Evolution of the nervous system. Nervous system, the structure of neurons and other structures of the nerve tissue and creatures, which is the common activity of our organs. Evolution of the nervous system and spine. A stage of evolution to the brain of the ridge. Onto-phylogenetic
1.1.10. elements of evolution nervous system
3.1. Step of development of the central nervous system
3.1.1. Nervous system of spineless creatures
3.1.2. The nerve system of the spinal twins
3.12. The laws of the measles of the great nations
3.12.1. Walking around the new measles
3.12.2. Organization of measles novelty in the lower class.
3.12.3. Organization of measles novelty in vishchikh savtsiv.
If it is in fierceness, if it is known in the harmony of addiction, if it is in our vuha, if it is turned around with it, or in a limb system. Pid hour fake sales limbic systems by opening two hard-working tools: memory and memory. The revolutions of conquest allowed the creatures to grow nabagato short vibe in order to see and adapt your view to small needs and, in such a rank, go beyond the regular repertoire of automatic reflexes.
Yaksho yakas, the hedgehog wicked to the ailment, the offensive once you can її uniqueness. If I wanted to know about those who were able to think about it, they were able to drink the smell in the meaning of the world, and the sounds of smelling shovels and the lambic system, took on the task of developing and developing memory from the smell of aromas, porous it’s good, because it’s rotten. Cebulo is broken by the hematopoietic system, part of the limbic system, the basic basis of the new measles to the brain, the brain of the rosum.
3.17.2. Introduce integrative systems to the brain.
3.17.3. Evolution of associative systems.
3.17.4. Evolution of integrative activity to the brain.
1.1.10. Elements of the Evolution of the Nervous System
I admit, with a wicked form of the nervous system and all tvarin bul diffuse. In the course of the evolution of secondary thorns, the "back" was formed nervous system - dorsal and cerebrum, and in the course of the evolution of primitives, for example, coma, - vuzlova - - cherevna nervova Lantsyuzhok with periopharyngeal ganglia (brain of cich tvarin).
On the thin two-ball cells of the primary measles to the brain, which will hunt in a planned way, the sensory and coordination areas, new versions of the message may be expected to create a new bark. In the name of the old two-ball measles, the new one has set the wonders of intellectual power.
The middle of the living of the thought and the revenge of the center, as the selection and interpretation of all information, selected by the senses. Feel free to those who think about it, and they do not allow us mothers of emoticons with ideas, mystery, symbols and ideas. With the help of a trivial evolutionary process, the new cerebral cortex made it possible to rationalize adapt to the situation, but, insanely, meaningfully, it increased the health of non-damages, in the same time the increased generation of the generation of transmission and transmission
The main strains of the evolutionary development of all nerves of systems, mabut, boules centralization of elements, cefsizsatsiya (Development of the brain, cerebral ganglia) and an increase in the number of neurons and synaptic connections.
Mabut, parallel to this evolutive structure of the nervous system, there was a differentiation of the nerve elements themselves - the formation of unipolar and multipolar neurons from "non-differential" spindle-like nerve cells(Formed earlier from the myepithelial elements).
Tse more, less be-a-kind of the kind, zberіgs zabdyag talent new measles for a strategic, pre-construction plan and new possibilities for the mind. Besides, robotic new measles to the brain - all the achievements of mystery, civilization and culture. Tsia Ziva Tkaninu has filled our life with new versions. The constructions of the picture create an impression of satisfaction and sexual pleasure, emotions, such as the dwarf of sexual pleasure and addictions associated with him.
The emergence of new measles in the brain and ligaments with the limbic system was allowed to create a family ligament of subtlety, like tying a mother and a child, and spontaneously talking about it for a trivial hour, as long as people allow.
An important point in the evolution of nerve elements - myelination of nerve fibers in ridge і form giant nerve guides at deyaky spineless (for example, cephalopods). Changes (especially myelination) have rapidly increased the speed of nervous signaling. Along with the molecular mechanisms of the nervous system - these channels, mediators and receptors, - as at the same time, boules are formed at a greater early stage of phylogenesis (perhaps, at the "pre-early" stages). ...
People have a jingle, scho dad jingle with a child, sponka yogo pіkluvatis about new yogo and hijacking yogo, it is allowed to carry on the dignity of the child, and his brain grows. If we are astonished at the developmental phase of phylogenetic descent, from reptiles, through rhesus, to humans, the mass of new measles in the brain grows. Tse zrostannya supravodzhutsya progressive geometrієyu interconnected cerebral lantsyugіv. The greater the number of cichs is spoluk, the greater the range of possible species. The new cerebral cortex is allowed not only for thin and folding senses, but for the healthiness of the mind, we caress about the relationship before we see it.
In ontogenesis, in ryhnya the nervous system develops from ectoderm (The dorsal cerebral plate, shaped like a nerve tube). In ontogenesis, in spineless nerves, the nervous system develops from ectoderm і entodermi. Clitini-transceivers of neurons are called Neuroblast. The maturity is not related to the growth of adolescents and the establishment of synaptic connections. With a large number of adolescents, they know about chemotaxis as a path to chemotaxis behind the addition of special vital glial cells, which play the role of direct structures.
In the brain of the new measles there is more, less in the little images of the species, and the human brain to take revenge more, less in the brain of the mawp, which explains the increased range of emotional reactions and intelligence. At that hour, a rabbit has a yak, or a rhesus є surrounded by a set of reactions, wicked by fear, more and more human brain, tim more ymovirno, who will give yoma wide range possibilities, including the ability to set.
What is more foldable is the social system, what is more important is the nagging of the reaction, and in the light of the more foldable social systems, Nіzh is set by the people. However, the people of the center do not cherish our efforts to our emotional lives; At the key vaping of the heart, especially in inconspicuous emotional situations, the stench is a misnomer - more than lambic. Oskilki rich in vishnyh cerebral centers have grown from the limbic system, or have become expanded, it is not wonderful, well emotional brain the key role in the architecture of the entire nervous system.
Clitini-followers of the glia (glion) are called spongioblasts. Formed (mature) neurons consume the building before multiplication; at a large number of gliones, navpaki, tsya zatnitst. In the nervous systems of old creatures and people, it is more difficult to prevent some of the neurons from collapsing, as well as the multiplication of major elements. However, it is unclear whether the deterioration of neuroglial spit is a compensatory process or a variant of pathology.
Yak root, which has grown into a new brain, emotional areas can be combined with small lancers with parts of new measles. We have a great statty about the human brain, we are motivated by the evolution of our brain from all walks of life, from ancient waters to the hostile expansion of primates. Mi zapituєmo - and namagaєmosya іdpovisti - why the human brain changes at once.
Mi 000 rockіv that. Lyudin to enter the university's cave, as if at once to be in France. Through a light, like a measure of a high lamp, he lays down his path to a found room. On one of the chilnyh skel of the wines, having thrown babies into a roll, which represented a tooth's head over the bare body of the woman.
3.1. Step of development of the central nervous system
The emergence of multiple organisms has become the primary stimulus for the differentiation of communication systems, which will prevent the integrity of reactions to organisms, the interaction between these tissues and organs. Tsya vzaєmodіya can work like a humoral way.
The fact is that two artists, separated by 30 thousand years, are robots, they are amazing. Ale, maybe it’s not my fault. At least, on the anatomical basis, our music does not seem to be very quiet, but it’s so richly rocky in that writing of the Chauvet peppers. Їхнє mystetstvo, part of the "creative vibuhu" at this hour, on this day, is proof that the brain will be exactly the same as ours.
Picasso - Minotaur attacking the Amazon. Yak mi otriman tse miracle brain? Yak primitive struggle for vijivannya gave birth to such an unaware object? Importantly, it’s more important, but the brain isn’t scammed. However, the developers of new technologies can provide the evolution of the brain in unprecedented detail from an hour to the first nerve cells to the cavernous and Cubistic mystery.
3.1.1. Nervous system of spineless creatures
The nervous system, as a specialized system of integration on the path of structural and functional development, pass through a chain of stages, as in the primary and secondary thyme can be characterized by rice parallelism and phylogenetic plastic vibration.
Among spineless most primitive type of nervous system in viglyad diffusional nerve hedgehog develop in the type of intestinal tract. Nerve hedgehog is a purchase of multi-polar and bipolar neurons, the sprouts of which can overlap, lay down one to one, and the functional differentiation on the axon and dendritis is added. The diffuse nerve netting is not divided into the central and peripheral formations and can be localized in the ectoderm and entoderm.
The story of the story of repaired in ancient oceans back to before the first creatures appear. The evolution of pluricular creatures lay in the form of building cells of perception and reactivity on the other cells - at the same time. The stench can swell and squeeze the canals every now and then, and the stench of all the fall and the blockage. The sponges can be flashed with a big shimmering path: the stench is throwing an electric impulse over the body, the scalp is snarling, which will pump water through the body, and it’s lingering for a few seconds.
Therefore, all living organisms generate electrical potential behind their membranes, seeing them. The opening of the channels, which allow them to float through the membrane, to produce a rapid change in potential. As a matter of fact, the type of Mexican chill can move on the surface of the commerce with fast decal meters per second. At the moment of anguish, the clint in the jaw and the pulse can pass through the whole body.
Epidermal nerves gossip, nagaduyut the nerves of the intestines, there can be found in the most highly revived spineless (flat and large parts of the worms), but here the stench occupies the superior position on the basis of the transfer to the Central nervous system (CNS).
Recent reports have shown that there are a lot of components that are responsible for transmitting electrical signals, seeing and detecting chemical signals, and emerging in one-line organisms, which are like burning food. It’s very important, and it’s very important, but old forms of flaky cohomots gave birth to food 850 million years ago.
So close to the cob, the little ones all over the place are small, the possibility of spilkuvatis one by one for additional electrical impulses and chemical signals. Otzhe, for those who are in the middle of the boulevard only one croc, we will be special in a special case. The nerves of the cells evolved according to the increase, the cable-related extension - axons - play the role of carrying the multi-electric signals. In the Danish hour, the stench is transmitting signals to those clients who see chemistry, such as glutamate, and the stink of the price is even less stinking, if they go to synapses.
Yak butt of such centralization and concentration of nerve elements can be brought orthogonal nerve system pl Oskih worms. Orthogonal turbellaria є a well-ordered structure, as it is stored with associative and ruff clitins, which form at once a number of pairs of late strands, if not bursting, with a large number of transverse and cyclonic combs. Concentration of nerve elements is superimposed on bores in the body.
It means that cheeky speeches are simply guilty of incurring a small opening in order to speed up the process. Otzhe, very soon the nervous system began to deteriorate. First neurons, ymovyrno, boules tied in diffusional hedge vdovzh tila. The whole type of structure, vidomy like a diffuse nervous system, can still be poked in the walls, like trembles, like jellyfish and sea anemone.
Alle, among the other creatures, clusters of neurons - the central nervous system - began to appear. Tse allowed the information to be overwhelmed, and not a hopeless re-transmission, allowing the creatures to move and reactivate to the new middle in more folding ways. Some special groups of neurons - the persistent brain-like structure - developed in the company and primitive eyes.
Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical creatures with a clearly twisted lateral view of the body. Rukh in vіnly-living forms hіsnіsnu to pass importantly to the bіk of the head end, to concentrate the receptor, which signals about the closeness of the dzherel razdratuvannya. Up to the number of such receptors of turbellaria, there are pigment eyes, scent pits, sta-tosist, sensitive cells of pokriviv (div. Rozd. 4.2.1; 4.5.1), the manifestation of such sprays of concentration nerve tissue on the front end. Tsey process to form head ganglion, like, behind the vluchnyi vislov of Ch. Sherrington, you can see how ganglion overhead is over the reception systems in the country.
Our point of view is on the tse important pod_ya dispensing is frequent. However, it’s not marvelous, the deyaki from the sites, such as sea worms, do not disturb the neural center. Abo, perhaps, the ancestors of the sea hrobak will have a primitive brain and a vicious one, who can talk about those who are one of those vitrati on the consolidation of the brain to cross the passages. However, the mozkov is a central structure in the ancestors of the ridge. The primitives, similar to the riba of the Istoti, just sowed live amphiok, which is not a lower slit, but rather a filter.
Mozok amphioka is important to know from reshti spinal cord, Ale є, mabut, special areas: for example, back part the brain of the control of the float, at that hour there is the front brain of the back. “It’s for the ridge, which is a silky church for the Cathedral of Notre Dame — the main architecture of the presence, even if it’s not a great fold,” - even Linda Holland from Californian University in San Diego.
Ganglionization of nerve elements I will take away the given development from the spineless ones, many chrobakiv, Molluscs and arthropods. In a large number of large worms in the middle of the storm, ganglionization is such a rank that in the skin segment of the body it is formed by one pair of ganglia, which are connected with the same pair, with the same
Deyakі from tsikh rib-like іstot on іltratsії to love chіpatsі for the skeleton. The floating larvae of indulgent sea creatures may have an elementary brain, ale like a stench settling on the skeleton, wine degenerate and glaze in the soul. As a matter of fact, I didn’t swallow any time, no two.
Since the beginning of the day, it has allowed the small regions of the brain to transmit different types of neurotransmitters, which, in its own right, allowed more creative behavior to appear. In cychs, there is already a small neocortex - additional balls of nerve tissue on the surface of the brain, which are indicative of the folding and nimbleness of the behavior of the scientists. What is the most important region to evolve?
Gangles of one segment in primitive annelids are created by means of transverse comics, and should be brought to the end similarity of the nervous system. In the larger corrals of many worms, there is a tendency towards the closeness of the black worms, and even to the greater evil of the gangs of the right and the left sides and the transition from retreats to chain nerve systems. Identical, chain type of the budovy nervous system, in arthropods with a variable concentration of nerve elements, as it may not only be due to the development of anger in the middle of the ganglion after one segment of the ganglion
The evolution of the nervous system and spineless is not only along the path of the concentration of nerve elements, but directly in the acceleration of structural interactions in the ganglia boundaries. Not vipadkovo in contemporary literature is meant tendency to break the nerve lance with the spinal cord of spinal creatures. Yak and in the spinal cord, in the ganglia, there appear on the surface of the expansion of the conductive paths, the differentiation of the neuropil to the motor, sensitive and associative areas. There is a similarity, but with the butt of parallelism in the evolution of tissue structures, it is not, however, the freedom of anatomical organisms. ventral, yak tse maє mіsce in ridge creatures.
The process of ganglionization in spineless can lead to the formation the nervous system and the single-node type, yak to see the molluscs. In the middle of the numerical type є phylogenetic primitive form with the nervous system, s an orthogon of flat chrobaks (nerve-molluscs), and thrust in the class (cephalopods), in those who are angry ganglia form differentiations on the brain.
Progressive development of the brain in cephalopods and coma leads to a change of mind for the determination of the unique architecture of command control systems of behavior. Lower level of integration in segmental ganglia, comas and in the subopharyngeal mass, the brain of molluscs serve as the basis for autonomous activity and coordination of elementary muscular acts. At the same hour, the brain is an offensive, more high level of integration, How can there be inter-analytical synthesis and assessment of the biological significance of information. On the basis of these processes, recessionary commands are formed, so that the option of launching neurons of segmental centers is not guaranteed. Obviously, the interaction of the two lines of integration lies in the basis of the plasticity of the behavior of the spineless ones, including the innate and nabuty reactions.
In general, seemingly about the evolution of the nervous system and spineless, it would be forgiven to imagine a linear process. The facts, recognized in neuroontogenetic pre-dysplinous spineless ones, allow to allow a lot of (polygenetic) walking of the nerve tissue of spineless ones. Otzhe, the evolution of the nervous system and spineless could be a wide front from decilkoh dzherel to cob developmental.
At the early stages of phylogenetic development, another trunk of the Evolutian tree, which giving an ear to an echinoderm and chordates. The main criterion for seeing the type of chordates is the appearance of the chordis, pharyngeal chordates and the dorsal nerve cord - the neural tube, which is an ancient germinal leaf - ectoderma. pipe parts nun nervous system spine-like basic principles of organisation are defined as ganglionic or vascular type of the nervous system and vertebral spineless.
The nerve system of chordal creatures, as in all the bogatoklitinnykh, develops through the ectoderm. Wonnikla for the rakhunok zanurennya sensitive clitines, a few lay on the surface of the til, for yogo twist. The price is brought both in terms of anatomical and diabetic data.
In all spine, the central nervous system is the thin nerve tube, the anterior end is the brain, and the back is the dorsal. Osvita brain is called kefalizatsiya. Vona is tied to the strength of the roach activity of the ridge and the need for a post-mortem analysis of growth, so that it can come from the outer middle, to the first place from the front end. The whole process of supervising also differentiation of organs in the senses, especially distant ones - for scent, sight and hearing. The spinal evolution of organs in the senses and in the brain is to produce dynamic coordination between the scent receptors and the forebrain, healthy - middle, auditory - and back. Mabut, to that the brain of all the dastardly ridge creatures in the embryogenesis is laid down with a combination of three cerebral mechanisms - front, middle and rear - and only to differentiate on five of them. Ymovirno, the ancestors of the ridge mali are larger than the simple brain, which develops on the basis of three cerebral microorganisms.
The head brain of the most grown-up ridge spines is built up from five types: front, intermediate, middle, back and more. In the middle of the brain and spinal cord, the back of the empty space is removed, and the neurocoel is formed. In the spinal cord, there is a spinal canal, and in the brain, there is a cerebral canal. The tissue of the brain is stored from the green speech (purchase of nerve cells) and white (the growth of the nerve cells).
At all the sides of the brain, they open up their mantle, so that they can move over the little ones, and when they lie before them. In the progressive evolution of the brain, the actions of strengthening the roles of their front views and mantles in the context of the rear and back are manifested.
In ribs, the brain is generally small. Weakly apologize from the front. The anterior cerebral brain does not appear on the pod. Yes, it’s fine, it’s just about the epithelial cells, and not to revenge on the nerve tissue. pіdstava forebrain including the dark tila, from all the scent parts. Functionally, the anterior brain is the visual scent center.
In the midbrain, with tying epiphyses and hypophysias, rosetting of the hypothalamus, which is the central organ of the endocrine system. The middle brain of the ribs is the best of the blame. Wines are stored for two pivots and serve as a healthy health center. Besides, wine is a visual integration of the brain. The posterior cerebrum is to replace the cerebellum, which is responsible for the regulation of the coordination of the brain. The blame is even better in conjunction with the displacement of ribs in the trivial space. Dovgastia's brain will prevent the ligaments of the other organs in the brain from the spinal cord and to replace the center of the brain and blood circulation. The brain is of this type, in which the visceral center of integration of functions є middle brain, I call it іхтіопсіднім.
In amphibians, the brain is also іхтіопсід. However, the anterior brain is very large in size and parting in the season. Let it grow from nerve cells, the growths of which grow out on the surface. Yak i y ribs, great razmіrіv reach the middle brain, which is also a visual integration center and center of the zoru. The lobe of the speeding spike has a link with the primitive nature of the rucks.
Mind the ground-based plasuns in a larger folding morphofunctional organization of the brain. The forebrain is the greatest great seen among the common ones. In the new one, the dark tones are especially rosy. Before them pass the functions of the integrated integrative center. On the surface of the dakhu, there are still measles islands that are even more primitive budovi, and they call it ancient - archicortex. The middle brain consumes the meaning of the provid- The lobe is strongly susceptible to the foldability and development of the plumes. A brain of this type, in which the leading view of the dark tones of the forebrain, is called sauropsy.
Ssavts have a mammalian type of brain. It is characteristic for the new one to have a stronger development of the forebrain for measles, which develops on the basis of a small incidence of measles in the brain and becomes an integrating center of the brain. They grow into the center of the sound, auditory, tactile, rucous analyzer, as well as the center of the nervousness... The bark can even be folded into the bud and call itself a new bark - neocortex. At them, not only the til of neurons, but the associative fibers, are roztasovuyutsya, so that the development of the delyanka. It is also characteristic є also the manifestation of the comissuri between the drinks, in which the fibers grow out, so that they ring together. Industrial brain, as in other classes, including hypothalamus, hypophysis and epiphysis. In the middle brain, a quadruple grows in the viglyadi chotiroh humps. Two front ties let's improve the analyzer, Two back-s are hearing. A little more well-worn little cornucopia.
In the world of enhancing the functions of the anterior cerebral pathways in the phylogenesis of the spinal cord, it is more difficult to differentiate later in the development of great nerves in the field of great nerves to the end
So, in ribs, the dorsal cerebral cortex is pulled along the entire length of the ribs. Fixing from the amphibians see them shortly backwards. In savts on the posterior end of the spinal cord, there is a rudiment in the viglyadi of the endometrium filum - filumterminale. Nerves, going to the back end, pass through the spinal canal independently, claiming so the titles of the Chinese hvist - caudaequina.
The main stages of the evolution of the central nervous system are imagined in the ontogenesis of people. At the stage of neurulation, a nerve plate is laid down, which is transformed into a groove and then into a tube. The anterior end of the tube fixes three cerebral michours: anterior, middle and posterior. Likewise, the front michur is divided into two, which differentiates into the anterior and the intermediate brain - telencephalon, diencephalon. The middle cerebral muscle develops into the middle brain - mesencephalon, and the back - into the back brain - metencephalon - і prodovuvaty brain- medullaoblongata.
The posterior end of the spinal cord is reduced, transformed into a terminal thread. As the growth of the spinal cord and ridge grows, it grows smaller, and until the moment of population the spinal cord appears at the level of the third, and in the older people - even at the level of the first transverse ridge.
The brain starts to develop early along the path, characteristic of savtsіv and people. Primarily, the nerve tube is more straight and bent sharply in the area of the large, dense and middle brain. On a whole aphid great pіvkulі the forebrain grows with an especially great shvidk_styu. As a result, the cerebrum appears over the facial skull. Differentiation of measles leads to the development of zivins, borozenes and the formation of specific sensory and ruch centers, including the centers of writing and writing, which are characteristic only for people.
The central nervous system is important for the integration of the individual development of people, as well as the greater number of people who are crazy about life. In the middle of the spinal cord, the ontogenetic mechanisms of such species, notably rachis, nliplatinneuria, are the appearance of the neural tube damping. This anomaly is associated with damage to the cell movement and adhesion in the zone of formation of the neural tube in the process of neurulation. Anomalies of the forebrain - proencephaly - rotate in the damaged morphogenesis of the brain, in case of any infusion, it appears non-eroded, and the cortex is incomplete. The whole defect is formed on the 4th stage of embryogenesis, at the moment of laying the forebrain. Yak і before, wіn mindless wіth lives. Often it occurs in dead births with low chromosomal and gene syndromes.
Violation of measles differentiation - Agiriya (prevalence of measles) and oligogyria of pachigiriya (small number of inculcated zivins) - supervise those who are prompted for histological measles. Children with such wads have gross oligophrenia and damage to their reflexes. Most children are dying with the stretching out of their first fate.
78. Evolutionary transformation of internal secretions in chordates. Onto-phylogenetic defects of the endocrine system and people.
Put in the internal secrets, like hormones, which are seen by them, may be more like it, which is important for the development of this evolution.
Deyaky endocrinal zalozi tied for walking from the epithelial whistle of the pharynx. Before them, the thyroid and parathyroid glands are introduced. Epifiz develops like a virust to the brain; gipofiz, nadnirkovy zalozi and pidshlunkova zalosa can be very flexible.
The middle of the chordate only in the noncranial endocrine system is in the middle of the cell and the cell complexes, which are found in the older cells of the body, united one by one for the humoral relationship. At the ridge in pіdstavі brain to develop hypothalamus - Neurosecretory education, as a result of communication between two systems of integration of organisms in a single purpose: nervous and endocrine. Along with the hypophysis, the hypothalamus will establish one hypothalamic-hypophysis system.
Evolutionary protagonist of the hypothalamus, the so-called infundibular lancelet, which is stored in the neurosecretory cells and is located on the ventral side of the anterior end of the neural tube.
By repairing the ribs of the hypothalamus, differentiation is made on the numerical nuclei, cells of which, behind the auxiliary growths, contact both the neurons of the brain and the cells of the hypophysis. The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus see two main groups of hormones: peptides and monoamines.
First - hormones, which are injected into the function internal organs- vasopressin, which I regulate arterial vise, Oxytocin, scho diє on the muscles of the uterus, і ін. Another group of hormones (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) regulates the activity of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. From there on, it is stimulated or the secretion of hormones in the form of hypophyseal cells is induced.
More details are available on the Evolution of the Hypophysis. Qia zalosa is stored in three parts: anterior (adenohypophysis), middle (industrial) and posterior (neurohypophysis). The hypophysis of the hypothalamus and its virost is a funnel, through the yak pass the outgrowths of the neurons of the hypothalamus and the blood-bearing judgment, which will prevent humoral interaction.
The share of the hypophysis may be more adventurous. The front part is developed from the vipinnya of the ectodermal epitheliyu dakhu mouthwash, So called Ratko's kisheni, which grows towards the midbrain. The back part raises from the back part of the funnel. Klitini, you should enter to the warehouse, for the walks, the main ones. The industrial part is lost from the front.
In cartilaginous ribs, in the mature stan, the primary ligaments of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis are associated with the epithelium of the mouth emptying. For the rear section, the middle section is also formed. Offend the parts viroblyayut gonadotropic hormones. In cystic ribs and larvae of amphibians, the front and intermediate parts, and in mature amphibians, which move to the ground, there is also the rear, which regulates the water exchange. The middle part of them ceases to see the gonadotropic hormone, ale viroblya prolactin.
At the connection with the land method of life of plazuns and savts, they have the most progressive development of the back part of the hypophysis, which is tied to the intensification of water exchange.
The front part of the viroblya is somatotropic hormone (growth hormone) and a number of hormones that regulate the functions of the inner secretions of the inner secretions, and the middle part is prolactin and deyaki. At the same time, the differentiation and the intensification of the functions of the nuclei of the hypothalamus, which interrupt the functional connection with the help of parts of the hypophysis, will be used.
In humans, in embryogenesis, the development of the hypophysis appears to be the main stages of its evolution. Even more often, in 30-40%, in normal people on the mucous membrane of the throat, in the wedge-like brush A group of clitins appears with a thickness of 5-6 mm and a width of 0.5-1 mm, behind the structure and functions of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. This is the result of the deterioration of the replacement of the clitin when the hypophysis is established in the mouthwash in the area of the Turkish saddle. Qiu 139 anomalies are called ectopia of the adenohypophysis, they do not supervise pathological manifestations. Great care is taken of empty waste in the area of Ratko Quarter - Quest of Ratko Quarters. Vona grows between the front and industrial areas, revenge mucus and in the row in the direction of the tendency to grow and navigate to evil new affirmation... Growing brushes will help you to improve your health and improve your health. Ailments will require prompt engagement.
The thyroid gland, the hormone of yakoi - thyroxin - regulates the energy exchange, the middle chordate yak is a compact organ for the first time to appear in the ribs. However, even in the lancelet, thyroxin-synthesized cells appear in the grooves on the ventral sides of the pharynx. The thyroid gland of ribs is also laid down in the viglyadi of the groin on the ventral sides of the pharynx, and in the 1st and 2nd chilinas in the region of the anlage of the mouth. The decrease in the size of the clitinny material is fading to the mucous membrane and the form of the follicle, characteristic of thyroid gland... In the midst of the ridge, the zaliza is laid like this, yak in the ribs, ale
Then they move to the area of the pid'yazikovy kistka (in amphibians) or to the shiin area (in plazuns and ssavts).
In humans, in the embryogenesis of the thyroid gland, recapitulation of ancestral stanis is observed. Heterotopia її to look for an additional migration of cells in the viglyadі of a heavy, empty middle, which is called a thyroid duct - canalisthyreoglossus. With normal development of the duct, I will decrease, with a rudiment of the foramencaecum openings in the roots of the mov.
Evidence of the embryonic relocation of the thyroid artery a. thyreoideasuperior, yak, repaired from the intriguing sleepy artery, turned sharply downward and entered into the fabric. At the early stages of the embryonic development of the artery, the artery goes up to the rudiment of the thyroid gland, and then changes directly from the bottom to the bottom.
Persistence of the pid'yazic duct in the postnatal period is supervised by the accumulations of the middle cysts in them, as it can grow out in any way from the root of the tongue to the upper bone of the thyroid. In some cases, the bones are driven out and cut through the middle Norits. There is no less development of such wadi development, as an ectopia of the thyroid gland, which can develop as a result of the destruction of the clerical migration.
From the pharynx in the region III-V of the chickweed chives, in the ridge chives, other endocrine diseases develop, tied behind the place of residual position with the thyroid zone. Thyroid parathyroids and ultrabranchial tiltsia. First, the hormone parathyroidin is seen, it grows in place of the calcium in the blood and changes in the amount in the cysts, it develops as a self-contained plant in terrestrial ridges, and in leaves of amphibians. Clients also see calcitonin, which is an antagonist of parathyroidin. In such a rank, parathyroid glands and ultrabranchial tiltsia are regulators of calcium metabolism. The value of їkh most is greater in terrestrial ridges. In the phylogenetic series of ridge stinks, it gradually moves from the pharyngeal area towards the thyroid gland, and in the case of savts, it grows with it. parathyroid glands still retain independence, and cells of ultramobranchial children play among the follicles of the thyroid gland and are protected by the name of parafolicular cells. In such a rank, on the butt of the thyroid, parathyroid glands and ultrabranchial cells, one can see the integration of the vale structures in a foldable light, like a complex of interconnected functions.
