For the first time, the vicarist is the understanding of criminology. - convergence from abstract to concrete
CRIMINOLOGY
Stepanova Iryna Borisivna
CRIMINOLOGY YAK SCIENCE I ЇЇ SUBJECT
1. Understanding and special features of criminology
2. Subject and system of criminology
3. Misce of criminology in systems of sciences
Understanding and special features of criminology
criminology(Vіd Lat. Сrimen - zlochin і Greek. Logos - vchennya) - science, scho vivchaє malignity.
Winning of criminology as an independent science is carried out until 2/2 of the 19th century and will bring together robots of Topinard, Cesare Lambroso, Rafael Garofalo. To get involved, the term "criminology" in scientific research in 1879 was published by Topinard, and in 1885, Garofalo's monograph was published with this name.
In such a rank, the viglyadi self-contained knowledge and concept of fighting against evil criminology is less than 2 centuries old.
However, some of the evidence about the evil and the cause was developed in the nadra of the suspicious-political theory (pratsi of Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, T. Mora, Grotsia, Montesk'є). A special misce - Ch. Bekkaria "About evil and infamous". Until 2/2 of the 19th century, ideas and manifestations did not represent an independent system of science.
Bilsh, now for 2 centuries, look at the evil behavior and know the significant changes.
1. Biological
2. Psychological
3. Sociological
Criminology did not show itself as a single vchenya. Vona included a number of hikes and schools, such as mali science centers in the rural lands of the world.
Until June 1917 in Russia, criminology as an independent science did not fail. The vona was developed within the framework of criminal law, the head rank is represented within the framework of the sociological school of criminal law (zokrem, prof. Gernet). From 1917 to 1917, criminological preliminaries appear. Radianska criminology is considered as a practical way of directing criminal statistics. Under the Central Statistical Office and under the provincial courts, they functioned moral statistics, which were responsible for the malignity, and the reasons for that particular malignancy. Todi is the first institute for the development of malignity and malignancy (functioned until 1935). In 1935, the rotsi criminology was protected as a pseudoscience (right up to the 50s). The revival of criminology was introduced in the 1950s - the ear of the 60s. In 1963, the All-Union Institute for the Prosecution of Causes and Problems in Preventing Maliciousness under the General Prosecutor's Office (іsnu to tsikh пір).
Criminology, I want to refer to the sciences of the criminal cycle, according to the day to see them, that is not purely legal, but social and legal science. It’s worth looking at the legal sciences, that’s how it’s got to be described, based on the criminal legal concept. Allegedly, the subject of criminology does not fit into the framework of legal characteristics, it also belongs to the sphere of sociology (especially when there are reasons for malignancy).
Subject and system of criminology
Vіtchiznyanі vchenі in subjects criminology see 4 groups of social phenomena:
1) maliciousness
2) the specialty of zlochintsya
3) cause and mischief
4) redressing maliciousness
Until recently malignant the reason was the supremacy of the wages, who lived in the territory of the state for the singing period of an hour.
I don’t vlashtovuyuyuyh vchenyh tse, to that, it only only characterizes evilness, does not open її yakіsnyh signs. This is the meaning of evilness.
For example, prof. Shestakov on the spot Negatively, the power of the suspension to create a lot of people who are not safe for the very actions, which will summarize the introduction of criminal legal fences, and are circulating in the flow of crops.
Deviant behavior, as it does not accept evil, is rather tied to them (alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, vagrancy, too - background appearances) in the subject of criminology in general not to be included. Criminology of viewing such phenomena is fragmentary in the analysis of the causes of malignancy and the problems of dealing with it.
specialty of zlochintsya- the supremacy of the social-demographic, social-role and moral-psychological powers of the sub'ekta zlochin. Criminology vivchaє to the sociological portrait of a zealot from a law-and-hearing whopper, to the same "Wreckage" in the characteristics shows the deyaki turns of malignancy.
Causes and wickedness - the essence of economic, political, ideological, psychological, organizational and managerial and other manifestations, which generate malignity. Vіtchiznyana criminology go from the postulate, which is the cause of malignancy and suspiciousness.
prejudice to evil- a system of entry, directing to the weakening and neutralization of the reasons and minds of evil, to the reduction of the evil and the correction of the behavior of the law-enforcers. Criminology of development of science bases for the program of combating evil, preparing theoretical models of legal acts in the field of combating evil, providing criminological examination of draft laws.
system of criminology.
During the meeting of the scientific information, they see the home and the special part.
V behind-the-scenes part criminological phenomena are analyzed as a whole, without seeing the specifics okremikh vidiv zlochin_v.
especially chastina so called private criminological theories, how to describe and explain the laws of certain types of malignancy and prototypes. There are theories, which explain the flow on the malignity of the environment, the factors (family - the family of criminology, the economy - the economy of criminology, the crime of crime - the criminopenology, the behavior).
The system of a special part does not belong to the system of a special part of the RF CC. Classification not according to the objective, as in the RF CC, but in the presence of the reasons and the minds of malice: rapist malignity - do not vivchayu not care for malice, or enter into abuse.
Misce of Criminology in the System of Sciences
Dane nourish є discuss. In the rural period, in the other powers, by the original authors, the food was shown in a healthy way.
Anglo-Saxon school vvazhaє criminology galuzzi sociology. The basis for the criminologist is to blame for the sociology, which is victorious in the sociological colleges.
continental doctrine look at criminology yak interdisc ...? mіzh huge and natural sciences.
In Italy shy away from emphasis on biology.
At France- to clinics, in connection with mental health problems.
In Nimechchin- two straight lines - biological and sociological with the rest.
Near the lands of Skhidnoy Europe criminology is brought up to legal sciences: I will establish a law for the cordon of evil, the fight against evil is regulated by such a religion, which does not prevent one from struggling with the other negative manifestations. Apparently, basic є legal science for criminologists.
In the Danish hour in the Russian Federation Criminology is involved in general theoretical science for the higher sciences of the criminal cycle. Tse base for the other sciences, such as vivchayut malignity. Specialization in criminology and cycles of sciences in relation to the relations of TGPs and other legal disciplines. Tsia science is independent, so there is a specific subject and method.
head of criminology.
1) Analytical - the prelude to malignancy, the reasons and minds, the special character of malignancy, the system and the effectiveness of the prevention of malignancy.
2) Prognostic - according to the laws and tendencies of evilness, according to the aggravation of social problems, forecasts will be made about the possibility of developing criminological phenomena.
private scientific methods
1) Sociological methods
Vivchayut appearances in їх concrete manifestation - a specific evil, a specific patience, a specific criminal right.
For example, experience (writing - questionnaire, sleep - interv'yuvannya), caution (for the behavior of the convicted person), experiment, method of expert assessments and analysis of evidence.
2) Statistical methods
Established on scientific development of new forms of statistics.
3) Psychological methods
Vikoristovuyutsya 2 method: testing (to establish special characteristics of the convicts and victims) and sociometry (to establish in the small group).
4) Legal methods
You can see the method of legal knowledge (assessment of the effectiveness of criminal law, criminal procedural, criminal law institutions in other countries).
5) Mathematical methods
For example, mathematical modeling of criminological significant processes, methods of processing and analysis of data, correlation method.
Statistical methods
One of the dzherel criminological information in the form of criminal statistics. The sovereign system of criminal statistics is based on the principle of a single branch of evil (the statistics do not include any evil, so that the FSB and the Vyskovo Prosecutor's Office are investigating it, it is impossible to talk about this principle).
The system of a single area of malice functions since 1965 (earlier, it was not a matter of mischief, but a criminal record, a number of judges).
In the last hour, there are cases of malignancy and convictions in Russia, it is accepted until the special order of some law enforcement agencies is issued on December 29, 2005 "About one oblast of maladies". It is binding for all vocational education institutions, including the FSB and the Viskovo Prosecutor's Office. From the 30s to the 80s, the rock of the house about the badness and performance of the VET was kept secret. The seal of secrecy was taken in 1988. Since 1989, in Russia, statistical books about badness and right-handedness are widely seen in Russia (ale the stench is of a seeming nature).
Criminological information from numerical dzherels should be sent to the Golovny Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (DIAC MVS RF). The whole center represents the state's statistical office about evilness.
The system of one line of land is based on the offensive principles:
1) Re-establishment of damage for materials of damaged UD, for reasons of failure for unreactive documents.
2) Reconstruction of individuals, who have committed mischief, behind the materials hardened by the prosecutor of the prosecutor's charges or indictments.
3) Ship statistics are carried out on the basis of virocks and solutions.
A collection of information about the malignancy can be found in the documents of the primary domain (statistical cards).
Forms of statistical information:
1) on the spotlight
2) about the results of the investigation
3) on a mischief, for the yakim the person, the yak was punished, it was not installed
4) on a person, the yaka inflicted zlochin
5) about rukh UD
6) about the introduction of material shkodi
7) about the victim
8) ask the court about the results
Statistical methods allow to establish regularities, which manifest themselves not in a specific type, but in a great number of manifestations (for example, Вік вбивц).
Be sure to include statistical data 3 step:
1) statistically less cautious
The collection of the first information from the statistical results, from the materials of the UD, as a result of the experience and in.
2) Conducting and grouping of donations
The first data to be systematized, to be drawn from the gross number, and then to group up for different signs, to be seen in tables, diagrams, diagrams
3 types of groups:
Typological (for specific signs) - the type of evil, the severity of the evil
Variation (for some familiarity) - convicted for conviction, according to the number of convictions
Analytical (arises between malignancy between the pests, which one evolves) - between malignancy and the camp of sp'yaninnya, between malignant and evolving education, and between malignant and sort of occupy
3) Analysis of the selected and grouped tributes for the additional publicity indicators(The regularity of manifestations and interconnections will be established).
publicity indicators
I) COEFITSIONTI - the number of occurrences per 100,000 population
II) Present Indicators - there are 3 types
A)
2) a significant value that characterizes the dynamics - the rate of growth and the rate of increase in malignancy
Rivn row (base)- absolute indicator of malignancy for the singing period.
1991 ... 2005 rik ... 2009
2173074 - basic level for a row 3554735 2994820 - level for a row
pr-iy pr-iy pr-iy
Abs priist 1381661 - 559915
(2173074-3354735)
absolute priority- the difference between the order and the base line.
The pace of evil- price% of the period of the offensive period to the forward baseline.
Tempi Zrostannya
3554735 / 2173074 * 100% = 164%
2994820 / 3554735 * 100% = 84%
pacey growth- price% return of the absolute growth rate of the period to the base level of the series.
pacey growth
1381661 / 2173074 * 100% = 64%
559915 / 3554735 * 100% = -16%
164% - 100% = 64%
84% - 100% = -16%
Rozrakhunks can be done in 3 ways:
1) basis
3) by the method of enlarging intervals
1 - all indicators are varied according to the ratio to the same value, taken as the base
2 - indicators are rooted in terms of value before the front indicator (front rock)
3 - hour long durations last for longer intervals,
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (I)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (II)
Arrows from +1995 to 1991 to rock, from +1994 to 1991 to rock, from 1993 to 1991 to rock, from one thousand nine hundred ninety two to 1991 - basic method
Arrows from 1995 to 1994 to +1994, to 1993, from one thousand nine hundred ninety three to 1992 rock, from one thousand nine hundred ninety two to 1991 - lance-type ways
Arrow from II to I - method of enlarging intervals (for example, 1 interval - 4 rocks)
Average tempo for increment (1 interval / 4 = arithmetic mean)
III) Average values - the characteristic of the appearances behind a number of familiarities is considered (middle term of condemnation, middle term l / s).
sociological methods
QUESTIONNAIRE - a letter of experience of the great number of specialties for a specially divided questionnaire.
Overwhelming the questionnaire in the fact that it is quite possible to discard the data, which is not shown in the questionnaire (think of an irregular situation), it is mobile and economical (in a short term and with small vitality, there is a possibility of simpler technical safety, the ability to quickly carry out repeated experiences.
Inadequacies: the questionnaire is not suitable for rejecting certain indications, because the stench has a verbal and sub-active character (vinniy to talk about the behavior of the victim), unrepentant turning of the questionnaires, you can rewrite the entries in the questionnaire through unreasonable, unimportant, unimportant , it is important to enable the possibility of mutually injected when filling in the questionnaire.
Meals, like being victorious in the questionnaires, can be classified:
About facts of svidomosty (thoughts, assessments, plans)
About the facts of behavior (vchinki, children)
About the person of the respondent (article, vik, osvita, semeyny stan)
a) - see (say the respondent is yes in a good form)
Zakriti (a series of ready-made views will be heard)
Chastkovo zakryti
b) - straight (to estimate the answers from the life of the respondent for his or her own behavior)
Indirect (from the side of the respondent)
for the function
Basic (direct from the information about pre-juvenile evidence)
Control (straightened for reconversion of the hope of information, the stipulation of the thought of the experienced)
Zagalny vimogi before the submission of the questionnaire
1) The structure of the questionnaire
Introduced a part (zvernennya to the experienced: hto, how to carry out the doslіdzhennya, the rules for filling in the questionnaire)
Status part (additional food about the respondent's specialty)
The main part (head meals - by topic)
A part has been concluded (the experienced person may be given the opportunity to see the problem - not necessarily)
2) The number of food is to blame for this, so that the registration of the questionnaire did not overwhelm 45 khvili
3) Nutrition in the guilt questionnaire is received in the thematic blocks
4) On the cob of guilt, simple nourishment (nourishment for a call), given - the best nourishment, in kіntsі - simple (the respondent is tired)
Interview
Full-time nutrition, which is carried out in a usn_y form
Interv'yu is a conversation, one of the participants in some of the responses to the food of the person.
perevagi:
1) Yes, you can reach more psychological contact with the respondent. It allows you to seek greater reliability of the results.
2) The whole method is mobile and nasty. The availability of the Interviewer permits the development of food, allowing the coriguvati to go through the conversation, and to accelerate the improvement of every day.
undersized:
1) Conducting an interv'yu laborist, in the great vitrats of the hour, receiving a great number of fahivts.
see Interview:
1. Formalized (standardized) Interview
The basis of such an interval is the details of the breakdown of the feed unit. Interviewer's diy is strictly regulated. Wines of crop knitting do not take long to eat, as in the program of the interval, it is impossible to change the last.
2. Focusuvannya Interview
The power supply unit is an organizer for an intervier, from which you can enter. The formula and the last of the food can be changed in the course of the interval.
3. vilne interv'yu
Become minimally standardized. Interviewer of not dressing is in advance of the preparation of the opituvalnik.
4. The theory has one more form - panel interv'yu.
Multiple interviews with these persons through the singing interval of the hour for the establishment of the dynamics of their glances and thoughts.
CAUTION
Bezposredne rynattya significant for the criminologist of the situation.
see:
1. Simple
2.inclusions
Simple - the presenter passively supports the situation, the behavior of people from the side, he does not take care of himself in the situation.
Included - the glimpse of the group, incognito to be included in it, becoming one of the members, looking at the group from the middle. The sphere of storing the included wary is enclosed.
shortcomings:
1) The sphere of zasosuvannya is enclosed.
2) It is a great vitrati hour for rejecting the amount of evidence that is sufficient for scientific applications.
3) Folding in the group, as well as about the included caution.
4) The appearance of the "crisis of patience" from the side of the object of the vivchennya, as caution is simple. If in a group there are trivial presence of a sposter, there is a general discomfort in a sposter.
perevagi:
1) Cei method of permissiveness about 'active Dani.
EXPERIMENT
Science of delivering dosvid.
experiment- specially organized targets for pouring into the object until it is fixed with the method of fixing it, or behavior in the given minds.
The sphere of storing the experiment is surrounded by the sphere of developing socially positive factors. The experimental stem of criminogenic minds and situations is barred.
Experiments, as a rule, change the legislative changes.
EXPERT ASSESSMENT METHOD
Rejection of thoughts from the supply of scientific and practical workers in the field of struggle against evil.
The whole method is used for detecting latent (unregistered) malignancy, with pre-existing efficiency of norms and institutes of the UP, for predicting malignancy and malignancy.
shortcomings:
1) The assessment of the expert is based on the second sub'єktivnіy dumtsі.
2) It is not easy to find difficult to select a representative group of experts.
ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTS
In criminology, documents are issued for a specially divided questionnaire. The price is necessary in order to formalize the data. Analysis of UD, materials of practice.
EVIL
1. Understanding and signs of evil
2. Indicators that characterize malignancy
3. Latent malignity: the witness, see, the reasons for the manifestation and methods of manifestation
4. Maliciousness in high industrial powers
5. Characteristics of maliciousness in the Russian Federation
a) History of malice in Russia
b) Characteristics of the Russian malignancy in the day-to-day stage
signs of evil
1) Pr-t - social phenomenon To that, in the first place, I’m trying to make her a school to introduce deformation into the suspension, ruining the normal functioning of its institutes, in another way, it’s because of social determinants (reasons), by third, that’s how it’s suspensions.
Prof. Shostakiv vvazhaє, which is a sprinkle of pr-th vipliv from the trivial prowess of the people, vashtovanny such a rank, fix it, get rid of vigorous interests. A lively light of motives based on the principles of fighting, destroying, devouring some of the things. The partnership with the system of morality and law is not the vicarious nature of the people, but, moreover, with its unjust attachments, it gives a lot of additional leads for the cultivation of evil. With such a rank, pr-th - not purely social, but socially-biological phenomenon.
2) Pr-th - criminal legal phenomenon(Moscow Criminological School), which is why it’s a matter of days, as it takes place in criminal law.
Prof. Shostakiv zaprechu criminal-legal sign of evil, to that understand evil, as it is given in the UP that the understanding is pr-ty d.b principledly. Criminally legally vibrating, colo suspiciously unsafe deeds are much wider, lower than the number of maladies that are transferred to the CC. For example, Repression. On the thought of the given author, the pr-ma in criminology should be guilty of being suspiciously insecure deeds, nevertheless because of the fact that the stench is fenced off by criminal law. In the first place, we are impressed by the use of criminology. St. Petersburg criminological school vvazhaє, scho pr-th first, and criminal-legal fence second. That is the fact of the introduction of criminal law fence.
3) Pr-t - natural phenomenon So, like, in Perche, there will inevitably be in any bitchy suspension, in a different way, the regularity of development and development.
4) Pr-th - a systemic phenomenon... The price is not simple, because there is a difference between the other types of production in the middle of the society. For example, the growth of drug-related crimes is leading to the growth of other types of pr-nd - the growth of criminals pr-i, the rapist pr-th, huh to stay in the camp of narcotic abuse, the growth is organized by malignancy; as it is growing economically pr-th, growth and organized pr-th. Isnu interconnection between pr-ty with other social phenomena (economics, politics, law, morality).
5) Pr-t - historically minlive phenomenon... The structure is changing on the outskirts of the development of the suspension in fallowness due to the nature of determinants (reasons and minds), as well as due to the power of the stake of evil deeds.
Classical position: pr-ty vinyk, if vinyk is state and right.
Shostakiv: pr-ty іsnu styles, whisks іnu human suspension. In the primordial country, people who have not yet been small in judges and legislation may have conquered a suspiciously satisfactory work.
6) Pr-th - negative phenomenon.
Durkheim: pr-th - a manifestation of the power of the skin healthy suspension, there is a negative, so positive rice. The positive side of the pr-ty polyaga is that the suspension is developing, not letting it stagnate. The fact is that there is a suspicion of a response to her.
ideological
The camp of malignancy in the country is traditionally taken as an indicator of the power of the government, for which the higher DL does not often present the VET of sub'ktivistvimogi about the reduction of malignancy. Remaining, do not have an active ability to reduce the level of evil, often vdayutsya before the official official tribute. Most of the time - by the way of vibirkovoi reestratsiya zlochiniv.
[Vzagal, so vimogi are incorrect - VET is deprived of reacting to the infringement of evil. Those who have been registered with a lot of money, let us know about those who have been active in VET]
organizing
There are shortcomings in the system of restoration and the field of problems. In the first place, the restoration of bad things is laid down on the VET itself, as it is considered for a large number of problems (often not to restore the "dark" right, since it will be important to open the criteria). Є Proposition of shifting the function to the Ministry of Justice or a new special structure. In a different way, there is a statistical view of the difference between VET.
psychological
The population itself does not declare about the bad things. Most of the time, there is a lack of confidence in vocational education and training. If you want, you can get some of the reasons for Inferiority: not wanting the fact of a voice, fear of being overwhelmed, not wanting to go through the procedure, compromise with evil people (viciousness of the car).
personnel
Physical and professional unkindness to overwhelm the real level of criminal records. The potential for malignancy is great, since the VET was restructuring everything, the stench would be "drowned" in the sweat of malice.
specifics of crops
For example, rejecting and daring the habar: offended parties - wicked, those who are offended in the confidentiality of their actions, I don’t like such a patient (I don’t want to be impressed), I don’t think I’m going to serve the visible motherhood.
Methods for detecting latent malignancy:
- Livelihoods of the population for the additional help of anonymous profiles
Gromadians are fed up with them, they say a hundredfold mischief: they declared the stench of sales a fact in VET, like a reaction of the rest. On the submission of such questionnaires, to check the information about the latency levels of malfunctions, about the causes of latency. In the United States, there are also two days on the market during the first half of the year, in our country, on the other side, it was held 1 time.
- Document analysis
Information about the latent data of the ear can be seen by way of the advancement of materials from the Bureau of Ship Expertise, Polyclinic, Licensed and presented with the data of official statistics.
- Method of expert evaluations
Judgment about the latencies of problems in the given region
- A comparative analysis of a number of statistical indicators
Adjustment of the dynamics of the types of evilness. Wonder, for the rakhunok of what malignities there is a decrease in the level of malignancy. [Doslidzhennya Prof Luneeva: speedy maliciousness to reach for the rakhunok speedy hijacking, appropriation and waste, shahraystva, hooliganism, as it is easy to get out of the box; the problem of growing up for the rakhunok of the fact that the malignity of the old more high-latency, won’t be restructured]
caution
experiment
In the Russian Federation, there are 2 methods that do not become stagnant, therefore, they can work with great vitrates.
Concept of Ya.I. Gilinsky
All their activities and vchinki (including criminal) people to rob for the satisfaction of consumers.
Consume people alike, everybody needs to eat food, garnishing robots and eating. I may have a tendency to grow.
However, the ability to satisfy the needs of people is not very good.
In the world, the price is due to the indivisibility of the indivisible features (the child is big, the healthy one is not even worse).
However smut dzherelo of different possibilities of satisfying the consumer - the social and economic inefficiency.
Individuals take different positions in the structure of the suspension, in the very social status, to lay down the possibility of satisfying the consumer.
The growth of the individual in social positions is amortized, as a rule, by officials who are independent from them, and by social workers themselves, and deprived of a friend because of their special health and talent.
Social and economic inequality appeared in the process of suspicious growth of the process, the whole process is inevitable. The inconsistency can not fail to generate healthiness, unhappiness, social conflicts, protest reactions, which take the form of social deviations.
The main thing in the genesis of deviacy is not the level of satisfaction of needs itself, but a step in the development of opportunities for satisfaction for small social groups.
The butt of K. Marx's robots is to bring the idea: leave the little booths in the small booths, the booths are so small, the booths are happy with the living vimogs, albeit, according to the convention, there are palaces, the booths should be built as khatinas.
The head in irregularity is the price of outsiders (nonprobability, business, emigrants, etc.). Stinks store the social base of malignancy and other forms of deviant behavior.
incl., the main reason for malignancy is social and economic inefficiency.
The teachings are not perceived negatively - they can be moving up to the scientific and technical process, etc., but on the other side - the bred deviation.
theory of interactivity
ac. Kudryavtsev V.N.
Interaction- interconnection.
The cause can be analyzed at 3 levels.
1 rіven - psychological, individual.
The price is lower. Psychological causes of misery can be heard on the new one. The reasons for the malignancy on the individual rivni are the lack of socialization of specialness, so that it is not completely mastery of the norms of social life, weak adaptability to social minds. The author is to supply power - what is the reason for the lack of socialization? It’s obvious that we’ll give you a reason for 2 pounds.
2 ryvennya of the reasons for malignancy - sociological.
Here the vices and shortcomings of the suspicious system are analyzed - social, economic, political, spiritual manifestations, such as viciousness. The quality of the phenomenon is infused into the form of the specialness of the evil and the motivation of the child.
3 rіven - philosophical.
At the same time, analyze the nutrition about the causes of negative manifestations in the suspension as a whole. The root cause of malignancy is the fact that there is an objectively sensible social superpersonality. The head is not rubbing the current suspension, as it gives rise to all the negative phenomena, - it is rubbing against the suspicious nature of the publicity and the private results in practice. It’s a matter of course, because the malice will be borne in mind.
Let's turn to social science.
Reasons for malignancy on the social science.
economic reasons
Inadequacies, vices and conflicts with economic policy (to bring the population up to a sharp lane growth; the evilness of the people to the squalor of some vernaculars of the population, to the disadvantage of making money on the other spheres);
A number of economic situations - inflation, growth of prices, low payment for work, which inevitably infuse on the motives of the behavior of people
political reasons
Political interests and conflicts that occur on these grounds
The infusion of politics on malignity is obvious: 1) the work of politics, its programs, calls to shape the atmosphere in suspension, suspicious psychology. The “fiery” populists in history have more than once been the cause of mass incursions, pogroms, violence; 2) permissiveness for the "top", їх spread by the moon is seen below, stimulating the same behavior of wicked people.
Іnshі political reasons:
Political instability, I will weaken legality, law and order
International, international conflicts
There are not often political interests and conflicts, and economic, social and economic issues. Negative aspects of politics, which are infused with evil, are among the top ten.
social
Social inertia (as Lyudin sees to himself infringement, unrepentant to others, priceless protest reactions)
Nationalism - nationalism, hatred, ideas of sovereignty, brought to the point of absurdity
Social injustice (in the minds of the market of regulation, social control, a penny of wine-city will be established fairly, in violation of the principle of social justice)
Protecting between group interests in the middle of
Kriza Institute of Sims and Schools
Moral and psychological reasons
Moral camp of the suspension (forgetting the moral criteria in all spheres of the function of the suspension)
In economics, immorality is an extension of love of corystics. Politics has immorality - the purpose of politics is hypocritical to talk about one thing, but to shy away from it. In the social sphere, immorality is more scandalous than people's insensitivity, horror among children, propaganda in 3MI pornography and violence. The right to immorality is to declare the rights of the people, and the practice is ignored.
Providing anti-culture, psychology of permissiveness, moral freedom
Moral distribution of the suspension (vikhovannya in hisistic spirit, antipatriotic spirit, individualism, "spitting" of the past, history of the country)
right reasons
Inadequacies, glazes and wadis in the criminal policy of the country
Would you mind to drink the infliction of evil
Shortcomings in the organizational and technical spheres (in the protection of the mine, the area of material values, etc.)
Shortcomings in the activities of state authorities, including VET
Alcoholism, drug addiction, vagrancy, prostitution, іgromania
self-determination of maliciousness- the creation of evil to itself.
Show self-determination in forms:
1) Something in the past is in the hands of і nerozkritіy zlochin rozhu іnshe. Carnity of the breed is permissiveness.
The term "criminology" resembles two words: lat. crimen - wickedness and walnuts. logos - science, vchennya. First, the word "criminology" was buffered by the Italian lawyers R. Garofalo and P. Topi, who published the book with this name in 1885. Yak bachimo, science is usually young, yak was promoted as a head rank in the XX century.
Logical development of criminological thought is allowed to talk about criminology as a hypothetical theoretical science about evilness, її reasons that mind, їy supporters, special features of quiet, wickedness, as well as about methods of controlling evil and fighting against it (including in the understanding of the struggle against evil wickedness).
Yak mi poachimo nadal, criminology is closely tied with the other sciences. To that, as far as the subject of science is concerned, it is important to see those smut, ustotne, її її їідрізняє from close їy sciences. And what is more, more than Ludin's wickedness, since there are a lot of problems to blame - problems, at first glance, stand far from evilness.
At the same hour, the expansion of criminology as a science and as a matter of fact, the subject has led to the glimpse of the fact that malignancy, being a social phenomenon, is "surrounded" by the framework of law, by law. In criminal law, on the basis of social awareness, there are many generations of changes and inclinations in the law (the criminal code), a change in the meaning, which can be applied to the evil ones. A good decision for the borderline is unacceptable, some of the winners are inoculated to none of them.
In such a rank, the subject of the science of criminology is the very phenomenon (malignancy) in one and the same day and day and the factor bezposeredno tied with him.
As far as possible, malignancy as socially-legal phenomenon has taken shape historically. The "stike core" of malignancy was gradually formulated: incrimination, stealing, violence, malice against morality, against the state, against justice and a number of others. In this chi іnshіy world, the stench of power is whether a social-political system. Naturally, і і і і і і і іnnostiі, the protest appeared on the greater development of the people і lie in all the political, economic, social, national features of the quiet powers.
subject of criminology
Submitted now on the subject of criminology more reports. Yak can be seen from the value of the science, the persha and the main part of the subject - maliciousness.
The value of malignancy is indiscriminate without malice. The stench bears on your playbooks of philosophical glances from the authors of young schools and direct, legal and religious glances.
Malice is a form of social behavior of people, which will ruin the normal functioning of the suspicious organism. True, such deranged are the immoral vchinki, and those who are called delinquent, behavioral, and are seen. But the worst is the most insecure for the suspension.
Maliciousness is a social and legal phenomenon. Masa (number) of malignity is stored in the sum of those in this suspension and in the Danish period, transposed by the criminal code.
Savoringly, wickedness is not just the sum of poor wickedness, but a phenomenon that has its own laws of origin, linked to the social phenomena, and is often determined by them.
Criminological literature has a tendency to interfere with the period of judgment of the state, law, social, main and class development of the suspension.
Another warehouse part of the subject of criminology - cause malice і mind, їy take... The problem of causality is one of the key and important problems in the suspended sciences, and most importantly in criminology. There is a lot of solution in what lies in the fact that, as a philosophical look at the background of the teachings. At the same hour, the problem of causality is not only theoretical, but rather practical; scientific basis To the knowledge of the right of opposition, and not only by the forces of one law-enforcement system and by an additional law, but by bringing economic, social and social and important powers into account, such as the support and power.
The development of criminology and the introduction of recommendations into practice with sufficient overconfidence showed the reality of the establishment of causal links in the problem of malice, and the minds, as well as accept malice. Practical law enforcement organizations have come to see them and the causes of misfortunes, and science has enlivened them with the method of robotics. The legislator, having secured the obligations of the law enforcement agencies, to identify the causes and reason and accept the mischief and accept (in the range of his abilities and competence), go in before his delay.
At the dawn of the development of criminology, vcheny was represented by zlochintsya as a type of specialty, as bi vipadak in the human population. Some bachelor in zlochintsy people, in the meaning of the seal of Kaine, according to theological concepts. The Іnshі, sposterіgіuchi zhorstokіst bagatiokh zlochintsіv or lustyness їх before being busy with a specific malignant business, began to shukati cause in the biological peculiarities of people. Such a manifestation, which has gone back to the beginning of phrenology and has been largely completed in the theories of Ch. Lombroso and his last post, will be extended for a trivial hour. The third were constructing specific social types of children, as well as biological ideas. A quarter whispered compromises with sociological and biological approaches to specialness.
Being lost in vivchennya problems and led the Bagatokhs before that the understanding of the "specialness of the evil" was posed for the reason and the idea about those who were seen from her, who replaced more rogues, but understood more precisely specialties of people who commit mischief.
Why did you come to this visnovka? To that, the understanding of the "specialness of the zeal" is conveyed, I think, the assignment, generated by the declaration about those who have been given people who are already gravely grave. However, let us know about those who, in the realm of skin damage, can be impregnated with a lyudin. American criminologists, for example, talk about those who are skinny Americans once in their life, but have inflicted evil. How would you like to be in such a disagreement with the intelligentsia "specialness of zlochintsya"?
The classification of specific social types of zealots is even more important. Vbivtsi are seen from villains, representing a specific type of specialty; shahrai - see "bilikh komirtziv", I want to stay away from the methods of shahraya; raskradachi lane - from sexual rapists and so on. Vivchennya types of specialties are quiet, htto mischief, vimag of rozrobka like zagalnykh, so and indivual visits and methods of preventing mischief. However, at the same time, the mother's attention is paid to the time-consuming character of moving into the "uniform" of the specialness of the poor (you should talk about the correction and the overhanging of the poor). And if for the criminal law the evil-doer, who has done the work, to revenge all the elements in the warehouse of evil, then for the criminology the meaning of the understanding “the specialness of the evil-doer” is a great deal of zeal, the people who are responsible for the strategy from the inevitable food: how many people can such a country be trivial?
We are principled for criminology, for the correct mindset in spirits, for the fact that biological peculiarities are infused into the type of behavior of people his behavior, including evil.
Nareshty, to include in the subject of criminology prejudice of malignancy. The problem of prejudice to malignancy is not surprisingly among the warehouses of the subject of criminology. Vona yak bi will complete everything that is tied to the manifestation of evil in the human suspension and struggle with it. The mindfulness of malice as a social phenomenon, which depicts the super-verbosity and specialness of the function, power and specialness of the quiet, whom the suspense itself, as a rule, transforms into malignancy, and is the basis for the evil of the people, to be in the middle Therefore, the problem of perverting maliciousness is looked at on three levels: socially social, special-criminological and individual.
Oscillations of malignity - social phenomenon, It is necessary to get out of that, so that a successful fight against it can be less than that, if it’s until it becomes complex, when it’s getting older, so it’s when it’s going to be difficult. Therefore, the struggle against evil in a wide social plan є victorious visits to economics, social and cultural, vikhovnyh and, nareshty, legal. At the same time, it is obvious that the atmosphere in the suspension is political - the center that can lead to the formation and methods of capitalization by suspension, to bring them to chaos and destruction, or, navpaki, to lead to the stability of a huge state.
It will be shown that the growth of the economic, technical, cultural stand of the suspension is more important than that the malignity in such a suspension will be lower, not in the suspension, the declarative life in the economic, tourist social (navit є speculative political extinguish), or do not get involved in life.
Special and criminological come in for a bit of malignancy, but it can be both out-of-the-box and specific. Smell I want and conceal, perhaps, the sphere of management, protesting such that it is not about the great period) is not safe to steal or іnsh іnshivan. Specific recommendations for even more universities for their purpose, for example, go to the organization of protection of material assets at a specific enterprise.
Criminologists for the fate of their "invasion" in social life have made a few practical recommendations for the improvement of wages in the children of industry and the Silskoy government. Come in as soon as possible to prevent malignancy, as organizing virobnic processes (from the point of view of crime-related urgency), as well as in vicious robots with different categories of effective ones, as well as methods in the field of defense, protection against them.
These recommendations could have come to light as a result of the trivial and all-purpose vivchennya of specific galuzei of the state. Such a straightforward thing in criminology is inconceivable, there are some reflections of the form of the state's gratitude, their structures are changing, apparently changing and thinking, so that they are guilty of mischief, and it means that they are guilty of thoroughly thinking about it.
Come in before you grow up and for the young species of evil (for example, for the criminals and the rapists, for the criminals and for the rapists, for the criminals and for the people, for the people for the shahrays, etc.). Blocks of malignancy can also be specific to specific calls (say, malignity is organized - one call, recurrent - third, midnight - third, etc.). In the middle there are blocks of growth and number of types of specific crops, so that we can make every visit for them in advance.
Rise of malignancy on the basis of specificity of individual prophylaxis, moreover of malignancy by specific people, prophylactic (vikhovna) of the robot with the help of vimage as a matter of individual progression. At the tsy part of criminology comes into contact with the first for everything with such a science, like psychology. Not the middle of legal sciences was won by ninth legal psychology.
The theory of preserving malignancy is unreasonably tied the problem of predicting maliciousness, as well as plans for foreign visits.
The overcoming of malignancy may or may not be overwhelmed. Planning of the juvenile robots in the state has its own specialness. Fighting against malignancy has no unambiguous recommendations. It’s a pity, for some specific reasons for attribution to be made to the point of extinguishing, calling out: try to make a proactive robot, try to get a prosecutor to look at the laws that have come to mind, to make sure that the MWs develop plans to make it sound and sound by professional help. we understand the practice of fighting against evil in our country, so that we can turn into apparent empty, uncontrolled and uncontrolled “plans”. Moreover, our practice suffered and continued suffering from unjustified hygantomania and global plans.
Completing the examination of the subject of criminology, it is evident that the problem of the victim of evil should be included in it. From nautsi tsei directly won the name "Victimology".
Until then, they show that the behavior of the villains is not sufficiently amazed by the behavior of the victim, and by its special qualities, as well as by one of the few people that the villains have tolerated, which have been reported earlier, or even in the process of closure. It is not uncommon for malicious behavior to be provoked by the negative behavior of the victim. In zlochinakh, de є motives are mixed in order, the price can be seen especially clearly.
The development of victimology called the term “victimization” to the verdict. The process of re-sacrificing the evil of a particular individual, as well as the singing spirit of people. Victimization is caused by the evilness of those, which is the essence of the processes of becoming victims.
system of criminology
You can talk about the system of science, that is, about the change and about the order in which problems are considered, say, from the most basic, fundamental to concrete. You can talk about the system of the course, or the handler, de in the most manual order for vivchennya to see about the problems of science.
This is the way to go to criminology. In the legal sciences, which are closely linked to legislation, the system of science is not often linked to the system of legislation. As a matter of fact, the science of criminal law is formed from the home and special (special) parts, according to the criminal code, from the home and the special part. And in that and in general, in the out-of-the-way part, there are theoretical and practical aspects for science and food practice, and in the Special part there will be some kind of maladies, concrete warehouses, and people who were punished for them.
For criminology, the problem is more clever in two parts, it doesn’t arise for the first time. First of all, for all that, it’s rich in food, when it’s good, it’s rightly attributed to the problems of the Special unit, for example, recurrent malignancy, by itself, may have a theoretical meaning. While the seeming evilness is reminiscent of a vigorous theoretical snake, it allows, strictly apparently, both of them themselves on the outside and on the concrete (especially, special).
Dawn, it is possible to say that criminology systematizes the evil: 1) behind the spheres of activity; 2) the steps of the їх organization; 3) warehouse of malignant contingent; 4) the reasons are not only the wickedness themselves, but the second of the social growth of the wickedness, which is promoted in the land.
If we take as a basis the approach to criminology as to science, as we considered the image in earlier courses, handbooks, monographs, special articles, then it is published system of criminology viglyadaє by the next rank.
Spots to look at the understand, the subject, the zavdannya of science; next to cim - history and criminology as a science; then it is possible to analyze the key problems (malignity, causes of malice, the person of malignancy, methods of inculcation, forecasting and prevention of malignancy, including planning to fight against malice); the most important and wider types of maliciousness can be analyzed.
Criminology and science
Already from the knowledge of the subject of criminology, it is clear that the science is interdisciplinary, that is, it is closely linked with the actions of the other sciences. The science of legal and social in a broad sense of the word.
Persh for everything is clear in the discussion of criminology with legal sciences. At the first place, there is the sound of criminology. criminal law.
І criminal law, і criminology vivchayut malice and malignity. A little bit of a stinky smell. Crimean law is the science of verdict for inflicting maladjustments. To that і malice won іt vivchaє from juridical positions іt іѕ an understanding і sukupnіst sign (warehouse) of a singing act of counter-right behavior. It is a critical right of a person to be punished, to be imposed by a court for inflicting a malignity, on how to fix and fit a certainty of the situation, on the basis of the principle of punishment and on the basis of judgment.
It is a critical right not to turn to quiet things, go to people, to overwhelm evil; Do not bezposeredno do not refer to the causes of malice and think about taking the wrongdoings. And the specialness of evil is created in the criminal law until the understanding of the sub is of evil, which is characterized in the main by two powers: vik and condemnation (plus signs of the so-called special sub'ect). Beyond the boundaries of criminal law there are social, moral and psychological specialties of evil. Ale all those who are not included in the subject of criminal law, as if criminologists are citing, the mechanism of evil behavior and the cause of the wrong development of podіy.
The organizational link of criminology with the criminal law of the field is in the fact that the criminal law is the basis of the boundary, the framework of the subject of criminology. Also, the change of evil deeds is initiated by the criminal code. And the same tse colo dian and vivchaєtsya criminology.
Criminology is tightly tied to science of criminal process, vivchaє procedures for the forefront examination and the ship's examination, please. In criminal procedural legislation, there is a direct ordering: the next, the prosecutor, the court of the goiter on the skin criminal right to find out the reasons and think, how to take into account the mischief, and the propagation of the visit.
Another legal science - criminalistics, The methodology, technology and tactics of dealing with malignancies, will be ignored from the criminology data about malignity, special mechanisms, ways of working out of malignant malignancies and about the power of special malignancies. Criteria for the development of the most effective methods for the development of problems. Unsatisfactory criminology and s the theory of operational and operational activity, as there is a possibility of vivchati malignity in the singing sense of the "middle" for the additional help of special abilities and methods.
Criminology is tied criminal law, vivchayut principle and mind the recognition and punishment. Bagato zlochiniv to fight in the times of letting go of the will, for the persons who went out of the link, that the interaction of criminologists and fauns with the criminal-viconaural law is great.
Є Another number of sciences, as you want to bring to the cycle of legal. tse ship statistics, ship medicine and ship psychiatry. І with them, criminology is without contact. So, there is a wide variety of ship statistics. And the development of court psychiatrists supplements the criminology of the field more and more about the particularity of the specialty of the older categories of malignants.
In the course of the development of criminal science, proposals were made to expand the subject for the development of sums of malignant manifestations (social anomalies): alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide, etc. Ale took the mountain to the point of view, so that she would surround the subject of crime only with the analysis of malignancy. Tim himself protected and changed the links with the legal sciences.
Ale, as it was meant, criminology is not less tightly tied to the sciences, but not to conceal legal directness. Persh for all the price , vivca suspension in the process of its function. In sociology є kіlka vіdgaluzhen: sociology of family, sociology of pratsi, sociology of sports and in. Criminology can be named sociological malignancy. It’s quite impressive: as in Russia criminology is taught in law universities, then the Anglo-American tradition of polyagus in viclian criminology at the faculties of sociology.
Dalі vkazhemo on the tight link criminology z legal psychology, the subject of what is the inner life of the people, their behavior in nature and suspension. Again, you can call criminology or take a part psychologiya zlochintsya.
Also, with the interconnection of criminology and the summaries of sciences, it comes to the point that science is complex in nature. Vaughn is on the stick of jurisprudence from sociology and psychology and vikoristic knowledge of all cycles and sciences.
It is impossible not to be aware of the fact that the middle of the fahivts in the halls of criminal law is a point of view, as I will say against the facts of action and development of scientific science not only the independence of criminology yak general theoretical science about evil, ale and like a science vzagal. Tsі vchenі vvazhayut, scho criminology is a part of criminal law or a part of sociology. In our opinion, the turns of such glances are in the middle of the 1920s, if the food about the causes of evil in socialism has been revisited "more, definitely and residual." There are few short, few goiters to knit zaklik_v within the framework of vchenya about evil in the criminal law could be finished. Now, the judgment seems to be anachronistic. Criminology, її visnovka allow much greater intelligence of the іnstitute of criminal, criminal-law, procedural law, criminalistics, in general practice of combating evil and this does not accept the theory of science;
Criminology has gone out of criminal law (if you can talk about those who have gone out of foreign sociology, - this is the point of view, like, before speaking, to talk about "medical criminology" and other kinds of evil vcheni special features, bring your own into the whole problem), ala, viyshovshi, won the power of vlasny development. Having become independent, it lost itself closely related to criminal law, and to other legal sciences, as well as sociology, philosophy and medicine, especially psychiatry, and a number of other sciences. In the minds of the smart development and differentiation of the agricultural sciences, there is a spilny root, a whole natural phenomenon.
The term "criminology" resembles the Latin word "crimen" - meaning and Greek "logos" meaning "science (discussion) about evil." Ale on the opinion of the science of criminal law, as well as on the basis of malice, the reason for the commonality and punishment for them in the legislative characteristics and right-wing practice, criminology to the fore, the special nature of the evil, the reasons for the reason
Criminology as self-reliance on knowledge and concept of the concept of fighting against evil is less than two capitals. I want deyakі judgments about the causes of evilness and methods of fighting against it, be taught in the (ancient) ancestors of the Roman and walnut misters and in the philosophical treatises of the XVI-XIX centuries. Ale to the other half of the 19th century the stench did not represent yet an independent system of science.
criminology- tse social and legal science Wickedness, a person of evil, causes that wickedness, methods and methods for improving. It is a suspicious science of criminology viroblya and systematizing the active knowledge about the pre-juvenile areas of social life, describing, explaining and predicting the occurrence and processes in them on the basis of the establishment of the laws of the process of cognition, development.
Vіtchiznyana criminology vidіlyaє and vivchaє chotiri groups of social phenomena.
malignity- Historically minor social and criminal legal phenomenon in the suspension. Vona is the supremacy (integrity) of all the bad things that were sent to the state for the singing period of an hour. Maliciousness is determined by such clear-cut indicators, such as: stan (rіven), structure and dynamism.
Right-handed people who do not accept evil, but rather clearly associate with them ("background"), for example, food, prostitution, drug addiction, etc. Preceding the number of manifestations and methods of combating them in general should not be included in the subject of criminology.
specialty of zlochintsya vivchaєtsya as a system of social-demographic, social-role, social-psychological power of sub'єktyv zlochin. Also, there is a specialty of malignancy, criminology of the analysis of biological and social factors. The data about the special powers of power is 100% up to the number of subordinate diseases in general, and for the types of diseases, there is a lot of information about the causes of the diseases. The specialty of the problem is also perceived as the bezposredn_y addressee of new problems (relapse).
Causes and wickedness about "criminogenic determinate" (in Latin determinate - develops the appearance and development of this phenomenon). The number of socially-negative economic, demographic, ideological, social-psychological, political, organizational-management phenomena, which generate and summarize (determinism) evil Reasons and reason for malignancy in the development of evil, nature, and the mechanism of life occur on the old ravines: the reasons and reason for malignancy in general, except for groups of malignancies, of a specific malignancy.
Prevention (prophylaxis) of malignancy as a system of sovereign and huge entrances, directing to the assertion or neutralization of the reasons and minds of evil, reducing the evil and the correction of the behavior of the law-enforcers. The prophylactic system is analyzed: for directing, mechanism of action, stage, scale, change, sub'ktam and other parameters.
All of the main subjects of vivchennya-criminology are organically interconnected. Residual meta vivchennya of the first three parts (malignancy, particular malignancy, reasons and minds of malignancy and malignancy) is the development of an effective system for preventing malignity.
In the systems of suspilny sciences, criminology rots to the style of sociology and legal science.
Prior to legal knowledge, criminology can be seen as an unprecedented relationship, fragments of a vivic phenomenon, which are characterized by criminally legal understandings of "zlochin", "zlochinets". In addition, the reason for this mischief, the person of evil is rich in what is associated with defects of legal status, legal psychology, etc. The system of prevention of malignancy is also of a legal nature.
At the same time, the cultivation of malignancy as a whole, the reasons and the minds, the specialness of malignancy, going beyond the scope of legal knowledge. Criminology is closely linked with sociology - the science of suspension, and most of all - with sociological law. Especially great is the role of sociology in the development of causes and minds of malignancy, as well as individuals of malignancy. That is why criminology is in front of social and legal science and primary discipline.
The specifics of the knowledge of the subject of the field in the offensive: criminology vivchaє malignity and connection with it is a social and legal reality. For the whole of science, a characteristic global and last sociological approach to the analysis and assessment of malignancy is characteristic of a person of malignancy. In general, criminology is considered, for example, from the science of criminal law, as I know "my" sociology, but in the main respect for the analysis of legal norms, the provision of criminal law about evil, punishment.
At the same hour, criminology is the science of social and legal discernment of the legal characteristics of evil, evil and evil. However, you won’t see it, for example, because it’s quietly distributed in sociology, as it is in socializing it, including malignity.
The specifics of criminological knowledge are more important in that the emphasis on the clarified reasons for the pre-existing social and legal phenomena and processes is in order to avoid turns. The priority of criminology is the out-of-the-box theory and concept of the prevention of malignity. In addition to criminology, we take care of the fate of those who are legal, and those who are behind the zealous approach to the forefront of malignity: socially-economical, culturally-vikhovnyh and others.
Criminology is not only about legal and sociological sciences, but about the summaries of law. Especially from the criminal-legal theory and criminal legislation, which give a legal description of evil and evil. The value is binding for the vitality of criminology. On the mind of a foreign country, the witness of an unassigned on the boundaries of the witness “behavior, how to see” is the substitute for “evil”; not to be brought to the number of individuals who are not based on criminal and legal signs.
I have my own criminology, criminology nada nautsi of criminal law, legislation and legal practice of information about the level of malice, structure, dynamics, efficiency of prevention of malignancies, as well as robust prognoses of negative social problems.
Tse allows you to quickly carry out standard-setting activity, tied, in the first place, from criminalization or decriminalization of actions, ie.
And in another way, with the differentiation of sanctions, including the regulation of vipadks, replacing the criminal punishable by innumerable visits. This rank, criminological knowledge, is not only to become the basis of the system for the prevention of malignancy, but rather the role in the development of the system and criminal-legal struggle against malignancy in the interrelationship with professionalism. Criminological knowledge of vikoristovuyutsya in the name of criminal policy in the country.
Criminology is closely linked to the criminal process and the prosecutor's eye. The sphere of social interests is legalism, connected with the procedural rule-making and legal activity of the authorities of knowledge, communication, the court, the prosecutor's office, and the discovery of the reasons and the minds of malice.
The process of criminal law and criminology is most active in fighting against recurrent malignancies, until the effectiveness of the investigation is punished, as well as in the resocialization and adaptation of problems, if At the same time, the criminal law is in order, the processes and the problems, are linked to the cases of punishment, and criminology is the cause and the relapse and come in too. Criminally-vikonavche right and criminology spilorate recommendations for preventing relapse, as well as improving the efficiency of correcting convicted individuals.
Oscillations of criminology in the field of malignancy: the reasons and reason for the absence of malignancies, the special features of malignancies and the introduction of the system of access to the prevention of malignancies, then one of the main ways of collecting and analyzing and analyzing statistical methods. The data on criminal statistics of internal authorities, prosecutors and courts, as well as the results of specific criminological reports, give a general picture of malignity.
Data of general social statistics (demographic, economic and economic).
Criminology is closely related to Deliktology. The whole chain of interdisciplinary complex science is directly in the legislation about non-law-enforcing law-enforcing, ïh reasons and reasons, special characteristics of law-enforcing and law-enforcing law enforcers. Vona includes administrative, disciplinary, civil and family Delictology.
A criminological analysis of the reasons and minds of malice, such as the specialization of economical mules of posadovyh malignancies, who are unhappy without knowledge of economic statistics, political and applied economics.
For the understanding of the reasons and minds of malice and malice, criminology is actively vikoristicheskoy of foreign, social and legal psychology, demography, foreign concept and surroundings of sociology and politics. This is especially important, during the prognosis, and in the case of prognosis and program of struggle against malignancy, as well as in case of special prevention of malignancies in incomplete cases, recurrence, recurrent maladies, post-malignancies,
Criminology is tied to pedagogy. The interaction of the sciences is especially important in cases of pre-existing malignancies, relapses, recurrent malignancies. Data of pedagogy are necessary for the development and analysis of the effectiveness of individual approaches in advance of maladies. It is grounded in the proposition about the vision of such a direct approach to the style of criminology and pedagogy, like criminological pedagogy or pedagogical criminology.
Criminology is also related to a new discipline of science - legal conflictology.
In such a rank, the social and legal nature of criminology is unique for the law, complexity, close contact with scientific and normative strains. However, the price in any world is not recognized by the value of the subject of criminology, the readability of the cordon when the knowledge and law are separated from the native galuzy.
1. Understanding criminology as a basic discipline
Criminology yak basic discipline to study Investigation of malignancies, їх reasons, kinds of interconnection with developmental malignancies and processes, as well as the results of our visits to the struggle wіth wickedness.
Criminology of vivch and analysis of normative acts, to establish a legal basis for adequate intelligence of malice, prompt reaction to them and distribution preventive visits With the help of the increase in the amount of money.
The normative base of criminology is stored:
1) criminal legislation, including the norms of criminal and criminal law;
2) criminological legislation, which regulates the preventive activity, is adjusted to the premeditation of injuries and the recumbent posture by the sphere of stagnation of criminal repressive visits.
Criminology yak navchalna discipline vivcha the prevalence of manifestations, processes and laws, which are based on some of the main elements: a) malignity; b) the specialness of t zlochintsya; c) the reasons і mind and wickedness; d) the reduction of maliciousness.
about criminologyє Suspended vidnosyny, tied from: 1) malignant and other right-handed;
2) the reasons for the minds of malignancy;
3) mice and roll of specialness of food in the suspension; 4) the decisions of the establishment of the right to increase the prevention and prevention of the law.
About criminological education and detailed analysis of zlochin. Look at it: 1) in the uneasy connection with the minds of the middle-class, which is the source of evil, and the criminological characteristic of the land, which is bred by the middle-class; 2) it’s trivial and the process is developing, it’s going to be seen in the open space and hour, when there’s my ear, it’s interrupted and completed, and not as a one-time action, not connected with the cause of the evil act and unreasonable borrowing.
Criminology of looking at evil from both sides and with the maximum activity and vivchay: 1) cause the evil; 2) the peculiarities of the characteristics of the individual, koїt zlochin; 3) traces of malignant behavior.
2. The structure of the system of criminology
The system of criminology is based on the peculiarities of the subject, which is presumed by the discipline, - a number of food, tied to the mischievousness. Won vklyuchaє teorії, rozroblenі provіdnimi fahіvtsyami in the Branch yurisprudentsії, SSMSC rozglyadayut zlochinnіst in nerozrivnomu zv'yazku Zi preformed in suspіlstvі sotsіalnimi, ekonomіchnimi, cultural vіdnosinami, doslіdzhuyut zakonomіrnostі, laws, principles that vlastivostі, harakternі for їh rozvitku, vrahovuyut statistichnі, sotsіologіchnі that INSHI indicators, as well as current facts and previous historical reports.
Criminological science is not a simple collection of ideas about malignity and interconnection, but even science knowledge, I have my own theoretical base and stagnate to practicality. Theoretical views and comprehension of the results of practical visits are built into a string and a unique system, which is built from two main blocks - the Zagalnoy and Special parts.
A special feature of such a subdivision of criminology in the homeland and a special part is the development of a subset of science itself in the outgrowth of theoretical nutrition, stagnant to any kind of evil activity (outbound part) and criminological characteristics of evil types (Particularly part).
Zagalna chastina includes a detailed view of the understanding, the subject, the method, the goals, the plant, the functions and the history of the development of criminology in Russia, as well as beyond the cordon, the introduction of the basics of the message, how to get stuck in criminology, seeing, special features of malnutrition and mechanism of malignancy.
Particular part, primed on the Zagalny part, give the criminological characteristics of the surrounding species and analysis come in before the juvenile, Yaki vikoristovuyutsya for їkh zapobіgannya.
In such a rank, offending parts of criminology hunt the entire spectrum of food, both theory and practice, allowing for a significant amount of water in suspicious types of malignancy, which is the origin of that particular kind of malignancy, the maximum that can be used to reduce the growth of malignancy.
3. The course and establishment of criminology
Kriminology yak science vivcha active and sub-active officials, who put the initial flow into the mill, the structure and dynamics of malice, as well as the peculiarity of the malignant itself, which emerges and analyzes the specific types of malignant individuals the number of malnourished products in the suspension.
The cycle of criminology can be cleverly divided into chotir groups:
1) theoretical- allowance for the knowledge of laws and variations on the basis of scientific theories of malignancy, concepts and hypotheses;
2) practical- viroblya scientific recommendations and constructive propositions for advancing the efficiency of fighting against malnutrition;
3) promising- straightened to the stem of the system and the prevention of maliciousness, as to allow neutralization and reduction of criminogenic officials;
4) nibling- It is housed in a healthy robot to fight against evil.
To stand in front of criminology goals organically vyplyayut and її zdannya:
1) rejection of the active and reliable knowledge about malignity, її obsyazі (stanі), intensity (рівні), structure and dynamics - in the last and second; criminological vivchennya of types of malignancy (primary, recurrent, violent, corny; malignancy of grown-ups, incomplete, etc.) for differentiated struggle against them;
2) the discovery and the science of the reasons and the minds of malice and the distribution of the recommendations of the day;
3) the development of the specialty of malignancy and the mechanism of cultivating it, the classification of different types of malignant manifestations and types of specialty of malignancy;
4) the identification of the main strains for the prevention of malice and the most senior staff in the struggle with it.
Criminology viconu his zeal for the help of singers functions, In the middle, there are three main ones: a) I will describe (diagnose); b) explanatory (ethiological); c) predictive (predictive).
4. Theory of criminology
As an independent science, criminology took shape in the 19th century. and some of them were primed at the forefront for their own hour anthropological theory(Gall, Lombroso), how to go out of the idea of manifestation among the villains in the genius of evil tastes. Criminology is also based on social-economic and social-legal theory(Ferri, Garofalo, Marro), to explain the evilness by negative social manifestations - wretchedness, lack of problems, unwrittenness, which engenders immorality and immorality; ontological theories(Theory of "pure rosum" by I. Kant), statistical reports(Khvostov, Gerri, Dyukpetio).
At the twentieth century. in criminology of the second sciences (psychology, psychiatry, genetics, anthropology), new insights and self-directed theory came to be
– genetic theory the reasons for evilness (Shlapp, Smit, Podolski) explained the evilness to the point of evil by vrodzhenny officials;
– psychiatric concepts(Based on the theory of Z. Freud) they bore the result of a conflict between primitive instincts and an altruistic code, established by the suspension;
– clinical criminology(On the basis of the concept of the unsafe country of ferry and Garofalo), she introduced the understanding of the camp of advanced scholarship to the point of malignancy, which led to the development of drugs and for an hour, insoluvates from the suspension (Gramatik, d.)
- sociological concepts(Theory of Multiple Factors in Quetelet and Hilia) explained the viciousness of the lack of anthropological, physical, economic, mental, social factors;
– stigmy theory(Interactionist pidhid - Sutherlanda, Tannebaum, Becker, Erikson) knew the reasons for malignancy in the reaction of the suspension itself to malignant behavior;
– theory of differential associations(Sutherland, Cressy) tied evil behavior with the contacts of people with criminal otochennyam (rotten middle);
– concept of criminogenicity of scientific and technical progress knew the reasons for malignancy in the postindustrial suspension;
– Marxist theories vivodili the malignancy from the deterrent of the exploiting suspension.
5. The subject of criminology
The subject of criminology є the number of nutrition, attaching to the phenomena of such a phenomenon, as malignity, including the theory, broken down by the provincial factions in the law , laws, the principle of power, characteristic of its development, statistical, sociological and other indicators, as well as current facts and previous historical information.
The subject of criminology includes chotiri basic elements:
1) maliciousness, a social and criminal legal phenomenon in the suspension, which is the supremacy of all the mischiefs that live in the given state for the singing period of an hour; the given phenomenon is subject to clear-cut indicators: ryvnem, structure and dynamism;
2) specialty of zlochintsya, yogo mіsce and role in anti-community manifestations; The views about the special power of the subordinates of illnesses include information about the causes of the illnesses, and the specialness of the illnesses itself is perceived as an increase in relapse (new illnesses);
3) causes and reason for malignancy (crime detection), they create a system of negative economic, demographic, psychological, political, organizational and managerial phenomena and processes that generate and summarize the malignity of the past. For a number of reasons and wickedness, it is possible to evolve in all the development of wickedness, nature and mechanism of development, in general, as well as for groups of evil, as well as specific;
4) reproach (prophylaxis) malignancy as a system of sovereign and huge entrances, directing to usunenia, neutralizing or weakening the reasons and minds of malice, reducing the behavior of law-enforcers; preventively come in to be analyzed for directing, mechanism of action, stage, scale, change, sub'ktam and other parameters.
6. Method of criminology
By the method of criminology, it was taken to name all the possibilities of taking into account and methods, how to be victorious for reporting, picking up, analyzing, evaluating and storing information about maliciousness in the whole and around the world and such for the prevention of malnutrition.
Prior to the methods of criminology, the following are introduced:
1) caution- bezposredn spraying of pre-juvenile appearances by prelіdnikov-criminologists, objects of some kind of individual, group of individuals, specific appearances, tying with indications of malignancy;
2) experiment- Victory in the necessary changes in new methods of reducing malignity, converting quiet theoretical assumptions and ideas into practice;
3) experience- the sociological method of collecting information, how to poll in the interview or the questionnaire of a significant cola of specific and given information about the active processes and phenomena, as well as criminology; when used for the removal of reliable information, officials should be provided with an active (every hour of education) and a sub-active (evaluation of an experienced individual in the given information);
4) analysis of documentary information dzherels criminological support - the collection of necessary information from the young documentary jerels (proofs, agreements, criminal records, video, audio recordings and objects, intended for the selection and transmission);
5) logical-mathematical method, which includes:
- Modeling - the way to continue the processes and systems of ob'ktіv by way of prompting and vivchennya models with the help of disclaimer of new information;
- factorial analysis and scale;
- Methods of criminal statistics (statistically cautious, grouping, statistical analysis, calculating public figures and in.).
In general, the method of criminology can be divided into zalnonaukovі(Formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, abstracting, analogy, modeling, publicity, historical method, system analysis) private science(Questionnaire, Interview, Content Analysis of Documents, Testing, Precautions, Experiment, Statistical, Legal, Mathematical Methods, Criminological Expertise).
7. Linking criminology with indirect legal disciplines
Criminology refers to the legal sciences, in the close and tense dispute with the majestic impossibility of legal sciences, in this way, in the least way, engaged in the struggle against evil; It can be cleverly distributed on indirect and special.
Indirect legal sciences to look at the problems of malignancy in the wild rice, to top it off, not to glimmer in the delicate and nutritional details.
Prior to indirect legal disciplines, include:
1) constitutional law, as I will establish the backbone of all the activities of law enforcement agencies and from the initial position, on which the legislative base will be, both in Russia and in any land;
2) civil law, that the transmission of the community's responsibility for the failure of the numerical norms of civil law, for the origin of nutrition and the nature of the failure, for which criminology should be dealt with in greater detail;
3) land law;
4) administrative law;
5) environmental law;
6) the same right;
7) labor right and ін.
For a new understanding of criminology, we need to consider information and methods from non-legal sciences. To this, criminology is based on the setting of philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, economics, theory of social management, sociology, politics, statistics, demography, mathematics, cybernetics, pedagogy and social science.
Due to demography, sociology and policy of the necessary criminology, in the prognosis and program of struggle against malignancy, in case of special prevention of malignant malignancies, in case of recurrence, recurrence, recurrence data on the psychological or psychiatric nature of the need for the identification and intelligence of the reasons and the minds of malice and malice, so as they are based on the development and classification of the specialness of malice, without them, it is not a matter of competent development of a professional
8. Linkage of criminology with special legal disciplines
The most sophisticated link criminology can be found in special legal sciences - criminal, criminal-procedural, criminal law. At the XIX century. It was important that criminology was referred to criminal law, and in this part of the truth - as the science of criminology went from criminal law.
Crimean law (like the theory of evidence on a new criminal law) requires a legal characterization of malice and malice for criminology, as well as criminology data on the level of malice of negativity, structure, efficiency of prognosis planuvati and realizovuvati standard-setting efficiency, quickly qualifying or re-qualifying and recalibrating evil and right-handedness.
The link between criminology and the criminal process of the field is in the fact that the criminal-procedural norms are used to regulate the suspicious ones, directing them to the forefront of malfunctions, when preparing, I called the information on the day, in order to justify the reasons. Under criminal law, criminology is linked to the spilny struggle against recurrent malignancies, to the extent that it is punished before the effectiveness of the malpractice, resocialization and adaptations of the individuals who have left the malignancies, those who have been left behind.
The tight link of criminology can be found in criminalistics, as in the opinion of criminology it is occupied by practical employees, the factual side of evil. Vіdomostі krimіnologії dopomagayut krimіnalіstam viyaviti osnovnі napryamki for rozrobki novih metodіv, dopomagayut znahoditi pravilnі rіshennya at rozslіduvannі zlochinіv, spirayuchis on krimіnologіchnі danі about the structure i dinamіku zlochinnostі, types krimіnogennih situatsіyah that t. P. At the same hour bagato krimіnalіstichnі i Metodi tehnіchnі zasobi dozvolyayut krimіnologії It is more effective to prevent maltreatment and vicoristovuvuyut the remainder of science for the prevention of malignant activity.
Criminology is also tied to the interdisciplinary complex science of the law.
9. Development of criminology until 1917
Criminology as a science appeared in Russia in one hour from the remote and distant developed in stages: the history of criminology was adopted for the period:
1) pre-revolutionary (up to 1917);
2) the period of the formation of Radianskoi criminology (1917-1930 p.);
3) period from 1930 to 1990;
4) modern (vazhayuchi from the drop of the CPCP and up to the present hour).
Vitchiznyana Criminology in the pre-revolutionary period actively took away a lot of leading ideas of representatives of young schools and made some contributions to the previous problems of malignancy. Provincials of vichiznyany criminology bully and community children, who lived before the official people of the society of science. Among them there is a slid of a kind of community building of the 18th century. A. Radischeva, who for the first time has evolved indicators for Russia, which characterize both types of evil, as well as those who have caused them, the motives and causes of the mischief by them, and by proponing the constructive method of statistical prevention of the evil of causation.
A. Herzen, N. Dobrolyubov, V. Bulinsky, N. Chernishevsky, criticized the suspicious mode of Russia and the evilness of the bred harmony.
On the cob XIX cent. Glyboka doslіdzhennya vviviv and suicide on the basis of criminal statistics of provіv KF German. See lawyers І. J. Foynitsky, G. N. Tarnovsky, N. S. Tagantsev and in. We looked at maliciousness in a tight connection with criminal and legal issues, especially brutal respect for the intelligence of evil, as a social phenomenon, Active reasons... Along with the robotic anthropological schools in foreign criminology, the pre-revolutionary lawyer and ideas D.A. Russia has a classic school.
In the Russian criminology of the 19th century - the ear of the 20th century. There were also growth processes, and in the current foreign criminology.
The evolutionary stage of development of vichiznyanoy criminology, having developed up to the ear of the 1990s, can be cleverly divided into two periods: a) 1917 - an ear of the 1930s; b) ear of the 1930s - ear of the 1990s, pp.
1. Epoch from 1917 to the ear of the 1930s. it was a bitter party struggle and ended with an ear of mass reprisals; criminological problems were brought up within the framework of criminal law, and criminology was respected by the galuzzi of criminal law. At the same time, the period was well understood due to the dispute in criminalistics and in ship medicine: in 1922, in Saratov, there was a cabinet of criminological anthropology and ship medical examination at the Office of Management; from 1923 r in Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, there were offices for the specialization of zlochintsya; in 1925, the Institute for the Prosecution of Malignancy and Sickness at the NKVS was built.
In 1929, criminology, like science, took its toll. Tse bulo is tied with a political thesis, which in the CPSR the motives of socialism (and in the case of socialism, the evil of socialism). Buv zrobivanie visnovok, but criminology is no longer needed.
2. During the period from 1930 to 1940. Criminological adolescents were mali of a character, they tried to fight against evil on the other hand, they were straightforward to see the enemies of the people and were organized by law enforcement agencies. The death song of Stalin Khrushchev dubbed the course towards economic communism. It became clear to Ale that the malignancy was not in it. The fate of criminology was born in 1963, if at the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University, he read a course in criminology, which in 1964 became obligatory for lawyers. Criminology was transformed from criminal law into an independent science. A. B. Sakharov played a great role in this.
U 1960-1970 rr. The main respect was paid to the production of malignancy as a product of suspension and foreign prevention, in 1970-1990 pp. the problems of the causes of malignancy, the mechanism of malignant behavior and the peculiarities of malignancy, tactology, forecasting and planning of the struggle against malignancy, new species maliciousness.
The greatest scientific - pre-old criminological center, becoming in the center of the NDI problems of changing legality and law and order under the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation.
This book has been prepared for students of law universities in accordance with the course "Criminology" on the basis of the basic legislation and the results of the education of the modern and foreign criminologists. The Navchalnyy Investigator can be a cicavim for graduate students, viclates, scholars of science, lawyers, as well as for practical workers of law enforcement agencies.
From series: Preparatory education for aspitu (Jurisprudence)
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company LitRes.
criminology
© Malkov V.D., 2006
© Design. VD "Jurisprudence", 2008
Chapter 1. Criminology as a science, a subject, a whole and a method
criminology- tse vchennya about zlochin (from latin crime -"Zlochin" i walnutsky logos -"Vchennya"). At the hour of the meaning of the word, it began to be interpreted more widely, and at the hour of Denmark it was a science about evil.
As a suspicious science of criminology, there is a wide range of social phenomena and processes, as well as due to the nature and nature. In spite of all the development of presumed suspicious manifestations, the basis of criminology and science is to become її item, that is, refer to the food, which is the very same vona vivchak.
criminology- the social and legal concept is theoretical and applied science I will show you how much evil it is as a social phenomenon, the day and form I will show, the regularities of the victory, the evidence and the changes; її reasons and іnshi determіnanti; specialness is quiet, hto skuyuє mischief; system of entry for zapob_gannya zlochin.
Criminology is not a legal science, not a legal science. The legal side of the field in that, looking at evil as a social phenomenon, it is based on the legal constructions of evil behavior, which give to criminal law. At the same hour, she has a characteristic wide sociological background to the prelude to malignancy, a person of malignancy. With such a rank, the ring of criminology criminal law It is generally obvious that the protest is not a matter of the independence of criminology as a science.
About the subject of criminology meti, zavdannyaі functions.
theoretical meta criminology of the field in the inducement of the model of the possible result of the scientific activity behind the bags of education and the knowledge of malignancy. In addition, it seems, there is a meta field in the knowledge of the laws of malignity and variation on the basis of scientific theories, concepts, formulations of hypotheses, designation of the development of this science. practical meta to revolve around the viral scientific recommendations and constructive propositions for the improvement of the effectiveness of the fight against malignancy.
promising targets Criminology should be built up to the end of a funny and nasty system of preventing maliciousness, so that criminogenic officials can be quickly and effectively neutralized and effectively neutralized. Neighborhood tied, as a rule, because of the common science and practical robots in the area of fighting against malignancy, її predation, with prompt і nasty responses to all changes in criminal situations and the introduction of new correctives in the whole process.
For the purpose of science, criminology, viplivayut zavdannya, Up to which you can add:
1) rejection of the active and reliable knowledge about malignity, її obsyazі (stanі), intensity (рівні), structure and dynamics both in the past and in the present;
2) criminological vivchennya of types of malignancy (primary, recurrent, violent, corny; malignancy of grown-ups, incomplete, etc.) For differentiated struggle against them;
3) finding out the reasons and minds of maliciousness and making recommendations for the future;
4) the development of special features of malignancy and the mechanism of cultivation of malignancies, classification of different types of malignant manifestations and types of special features of malignancy;
5) the identification of the main strains for the prevention of malice and the most preschool contributors to struggle with it.
His zeal for the science of criminology function... There are three main functions accepted: I describe (diagnose), explain (ethiological) and transfer (predict) ... description function polyagus in imaginary phenomena and processes, which are included in the subject of criminology, on the basis of the selection of empirical material. the function is explained allowing z'yasuvati, as opposed to the one who heard the process and what is wrong, and not the one. predictive function tied with the prognosis of the development of the manifestation or the process. Yak bachimo, the functions are tied between themselves and in general have an epistemological character.
The named functions do not in the world evoke the knowledge of criminology, but in the first place, practical straightforwardness. The science of criminology is guilty not only of actively imagining the subject of its knowledge, but explaining the nature of the connected processes and processes, predicting the future development of the future, but also the development of evil in practice. Otzhe, docіlno vіdіlitisch th practical and re-creative function, Victory as permits the realization of the results and results of the named three functions in the practical action, aimed at the bazhan of the revision of the object of vivchennya.
The originality of criminology as a science is based on knowledge, order in the subject, and in the method.
Method of science criminology- the prevalence of receptions and factors, behind the addition of which there are laws, changes and forms of phenomena, which are included in the subject of criminology.
Problems that can be found in criminology can be very useful and can be brought to light again on the basis of dialectics - out-of-pocket method piznannya. Victory of the basic philosophical laws and categories, such as the knowledge of social phenomena, the unity and the struggle of opposites, the transition of several to the nature, the cause and the inheritance of the day, and so on. However, philosophy does not give the knowledge of criminology of ready-made solutions, such as vona vivchak, but only a healthy methodology for knowledge of old and well-groomed solutions. Explainer tse, slid mean, scho historical background Being an important manifestation of dialectical suspension development, to teach us to see the evilness as a kind of system that functions in the old historical minds, showing the evil in the early stages of suspension development. At the criminological science region historical development positive and negative factors, analysis of the characteristics of the relationship, and hourly and in opposition to the region, it is necessary for the knowledge of the laws of determination and change as evil in general, as well as in the context of evil in general. In general, there is inevitable vulgarization and forgiveness, superficial and inaccurate changes. So, if the current evil in the country is estimated in the criminological plan, and the particularity of this trend is without a historical analysis of the changes of the mind, then it is inevitable to blame the pardon of the judgment of the judgment.
That is not a vipadkovo stasis in criminology systemic approach until the vivchennya of appearances in the rest of the rock come all the more meaning. Behind the step of the glimpse, the knowledge and scale of the subject's hunting can be brought up to the number of modern foreign methods of knowledge.
The systemic response to the transmission of a criminological object as an integral unity, due to the different stages and the nature of the interconnection of elements (pid systems), which are included in the system of approval. It is important to know that it is important to know that it is possible for a visitor to allow the development of an integrated education, and not just to fix the mechanics of the storage of its components. By surpassing the given approach, those who will allow the vicarist method to improve the point of scientific knowledge, and the external science and private scientific methods - as the way to see specific pre-existing enterprises.
Krim the out-of-the-box method of knowledge in criminology is widely used scientific, private scientific methodsі special criminological methods.
Methods include formal logic, that is, analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, publicity, abstracting, visualization of hypotheses and in.
analysisі synthesis are the processes of practical, explicit distribution of the whole into parts and the appearance of the whole from parts. The analysis allows for the development of a particular part of the whole, for the development of all parts of the whole, as for all parts of the world, and at the same time learns the particularity of the determination and the development of all admissible object. By way of synthesis, the illicit phenomenon is created in a misnomer as a singularity in all the development of its connection and in parts.
індукція- tse rukh knowledge from single tverdzhen to zalnyh posodenie. Razr_znyayut again and not completely induct. In the first view of the class of appearances, the list is generally based on the view of all the manifestations of the class. In another, the visnovok vypadku shy away from looking at the deprivation of the deyakie appearances given to the class. In scientific practice, it is more common to stagnate indifference. The deduction is indiscriminately tied to the induction, and the connection of the floor is necessary, as the connection to the analysis and synthesis.
In Danish hour pid deduction It’s reasonable to prove that the success of the situation is so that it’s on the basis of the laws of logic and be of a reliable character. The deductive method is stagnant, as a rule, because of the accumulation of factual material in the various areas of criminological knowledge, with the help of a greater knowledge of the data, the systematization of all
In criminological knowledge, such a scientific method is widely adopted, such as zagalnennya, in order to understand the vision and formulation of laws, how to lie in the basis of the pre-sentient manifestation. Uzagalnennya, as a rule, is tied to the prompting theory of the singing class.
In a series of scientific methods, it is more important to place abstraction, to understand the process of a clear vision of some authorities and the connection of a pre-juvenile phenomenon and an acceptance of certain authorities side effects... It allows seeing the head, the hundred signs of the manifestation and establish, in such a rank, the regularity of its development. With the application of abstract judgment in the system of criminological knowledge, one can serve as an interpreter of wickedness. In a new image, there are not all signs of malignity, but rather than most of the things that characterize nature and basic laws.
A necessary moment of scientific criminological knowledge is the visuvannya of hypotheses. the same understand hypothesis means that the theoretical position to be primed on the ground has not yet been completed. Visuvannya, primed and proof of hypotheses є necessary elements of any scientific knowledge, including criminological knowledge.
Absorbing in itself the whole arsenal of contributing to the knowledge of social action, criminology vikorysty and stasis in its own purposes of development private scientific methods, Including sociological methods, such as caution, practice and analysis of documents.
caution to be stored in an unprecedented way by the glimpse of the facts themselves, to be able to enjoy the pre-juvenile criminological object and put up pre-old buildings. Accepted resolution included and not included with caution. Remaining in the singing world to bear a mimic character. It’s a glimpse that it’s not just a glimpse, but a practical teacher of his widespread activity, spostering and assessing the facts and the manifestation of social action, to be able to sing with them. Tsi knowledge can give a meaningful help in the version of specific projects. For the out-of-the-box rule, starting before being cautious, the presenter is guilty of the long-term program, which includes a transcript of many facts, characteristics and signs. Here, I can help you with the inclusion of a visual, if the presenter is clearly set up and clearly before the prepared program of the vivca required criminal science object.
An important method of recognition є experience. There are two main types of types: questionnaire and interview.
questionnaire- the best way to deny necessary criminal information. For the whole it is necessary to clearly, correctly and intelligently formulate the nutrition of the questionnaire. Naygolovn_she, the smell of the smell was unambiguously tlumachenny. Do not go through the bulk of the questionnaire. The stench can be formalized and unformalized. In a formalized questionnaire, there is a way to close the power supply, on which alternative options are formed in advance. In general, the experienced person has the right to vibrate in a positive or negative form ("so" - "ni"). In an informal questionnaire, the experienced person will hope to be able to formulate the message himself. Such questionnaires are more foldable for other applications.
Up to the number of extended methods of treatment to be applied Interview... It is carried out in the form of a conversation with experience, in the course of which it is carried out and it takes place to refer to a glimpse of facts and assessments of the experienced.
In the case of an interviewed interview, I’m overwhelmed before the questionnaires, and when questioning, you don’t have to be asked to establish the necessary psychological contact with the experience, as it must be in absentia. When interv'yuvanny neznozuly or twisted food can be clarified and refined by the adder, shaped into the most affordable and intelligent form. Until then, the questionnaire should not be turned around.
In the midst of non-mannered receptions of criminological information is more important than a loan analysis of documents.
The well-received document has a document containing information about the facts, the story, the manifestation of the active action and the rosy activity, which may be brought up to a perceived criminological problem. Such documents can be used to materialize the investigation and review in the court of a certificate of malpractice, special information of the convicts, information and information, whether it is any form of necessary criminal science. The procedure for the collection of documents was carried out in a straightforward manner;
To the number of private scientific methods, it is also necessary to introduce logical and mathematical, include model, factor analysis and scale, as well as methods criminal statistics(Statistical caution, grouping, statistical analysis, calculating common indicators and in.). The stagnation of these methods in criminological preliminaries has an additional role. Smells add to a greater understanding of the statistical indicators, allow the vicarists to have the performance of the correlation for the establishment of a step in the connection and the mutual understanding between children and children in social processes, diseases So, model bath transferring the stem of the forgiven image of the pre-sluggish manifestation, or to the process on the basis of the representation of the true sides (authorities). Reconsideration of the method of polarity, in the forefront of the fact that they do not pretend to be outside and adequately represent all sides and authorities of the pre-sentient criminological object, concentrating the respect of the presenter on the most important characteristics of the subject and the most important a hundred parties. With the application of the simplest representation of the image of such a folding phenomenon, such as malignity, ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і і і і і і і і і і і ї і і і і і ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї її, іpіvіvіnіt, ї ї ї pіvnі.
Factor analysisі scale bath, being one of the simplest ways of turning mathematical deposits between storage parts of the object until the end of the day, it helps to provide nutritional information about the steps of efficiency and in addition to the addition of quiet factors, which are useful for the most interesting. Withering, it’s stagnant to see the scale of allowing to see the steps of significance of this and the meaning of the assessment of the possible options for the pre-juvenile manifestation.
For an assessment of vimiruvanny yakostі inodі krystyuyutsya graphical scales. Such a scale is a straight line, partitions on equal parts and non-verbal or numerical values. A prescriber in a wide range needs to change the mark on the scale according to the given assessment of the quality.
rankings ob'єktіv abo sujen є інshim widely vikoristovuvanim priyom vimіryuvannya. At the end of the day, an assessment is carried out on the basis of the quality of the order by way of ordering after the step of the turn of a certain sign. The skin ob'ktu is given an estimate, equal to the one in the given ranked row. The numbers, rejected as a result of the stagnation of qih scales, in some cases can be misleading without an average estimate of the vividness, and in those they serve as the basis for a fake mathematical treatment, for example, by the way of victoriousness factorial analysis.
Before special methods(Methodology) krimіnologіchnogo doslіdzhennya nalezhat Vzhe vіdomі in sotsіologії i psihologії Metodi i techniques takі, yak vikoristannya randomness danih about zlochinnіst i sudimostі, spetsіalne i psihologіchne doslіdzhennya osobistostі zlochintsya, vivchennya rіznih kategorіy krimіnalnih ref s away randomness obrobkoyu materіalіv, vivchennya gromadskoї pillows rіznih sotsіalnih spіlnot and groups about malignity, її reasons that come to fight with it, holding criminological education for special programs, as well as complex criminological education.
The arsenal of criminological specialists in becoming rich and may be less practical than practical workers of criminological misinterpretations, which also provide the basis for correct intelligence to be used in the suspension. For a wide range of energy needs, the development of new suspension processes in conjunction with effective solutions to cardinal problems of life, up to which, it is insane, is madness and struggle.
Criminological knowledge of health plays a singular role in podolanny among practical workers of dogmatic manifestations, forgiveness and stereotypes about evil, a person of evil, mechanisms of evil behavior, causes of negativity
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Guidance to the melodic fragment of the book Criminology. Food and drink (V.D.Malkov, 2006) provided by our book partner -
