How many blood groups are there? It means a group of blood, confusion, specialness. Abstract of a group of blood, їkh biologic meaning Yak pratsyu the circulatory system

Statute of a professional tutor in biology T. M. Kulakova

Group of blood They begin in apparent and combinations in the erythrocytes of agglutinogens A and B, and in the blood plasma - rechovin agglutinins a and b. In the blood of skin people, there are different agglutinogen and agglutinin: A + b, B + a, AB + ab. Gluing of erythrocytes (reaction of agglutination) appears, as in the plasma there are one agglutinin and agglutinogen.

Vivchennya blood group allowed to rise blood transfusion rules.

donor- people who give shelter.
recipients- people who pour in shelter.

For erudition: Progressive development of surgery, hematology was forced to take into account all the rules and go to transfusion of only one-group blood.
Rhesus factor- a whole lot of special blocks.

Blood, in the erythrocytes, which contains the Rh factor, is called Rh-positive. Yaksho vіn vіdsutnіy - shelter will be Rh-negative. In erythrocytes, 85% of people have such a cell є, and such people are called Rh-positive. In the erythrocytes of the blood of 15% of people, the Rh factor is mute, and Rh-negative people.

Likars have long ago made a big deal of respect, in the past mortally ill nemovlyat - hemolytic zhovtyanitsa. It was found that hemolytic ailments of new-born women suffer from the insanity of the erythrocytes of Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive fetus. On different terms of vaginosity, Rh-positive, the fetal nuclei penetrate into the bloodstream of the mother and test her Rh-antibodies. Cy antibodies penetrate the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of the fetus. Vinikak rhesus-conflict, a lot of it is hemolytic zhovtyanitsa. Viroblenya anti-til is especially active when the hour is low enough for them.

With the first vaginosity in the body of the mother, you do not get a great amount of antibodies, and the fetus does not have a serious delay. However, in the onset of Rh-positive fetuses, the erythrocyte loss can be promoted. With the aim of reducing the disease to all vaginas from Rh-negative blood, we should try to analyze the analysis for the detection of antibodies to the Rh factor. At the same time, at once, when a child is born, the child does not want to exchange blood transfusions.

For erudition: As soon as the curtains of the mother of germ are injected into Rh-antibodies, then the Rh-antibodies are bound with fragments of the fetal erythrocytes and disguise them. The mothers' lymphocytes do not recognize the fetal blood cells and do not detect the fetal blood cells.

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GAOU SPO NSO Novosibirsk Medical College

Відділення "Pharmacy"

essay

" Group of blood"

Vikonav Gorbachova T.S.

Pereviriv Shurina I.S.

Novosibirsk 2013 rik

plan

Entry

1. AVO system

2. Transfusion

3. Rhesus (Rh) and іnshі system

4. A group of blood and sickness

5. Race specialties of blood groups

6. The decline of blood groups

7. Formation of blood groups in the fetus and children

8. Piece roof

Vikoristovuvan Literature

Entry

The idea of replacing the old "ailments" of the blood of young people and healthy ones in the XIV-XV centuries. Vera in the transfusion of blood was even larger. So, the head of the Catholic Church, Pope Inokenty VIII, being decrepit and German, took to the shedding of blood, wants a solution in the general cleaning of the church. The transfusion of blood to Inokenty VIII was virobbed in 1492 from two Yunaks. The result will be imperceptible: ailment has gone down in the form of "marasmus and nemichnost", and the Yunaki - in the form of embolism. As soon as the anatomical and physiological foundations of the blood circulation of the boule were described by Harvey only in 1728 r, it was astonishing, but it practically could not be done before the blood transfusion.

At 1666 r Lower published the results of experiments with blood transfusions to creatures. The court licar of Louis XIV Deni and hirurg Emerets in 1667 repeated Lower's experiments on dogs and poured the blood of a seriously ill lamb. Unimportant to the incomplete methodology, the ailments viduzhav and the stench ruined the transfusion of the blood of the lamb to another ailment, the ailment died. In 1819 Blandel (England) successfully transfused blood from people to people.

Aglutination and blood transfusions were used for blood transfusions. Tsі pereshkodi bouly usunenі pіslya vіdkrittya. K. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1930. In 1940, K. Landsteiner and his spіrobіtnik A. Winer established in erythrocytes the appearance of a new agglutinogen, which he named the Rh factor (Rh +). In 1941 K. Landsteiner and F. Levin discussed the presence of antigen systems in the erythrocytes, called them M, N and R.

In 1926 A.A. Bogdanov in Moscow organizing the Central Institute for Blood Transfusion. A wide range of republican provincial and regional stations and blood transfusion rooms began to develop in the last few years in the country.

1 ... AVO system

In the case of blood groups, it became a little sensible, which in some cases of blood transfusion was successful, but in others it was tragic for a sick person. K. Landsteiner, for the first time, having seen that, or plasma, some people can agglutinate (glue) the erythrocytes of some people. This phenomenon is called izohemaglyutinatsіі. The basis of izohemagglyutinats is to be found in the erythrocytes Ar, called agglutinogens, and are denoted by the letters A and B, and in plasma - natural Ab, either agglutinov, or altered b and c. The aglutination of erythrocytes is more likely to become less frequent in the same way, as the same agglutinogen and agglutin (Ar and Am) occur: A and B, C and c.

It has been established that agglutin, being natural Ab, may have two centers of connection, and that one agglutinin molecule can be used to establish a mixture of two erythrocytes. Ale kozhen s erythrocytes may, due to the participation of agglutinins, zv'yazuvatisya susіdnіm, who are responsible for the conglomerate conglomerate (agglutinati) erythrocytes.

The blood of one and the same people cannot have the same agglutinogens and agglutins, but in healthy people, in general, the gluing of erythrocytes is often lost, which is insane for life. It seems clear, that there are only 4 combinations, for which there is no single agglutinogenesis and agglutination, or 4 blood groups: I - bv, II - Av, III - Vb, IV - AB.

The amount of agglutinov in the plasma, because of the blood, is eliminated from the half of the time, when the name of the hemolysis was eliminated. Їх also 2 vidi, і the stink is known, yak і agglutinini, with the letters b and c. With the development of the same agglutinogen and hemolysin, the infusion of hemolysis of erythrocytes. The diabetic hemolysis manifests itself at temperatures of 37-40 ° C. The axis of chomu during transfusion of insane blood in humans, even after 30-40 seconds. infusion hemolysis of erythrocytes. At room temperature, when the same agglutination and agglutination occur, agglutination occurs, and not hemolysis.

Nareshty, in the plasma of people II, III, IV blood groups є antiagglyutinin - agglutinogen, having left the erythrocyte. Stink, yak і agglutinogeny, is designated by the letters A and B (Table 1).

Table 1. Serological warehouse of the main blood groups (ABO system)

Yak can be seen from the induced table, group I of blood is not low in agglutinogens, and the international classification means yak group 0, II - wearing a name A, III - B, IV - AB. Until recently, for the news of nutrition about the confusion of blood groups, the following rule was used: the middle of the recipient (people who overflow the roof) is to blame for the life of the donor's blood cells (people, what kind of blood comes from). Ale is such a middle ground є plasma. Also, the recipient is guilty of agglutinin and hemolysis, which is found in the plasma abnormally, and in the donor, agglutinogen is found in erythrocytes. For the sake of nutrition about the confusion of blood groups, they used erythrocytes and serum (plasma), eliminating people with different group signs (Div. Table 2). The table shows that the agglutination occurs in the context of the reduction of group I with erythrocytes of II, III and IV groups, group II with erythrocytes of III and IV groups, and III group of erythrocytes of II and IV groups.

Table 2. Table of sums of different blood groups

Note: the sign "+" denotes the manifestation of agglutination (group of insanity), the sign "-" - її visibility (group of insanity).

The table presented is also used for the identification of blood groups. If agglutination is not related to blood groups, then blood group I. Also agglutination is promoted to hyperglutination I and III blood groups, then blood group II. Evidence of agglutination with groups I and II in the case of III blood group. I, nareshty, as the agglutination is seen with the help of syrovats, for the vignette of the IV group, then the blood group IV.

In the Danish hour, for the purpose of identifying blood groups, they use monoclonal antibodies against agglutinogens A and B, which I call Tsolikloni. At the same time, if agglutination does not occur, then blood group I. Also agglutination is promoted from Colicloni volume (anti-A and anti-B), then blood group IV. If agglutination occurs with monoclonal antibodies against agglutinogen A, then it is the II blood group. With the presence of agglutination from Tsolikloni anti-B blood group III.

From the tables of viplivia, which the shelter of the I group is theoretically summarized with the help of the other groups of blood. The axis of chomu lyudin, for the I group of blood, is called universesal donor ... On the other side, the shelter of the IV group is not guilty of giving a reaction of agglutination when there is a loss of blood from people, whether it is a group of blood. That people from 4 blood groups denied the name unversal recipients .

2 ... transfusion

In 1988, a decision was taken in the Ministry of Health Protection of the CPCP to switch to component hemotherapy, showing for overflow whole blood NOT isnu . If blood components are transfused - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, then at donor і recipient guilty zbigatysya group blood. It should be explained that in about 10-20% of people there is a concentration of even more active agglutinins and hemolysis in about 10-20% of people, as it is impossible to knit antiagglyutininamines in the case of transfusion of small amounts of intragroup blood. When transfusing leukocyte and thrombocytes in advanced laboratories, there is also confusion with group signs of HLA.

Inodi posttransfusion accelerates through the presence in the blood of the donor of leukocytes. As well as from the blood of erythrocytic mass there are leukocytes, then in all cases there will be a change in aloimmunization and, also, post-transfusion acceleration. The minimum number of leukocytes, sufficient for the development of post-transfusion reactions in alloimmunized ailments, is 0.5 x 109 / liter. Repeated transfusions from other donors will increase the risk of infusion on recipient HLA antigens and often produce until antigens appear before antigens.

Vikoristannya blood, erythrocytic mass and plasmas, which can avenge leukocytes, is not safe. On the right, the leukocytes in the canned middle-class live a little bit badly, and even through the doba they fix it. With a whole bunch of (lysosomal enzymes, immunoglobulin), blood clots and non-alcoholic thrombosis (lysosomal enzymes, immunoglobulin), they are not able to tolerate alcohol ... Tim for an hour, in the living room, establish the most frequent shelter and component, and only go to the third supplement, so that the information and post-transfusion reactions are not safe. It is also necessary to remember that plasma is removed from donors, frozen, and when all leukocytes are released. Also, for the reduction of the risk, the plasma accelerated before being frozen is to blame for the amount of leukocytes, and in some cases it takes up to 6 months.

To the honor of the Russian scientists, they have a filter, they vibrate adhere to 99% of all leukocytes and not the membrane of erythrocytes. By the order of the Minister of Health Protection dated April 3, 2001, it was ordered to put in the robot the installation of blood annexes for the detection of leukocytes from donor blood, which, madly, is guilty of making blood transfusions and these components are not safe for the recipient.

Post-transfusion acceleration sometimes occurs through the pardons when there is a group of blood. It is a pity that such pardons are far from being a rarity, and in the surrounding regions of Russia the stench reaches 1-1.5%. It has been established that agglutinogenics A and B appear in different versions, and develop for their budovy and antigenic activity. The majority of the cich Ag are digitalized (A 1, A 2, A 3, etc., B1, B2, etc.). The higher the ordinal number of the agglutinogen, the lower the activity of the wine. Species of agglutinogens A and B are evidently rare, at the same hour, if there are blood groups, the stench may not be detected through a weak antigenicity, but it can lead to transfusion of the incomprehensible components of the blood.

Slid vrahovuvati, but a large number of human erythrocytes do not contain the N. Tsei Ar antigen, and are usually found on the surface of cell membranes in individuals with a group of blood 0, as well as being present in the quality of a primed determinant on the cells of people of the A group. H - antigens A and B. In individuals of the I blood group, the antigen is available for anti-H-antigens, which can develop in people of the II, III and IV blood groups. The situation can serve as a reason for blood transfusion acceleration during transfusion of elements of the 1st group of people, which may be of a group of blood.

The concentration of agglutinogens on the surface of the membrane of erythrocytes is supra-high. So, one erythrocyte of blood group A 1 should be replaced in the middle from 900,000 to 1,700,000 antigenic determinants, or receptors up to one agglutinin.

With the increase of the ordinal number of the agglutinogen, the number of such determinants decreases. Erythrocyte group A 2 is close to 250-260 thousand antigenic determinants, which will also explain the less active agglutinogen.

It was installed that the group of substances AVN є glucosphingomielinamі. The antigenic specificity, whether a group blood substance, is established by a thermal zucch, rostasovanim on the bones in a carbohydrate lance. Antiitila (agglutinin) b and in referred to immunoglobulin in class G. The smell may be somewhat small molecular weight And that is easy to penetrate through the placenta. It means that in this hour the AB 0 system is often referred to as AVN, and the terms of antigen and antigen (for example, AVN-antigen and AVN-antibody) become stagnant.

3 ... Rhesus (Rh) and іnshі system

blood abo leukocyte platelet

In 1940, K. Landsteiner and A. Viner viyavili in the blood of the mawp macaque Rhesus Ar, which was called the Rh factor. Nadal viyavilosya, about 85% of people of a bіloі race also є cei Ag. Such people are called Rh-positive (Rh +). Nearly 15% of people in Europe and America do not think of it and call it Rh-negative (Rh-).

In the Danish hour of seeing, the Rh factor is a very folding system, which includes more than 30 Ar, which is denoted by numbers, letters and symbols. Most often, Rh antigens of type D (85%), C (70%), E (30%), e (80%) are detected - the stench and may be the most prevalent antigenicity. However, Rh + invades erythrocytes, which carry antigen type D.

In human erythrocytes, there is Ag, weakly react with antibodies against the antigen D. In fact, they started to let it go, but the order of the agglutinogen D is the antigen Du. The rest of it is often found in the middle of the African population, and the shelter of such people can be taken for granted as Rh-negative. In addition, there is a small number of species in the C-antigen (Cu, Cv, Cx, Cn), antigens E and e (Eu, Ew, es). The Rh system also includes antigens T, v and a number of others.

The order of the Rh factor є the hr factor is detected in the erythrocytes of Rh-negative people. hr-agglutinogen can also last for hr (d), hr (c) and hr (e).

Rhesus antigens are proteins in a complex with lipids. As soon as it is seen from the surface of the membrane, the antigenic power is absorbed. In the fetus, Rh antigenes are already 8-9 vaginosities.

The Rhesus system is not in the norm of the same agglutinin, ale the stench may appear, as Rh-negative people transfuse Rh-positive shelter. It is most common to be transfused with Rh type D. immune antibodies anti-Rh is admitted to class G immunoglobulins, and through its apparently small size easily penetrates through the placenta.

The Rh factor is transmitted in recessions. If the woman is Rh, and the person is Rh +, then the result can be reduced to the Rh factor from the old man, and even the mother and the child will be insane in terms of the Rh factor. It was established that, with such vaginosity, the placenta volodya increased penetration of the fetal erythrocytes.

Slid, however, respect, that in the minds of about 15% of females, up to 1 ml of fetal blood cells penetrate into the roof for an hour, in 3% females there are 3 ml of blood cells, and in 05% - up to 100 ml or more. If there is a slight penetration of the fetal erythrocytes into the blood of vaginal females (up to 1 ml), Rh-conflict can develop. Erythrocytes to the fetus, consumed in the mother's shelter, produce Ab (antiresusagglyutinov) until approved. Penetrating into the roof of the fetus in front of the canopies, At the agglutination and hemolysis of its erythrocytes due to the inheritance of the inheritance, they whip up the stars.

MNSs system. For antigens MNSs, all people are divided into groups: MS, NS, MNS, Ms, Ns, MNs. Yak and the rhesus system, ci agglutinogeni in the minds of the norms do not conceal the same agglutinin and when transfused the blood does not get rid of it, as it may cause the weakness of Ag. At the same hour, they will be able to carry out the transplantation of tissues and organs. In addition, the manifestation of the singing Ages of the system gives the right to judge the physicians of the nutrition about the reservation (if not, in any case, not the approval) of the Fatherland.

Kell system. Named in honor of the woman who was revealed in her blood. Kell antigen is a remarkably strong antigen, which is volodin by antigen receptors. The Kell factor calm down.

The antigens of the group are designated by the letters K and the ordinal number (from 1 to 22). Consider 3 main options for a single agglutinogens of the system: Up to 1 - Kell group, K2 - Kellan group and K 1K 2 - Kell-Kellan group. The Kell factor is very rare - in 4-12% (the average Russian indicator for the Kell factor is 806%), and Kellan even often - in 98-99%. More than 90% of people think about the Kellan group, close to 8-10% - the Kell-Kellan group, and even a small number of people (less than 1%) think about the Kell group.

The Lutheran system includes a complex of antigens, which usually form different phenotypes - Lu (a +), Lu (b +), Lu (a + b +), Lu (a-b +), Lu (a-b-) and інші. The frequency of the population of the widespread Lub antigen, so that the phenotypes Lu (a + b +) and Lu (a-b +), of the middle European race become approximately 99.9%. At the same time, it is easy to develop Am, when Lu-insane vaginosity to produce light hemolytic ailments in newborns.

The P system includes antigens P, P 1 and P to, for which the onset of phenotypes is seen: P 1 (antigens P 1 and P are found in erythrocytes), P 2 (antigen P), P 1k (antigens P 1 and P k), P 2k (antigen Pk) і p (in Ar nemaє erythrocytes). The frequency of the population of the Ar system in the middle of the people of the European races is 75-80%, in the non-population of the population it is significant, and in the middle of the Mongolian population it is lower. For the transfusion of blood, there is no value for the components.

The system of antigens Biv (Vel) is of considerable interest, since the number of Vel-negative people becomes less than 0.04%, and those people, at least among the middle Europeans, are Vel-positive. When transfused with Biv-positive blood, Biv-negative people may be affirmed with Anti-Vel. At the same time, we say that if a Vel-negative person is a serious planned operation, or if a woman is negative in terms of Vel-antigen, it is vaginous, then such people are taken from a long time, as if it is necessary to get rid of it.

The designation of these group signs of blood can play an important role in the clinical and ship medical examination. Competent clinics are cured by transfusion of other blood components, so that they transfuse those that are most needed by the body: plasma, erythrocyte, leukocyte or platelet mass.

In case of massive blood loss, it is recommended to infuse plasma і, in extreme cases, in the amount of blood plasma (not more than 1/5 of the amount of injected plasma). In some situations, a lower number of Ag is introduced, which reduces the risk of post-transfusion acceleration.

It's a pity, for the rest of the fate, there were tributes about those who can carry more shelter Infectious diseases, Nіzh іх vіdomo in daniy hour medіsі. It has been established that the shelter has been provided with a carrier of more than 150 viruses, including those of VIL, hepatitis A, B, C, E, F, G, and possibly, they are not living.

4 ... A group of blood and sickness

It has been established that people, like a group of bloodsheds, are not of the same world, stolen until they are quietly ill. So, people of the I (0) group of blood often develop Virazkov's ailment slink i two-fingered intestines... In Volodya of the 1st group of blood, rhizic disorders are formed of abscesses, manifestations of lymphadenopathies, hepatic cirrhosis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, cancer of the gallbladder, shlunka, liver, malignancies, intestines, kidney disease

People, like May II (A) blood group, often suffer and it is more important to endure cuckold diabet They have a laryngeal glandular disorder, through which myocardial infarction and insult are diagnosed. In the case of the II blood group, the frequency of infectious staphylococcal infections, syphilis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, diphtheria, dysentery, influenza viruses, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, lip cancer, sluggish vines, Milk vines, cervical uterus, as well as atherosclerosis, rheumatism, myocardial infarction, ischemic insult, hypertension, epilepsy, bile-stone ailments, stone diseases, bronchopneumonia.

With the III blood group, dysentery, parainfluenza, intestinal cancer, milk infections, sectional system and leukozy.

People with the IV blood group often have severe septic infections, GDH, viral hepatitis, lesions with ekhinokok, hemoblastosis, mycoses, bowel cancer, soft tissues, cysts, shkiri, shia, head. At the same hour, after the tribute to I.S. Pynelisa and T.A. Gavrilko, in individuals with the IV group of blood in the region, cancer of the lower slit and slimy vines is rarely seen.

Among Rh-negative people, children often see their hearts, they have become slower infectious endocarditis... Rh-people in a large number of families have I (0) blood group. Markiafavi-Mikkeli ailments (paroxysmal normal hemoglobinuria), vrodzheni formi hemolytic anemia, hypoplastic and aplastic anemia.

5 ... Race specialties of blood groups

It was established that there are clear indications of group signs of blood in people of different races and nationalities. So, the middle of the indigenous population of Asia is group B, among the Europeans - group A, and among the indigenous Americans and Australian aborigines the group is 0. Inevitably, for their regions, the frequency of the population of the Siberian group is 0 among the people of Switzerland, the Spanish Basques and the Icelandic. Group A to reach a significant level of reloading in the middle of the population of Turecchini.

Quite simply, there are no Rh- people in the middle of the events, and the number of Rh + in the middle of the Rh + is much higher, lower than the middle of Europeans. Established suttuvі vіdminnostі in phenotypes of the AB 0 and Rh systems in the white, young and black races.

6 ... The decline of blood groups

Seemingly, in the skin man there are 2 genes behind the main blood groups: one is from the mother, and the other is from the father. From the end of the day, there are two generations that have settled down, and there is one more group of blood. Signs of blood groups of the AB 0 system are transmitted by 3 allelemorphic genes. Two of them - A and B - dominant, and one - 0 - recessive. Falsely, as the genes of seduction, the fruit can develop homo - or heterozygosity. This means that people of the II and III blood groups can be either homozygotes (that is, they may have a set of AA gene or BB) or heterozygotes (in general, a set of gene is A 0 or B0). Knowing that only one gene will settle down from the skin dermatitis, it doesn't matter if homozygotes are associated with a group AB, and heterozygotes can be with a group of blood: 0, A, B and AB.

In mothers who may be in group B, children may be antigen A (group II), B (group III) or AB (group IV). In the last fall, Batko is guilty of the AB group. Zrozumilo, with such a combination of a child you can not have a mother group 0. If mothers have I blood group, then children can not be able to mother a group of AB blood. At the same hour, the stench can be put up to the first group of blood, like a daddy's group 0 or є heterozygotes - A 0 or B 0. Children of such dads can also be of mothers II or III blood groups, just like those who are heterozygous for them. named blood groups. If one is a father who is heterozygous for group A, and one for group B, then a child can be group 0, A, B and AB. In the case of a homozygous subdivision of the same blood groups, the child cannot be of the I blood group, or even up to the II, III and IV blood groups.

In some cases, in cases of blood loss, germ, with leukemia, an allogeneic cystic marrow transplant is necessary. At the same time, the donors are vicious relatives of the sick person, the recipient of the HLA antigens is confused. However, the donor and recipient may not have a group of blood behind the AB 0 system and the Rh factor. The success of the engraftment of the donor cystic brain is ascertained by the appearance of chimeras, that is, the erythrocytes of the donor phenotype. The proportion of such blood chimeras in the recipient's organisms is not the same. In some cases, the recipient's erythrocytes will more often be replaced by donor ones, and, moreover, the patient has a blood group. In the blood of the recipient, the blood and blood cells of the donor circulate. Ale is the third option, if approximately in a month after the transplantation of the cystic marrow, the sick have cells, which carry the donor, and the recipient one hour. This is not a near-A-phenotype or a B-phenotype, but a new AB-phenotype.

It is seen that it is stewed, which is the result of the formation of blood-forming tissue in the recipient of the hybrid cells. Explaining this fact, there can be only one - stovbrovy blood-forming cells of transplantation participants who can exchange genetic information. Slide respect that, by all appearances, immediately after transplantation, the main mass of the donor is not the Ag of the recipient, and the minority is the Ag of the donor, and even less - the Ag of the donor, and of the recipient in the same cell, and the result is a genetic result in the result.

We are especially aware of the fact that during transplantation it is not only the blood group that can change, but the donor's and recipient's cells can absorb their "native" antigens. So, if the donor and recipient of heterozygous and malignant antigens A and 0 (blood group II), then for the transplantation of ailments, it is not easy to become a donor of the blood cells of the I (0) blood group. And the same can happen when the donor and the sick by the Rh factor are used up.

7 ... Formation of blood groups in the fetus and children

Already for 2-3 months of vaginosis, the fetus forms agglutinogeni A and B. At the same hour, agglutinogenesis may have a superbly low build up to agglutination. Visit a new child of a new nation about 5-10 times lower than that of older people. The titer of agglutinogens is in progress and the status of immune complexes with the type of agglutinins grows, however, only up to 10-20 years can be said about those that agglutinogens are sufficiently "ripe".

Aglutinini b and v in ontogeny grow more quickly, less agglutinogen. Until the moment the child is born, the titer of agglutinin is even low, and in 40% and 50% of children, the stench may be lost. Already with diluted plasmas in 2-4 times, the reaction of agglutination in a newborn does not appear, while in an older person it can be detected with diluted plasmas, or in 500 times.

Agglutinogenes M and N appear in the erythrocytes of the fetus until the end of the 3rd month intrauterine developmentі is formed residually until the 5th month of the year. Agglutinogenics of the Rh system appear even early - before the end of the 2nd month of vaginosity and may be affected by antigenicity, which most often and prevents Rh-conflit between mother and fetus.

The detection of a conflict between the mother and the fetus through the inconsistency of the group signs according to the systems of Kell, Biv and іn those that are also formed in the fetus.

8 ... piece roof

For the first time, they started talking seriously about individual blood in our land in all ten rockets of the last century, since in Pushchino in the Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences by professors F.F. Beloyartseva and G.R. Ivanitskiy, on the basis of perfluorocarbon plants, was given a piece of shelter, able to carry kisin and carbon dioxide, and for its color it was called "black blood". The main component of "blakitnoy blood" is perfluorodekalin, which is used in Russia.

Why should PERFLUORA CARBON be stagnant for the stem of a piece of blood? On the right, in the fact that the stench is good to endure 20-30 times more sourness, less plasma, and 3 times more, less blood.

In a given hour, in the ranks of the developed countries, patented preparations based on perfluorocarbon, which can be used as vikoristani in the capacity of blood cells, are able to tolerate muslin and carbonic acid gas. With a large O2, it appears to the fabrics, and CO 2 is seen in the legend. In a single blood, there is one more change - transfusion is possible, not because of the recipient's blood group, including rhesus belonging. And at the same hour, you will respect that foreign preparations of piece blood for their qualities are signifi cantly betrayed by our vicious "black blood". Moreover, only in Russia "blakytna shelter" is used for transfusion to people, like in America and Japan, in the main, they experiment on creatures.

A single roof is not sufficient to replace leukocytes, thrombocytes, blood cells and other storage parts of blood, and it is not necessary to carry O2 and CO2. Tim by the hour, the literature of the world has collected a collection of hundreds of vipads of successful transfusion of the individual blood of people.

visnovok

Slide nagolositi, the main steps in the development of the problem of blood transfusion slid vvazati:

1) we recognize the laws of blood circulation by Harvey (+1628);

2) the disclosure of blood groups by K. Landsteiner and J. Yarskiy in 1901-1907 pp.

3) V.A. Yurevich and M.M. Rosengart blood stabilizer (sodium citrate).

The most significant information about blood groups is three times.

Vchennya about groups of blood, as well as lackluster indications in physiology and medicine, in the consumption of clinical medicine. Unimportant to those who have been overflowing with shelter in a long time ago, this method has become widespread and successful in storing in clinical medicine in the twentieth century.

At the moment of the opening of the blood groups, they had passed over 100 years. For a whole hour, the transfusion of blood and components hid the lives of hundreds of thousands, and it may be possible to visit millions of people. Blood transfusions liquefy a lot of ailments. Vipadkas have wounds, opikivs, traumas, tied with insecurity for life, transfusion of blood bulo by one simple step. And at the same hour, the transfusion of blood brought people to life. Find out about the infection of people on SNID, hepatitis A, B and C.

In connection with the current age, the problem of the establishment of individual blood. In the Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences professors F.F. Beloyartseva and G.R. Ivanytskim Bula otrimana piece shelter.

In this day, in our country and beyond the boundaries of the land, experimental robots are being carried out on the basis of a piece of blood.

The wide range of blood groups in the various fields of medicine and biology is explained by:

a) we will forgive and in an easy-to-use way of rejecting the material for the improvement of the environment, the family;

b) stability (with a vignette) of group officials;

c) shodo easy way the establishment of the order of the decline of group antigens;

d) ascertaining the results before the end of the period, according to the sub-active criteria in the assessments.

In the advanced history of the development of genetic science, it is unlikely that there is more than one clue, equal to its scientific and practical significance in the blood of the people of the blood groups of the Rhesus system.

Galus of biology and medicine, in which it is already practical to study the science of science on the basis of a superbly foldable and polymorphic genetic system, to achieve wide and versatile genetic systems. From a point of view, the Rhesus system is of interest not only for geneticists, but for immunologists and serology, obstetricians and gynecologists and pediatricians, hemotransfusionologists, anthropologists and marine physicians.

Vikoristovuvan Literature

1. B.I. Kuznik "Physiology and pathology of blood systems". Chita, 2008

2. Fundamentals of the physiology of people. B.I. Tkachenko. Volume I. 1994 р

3. Home surgery. V.I. Struchkov, Yu.V. Pods. 2008 r

4. Physiology of people. Pid ed. G.I. Kositsky. 1985 p

5.O. Prokop, V. Geler. Group of blood people. M .: Medicine, 2007.

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A group of blood from the creatures

Nutrition about the manifestation of blood groups in domestic animals was shown positively: in a horse є 4 groups, in a horned thinness 3, agglutinini known also in dogs, pigs, chickens. Horses have blood groups and are transmitted during recessions. The horny thinness has a stink of nasty.

In 1940, K. Landsteiner and іnshі established the presence of Rhesus factor in the system-ROCIT, an antigen. Due to the appearance of the Rh factor in the blood, they see Rh-positive (close to 85% of people) and Rh-negative (close to 15% of people) organisms. The appearance of the presence of the Rh factor in the blood does not change over the course of life.

Rh factor decline

Groups of blood, as well as the appearance of the Rh factor, are transmitted in recessions. So, ditina usadkovuє group of blood, or dad, or mother. If the mother has Rh-negative shelter, and the daddy is Rh-positive and the daddy has usadkov that the daddy's Rh factor is evident, then through the lack of this factor between the mother and the daddy, the child can develop hemobolic.

In case of important ears and great loss of blood, as well as in case of trivial cases of illness, blood transfusion is required. Earlier it was vazhala, that the shelter of the 1st group can be transfused to people with a group of blood, and people of the IV group of blood can be transfused with the shelter of a group. To that, people from the I blood group were called universal donors, and people from the IV blood group were called universal recipients (Lyudin, who has his own shelter for transfusion, is called a donor, and the one who receives shelter from them is called a recipient). However, at the present moment they are old. It is possible to transfuse only the shelter of a different group and the Rh factor.

People from the II blood group can give її to people from the II group, and individuals from the III blood group - to people from the III blood group. People from the IV group of blood can give shelter for transfusion only to people from the whole group of blood. Material from the site

Transfusion of blood to a sick person є even to other employees. If a group of blood is wrongly assigned and a sick person is transfused into a group type of shelter, then the sickness can be suppressed. It should be borne in mind that, when the blood of people is thinning, it is not possible to get agglutinated to one group, but when the blood of people in small groups is reduced, agglutination can occur. That, when the blood spill-out of the same people, it is necessary to spill-over, so that the donor's shelter (where there is shelter) and the recipient's (who got shelter) should lie down to one and the same group, or until the groups are compatible. In the last drop in the blood of the recipient, there will be an agglutination of the erythrocytes introduced by the donor, and even more reasonably, since the breasts were made can clog other blood-bearing judgments.

At the age of a grown-up people, there are about 5 liters of blood without interruption. From the heart to be carried around the body, to finish it with a raspberry sieve. Heart needs to be close, or 70 blows, to skip all the shelter, to supply all the houses with the necessary elements.

Yak pratsyuє is the circulatory system?

Vaughn bring otrimaniyu light kissen і vibrate in stravohodі lively speeches there, de stinks are necessary. Shelter is also used for transporting hormones and stimulating the growth of the organisms of the products. The lungs are sour, and the carbonic acid gas is sour in it, if the lyudin vidikhaє. Vona transfer the products to the drop of the blood in the organization of the video. Until then, there is a roof to write about those who have already become so warm. People have cold feet, or hands, tse means that they have a lack of blood flow.

Erythrocytes and leukocytes

Tse klіtini with their own special qualities and "zavdannyami". Chervoni blood tiltsya (erythrocytes) are formed in cystic brain and they are constantly updated. In 1 mm of 3 blood there are 5 millions of hearts of hearts. Їх zavdannya - to deliver kissen to the children of the whole family. Bili blood tiltsya - leukocytes (6-8 thousand in 1 mm 3). The stench will drive the sickness, which has penetrated into the body. If people are sick themselves with ailments, the organism is involved in these functions, and people can die from such ailments, like the flu, which, with a normal system, will be able to cope quickly. Bili blood cells of a sick person on a SNID enemy with a virus - the organism can no longer repair the ailments by itself. Skin cells, leukocytes or erythrocytes are a whole system, and all the processes that appear in organisms are displayed on the basis of life.

What does blood group mean?

Warehouse of blood is similar to people before, as the name, color of hair and shkiri. How many blood groups are there? Їx chotiri: O (I), A (II), B (III) and AB (IV). On those, up to a group, lay the same shelter, pour in bottles, and take revenge in erythrocytes and plasma.

Bilki-antigens in erythrocytes are called agglutinogens. Bilky plasmies may be called two types: A and B, agglutinin can also be developed - a th c.

The axis is shown. There are 4 people, for example, Andriya, Allu, Oleksiya and Olga. Andriya has blood group A with agglutinogens A in cells and agglutinins in plasma. Alli has group B: agglutinogeni B and agglutinini a. Oleksiya has a group AB: there are 4 blood groups in particular, in that, in the presence of A and B agglutinogen, alezovsim nemaє agglutinin. Olga has a group of Pro - she does not have the presence of agglutinogen, but there is no agglutinogen in the plasma. Skin organism is associated with іnshim agglutinogens as a foreign aggressor.

confusion

Yakshcho transfer to Andriya s group A the shelter of group B, її aglyutiny not to accept foreign speech. The cells cannot be oversaturated by the room. And this means that you cannot deliver kissen to such organs, like a brain, and the price is not safe for life. Those same will become, as z'єdnati A and B group. Speeches At the speech A, but for O (I) group do not go yak A, so і B. People who may be of the first group of blood, get involved in abusive donors - be it for someone else. Smells of blood groups іsnu - all the stinks positively take away the shelter of the group Oh, you won’t take revenge in the erythrocytes of agglutinogens, as they could not "be favored" for the children. Such people (as in our vypadku Olga) є Group AB to take revenge on yak A-, so і B-protein, you can get out of it. Otzhe, a patient with 4 blood group (AB), with the necessary transfusion, you can undo it without fail. The axis of what such people, like Oleksiy, will call it "universalny companions".

It's our hour to get magical when transfusing patients to the same group of blood, like a sick person, and if only in extreme cases, it is possible to speed up a universal first. In any case, it is necessary to convert them to madness in front of them, so that they do not nourish the ailing one.

So also the Rh factor?

Chervonі tіltsya of deyakikh people revenge bіlok under the name of the Rh factor, that stink may be a positive Rh factor. About the quiet, who has such a small bottle, it seems that the stench may have a negative Rh factor, and it is allowed to transfuse only the same kind of shelter. Have a thumping vipad immune system there will be a glimpse of the first overflow.

Even more important is the importance of the Rh factor during the period of vaginosity. Yaksho, my friend's group is negative, and the dad's is positive, the daddy can get rid of the dad's Rh factor. In such a drop in the blood of the mother, antibodies accumulate, which can lead to ruinous erythrocytes. Another positive group of the fetus is the rhesus-conflict, which is not safe for the life and health of the child.

Genetic transmission of groupies

In the same way, as the hair grows, the roof of the people is calm from their fathers. Ale tse zovsim does not mean that the child will have the same disposition as for both of them. Innocent food supply through ignorance of the old cause of family welds. For the sake of keeping the blood in order, one must follow the singing laws of genetics. When a new life has been approved, please, as well as a table, are shown below.

For example, since the mother has 4 groups of shelter, and the father of the Persha, the child does not have the same shelter, like the mother. Here is the table, the new one may have a friend, and a third group.

The decline of a child's blood group:

Mother's blood group	Father's blood group
Mother's blood group




	Possible genetic options for a child

The Rh factor may calm down. If, for example, an offense, or if one father is a positive group for a friend, then a baby can be born either with a positive or negative rhesus. If it’s kozen z batk_v is a negative rhesus, then the laws of decay should be correct. A child may have a persha or a negative group.

Deposits from the nature of the people

Some of the groups of blood, such as social life among the peoples of the elderly, lie in the middle of the day. There are so many people to pass the test for the value of a group of blood, which also gave an opportunity to the old ones to quit, as the frequency of such a change in the prevalence of geographic growth changes. In the United States, 41% of Europeans are of group A blood, while 27% are African Americans. Mayzhe all the Indians in Peru may be the 1st group, and in Central Asia the most popular third group. Why іsnuyt cі vіdminnostі - is not called vivcheno.

The weakness of the ailments

Aleksandr remembered the actions of the tsikavi in connection with the blood cells and the sick ailments. Volodar I group of blood, for example, is more sick to the risk of becoming ill on the run. And people who try to tell a group to a friend to get rid of a rizik get a slunk on cancer. It’s even marvelous, albeit bricks, which amalgamate the storage of blood, are even more similar with bins, which are found on the surface of near pathogenic bacteria and viruses. If a lyudin gets infected with a virus with superficial lesions, let us take it away, the immune system can take it out and allow it to grow without problems.

For example, the surface of microorganisms, such as bubonic plague, are even similar to the proteins of the I blood group. Scientists are aware of the fact that such people can be especially smart to the point of infection. All in all, it’s important that the winery became ill in the early years of Asia and expanded to the west. If Europe had reached it, it wasted a fourth part of the population in the XIV century: that disease was called "black death". Central Asia has the smallest number of people of the 1st blood group. Otzhe, the very same group was "short-lived" in the zones, the plague is especially cruel, and people with other groups have a greater chance of survival. All the time, it is possible to prevent the accumulation of ailments from the blood warehouse. Vivchennya Tsієї version is more helpful in deciphering the genesis of the disease and the development of secrets of the vision of people.