour, after the nerve impulse to pass along the foreheads, wicked and fast. It’s crazy, maddened, to tell you about the ruin in the robot's heart. The rate is 0.12 sec. So, in a short time interval to talk about those who are shlunochki zbuduzhuyutsya before an hour. Heightened as if in the atrioventricular node є blockade. Permanent non-change interval is a sign of sinus rhythm.

The QRS interval is an hour, after a nerve impulse to pass through the slings, wicked and fast. At the normal rate, the interval for trivial roads is 0.06 to 0.1 sec. As soon as the interval is podovzhutsya, tse talk about those who have come intraventricular blockade.

Interval QT - restoration of the systole (fast) of the systole of the heart. At the norm, the triviality of the given interval becomes 0.35 to 0.44 sec. The value to lie in the frequency of the heart is very fast, statі and vіku. If the interval is greater than the norms, then it’s worth talking about those who have a patient є diffuse heart disease (myocardium). For example, hypercalculus.

Values of teeth, voltage and segments. The P-wave is the result of the destruction of the two aprons. The value of the doorway is 0.02 to 0.03 sec. Podovzhennya hour to learn about intra-atrial blockade.

The Q wave is the result of the cob phase of the buzzing. Normal win is negative and not more than 0.03 sec.

The R-wave is the whole hour, during which the buzzing and the quickness of the shlunochkiv take place. With normal robots, the heart wins the door 0.04 sec. As long as the hanging prong is changed in three standard inputs and in the value area, then the voltage of the heart can be rejected. At the norm, the voltage is saved at values from 5 to 15 mm. Reduced voltage talk about organic exercises heart. For example, exudative pericarditis.

The R-wave can be split or split. Such a situation is spared in case of damage to the internal drainage capacity.

S-wave, so it is, yak and P-wave, negative. Ceremony of reestablishment and fast delivery The tooth is not persecutory. It is triviality to become 0.04 sec. Most of the bends of the wines in the chest.

Prong T - the center of the repolarization of the shlunochkiv, їkh weakening. The amplitude of the whole tooth is not to blame for the change of 6 mm in the standard entries on the electrocardiogram. Zm_ni yogo magnitude abo nonspecific amplitude.

Otzhe, a hundred zrozumilo, well, the decoding of the EKG is not itself simple zavdannya, Yaka stand in front of the likar. It takes an hour to master, and the deyakі of knowledge comes only with the help.

Competent and correct analysis of the given electrocardiography can help to establish the most common diagnostics.

arrhythmia
Ailment heart
bradycardia
hypertension
Hypertensive ailment
Vise and pulse
diagnostics
іnshe
infarction
ischemic ailment
Folk medicine
Vice of the heart
prophylaxis
Sertseva lack
angina
tachycardia

Shown and contraindicated until the heart is attached

How does it manifest itself as a blockade of the right lower part of the Gis's bundle?

Symptoms and symptoms of chronic heart failure

May be traces of heart arrhythmia

I am for the preparation of the heart meat p'yu cardioactiv. Lykar river.

Dyakuyu for the tsikava article. My mom might have some samples.

My child has a portal hypertension (in ric z l.

Dyakuyu for detailed information.

Copying materials to the site can be done without the need for additional information in the case of the installation of active indexing of information on our site.

Electrocardiogram (EKG heart). Part 2 of 3: EKG decryption plan

Tse another part of the cycle about the EKG (in the people - EKG heart). For a more reasonable time, you need to read:

The electrocardiogram depicts only electrical processes in the myocardium: depolarization (stimulation) and repolarization (renewal) of the myocardium cell.

Allocation of ECG intervals with phases of the heart cycle (systole and diastolic shlunochkiv).

Elementi okay EHC

First, go to the decryption of the EKG, it is necessary to return, for which items are stored.

Tsikavo, behind the cordon the interval P-Q is called P-R.

The teeth - the chain of opacity and oppression on the electrocardiogram.

On the EKG, there are advancing teeth:

The interval is stored from the teeth (complex of teeth) of the segment. Thus, interval = tooth + segment. Choose the P-Q and Q-T intervals.

Cogs, segments and intervals on the EKG.

To brutalize respect for great and other clitini (about them below).

The teeth to the QRS complex

Options for the QRS complex.

EKG analysis

EKG decryption scheme

Reconsideration of the correctness of the EHC reconstruction.
Analysis of heart rate and performance:
- assessment of the regularity of the heart is very fast,
- heart rate (HR),
- viznachennya dzherela zbujennya,
- assessment of performance.
The design of the electrical axis of the heart.
Analysis of the anterior P wave and the P - Q interval.
Analysis of the slurry complex QRST:
- analysis of the QRS complex,
- analysis of the RS - T segment,
- T wave analysis,
- analysis of the Q - T interval.
Electrocardiographic visnovok.

1) Revision of the correctness of the EHC's restoration

Control millivolt on the EKG (I will write on the cob).

2) Analysis of heart rate and performance:

heart rate (HR)

With a line speed of 50 mm / s: HR = 600 / (number of great squares).

With a line speed of 25 mm / s: HR = 300 / (number of great squares).

On the scale of the EKG, the R-R interval is approximately 4.8 large cells, but at a speed of 25 mm / s, it is 300 / 4.8 = 62.5 beats. / Khv.

At a speed of 25 mm / s, a small skin size is 0.04 s, and at a speed of 50 mm / s - 0.02 s. Tse vikoristovuєtsya for the value of triviality teeth and intervals.

If the rhythm is wrong, you will increase the maximum and minimum heart rate, but the triviality of the smallest and the greatest R-R interval is obvious.

viznachennya dzherela zbujennya

Sinus rhythm (not normal rhythm, and all other rhythms are pathological).

Dzherelo is in the sinus-atrial university. Signs on the EKG:

in the II standard introduced P waves, whether positive and located in front of the skin QRS complex,
P waves in one and the same introduced may be of the same shape.

P wave in sinus rhythm.

Anterior rhythm. If it’s dzherelo zbudzhennya to be in the lower viddilah in front of the heart, then the urge to expand to the front of the head from bottom to top (retrograde), to that:

in II and III leads P negative,
teeth P є in front of the skin QRS complex.

P wave at atrial rhythm.

P waves can be visible, so it can be found on the normal QRS complex,
P waves can be negative, roztashovuyuchis on the QRS complex.

Rhythm z AV-z'єdannya, superimposed P wave on the QRS complex.

The rhythm is from AV-z'єdnannya, the P wave is located in the QRS complex.

The heart rate at a rhythm from the AV-back is less than the sinus rhythm and the average beats in the chilin.

QRS complexes widened and deformed (seemingly "scary"). In the norm, the triviality of the QRS complex is 0.06-0.10 s, while at such a rhythm the QRS changes to 0.12 s.
There are no certain regularities between QRS complexes and P waves, which is why the AV signal does not release pulses from the shlunochkiv, but in front of the heart it can burst from the sinus node, as in the norm.
Heart rate less than 40 beats per chilin.

Idioventricular rhythm. The P wave is not tied with the QRS complex.

For the correct level of performance, I will write down the speed.

To assess the performance:

triviality of the P wave (visualization of the speed of the impulse along the atria), in the norm up to 0.1 s.
triviality to the interval P - Q (visualization of the speed of the pulse from the anterior to the myocardium of the shlunochki); Interval P - Q = (wave P) + (segment P - Q). Normi 0.12-0.2 s.
triviality to the QRS complex (visualization of the widening of the buzzing on the flip-flops). Normi has 0.06-0.1 s.
Interval of internal delivery for connections V1 and V6. A whole hour between the cob and the QRS complex and the R wave. At normal in V1 up to 0.03 s and in V6 up to 0.05 s. Vikoristovuєtsya in the main for the design of blockades of the gus bundle and for the designation of the dzherel zbudzhennya in the slings in the form of the slurry extrasystole (post-cranny fast heart).

Vimіryuvannya to the interval of internal vіdhilennya.

3) The designation of the electrical axis of the heart.

In the first part of the cycle about the EKG, it was explained that the heart is also electric and start at the frontal area.

4) Analysis of the atrial P.

In the norm, the triviality of the P wave does not overlap 0.1 s, and its amplitude is 1.5 - 2.5 mm.

Pathological failure of the P wave:

Sharpening of the high teeth P is normal triviality in introductions II, III, aVF are characteristic of hypertrophy of the right atrium, for example, with a "legacy heart".
Splitting with 2 vertices, enlargements of the P wave in introductions I, aVL, V5, V6 are characteristic of hypertrophy of the front atrium, for example, with defects of the mitral valve.

Formation of the P wave (P-pulmonale) with hypertrophy of the right atrium.

Formation of the P wave (P-mitrale) with hypertrophy of the left atrium.

The increase in the given interval of pulses in case of damaged conduction of impulses through the atrioventricular vuzole (atrioventricular blockade, AV blockade).

AV blockade of 3 stages:

Stage I - the interval of P-Q increases, the ale-cutaneous P wave shows the QRS complex (the complex does not appear).
Stage II - QRS complexes are often seen, so that not all P waves are generated by their QRS complex.
Stage III - the next blockade was carried out in the AV-university. In front of the heart and the snorkel speed up at a whiplash rhythm, just one out of one. Tobto vinikє idioventricular rhythm.

5) Analysis of the QRST slurry complex:

The maximum triviality of the shuttle complex is 0.07-0.09 s (up to 0.10 s). The triviality is reduced in case of any blockages of the lower bundle of the gas.

analysis of the RS segment - T

In the normal case, the S-T segment is located in the form of pictures on the izoline (± 0.5 mm). At V1-V3, the S-T segment can be offset upward (not more than 2 mm), and in V4-V6 - downward (not more than 0.5 mm).

T. wave analysis.

analysis of the Q - T interval.

6) Electrocardiographic visnovok.

Dzherelo to the rhythm (sinus chi ni).
Regularity of rhythm (correct chi nі). Name the sinus rhythm є correct if there is a dyshal arrhythmia.
The position of the electrical axis of the heart.
Evidence of 4 syndromes:
- broken rhythm
- deterioration of performance
- hypertrophy і / for re-entanglement of mouth and anterior
- myocardial disease (ischemia, dystrophy, necrosis, scarring)

Attach visnovkiv (not some more, but real ones):

Sinus rhythm with heart rate 65. Normal position of the electric axis of the heart. Pathology is not revealed.

Sinus tachycardia with heart rate 100. Single supragastric extrasystole.

Sinus rhythm with heart rate 70 beats / min. The blockade of the right lower part of the Gis's bundle is not complete. Some metabolic changes in myocardium.

Apply the EKG for specific ailments of the heart-vascular system - for the next time.

Pereskodi to EKG

At the connection with frequent meals in the comments for the form of the EKG, we will tell you about the pereshkodi, which can be found on the electrocardiogram:

Three types of pereskod on the EKG (explained below).

Change to EKG in the lexicon of medical practitioners called a tip:

a) aiming struma: flicker aiming at the correct number of heads with a frequency of 50 Hz;

b) "floating" (drift) izolіnії from the cause of the filthy contact of the electrode with the shkіroy;

c) a tip-off, pummeled with myazovaya tremtynnyam (you can see the wrong parts of the ringing).

comments 73 before the release of “Electrocardiogram (EKG heart). Part 2 of 3: EKG decryption plan "

Thank you great, additional help to refresh knowledge. ❗ ❗

Less than a QRS of 104 ms. This means. І disgusting tse?

The QRS complex is a full-bodied complex, which shows an hour of enlargement of the heart-shaped bowls. For adults, up to 0.1 seconds. In such a rank, you have the upper limit of norms.

Also in aVR the introduced T wave is positive, meaning that the electrodes are incorrectly applied.

I was 22 rocky, the EKG beat, in the link it is written: "Ectopic rhythm, normally straight ... (neatly written) axes of the heart ...". Likar said, in my life, take a boom. What is it tied with?

"Ectopic rhythm" - means a rhythm NOT from a sinus node, which is a broken heart in normal.

Mozhlivo, the lykar is small in uvaz, such a rhythm is natural, especially dumb in the hearts of those who are ill. Shvidshe for everything, the guides of the heart were not formulated altogether.

I can’t tell you more, it’s a demand from the nobility;

There are 27 years of age, in the link it is written: "The change of the processes of repolarization." What does it mean?

Tse means that the phase of renewal of the myocardium of the shlunochkiv is destroyed by the rank. The EKG shows the S-T segment and the T wave.

How much can you replace 12 at the EKG? 6 breast і I і II introduction? How can you know about the information?

You can. All to lay down for the purpose of obsozhennya. Deyaki disturbance of the rhythm can be diagnosed one at a time (be it) introduction. In case of myocardial ischemia, it is necessary to carry out all 12 days. If necessary, know additional information. Read books on the analysis of the EHC.

Yak on EKG will be watching for aneurysms? І їх їх viyavlyati? Dyakuya ahead ...

Aneurysm is a pathological enlargement of the sudins. On the EKG їkh it is not possible to see. Aneurysms should be diagnosed based on ultrasound and angiography data.

Explain whether weasel means “... Sinus. rhythm 100 in hv. ". Tse nasty chi good?

"Rhythm of the sinus" means that the electrical impulses in the heart were in the sinus node. Tse is the norm.

"100 in khilina" - tse the frequency of the heart is very fast. In the norm, the grown-ups have from 60 to 90, the children have more. Tobto in this vypadku the frequency of trocha is shifted.

The cardiogram has the following meanings: sinus rhythm, nonspecific ST-T changes, possibly electrolytic changes. The therapist said, why doesn’t mean anything, why so?

Snakes are called nonspecific, as they are in the midst of sickness. In this particular issue on the EKG, there are not many snakes, but not really intelligence, which is the reason, is not possible.

Electrolytic changes - the chain of changes in the concentration of positive and negative ions (calium, sodium, chlorine, etc.)

Chi pouring in on the results of the EHC, then, why didn’t the child lie quietly and I’ll write it down for an hour?

If the child is not hasty, then on the EKG there can be a pereshkodi, wikklican with electric pulses of skeletal muzzles. The EHC itself will not change, it will simply be more important to decipher it.

Does this mean a visnovok on the EKG - SP 45% N?

Shvidshe for everything, relying on uvaz "systolic indicator". Scho rely on respect for the understanding of the understanding - in the Internet there is no clear explanation. You can set the triviality of the Q-T interval to the R-R interval.

In the case of a systolic index, or a systolic index, it is the rate at which the patient is sick. Only I do not feel the function but started on the EHC. Patients are more colorful with the letter N, which means - the norm.

On the EKG there is a two-phase tooth R. Is it pathological?

Can't tell. Estimate the view and width of the QRS complex in all connections. I especially respect the beasts on the Q (q) waves and the R proportions.

The jaggedness of the falling edge of the R-wave, in I AVL V5-V6, is detected with an anterior-toothed IM, if it is isolated to see the mark without them, not even sense, all one will be the serpentine of the ST interval with the scoring.

Zrіdka vipadaє (loss) R wave. What does it mean?

Iakshcho tse not extrasystoles, which means, varice wiklican, shvidshe for everything, smart minds carrying out impulses.

the axis of the siju and I re-sort the EKG, in my head, well, the porridge is small, scho explaining the teacher. What axis is needed by the nobility, why not stray? ((((

I am aware of it. We have recently found the subject of syndromic pathology, and also give the EKG ailments and need to immediately say there on the EKG, and here the axis of the rogue is to be repaired.

Yulia, do you want to meet at once those, whom all life will go to fakhivtsi. 🙂

Add a number of serious books on the EKG, often marvel at the development of cardiograms. If you can see a normal EKG memory in 12 cases and options for an EKG in case of major illnesses, then you can even more quickly start pathology on the plyucy. However, you will have to work hard.

An unspecified diagnosis is written on the EKG okremo. What does it mean?

The price is definitely not a visnovok with electrocardiograms. Shvidshe for everything, obsessed with diagnostics when directed to the EKG.

Thank you for the article, even more help you go to the cob stages and Murashko is easier to sleep)

Does this mean QRST = 0.32 as a result of electrocardiograms? What a mess? What can you be tied with?

Dovzhin to QRST complex in seconds. Tse is a normal indicator, do not get lost in the QRS complex.

I knew the results of the EHC 2 years ago, in the link it says “ signs of myocardial hypertrophy". The message rocked the EHC more than 3 times, the last time 2 times, to that, all three remaining EHCs have no words about the hypertrophy of the LSh myocardium. What can you be tied with?

Shvidshe for everything, in the first vypadovok vypadki roughly shattered, tobto without a lot of messages: "signs of hypertrophy ...". If there are clear signs on the EKG, the bulo b means "hypertrophy ...".

What is the value of the amplitude of the teeth?

Amplitude of teeth vvazhayut for millimeter razpodilami of the plavka. On the cob of the skin ECG, the control millivolt is guilty, which is 10 mm in height. The amplitude of the teeth changes in millimeters and in a buoyant way.

In the norm I would like to, in one of the first 6, the amplitude of the QRS complex is at least 5 mm, but not more than 22 mm, and in the chest insertions - 8 mm and 25 mm respectively. Well, the amplitude is less, talking about the low voltage of the EKG. True, we will clear up the whole term, so, for Orlov's tribute, there are no clear criteria for visibility for people with a tall statue.

In practice, more important is the value of the reduction of the margins in the QRS complex, especially Q and R, which can also be familiar with myocardial infarction.

Meni 21 rik, the visnovka says: sinus tachycardia with a heart rate of 100.... What does it mean? not safe?

The frequency of the heart is very fast (in the norm 60-90). "Pomirnі diffuse changes" in myocardium - change of electrical processes in all myocardium through yogo dystrophy (deterioration of vitality of the clitin).

Cardiogram is not fatal, it is impossible to name it better or better. It is necessary to check in with a cardiologist, schob z'yasuvati, to see with the heart, and it is possible to develop.

At me in the link it says "sinus arrhythmia", if the therapist said that the rhythm is correct, that is visually the teeth of the same appearance. Yak can you bootie?

Visnovok rob Lyudin, so you can be in the act of the world sub'actively (as a therapist, so functional diagnostics). Yak is written in the statti, with the correct sinus rhythm " the triviality of the range of R-R intervals is allowed to be no more than ± 10% of the average and triviality... »The reason for this is the apparent dichotomous arrhythmia, about how the report is written here:

What can lead to the hypertrophy of the lil 'slung?

Min 35 rock. Visnovka has written: “ slight build-up R wave in V1-V3". What does it mean?

Tamara, in case of hypertrophy of the lynx, she will see the growth of the lynx, as well as the remodeling (rebuilding) of the heart - the destruction of the correct development of the meat and with good cloth... It should lead to the development of myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure and arrhythmias before the development of the risk. More details: plaintest.com/beta-blockers

Anna, in the chest insertions (V1-V6), the amplitude of the R wave is to blame for the norm of zb_lshuvatis from V1 to V4 (i.e., the skin onset tooth is guilty of being greater than the front one). In V5 and V6, the R wave rises less in amplitude, lower in V4.

Tell me, what is the connection to the EOS and what is the problem? So also the blockade of the right nіzhka of the Giessen bundle?

Vіdhilennya EOS (electric axis of the heart) vlіvo buvay hіpertrophy lіvogo shlunochka (to instill a thorny wall). In some cases, the EOS is more common in healthy people, since they have a very large diaphragm dome (hyperstenic statura, obesity, etc.). For the correct interpretation, it is necessary to change the EKG from the front.

On the blockade of the right lower bundle of the Guse - the chain of the enlargement of the electrical impulses on the right of the lower bundle of the Guse (div. Here is an article about the wire systems of the heart).

hello, what does it mean? livy type EKG, IBPNPG і BPVLNPG

Livy type EKG - electrical axis of the heart in the left.

IBPNPG (more precisely: NBPNPG) is an uncommon blockade of the right lower part of the Gis bundle.

BPVLNPG - blockade of the anterior nozzle of the left lower part of the Gis bundle.

Let's say, be weasel, why should we reduce the malium spit of the R wave in V1-V3?

In the norm in introductions from V1 to V4, the R wave is guilty of an increase in amplitude, moreover, in the cutaneous offensive insertion, it is guilty, but not in the forward one. The appearance of such a build-up of a type QS type complex in V1-V2 is familiar to the myocardial infarction of the anterior part of the middle septum.

You will need to re-run the EKG and change it in advance.

Pidkazhit, be weasel, does it mean "nasty build-up R in V1 - V4"?

Tse means that the build-up is either insufficiently fast, or insufficiently equal. Marvel at my first comment.

Tell me, and de ludin, who himself can't figure out how to get the EHC in his life, why did you get all the reports posted on a new occasion?

robbed for the fact that it didn’t make sense of the rasping phrases of the cardiologist. And at the same time, my heart became turbuwati ...

You can consult a cardiologist. I’ll explain it to you, I’ll explain. If it passed the test, it became turbuvati, and the EHC needs to be revised again and again.

Not all of the EHC's changes are unambiguous about the problems, most often there are a dozen reasons for them. Yak, for example, has a change in the tooth T.

On the EKG - diffuse nonspecific changes ST-T. Sent to an endocrinologist. Now? Gynecological problems can be the cause of such changes?

Potential endocrinological discomforts (pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis, etc.)

Kintseva part of the clown complex (S-T segment and T wave) can be changed in females during their ages hormonal damage and during the period of climax (it is so called dyshormonal and climacteric myocardial dystrophy, Abo cardiopathy).

Say whether weasel chi is pouring into the correctness of the EHC.

My synovi 22 rock. The heart rate is from 39 to 149. What can you do? Likar not really say anything. prescribed Concor

For the hour of the nobility EKG dikhannya is guilty of being zvychayne. Record beforehand if there is a large inhalation and reception of the reaction III as standard. It is necessary to reconsider the manifestation of dichotomous sinus arrhythmias and positions of the EKG.

When the heart rate in a calm state rises from 39 to 149, it can also be a syndrome of weakness of the sinus node. When Prototyping Concor is one of the best beta-blockers of fenestration, if a small dose is used, the decrease in heart rate can be reduced. Synovi should be checked by a cardiologist and an atropinovy test.

The EKG message says: metabolic changes. What does it mean? Do you need a cardiologist's consultation?

Metabolic changes associated with the EKG can also be called degenerative (electrolytic) changes, as well as disrupted repolarization processes (the other name is correct). Smell of a loss of metabolism (exchange of words) in the myocardium, which is not associated with the damage of blood loss (tobto with infarction or progressive angina pectoris). Try to change the tune to get the T wave (change its shape and size) in one or more areas, use rocks without dynamics characteristic of an infarction. Don't make a stench for life. The reason, according to the EHC, cannot be said for sure, for that, nonspecific snakes occur with the very young ills: hormonal background(Especially climax), anemia, cardiodistrophy good time, Damage to the ionic balance, to the loss, to the loss of the liver, nirok, ignition processes, Injuries of the heart and in. Ale to the cardiologist, it is necessary to try again, what is the reason for the change on the EKG.

The EHC Visnovku says: lack of R build-up in chest insertions... What does it mean?

It can be a variant of the norms, as well as a possible myocardial infarction. The cardiologist needs to get the EHC from the front of the urahuvannya skarg and classic paintings If necessary, sign EchoCG, blood analysis for markers of myocardial reduction and repeat EKG.

hello, tell me, but for certain camps and in which introductions, a positive Q wave will be promoted?

The positive Q wave (q) is not buvaє, win or є, or dumb. If the spike is straight up the hill, then we call it R (r).

Food about heart rate. Adding a heart rate monitor. Earlier, I did it without a new one. Zdivuvsya if the maximum pulse is buv 228. There are no uncommon ones. On the heart, the nikoli did not skarzhiv. 27 rock_v. Bike. At the quiet station, the pulse is close to 70. Having changed the pulse without changing it to manual, the correct display is shown. Is it ok to navantazhennya need to be surrounded?

The maximum pulse rate at physical navantazhennyah vvaetsya yak "220 minus vіk". For you = 193. Perevischuvati it is not safe and not bad, especially a little trained people and a trivial hour. More beautifully, mensh intensively, a little more. Aerobny start-up threshold: 70-80% of the maximum heart rate (for you). Є anaerobic threshold: 80-90% of the maximum heart rate.

Oskilki in the middle 1 vidpovidyh vidpovidє 4 heart rate very quickly, you can simply respond to the frequency of the response. If you can not just dichati, but say short phrases, then it is normal.

Explain whether weasel is also parasystole and how you come to the EHC.

Parasystole is a parallel function in the heart of two and more rhythm. One of them is known as a sinus-like university, and the other (ectopic rhythm) is most often found in one of the heart-and-throat wicks, called parasystoles. For the diagnosis of parasystole, a trivial record of the EKG is required (to complete one entry). For more details, read VN Orlov's "Certification for electrocardiography" or in other dzherels.

Signs of low-pitched parasystole on the EKG:

1) parasystoles are similar to shlunochkov_extrasystoles, Alle the interval of heat growth, that is why there is no sound between sinus rhythm and parasystole;

2) no compensatory pause;

3) when there are fewer parasystoles, multiples of the most common parasystoles;

4) is characterized by a sign of parasystole - zlivni fast shlunochkіv, with such shlunochki zbudzhuyutsya from 2 dzherel at once. The shape of the angry clownfish complexes is an intermediate type of sinus and parasystoles.

Hello, say be weasel, which means on the decoding of the EKG maliy pririst R.

It’s just a statement to the fact that behind the chest input (from V1 to V6) the amplitude of the R wave is insufficiently fast. Cause you can get it yourself, you don’t expect to be easy to get on the EKG. Additional assistance with prior EHCs, with caution in dynamism and supplementation.

Tell me, why can the QRS be tied to change from 0.094 s to 0.132 on the new EKG?

Possibly the last (timchasove) destructiveness of the internal service.

Dyakuyu scho vkіntsі inserted about the guidance. And then I otrimav EKG without decryption і like hitting on V1, V2, V3 the suction teeth on the butt (a) - it’s not on its own ...

Say whether weasel means two-phase P waves in I, v5, v6?

A wide double-humped P wave will start to re-develop in connections I, II, aVL, V5, V6 with hypertrophy of the left atrium.

Say, be weasel, which means in the connection of the EKG: "I will respect the Q-wave in III, AVF (not to breathe), but, especially, the peculiarities of the internal snares of the positional character."?

The Q wave at the introduction of III and aVF is invaded by pathological ones, if I change 1/2 the R wave and is wider than 0.03 s. With the presence of pathological Q (III) only in the III standard introduced ancillary test with a large inhalation: with a large inhalation of Q, dressings with myocardial infarction, it becomes possible, so that the position of Q (III) changes.

Oskilki are not blameworthy, then it will be transferred, that this condition is not tied with an infarction, but with the position of the heart.

a. Dextrocardia. Negative P and T waves, inversion of the QRS complex in the I introduction without an increase in the amplitude of the R wave in the chest insertions. Dextrocardia can be one of the manifestations of situs inversus internal organs) Abo isolated. Isolated dextrocardia is often combined with other types of vads, including coriguvati transposition of the magistral arteries, stenosis of the leg artery, defects in the middle and anterior septa.

b. Wrong electrodes applied. If the electrode, the designation for the left hand, is superimposed on the right, then the negative P and T waves are re-adjusted, the QRS complex is inverted with the normal swelling of the transition zone in the chest insertions.

3. Gliboky negative P at introduced V 1: improvement of the front of the heart. P mitrale: at the introduced V 1, the end part (upper part) of the P wave is widened (> 0.04 s), the amplitude of the P wave is> 1 mm, the P wave is widened in the second introduction (> 0.12 s). Spasters with metral and aortic vas, heart failure, myocardial infarction. The specificity of cich signs is 90%.

4. Negative P wave in II introduction: ectopic anterior rhythm. The PQ interval is ringing> 0.12 s, the P wave is negative in leads II, III, aVF.

B. Interval PQ

1. Raising the PQ interval: Stage 1 AV block. The PQ intervals are the same and vary 0.20 sec. As the triviality of the PQ interval is varied, then AV blockade of the 2nd stage is possible.

PQ Interval Speed

a. Functional speed for PQ interval. PQ< 0,12 с. Наблюдается в норме, при повышении симпатического тонуса, артериальной гипертонии, гликогенозах.

b. WPW syndrome. PQ< 0,12 с, наличие дельта-волны, комплексы QRS широкие, интервал ST и зубец T дискордантны комплексу QRS. См. гл. 6, п. XI.

v. AV-nodal or lower atrial rhythm. PQ< 0,12 с, зубец P отрицательный в отведениях II, III, aVF. см.

3. Depression of the PQ segment: pericarditis. Depression of the PQ segment in all introductions, except for aVR, is most pronounced in connections II, III and aVF. Depression of the PQ segment is also indicated in atrial infarction, such as in 15% of cases in myocardial infarction.

D. Width to the QRS complex

a. Blockade of the anterior hemorrhage of the left lower bundle of the gas. View of the electric axis of the heart to the left (from -30 ° to -90 °). Low R-wave і glide S-wave in insertions II, III and aVF. High R-wave at I and aVL leads. A small Q wave may be restructuring. In the introduced aVR є the tooth in the absence of activation (R "). It is characteristic that the transition zone is changed in the infants.

b. Blockade of the posterior branch of the left lower branch of the gas bundle. Show the electric axis of the heart to the right (> + 90 °). Low R-wave and wide S-wave in I and aVL leads. A small Q wave may be resumed in insertions II, III, aVF. It is indicated in ІХС, and in healthy people. It doesn't happen often. It is necessary to turn on the reasons for the revision of the electrical axis of the heart to the right: hypertrophy of the right shlunochka, COPD, the heart of the heart, myocardial infarction, vertical position of the heart. I will increase my strength in diagnostics and only correlate with the previous EKG. Likuvannya is not a vimag.

v. The blockade of the left lower part of the Gis bundle is not complete. Serration of the R wave or the appearance of a deeper R (R ") wave at V 5, V 6. Wide S wave at V 1, V 2. The width of the Q wave at I, aVL, V 5, V 6.

m Nepovna blockade of the right nіzhka of the Gis bundle. R (R ") tooth at V 1, V 2. Wide S wave at V 5, V 6.

2.> 0.12 s

a. Blockade of the right lower bundle of the Gis. Disease R wave in V 1, V 2 connections with oblique ST segment and negative T wave Glib S tooth in I, V 5, V 6 connections. ... Disguised blockade of the right lower bundle of the ventriculonector: the form of the QRS complex at the introduction of V 1 leads to a blockade of the right lower bundle of the ventricle, protects in the insertions of I, aVL, or V 5, V 6, the RSR complex is rebuilt. Gisa, hypertrophy of the lilac duck, myocardial infarction.

b. Blockade of the left lower bundle of the Gis. Wide notches R-wave at I, V 5, V 6. Shallow S-wave or QS at V 1, V 2. Lenegra, IXC, Inodi - in the norm. Lіkuvannya - see Ch. 6, item VIII.D.

v. Blockade of the right lower part of the bundle of the Hyse and one of the locks of the left lower part of the bundle of the Hyse. The addition of a two-beam blockade with an AV blockade of the 1st stage does not follow the development of a three-beam blockade: an increase in the PQ interval can be explained by the hope that it was carried out in the AV-unit, and not by the blockade of the third head of the Gis beam. Lіkuvannya - see Ch. 6, item VIII.ZH.

m. Damage to internal drainage capacity. Expansion of the QRS complex (> 0.12 s) before the hour of the day is a sign of blockage of the right or left lower part of the Gis bundle. It is indicated in case of organic lesions of the heart, hypercalypse, hypertrophy of the louse, in case of antiarrhythmic disorders of the classes Ia and Ic, in case of WPW syndrome. Likuvannya zazvychay not vimag.

7.2.1. myocardial hypertrophy

The reason for the diagnosis of hypertrophy, as a rule, is overwhelmingly on the heart, either by support (arterial hypertension), or by volume (chronic nirkova / abo heart failure). The robot has been able to keep up with the idea of increasing the number of myocardial fibers. Bioelectric activity of the hypertrophied heart of growth, how to know its image on the electrocardiogram.

7.2.1.1. Hypertrophy of the left atrium

characteristic familiar hypertrophy of the left atrium є an increase in the width of the P wave (more than 0.12 s). Another sign is a serpentine shape of the P wave (two humps with the ridges of another vertex) (Fig. 6).

Small. 6. EKG with hypertrophy of the left atrium

Hypertrophy of the left atrium is a typical symptom of stenosis of the mitral valve, and the P wave is called P-mitrale. Some changes are displayed for entries I, II, aVL, V5, V6.

7.2.1.2. Hypertrophy of the right atrium

With hypertrophy of the right anterior part of the snake, the P wave can also be felt, which will inflate the shape and grow beyond the amplitude (Fig. 7).

Small. 7. EKG with hypertrophy of the right atrium (P-pulmonale), right shlunochka (S-type)

Hypertrophy of the right atrium is susceptible to defect in the anterior septum, hypertension of a small cola blood circulation.

Most often, such a prong of P appears when the legends are caught, but it is not uncommon to be called P-pulmonale.

Hypertrophy of the right atrium is a sign of the serpentine P in introductions II, III, aVF, V1, V2.

7.2.1.3. Hypertrophy of the lilac duck

Hearts are more beautifully adapted to the new age, and in the early stages, hypertrophy may not appear on the EKG, but in the world the development of pathology can be seen characteristic signs.

With hypertrophy of shlunochki on the EKG significantly more changes, less with hypertrophy of the atrium.

The main signs of the hypertrophy of the lilac duck є (Fig. 8):

Vidhilennya electric axis of the heart vlovo (levogram);

Zsuv junction zone to the right (at entries V2 or V3);

The R wave at V5, V6 is high and higher for the amplitude, below RV4;

Glib S at the connections V1, V2;

Extensions of the QRS complex in V5, V6 (up to 0.1 s or more);

Zsuv of the S-T segment is lower than the iso-electric line of the slope up the hill;

Negative T wave in introductions I, II, aVL, V5, V6.

Small. 8. EKG with hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the lynch is often prevented with arterial hypertension, acromegaly, pheochromocytomy, as well as deficiency of the mitral and aortic valves, congenital heart.

7.2.1.4. Hypertrophy of the right duck

Signs of a hypertrophy of the right-sided louse appear on the EKG in neglected conditions. Diagnostics at the early stage of hypertrophy in the region is foldable.

Signs of hypertrophy (Fig. 9):

Displaying the electric axis of the heart to the right (right-hand diagram);

Glib S-wave at introduced V1 and high R-wave at III, aVF, V1, V2;

The height of the RV6 tooth is less, lower in the norm;

Extensions of the QRS complex at the insertions V1, V2 (up to 0.1 s or more);

Glib S-wave at inserted V5, as well as V6;

Zsuv of the S-T segment is lower izolіnії swelling up in the right III, aVF, V1 and V2;

If there are any other blockages of the right lower part of the Gis's bundle;

Zsuv transition zone and left.

Small. 9. EKG with hypertrophy of the right slug

The hypertrophy of the right shlunochka is most often tied to an increased grip in a small amount of blood circulation in case of lesions, stenosis of the mitral valve, parietal thrombosis and stenosis of the lene artery and in the growth of heart disease.

7.2.2. broken rhythm

Weakness, sluggishness, accelerated heart rate, often and difficulty in emotion, interruptions in the robotic heart, in the presence of breath, spoiled, or even if you lose witness, you may be the manifestations of a broken heart rhythm in the hearts of the judges. Confirmation of the appearance, but also of the importance of the type, additional help to the EHC.

A trace of memory, but automatism is the unique power of the clerk of the provincial system of the heart, and the greatest automatism is the sinus vuzol, which controls the rhythm.

Violation of the rhythm (arrhythmia) is diagnosed in quiet drops, if sinus rhythm is visible on the EKG.

Signs of normal sinus rhythm:

Frequency of teeth P - between 60 to 90 (in 1 xv);

However, the triviality of the R-R intervals;

Positive P wave in all introductions, except for aVR.

The breakdown of the rhythm of the heart is even more rіznomanіtnі. All arrhythmias go to Nomotopia (changes develop in the sinus node itself) and heterotopia. In the last fall, the zbudzhuyuyuyuchі impulses come to light the pose of the sinus node, tobto in the atriums, atrioventricular z'udnannі and shlunochki (in the heads of the Gis bundle).

Prior to nomotopic arrhythmias, there is sinus brady- and tachycardia and irregular sinus rhythm. Before the heterotopic - the least and the most troublesome in front of the heart and in the destruction. As soon as the arrhythmia diagnosis is related to the malfunctioning of the wakefulness, the disruption to the rhythm is caused by the extrasystole and paroxysmal tachycardia.

I’ll look at all the changes in arrhythmias that can be seen on the EKG, the author should not mind reading the subtleties of medical science, allowing you to deprive yourself of the main understanding and to see the most significant rhythm of breakdowns.

7.2.2.1. sinus tachycardia

Frequent generation of pulses in the sinus node (more than 100 pulses in 1 min).

On the EKG, the manifestation of the serrated tooth P and the shortened R-R interval is manifested.

7.2.2.2. sinus bradycardia

The frequency of the generation of pulses in the sinus node does not change 60.

On the EKG, there is a manifestation of the serrated tooth P and the subdivisions of the R-R interval.

It is necessary to note that at a frequency of less than 30 bradycardia sinus.

As in the case of a tachycardia, so with a bradycardia of a sick person, one is elated from a sickness, as a result of a breakdown in the rhythm.

7.2.2.3. Irregular sinus rhythm

Pulses are irregularly generated in the sinus node. On the EKG, normal teeth and intervals are visible, but the triviality of the R-R intervals is not less than 0.1 s.

The Danish type of arrhythmia can be seen in healthy people and is not required in likuvanny.

7.2.2.4. idioventricular rhythm

Heterotopic arrhythmias, in case of a watery rhythm, either the lower part of the Gis bundle, or the Purkin fibers.

The pathology is very important.

Ridkisny rhythm on the EKG (tobto 30-40 beats per chilin), the P wave, the QRS complex is deformed and widened (triviality is 0.12 with or more).

To see only in case of severe pathology of the heart. Ailments for such derailments require uncomplicated assistance and non-standard hospitalization in cardiological reanimation.

7.2.2.5. extrasystole

Bezachergova fast heart, wiklican with a single ectopic impulse. Practically, there are less extrasystoles on supra-systoles and shlunochkov.

Nadshlunochkova (її also call atrial) extrasystole is restructed on the EKG, yaksh in the head, wiklikє pozachegov zbujennya (fast) heart, perebuvaє in the forehead.

Shlunochkova extrasystole fixes on the cardiogram when the ectopic vognisch is formed in one of the shlunochki.

Extrasystole can be rare, often (more than 10% faster heart in 1 hour), paired (bigemenia) and group (more than three pids).

Pererahumo EKG-signs of the anterior extrasystole:

Changes in the shape and amplitude of the P wave;

Shortening the P-Q interval;

Before re-establishment, the QRS complex does not look like a normal (sinus) complex;

The R-R interval, which follows the extrasystole, is more than a systole, and is shorter than two normal intervals (a non-equal compensatory pause).

Before heart extrasystoles are more often seen in people who have a kidney disease for cardiosclerosis and ischemic ailments Heart, it can be spared from practically healthy people, for example, if a person is very sick or experiencing stress.

Yaksho extrasystole is mentioned in practically healthy people, then the polyagus is used for valocordin, for corvalol and for general peace of mind.

When restoring an extrasystole in a sick person, it is also necessary to remove the main illness and take antiarrhythmic drugs from the isoptin group.

Signs of a shlunochkovoi extrasystole:

Prong Р відсутній;

The posterior QRS complex is significantly widened (more than 0.12 s) and deformations;

There is a compensatory pause.

Shlunochkova extrasystole should be informed about heart striations (ІХС, myocarditis, endocarditis, infarction, atherosclerosis).

With a shlunochkovy extrasystole at a frequency of 3-5 quickly in 1 hour, antiarrhythmic therapy is routinely carried out.

Most often, lidocaine is injected internally, but less drugs are consumed. Lіkuvannya is carried out with a retelny EKG-control.

7.2.2.6. paroxysmal cardiac

The rapid attack is super-frequent, very fast, from decil seconds to decilcoh days. Heterotopic vod_y to the rhythm is either in slings, or supraventricular.

In case of supraslunochkovo tachycardia (in the first place, the impulses are formed in the atria or atrioventricular nodes) on the EKG the correct rhythm is restored at a frequency from 180 to 220 quickly in 1 min.

The QRS complexes do not change or expand.

With the shlunochkovo form of paroxysmal tachycardia of the P teeth, you can change your place on the EKG, the QRS complexes are deformed and widened.

Supraventricular tachycardia is diagnosed with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, earlier with myocardial infarction.

Shlunochkov form of paroxysmal tachycardia appears in ailments on myocardial infarction, with ІХС, destruction of electrolyte exchange.

7.2.2.7. Migratory arrhythmia (fibrillation at the front of the heart)

A type of supra-mucous arrhythmias, an unsynchronous, uncoordinated electrical activity in the anterior region with further degradation of fast-feeling functions. There is a reason for impulses not to be carried out on the lugs more often, and the stench will speed up irregularly.

Such arrhythmia is reported up to the number of the most frequent breakdowns in the rhythm of the heart.

Vona grows more low in 6% of patients over 60 years of age and in 1% of those with a younger age.

Signs of fibrillation in front of the heart:

Intervals R-R різні (arrhythmia);

Teeth P insutni;

To restuyuyutsya hvili mekhtinnya F (especially clearly the stench is seen in introductions II, III, V1, V2);

Electric alternation (the difference in the amplitude of the I teeth in one input).

Migraine arrhythmia in case of mitral stenosis, thyrotoxicosis and cardiosclerosis, and also rarely in case of myocardial infarction. Medical assistance is provided in the renewal of sinus rhythm. Stagnate novokainamid, drugs and antiarrhythmic drugs.

7.2.2.8. tripotinnya in front of the heart

Stimulation is more significant, less flashing arrhythmia.

When the anterior lumbar movement is normal, the anterior fibrillation and the rapidity of the anterior ligament are susceptible to deterioration and decrease in the anterior fibers.

7.2.2.9. freezing of shlunochki

It’s better and more important to break the rhythm, as quickly as possible to bring blood circulation up to the point. To develop in case of myocardial infarction, as well as in the thermal stages of early heart-vascular disease in patients who are in the camp classic deaths... If you need to take the necessary terms of reanimation, come in.

Signs of fibrillation of shlunochkiv:

Visibility of all teeth in the slurry complex;

Restructuring of health checks in all installations with a frequency of 450-600 hours in 1 hour.

7.2.3. deterioration of performance

The changes on the cardiogram, which are caused by the failure of the impulse in the eyes of the audience, are called blockades. The blockade is classified as fallow from the rivnya, on which it was destroyed.

See sinoatrial, atrial, atrio-sinus blockade and internal sinus blockade. The skin of the cich groups is susceptible to disease. So, for example, there is a sinoatrial blockade of the I, II and III stages, the blockade of the right and left of the Gis bundle. Іnu and a large lecture (blockade of the anterior vein of the left lower bundle of the gas, not the same blockade of the right lower part of the bundle of the gas). In the middle of the deterioration of the capacity, it is possible to reestablish with the help of the EHC, the most practical meaning is to block such a blockade:

Sinoatrilna III level;

Atrioventricular I, II and III stages;

Blockade of the right and left of the Gis bundle.

7.2.3.1. Sinoatrial blockade of the III stage

Loss of conductivity, when there is a blockage, the conduction of stimulation from the sinus node to the anterior is blocked. On nibito normal EHC raptom vipadaє (block) chergove fast, so that the whole P-QRS-T complex (or at once 2-3 complex). The isoline is re-structured at the їх місці. Pathology is susceptible to ailments on IXC, infarction, cardiosclerosis, with a number of drugs (for example, beta-blockers). Likuvannya polyaga in the therapy of the main disease and vicious atropin, izadrina and others).

7.2.3.2. atrioventricular block

Damage to the conduction of the sinus node through the atrioventricular system.

The introduction of atrioventricular conductivity - the stage of atrioventricular blockade of the first stage. To appear on the EKG at the viglyadі increased to the interval Р-Q (more than 0.2 s) with a normal heart rate.

Stage II atrioventricular block is an uncommon blockade, if not all impulses go through the sinus node, reach the myocardium of the shlunochki.

The EKG sees two offensive blockade types: first - Mobitz-1 (Samoilov-Venkebakha) and other - Mobitz-2.

Signs of the blockade of the Mobitz-1 type:

Gradually podovzhutsya interval P

At the same time, the first signs on this stage when the P wave disappears the QRS complex.

Signs of the blockade to the Mobitz-2 type are the periodic display of the QRS complex on the P-Q interval, which is pushed up.

Stage III atrioventricular block - stun, when there is an impulse, it should come from the sinus node, not to be carried out on the shlunok. On the EKG, two types of rhythm are re-tuned, not tied between themselves, the robot slings (QRS complexes) and the aperture (P waves) are not coordinated.

Stage III blockade often occurs with cardiosclerosis, myocardial infarction, abnormal congestion of heart glucosides. The presence of a sick person of this type of blockade is indicated for the first term hospitalization in the cardiological hospital. For vikoristovuyut atropin, ephedrine і, in a number of vipads, prednizolone.

7.2.Z.Z. Blockade of the gus bundle

A healthy people have an electrical impulse, which originated in the sinus node, passing along the legs of the Gis bundle, one hour offended the shlunochka.

With the blockade of the right or any of the gus bundle, there is a change in impulse, and the buzz of this type of louse is lost.

It is also possible to diagnose incomplete blockades and so-called blockades of the anterior and posterior hiplocks of the Gis bundle.

Signs of a recurrent blockage of the right lower branch of the Gis bundle (Fig. 10):

Deformations and extensions (more than 0.12 s) QRS complex;

Negative T wave at V1 and V2 leads;

Zsuv segment S-T from izolіnії;

Extension and splitting of QRS in V1 and V2 in RsR viewers.

Small. 10. EKG in case of additional blockade of the right lower beam of the gas

Signs of a new blockade of the left side of the Gis bundle:

Complex of QRS deformations and extensions (more than 0.12 s);

Zsuv of the S-T segment from the izolіnії;

Negative T wave in V5 and V6 leads;

Expansion and splitting of the QRS complex in the V5 and V6 connections in the RR viewers;

Deformation and widening of the QRS in V1 and V2 in the RS.

Tsi types of blockages occur in case of heart injuries, myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic and myocarditis cardiosclerosis, with improper stasis of a number of medications (heart glucosides, novocainamide).

Do not require special therapy for patients with intraventricular blockade. Smell of a hospital to get sick when the blockade was wicked.

7.2.4. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

For the first time, such a syndrome (WPW) was described by more guessed authors in the 1930s as a form of supra-mucous tachycardia, which is promoted in young healthy people ("functional blockade of the lower gus bundle").

At this hour, it was established that in the body in the middle of a normal way, an impulse was carried out from the sinus node to the shlunochki є additional bunches (Kent, James and Mahaim). On tsikh shlakhah zbujennya reachє shlunochk_v heart shvidshe.

There are some types of WPW syndrome. If it’s hard to get into the lynch earlier, then the WPW type A syndrome will reestablish on the EKG.

Signs of WPW type A syndrome:

Delta-hvilya on the QRS complex is positive in the right thoracic insertions and negative - in other ones (the result of an early stimulation of a part of the louse);

The straightening of the main teeth in the thoracic insertions is approximately the same as in the case of blockade of the left lower part of the Gis's bundle.

Signs of WPW type B syndrome:

Speeds (less than 0.11 s) P-Q interval;

Complex of QRS extensions (more than 0.12 s) and deformations;

Delta-hvilya is negative for the right pectorals, positive - for others;

The straightening of the main teeth in the thoracic insertions is approximately the same as with the blockade of the right lower branch of the Gis bundle.

It is possible to restore a sharply shortened P-Q interval in case of an undeformed QRS complex and a daytime delta-chvili (Laun-Ganong-Levin syndrome).

Additional bundles are transmitted in recessions. Approximately 30-60% of vipads do not show a stench. Some people have a strong development of attacks of tachyarrhythmias. Have arrhythmias medical aid nadaєtsya vіdpovіdno to the out-of-the-box rules.

7.2.5. Early repolarization of shlunochki

The Danish phenomenon occurs in 20% of ailments with heart-vascular pathology (most often it occurs in ailments with heart rhythm disorders).

Tse not get sick, ale patsinti with heart-and-bladder ailments, for which to be discouraged Denmark syndrome, In 2-4 times, they suffer from broken rhythm and providence.

Prior to signs of early repolarization of lugs (Fig. 11), the following should be applied:

Pidyom ST segment;

Delta-hwilya bite (notch on the lower part of the R wave);

The teeth of the high amplitude;

Double-humped tooth P is normal triviality and amplitude;

Fast PR and QT intervals;

Increase in the growth of the amplitude of the R wave in the chest.

Small. 11. EKG in case of early repolarization syndrome

7.2.6. Ischemic ailment of the heart

With ischemic ailments of the heart (ІХС), the blood loss of the myocardium. on early stages The change on the electrocardiogram may not be, at the lower stages the stench is even worse.

With the development of myocardial dystrophy, the T wave changes and there are signs of diffuse changes in the myocardium.

To them are admitted:

R-wave amplitude change;

Depression of the S-T segment;

Two-phase, along with extensions and flat T-wave is practical in all connections.

ІХС develop in patients with myocarditis of a growing genesis, as well as dystrophic changes in the myocardium and atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis.

7.2.7. angina

With the development of an attack of angina pectoris on the EKG, it is possible to change the S-T segment and change the T wave in quiet insertions, such as spreading over the zone of blood loss (Fig. 12).

Small. 12. EKG with angina pectoris (for an hour to attack)

The causes of angina pectoris are hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia. In addition, arterial hypertension can provoke the development of an attack, diabet, Psychoemotsіynі perevantazhennya, relyak, obesity.

Falsely, in the same sphere of the heart meat of the vineyard ischemia, it is distributed:

Subendocardial ischemia (over ischemic changes S-T lower isolinia, T wave is positive, great amplitude);

Subepicardial ischemia (the S-T segment over the isoline, T negative).

The diagnosis of angina pectoris is caused by the appearance of a typical chest pain, as a rule, provoked physical options... Tsey bіl gnіtuchy character, trivial kіlka hilin and go through the implantation of nitroglycerin. If it’s more than 30 minutes, and if you don’t know about the intake of nitro drugs, it’s possible to let go of the state in the early days.

Unavailable assistance in case of angina pectoris, the pain can be stopped and repeated attacks are prevented.

Analgesics (such as analgesic to promedol), nitropreparations (nitroglycerin, sustak, nitrong, monochinque and in.), And also validol and diphenhydramine, seduxen are used. If necessary, carry out іngalyatsії kisnyu.

7.2.8. Myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction is called the development of cardiac necrosis as a result of trivial impairment of blood circulation in the ischemic myocardium.

More than 90% of all diagnoses are diagnosed with the help of the EHC. Until then, the cardiogram allows for the significance and stage of infarction, for its localization and type.

Insanely familiar with infarction є the appearance of a pathological Q wave on the EKG, which is characterized by an overworld width (more than 0.03 s) and a large glibine (a third of the R wave).

You can choose QS, QrS. S-T shift (Fig. 13) and T wave inversion are promoted.

Small. 13. EKG with antero-lateral myocardial infarction (gostra stadia). There may be a small scarring of the back of the back

In some cases, the change of S-T without the manifestation of a pathological Q wave (destructive myocardial infarction) is established. Signs of an infarction:

Pathologic Q wave at the insertions, rostasvanih over the area of the infarction;

Zsuv arched up the hill (pidyom) of the S-T segment of the izolіnії at the introductions, roztasvanih over the region of the infarction;

Discordant substitutions of the lower part of the S-T segment in cases other than the infarction;

Negative T-wave at the insertions that have been spread over the infarction area.

In the world that ailment grows, the EKG changes. The interconnection is given to explain the staging of changes in infarction.

Є Chotiri stages of development of myocardial infarction:

naygostrіsha;

subacute;

Stage of scarring.

Naygostrish stage (fig. 14) trivaє kіlka godin. At the end of the hour, on the EKG, the S-T segment grows rapidly at the latest introductions, angry with the T wave.

Small. 14. The last of the EKG changes in myocardial infarction: 1 - Q-infarction; 2 - not Q-infarction; A - one of the most acute stages; B - gostra stadiya; B - pidgostra stage; G - scar stage (postinfarction cardiosclerosis)

At the hospital stage, the formation of a zone of necrosis occurs and there is a pathological Q wave. The R amplitude decreases, the S-T segment becomes lost, the T wave becomes negative. The triviality of the guest stage in the middle becomes close to 1-2 times.

The subacute stage of infarction is three-fold lasting 1-3 months and is characterized by cicatricial organisation in the presence of necrosis. On the EKG, at the end of the hour, the step of turning the S-T segment to the isoline is observed, the Q wave changes, and the amplitude R, navpaki, growth.

The T wave becomes negative.

The cicatricial stage can be extended into a splinter of rock. The organization of the scar tissue is in an hour to see. On the EKG, the Q wave changes abnormally, S-T grows on the isoline, the negative T is gradually becoming Isoelectric, and then it is positive.

This staging is often called the regular dynamics of the EKG in case of myocardial infarction.

Infarction can be localized in any kind of heart, or more often for all the disease in a lonely little one.

Regularly from the localization of the development of the infarction of the anterior and posterior side of the lynx. The localization and the breadth of the changes appear for additional analysis of the EHC changes in the previous reports (Table 6).

Table 6. Localization of myocardial infarction

It is very difficult to diagnose a recurrent infarction, if new changes are imposed on the EKG change. Additional dynamic control for nobles by cardiographers in a short hour.

typical infarction characterized by a baking strong chest pain, as not to pass through the intake of nitroglycerin.

i atypical form infarct:

Abdominal (pain in the heart and stomach);

Asthmatic (cardial and heart asthma or a lot of legends);

Artistic (cardial bile and breakdown of the rhythm);

Colaptoid (cardial bile i Rizke Padinnya arterial vise we will explain the results);

Painless.

Lіkuvannya іnfarctu - in the edge of the fold. Vaughn, as a rule, the more important, the greater the breadth of the battle. At the same time, due to the great respect of one of the Russian zemstvo doctors, in the case of an important infarction, it is unsuccessful to pass smoothly, and in an hour of unresponsiveness, an unpretentious microinfarction sniffed the doctor in writing without a heart attack.

There is no additional help in relieving pain (for the general stagnation of narcotic and analgesics), as well as for fear and psycho-social disturbance for additional sedation, a decrease in the degree of hepatic infarction.

After the completion of the stationary treatment of ailments, as they underwent an infarction, they were sent to the sanatorium for rehabilitation.

The conclusion of the stage is a trial of caution in the polyclinic after the place of living.

7.2.9. Syndromes with electrocution

Songs of the EKG changes allow judging about the dynamics of the electrolytes in the myocardium.

In fairness, for the sake of saying, it is far from expecting є the reading of the correlation between the blood and the electricity in the myocardium.

Protect from the help of the EKG electrolytic damage to serve as a source of medicine in the process of diagnostics, as well as when choosing the correct treatment.

Naybіlsh good vivchenі zmenі EKG in case of damaged exchange of calories, as well as calcium (Fig. 15).

Small. 15. EKG-diagnostics electric piston(A.S. Vorobyov, 2003): 1 - norm; 2 - hypocalypse; 3 - hyperkaliєmiya; 4 - hypocalcemia; 5 - hypercalculus

7.2.9.1. hyperkalієmіya

Signs of hypercalis:

Visokiy zagostreniya T wave;

Fast Q-T interval;

Decrease in the amplitude of R.

With the turn of the hypercalculation, the deterioration of the internal sludge conductivity is more likely to occur.

Hypercalcemia to develop with diabetes (acidosis), chronic nircovymic deficiency, important injuries with crushing of myazovoy tissue, lack of measles of supra-nirkovy zaloz, іnshih zhvoryuvannya.

7.2.9.2. hypocalypse

Signs of hipokalієmii:

Decrease of the S-T segment to the bottom;

Negative or two-phase T;

With a turn of the hypocalypse, there are anterior and lateral extrasystoles, a breakdown of the internal conduction.

Hypokaliyamia buvag with a loss of salts, calories in ailments with swollen bloating, dripping, a trivial intake of steroid hormones, with a number of endocrine discomforts.

Lіkuvannya polyaga in zapovnіnі lack of calories in organіzmі.

7.2.9.3. hypercalculus

Signs of hypercalculus:

Fast Q-T interval;

Speed segment S-T;

Expansion of the creeper complex;

Violation of the rhythm with significant calcification.

Hyperparathyroidism is susceptible to hyperparathyroidism, cysts ruptured by puffins, hypervitaminosis D and overwhelming administration of calcium salts.

7.2.9.4. hypocalcemia

Signs of hypocalcemia:

Increased triviality to Q-T interval;

Podovzhenya segment S-T;

Decreased amplitude T.

Hypocalypse to develop with reduced function parathyroid vines, In patients with chronic nirk deficiency, with important pancreatitis and hypovitaminosis D.

7.2.9.5. glucosidic intoxication

Heart glucosides have long been successfully stagnant in cases of heart failure. Quite indispensable. Їх with a start a decrease in heart rate (heart rate is very fast), a higher energy delivery of blood for an hour of systole. As a result, indicators of hemodynamics will increase and manifest deficiencies in blood circulation will change.

In case of an overdose of glucosides, there are characteristic EKG signs (Fig. 16), such as in the presence of an increase in toxicity, either a corrected dose or a drug. Ailments in case of glucosidic intoxication can cause nudity, bloating, interruptions in the robot's heart.

Small. 16. EKG in case of overdose of heart glucosides

Signs of glucosidic intoxication:

Lower heart rate;

Fast electric systole;

Decrease of the S-T segment to the bottom;

Negative T wave;

Shlunochkov_extrasistoles.

Intoxication with glucosides is affected in the form of administration to the drug and the prescribed drugs in calories, lidocaine and beta-blockers.

A quick transition on the road

Practically dermal people, after passing the electrocardiogram, indicate the meaning of the young teeth and the written diagnostics of the term. If you want to interpret the EHC, you can only give it a cardiologist, it’s easy to pick out a skin, it’s good for a new cardiogram heart, or deyakі vіdhilennya.

Shown before the EHC

Non-invasive dosage - electrocardiogram - carried out in the offensive vipad:

Skargi sick in a high grip, chest pain and symptoms that can lead to heart pathology;
Pogirshennya of self-esteem of a sick person from earlier diagnosed heart-and-judgmental ailments;
Vidhilennya in laboratory blood tests - changes in cholesterol, prothrombin;
At the preparatory complex before the operation;
Emergence of endocrine pathology, ailments of the nervous system;
When transferring important infections from with a high rizik quickening in the heart;
With a prophylactic method among vagitians;
Expertise of the health of the waters, lots and t. D.

EKG interpretation - numbers and Latin letters

Large-scale deciphering by cardiograms of the heart includes an assessment of the heart rhythm, the robotic wiring system and the myocardium stance. For a whole lot of vikoristovuyutsya such information (electrodes are installed in the singing order on the breasts and kіntsіvkah):

Standard: I - left / right wrist on the hands, II - right wrist and ankle area on the left nose, III - left ankle and wrist.
Strength: aVR - right wrist and unions of upper / lower knuckles, aVL - wrist and unions of wrist and wrist of right hand, aVF - area of both wrists 'eat.
Sternum (increase in the potential of an electrode rosted on the breast plate with a suction cup and common potentials in all points): V1 - an electrode in the IV mid-rib space on the right between the breast, V2 - in the IV middle around the middle, V4 - V mid-ribbed space along the left-sided mid-clavicular line, V5 - V mid-ribbed space along the front-groin line, V6 - V mid-ribbed space along the middle-groin line

Dodatkovі sternі - roztasvanі symmetrically lіvim thoracic with dodatkovy V7-9.

One heart cycle on the EKG of representations with the PQRST graph, which restructures the electric pulse in the heart:

tooth P - visualization of the front of the heart;
QRS complex: Q-wave - cob phase of depolarization (stimulation) of shlunochki, R-wave - vigorously process of shlunochkiv stimulation, S-wave - end of depolarization process;
the T wave - characterizing the extinguishing of electro-pulses in the slings;
segment ST - a description of the outside of the revitalization of the myocardium.

When deciphering the EKG indices, the value of the height of the teeth and the rosetting of the teeth, as well as the width of the intervals between them, is indicated.

Once behind the T wave, an impulse U is re-energized, which is injected into the parameters of a storm with a blood charge of an electric charge.

Deciphering the indicators of the EKG - the norm in adults

On the electrocardiogram, the width (horizontally) of the teeth is the triviality of the period of relaxation - change in seconds, the height in I-III introductions - the amplitude of the electric pulse - in mm. A normal cardiogram in a grown-up human is like this:

Frequency of a very fast heart - in the normal heart rate in the range of 60-100 / min. Vymeryute to see the peaks of the articulated R teeth.
EOS - with an electric heart, embed straight into the total kuta of the vector of electric power. normal performance- 40-70º. Vidhilennya vkazuyut on the turn of the heart near the power axis.
Prong P - positive (straightening up the hill), negative only at the introduced aVR. Width (triviality of zbudzhennya) - 0.7 - 0.11 s, vertical size - 0.5 - 2.0 mm.
Interval PQ - horizontal distance 0.12 - 0.20 s.
The Q wave is negative (below the izoline). Triviality 0.03 s, from within the value of the height 0.36 - 0.61 mm (side ¼ of the vertical size of the R wave).
The R wave is positive. The value of the maximum height is 5.5 -11.5 mm.
S wave - negative height 1.5-1.7 mm.
QRS complex - horizontal distance 0.6 - 0.12 s, total amplitude 0 - 3 mm.
The T wave is asymmetric. Positive height 1.2 - 3.0 mm (door 1/8 - 2/3 R wave, negative in aVR-introduced), triviality 0.12 - 0.18 s (more triviality to the QRS complex).
Segment ST - pass at the level of the izolinia, for the duration of 0.5 -1.0 s.
U-wave - hanging rate 2.5 mm, triviality 0.25 sec.

The speedy results of decoding the EKG for older adults and the norm in the tables:

In the case of an extraordinary preliminaries (the speed of recording is 50 mm / sec), the decoding of the EKG in older adults is carried out behind the onset razrahunki: 1 mm on the papier with the triviality interval of 0.02 sec.

A positive P wave (introduction of the standard) and the onset of a normal QRS complex behind it means a normal sinus rhythm.

EKG norm for children, deciphering

The parameters of cardiograms in children are often shown as indicators of adults and vary in fallowness. Decoding of EKG hearts in children, norm:

HR: new-born - 140 - 160, up to 1 rock - 120 - 125, up to 3 rock - 105 -110, up to 10 rock - 80 - 85, for 12 rock - 70 - 75 in min;
EOS - we will grow by indicators;
sinus rhythm;
tooth P - not overlapping at the height of 0.1 mm;
increase in QRS complex (often not especially informative in diagnostics) - 0.6 - 0.1 s;
PQ interval - less or less time 0.2 s;
Q wave - non-valid parameters, admissible negative values in III introduction;
tooth P - depends on the isolin (positive), the height in one introduced can be adjusted;
tooth S - negative indicators of non-permanent value;
QT - not more than 0.4 s;
triviality of QRS and T wave, stock 0.35 - 0.40.

EKG butt with broken rhythm

The cardiologist may not only diagnose the nature of the heart failure, but also fix the localization of the pathological war.

arrhythmias

The breakdown of the heart rhythm:

Sinus arrhythmia - additional RR intervals increase with a difference of up to 10%. Do not get involved in pathology in children and young people.
Sinus bradycardia is a pathological level of frequency, up to 60 times faster and less. Prong P normal, PQ at 12 s.
Tachycardia - the frequency of heart beats 100 - 180 in min. At pidlіtkіv - up to 200 in min. The rhythm is correct. In case of sinus tachycardia, the P wave is usually seen as normal, in case of sinus tachycardia, the QRS indicator is 0.12 s.
Extrasystoles - zaschergov_ fast heart. Alone, on a special EKG (on a pre-dove Holter - not more than 200 per day), they are functional and do not require a taste.
Paroxysmal tachycardia - paroxysmal (kilka chilin or days) increase in frequency of heart beats up to 150-220 in min. It is characteristic (only before the hour to attack) the angry wave of P s QRS. The rise from the R wave to the P-height of the forward speed is 0.09 s.
Migrating arrhythmia is an irregularly fast apex with a frequency of 350-700 per min, and shlunochkiv - 100-180 per min. Nemaє tooth P, according to all izolіnії іsolіnії - large-wavelength of the collar.
Trypotinnya in front of - up to 250-350 in xv very soon in front of and regular decrease in lingering speed. The rhythm can be correct, on the EKG pylkovidnі anterior hvili, especially in the introduction of standard II - III and chest V1.

Vidhilennya of the position of the EOC

The change in the total vector EOS to the right (more than 90º), a higher indicator of the S wave hanging in the same way as the R wave will lead to the pathology of the right flap and the blockade of the Gis bundle.

When the EOS is changed to the left (30-90º) and the pathological spinal height of the S and R teeth, livoshlunochkov hypertrophy is diagnosed, blockade of the lower part of Gisa. Vidhilennya EOS in case of infarction, bulging of legends, COPD, ale buva and in the norm.

Destruction of the wire system

The most common pathologies are:

1 stage of atrioventricular (AV) blockade - the PQ period is longer than 0.20 s. Pislya cutaneous P is naturally pumping the QRS;
Atrioventricular block 2 tbsp. - step by step podovzhutsya PQ by pulling the EKG inodі vіtіsnyа QRS complex (view of the type Mobitz 1) or fiksunja outside the vypadannya QRS on tlі PQ іvnoї dovzhini (Mobitz 2);
Povna blockade of the AV-vuzla - the NS at the front of the NS shlunochkiv. RR and RR are the same, PQ devilishly.

Okremi ailing heart

The results of the decryption of the EKG can give information not only about those who have trapilia heartbroken, Ale and pathology of the other organs:

Cardiomyopathy - anterior hypertrophy (more often than not), low amplitude teeth, partial blockade of the village of Gisa, blinking arrhythmia or extrasystoles.
Mitral stenosis - an increase in the front of the heart and a right shlunochku, EOS is seen to the right, arrhythmia is not rapidly blinking.
Mitral valve prolapse - T wave of flattening / negative, akin to QT elevation, depressed ST segment. It can be a breakdown of the rhythm.
Chronic obstruction of the lungs - EOS is right, low amplitude teeth, AV block.
Exercise of the central nervous system (including subarachnoid hemorrhage) - pathological Q, wide and high amplitude (negative or positive) T wave, U bends, great triviality of QT rhythm disturbance.
Hypothyroidism - high PQ, low QRS, flat T wave, bradycardia.

To deliver often EKG to carry out for diagnostics of myocardial infarction. At the same stage of the skin, they show the characteristic changes of cardiograms:

ischemic stadia - gostry T with the top of the mountain to fix 30 minutes before the ear of necrosis of the heart;
stage of development (changes are fixed in the first year up to 3 dB) - ST viglyadі of the dome over the izolіnіyu angry with the T wave, low Q і high R;
stadia state (1-3 days) - high cardiogram of the heart in case of infarction - saving dome-like ST and transition of the T wave in the negative value, lowering the height of R, pathological Q;
undergostra stadia (up to 3 months) - keeping ST from isolation, saving pathological Q and T;
stage of cicatrization (spike of rock) - pathological Q, negative R, smoothing of the T wave gradually come to normal indicators.

Do not beat trivogu, as in the eyes of the EKG viyavili pathological changes... A slid of memory, which deyakі vіdhilennya according to the norms are developed in healthy people.

As soon as the electrocardiogram has seen any pathological processes in the heart, you will receive a consultation from a qualified cardiologist.