Criminology as a social legal science. Subject, method and system of criminology

The word "criminology" (lat. Crimen - zlochin, Greek. Logos - vchennya) means "science about zlochin". Zlochin є the subject of vivchennya of the first sciences - criminal law, criminalistics.

Ale of science is creating a theoretical basis for the right-wing activity in the development of evil and infamous winners, and I am reacting to the same problems.

Criminology and development theoretical basis dіyalnosti soodo increase the amount of money. In the Danish hour, criminology is like a science about evil in general.

The first scientific work under the name "Criminology" was published in 1884 by R. Garofalo. Before the whole for the established science about the evil of vicorists, there have been other terms - criminal anthropology, criminal sociology.

About the subject of criminology

For the rationalization of the day and the peculiarities of a particular science in the science of science, the subject of science is developed. The object of science is the chain of phenomena and processes, as science is given and how people can see it, because people know it (burn, grow). The subject of science is partly, surrounded by the side of the object (budova of girskih breeds, likarskii power of the roslin).

One object can be seen in the field of sciences, in one object it is possible to see a number of objects (an object cannot be wider than an object). Zastosovyuchi for vivchennya, for example, people of biological methods, we can viokremiti the subject of biology - klitini, organi, organism as a whole; Fixed psychological methods are the subject of psychology: intellect, memory, emotions, etc. In people like an object of knowledge, you can see a subject of mechanics: people who look at people like material and who have given the procedure of visualization, we can accept the subject of mechanics, we accept it. Ale for the mechanics of the dumb impressions of people and, for example, a stone.

The subject of science is not just an act of a part, a side of an object (acts of power and of etc.). Otzhe, the subject of science є in the perennial world is also the knowledge of the object. The principle of insight is both an object and an object of a polarity, and in that, the subject of science is historically minlivy. There are new methods of advancement, it is easy to use it (for example, a magnifying glass is changed to a microscope). New authorities of the object appear, more and more continue to be heard as well, the process of knowing where from happening to the day. In addition, the subject of science develops both intensively (vlib) and extensively (broad). So, the understanding of the "evil" was not immediately declared, but was violated in the process of recognition. I, as in any scientific understanding, yo wicked wickedness: malignity is as power of specialness - malignity is as a sum of malignity - malignity is as social phenomenon. Ob'kt zliznannya zalishaєtsya nemіnnym. Obviously, object, like everything in nature and support, change, or change not as a result of knowledge, but as a matter of fact.

The broad sense has words about criminology, people and social spirits. The knowledge of science can be understood as objects (in physics - nature is inanimate, in sociology - suspension).

Ale k_lka of sciences can mother one zagalny object, razr_znyayuchi at the same hour with objects. The specificity of criminology as a science є її is complex in nature: the knowledge of criminology is brought up to the latest ravings of social reality - lyudin, social group, suspension. Criminology is vicious methods and approaches to the development of sciences, and criminological preliminaries most often have an interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary character.

In such a rank, the object of criminology is formed with the object of knowledge of the social sciences (psychology, sociology), and other subjects they have. Otzhe, the specificity and singularity of concrete science is characterized not by an object, but by an object.

In a broad sense of the subject of criminology, the nature and causes of the suspiciously insecure manifestations and the active power of the suspension are of the same kind.

In the subject of criminology, you see some of the main elements: 1) malignity; 2) the reasons і mind and wickedness (wickedness); 3) the specialty of zlochintsya; 4) increasing the amount of money.

One more element was seen in the remaining hour - the sacrifice of evil, and the art and history of the subject of criminology. Rozdil criminology, who vivchin the victim of evil, is called "viktimologiya".

The problem of recognizing the peculiarity of malignancy in criminology is brought up to the level of controversial ones, according to which the polar points of view can be seen. So, for the peculiarity of evil, it’s worth thinking about the power of the authorities of the sub''kta of evil, as they summarize at once with the other (called) circumstances of the evil. For all powerless powers, which characterize the specialness, criminology, only criminological significant powers.

The specialness of evil is not varied from the understanding of the "evil specialness", in order to respect people who are special, if they are ready to fix evil.

Vivchennya of all elements of the subject of criminology in the kintsev rakhunku maє na meti estoriti scientific basis social performance Criminology of development will give the theory of the reduction of maladies, which includes in itself: the main direct, the form and methods of the development of the juvenile; social and economic and organizational and legal foundations for health; a system of sub'єkts perjuvalnoy іyalnosti.

The scientific basis of the theory of advancement and practical health of recommended visits to prevention є indicators of the social efficiency of criminology in science.

Having found the subject, having said the food, how to be grasped by the given science, in fact, given the meaning of the science. But more about science is not a subject, but a zmist. So, in the change of criminology, the order of the subject matter includes the methodology and the methodology of dosage, the development of the history of criminology, the distribution of practical visits to the knowledge of maladies.

methods of criminology

The order with the object and the subject is still the same sutta characteristic of science є the method is established by it. The method is a whole pre-slidnitska procedure, for the help of which one learns about the information about his power. In the out-of-the-way plane, all the scientific methods are separated in the fallow into the sphere of stagnation and beyond the latitude of stagnation.

According to the oblast, two classes of methods are developed: theoretical, stagnant for the vivification of powers and general abstract objects (numbers, functions), According to the established methods of science, it is classified into abstract, theoretical (logic, mathematics) and empirical, informed, experimental (chemistry, biology, criminology).

There is a great deal of insight into these types of sciences in the field also in the fact that the truth of the situation in abstract sciences will become a pre-existing path, and the meaning of theoretical terms and the sense of logical attitudes. The truth of the solidity of empirical sciences will be established as the path of communication between the solidity of the empirical sciences. Apparently, and in empirical sciences, the understanding is victorious, but not to think of direct analogies in the public light, but there can be used theoretical methods, for example, the methods of symbolization, formalization.

Behind the breadth of the methodology, it is used for foreign science, as it’s not for everyone, but for the science of science; private science, stasis in the group of sumy sciences; special, breakdown for the environment of specific science (in the criminology of special methods in Germany).

In addition, they develop methods of discarding information about the authority of an object (caution, understanding) and methods of processing information from a rationalized information (second-guessing, factorial analysis).

The product of scientific knowledge is about active knowledge, so that knowledge about the power of an object is like a stench є, a posture and just right from a sub'kta, scho piznaє. The main reason for the scientific method is its neutrality in relation to the relationship to the object of knowledge, the principle of the independence of the power of the object in the process of lingering.

We are aware of the knowledge (adjustement) to be seen from the point of view of the practice.

So, a microscope can be used to hammer in tsvyakhi (і todі vіn bude znryaddyam pratsі), and you can vivchati іnfuzorіyu shoe (todі win є znryadya pіznannya).

The methodology of the neutrality of the method was violated in the New Hour, and it seems quite obvious.

yak showed given development science, don't get hungry. The involvement in the sphere of scientific knowledge of microobjects, the examination of quantum mechanics has shown that it is impossible to turn on the input of the sub-knowledge, because of the fact that the title of the effect is overwhelming in the attachment.

The problem of method neutrality is relevant not only for quantum mechanics. The problem is that it’s a precursor to understand it, to stand in front of sociology, and in front of psychology. And the oskilki of criminology is a vicaristic methodology of the sciences, it is relevant for her.

Carry out an experiment, experience or test, the presenter is guilty of vrahovuvati, but the very fixation of these methods can be inserted into the object of knowledge (people). At the end of the day, the method gives us knowledge about the power of the object of knowledge not in the minds of nature, but in the relationship with the subjective mind, in the minds of the presenter. In psychology and sociology, the problem is formulated as the problem of validity (priming) of victorious techniques.

The neutrality of the method according to the definition of the object should not be interpreted as the independence of the method of the object. Vimoga neutrality method according to the approach to the object - only one side of the problem is deprived. It’s a matter of fact that the method is guilty of being adequate to the problem: it’s clear that it’s good to know how to use new methods. So, the function of the intellect can be moved by the way to the well-known brain.

In criminology, but to ignore the specifics of the object, Ch. Lombroso zastosuvati for the development of special features of the special features of the anthropometry method. You can be adept at the method of objectifying the unhappiness of the realization of a single universal method, which is stagnant to the objectification of nature.

In criminology and empirical science, such methods of scientific research as caution and experiment are established. D. Mill, meaning that we should be careful to put a custom design, is an addendum for our goals, and the experiment is to set it apart from a piece of furniture. Victory in criminology methods of caution and experiment has its own specifics and boundaries.

Caution - tse chuttєve tsіlespryamovane with the reception of the authorities of the object, which are meaningful from the point of view of the goals of the message, and їх fiksatsіya (description). The caution is historically the most early and vivid form of empirical reading, it is structurally included in both the experimental and the virtual procedures.

Caution can be either direct (non-aligned) or indirect (intermediate). In case of indirect caution, it is not the object itself that is to be promoted, but the effect of its interaction with the other objects or the results of that action. In such a rank, the specificity of the indirect caution of the pole is in the fact that about the power in the Danish moment of an unsupervised object is judged by the visually obvious manifestation of it (not a dim without a fire). In criminology, it is difficult to direct caution: even a criminologist is not a criminologist without a trace of evil, but its inheritance.

Experiment - the establishment of the authorities of the object in the piece-structured, controllable and kerovan minds. Carrying out experiments in criminology is also easy. It’s not only because of the folding of the object until it’s lasting, but the first for all the world’s worlds. Suspense cannot be tolerated by Kriminology piece by piece, but think about it, so you can take in the wrong things. Alle the experiment of stimulating the right-hearing behavior, according to the inversion of the effectiveness of the visits, prevention is not only possible, but it is regularly carried out.

Moreover, it is permissible to be victorious in the titles of a retrospective experiment (quasi-experiment), so that if it is really going, it’s possible to interpret it as an experimental situation. The most important thing is the possibility of fixing the cob and kintsevian plant of the object and seeing the experimental (pouring in) and old (fallow) factories. In addition, the glorious person is guilty of the fact that the quasi-experiment seems to be due to the internal problems (the experimental factor itself is the cause of the change, but the situation is susceptible) and the current law (due to the fact that For example, the anti-alcohol campaign in the mid-80s, pp. In the last century, it was possible to look at the quality of an experimental situation, as it showed that the speed of the state military and the sale of alcohol (an experimental factor) was due to the level of malice, the growth of mortality itself. (Deposits factories). Іnshiy butt: a catastrophe in the New York City electric power station allows the Criminology of the development of the city to provide high school illumination for the improvement of high street malignancy.

It is possible to introduce such a method, as a model, to the out-of-the-box science. If a real natural experiment is unfortunate or even more expensive, experiment with models that are real or abstract (for example, testing models of lithuanians in aerodynamic pipes, mathematical models of atomic vibuhu and in.). In criminology, the victorious method of modeling is to achieve promising direct, as it is difficult to experiment directly with significant difficulties. Naybils often use mathematical models, especially when predicting malignity.

In the criminological literature, it is often possible to complete the solidification of those who are guarded and experimented with to the scientific empirical methods, which are used in criminology, deduction and induction are seen. In the sense of deduction and induction, not by empirical methods of knowledge, but by methods of logical world-class and proving (in different forms, the link between the rules and the visnovka). Mechanism of deduction of polyagus in the extended position on the edge of the field, on the basis of the rule. Mechanism of induction of polygons in wider range of objects in the hall, in the transition from the knowledge of a part of the objects of the singing class to the knowledge of all the classes of objects.

Empirical methods give new information about the power of an object, and deduction and induction of such methods provide new information about knowledge, which is also rejected as an aid to empirical methods. It should be applied to the so-called methods of scientific induction: the method of one kind, the method of one kind, the method of one kind of changes, etc.

Oskilki ob'єkt criminology is partly organized with the ob'kt of the social sciences, then in criminology there can be used methods of these sciences, which are included in the list of private sciences:

• sociological - analysis of primary documentation (analysis of criminal records), experience (convicts, victims, spy workers of law enforcement agencies), expert assessments, sociometric internal method (analysis
• psychologic - biographical, testing;
• statistical - statistically cautious, statistical analysis (aggregation, factorial and regression analysis).

In criminology as an empirical science, one of the main ways of proving (spreading) theoretical provisions is the hypothetical-deductive method. Whether it is hardened, or hypotheses, it is not possible to be directly reconverted, logical (deductive) way to create empirically (verified) succession. As long as the inheritance is taken from hypotheses, to be confirmed in practice, then the hypothesis will reject the status of true solidity.

Naturally, in criminology, the methods of scientific knowledge become stagnant - systemic, historical, historical, etc.

Misce of Criminology in the System of Sciences

Having learned the specifics of the object, the subject and the methods of criminology, it is possible to make a difference in the systems of the suspicious sciences and in relation to them. There are three points of view: 1) criminology is a part of criminal law; 2) criminology is a part of sociology; 3) criminology is an independent science.

The first point of view was taken by the Russian criminologists of the pre-revolutionary period, as well as those from the radians' lawyers, such as A.A. Gertsenzon and A.A. Pіontkovsky. This position is not grounded due to the fact that criminology is not a legal science, in criminology and criminal law it is not a legal science (and, as well as a science is a science, it is obviously a science).

About the science of criminal law є criminal law (galuz law) as a regulator of suspicious decisions, legal norms and institutes; about criminology - social activity of people and social groups. To that, the methods, which are stagnant in the cich sciences, may be fundamentally young in nature, and apparently, these subjects Ale in (the very criminal right is the sign of evil). For traditional dosi in bagatokh pidruchniks, the course of criminology is structured similarly to the course of criminal law - to the home and the special part.

Another point of view is dominance in American criminology.

Sociology and criminology have a lot of methods and methods. Ale їkh objects are all different. Criminology is a complex science, the subject of the development of the social and psychological aspects of malignancy, and the individual and psychological particularities of malignancy.

The subject of criminology cannot be included in the subject of sociology.

In the Danish hour, the greatest knowledge is the third point of view, the criminals of what they vvazayut, and criminology is an independent science. But the independence of the science of criminology does not mean that it is not connected with the other sciences.

If I want criminology and not a legal science, it is closely tied to criminal law, criminal law, criminalistics, etc. A whole lot of words were poured over for all that, but with all the differences in the methods and the nature of the viral enterprises, they smell like a mental meta - scientifically safeguard the fight against evil.

The special link of criminology with the criminal law is explained by the fact that the very criminal law is the source of the evil, as the actions are evil, and by the very same the inter-evilness is the manifestation. And maliciousness is the main element of the subject of criminology. At the same hour, the criminological preliminaries give the necessary material for the revision of criminal policy, scientific education of criminalization (decriminology) development.

With criminal law, criminology is tied to those who are punished by one of the factors in the reduction of malignancies.

Criminology, the reasons for penitentiary and recurrent malignancy, efficiency new species punishment, given to the criminal law of information, is necessary for a thorough understanding of the process of vikonannya punishment and correction of judges.

The link between criminology and sociology, psychology, social psychology is summarized by the similarity of the object and the established methods.

Just as criminology can be victorious in the materials of the sciences, so criminological data can serve a greater variety of problems in the various sciences. Sociology to follow the pattern of seeing (piyatstvo, vagrancy, etc.). Criminology also refers to the phenomenon, or not by itself, but in the context of evil. In the case of bagatech vipadkah, such a behavior є with the mind for the introduction of evil. Sociological and criminological advances to each other mutually replace one one.

Criminology is tied with other sciences. The link with the statistics was added to the fact that the malignity as the mass phenomenon can be represented as the statistical supremacy. The link with pedagogy is that criminology is the process of formulating the specialness of malignancy, and the formulation of specialness is a pedagogical problem.

Such a connection can be quilted practically from the social (that and not only) sciences.

1. Understanding criminology as a basic discipline

Criminology yak basic discipline to study Investigation of malignancies, їх reasons, kinds of interconnection with developmental malignancies and processes, as well as the results of our visits to the struggle wіth wickedness.

Criminology of vivch and analysis of normative acts, to establish a legal basis for adequate intelligence of malice, prompt reaction to them and distribution preventive visits With the help of the increase in the amount of money.

The normative base of criminology is stored:

1) criminal legislation, including the norms of criminal and criminal law;

2) criminological legislation, which regulates the preventive activity, is adjusted to the premeditation of injuries and the recumbent posture by the sphere of stagnation of criminal repressive visits.

Criminology yak navchalna discipline vivcha the prevalence of manifestations, processes and laws, which are based on some of the main elements: a) malignity; b) the specialness of t zlochintsya; c) the reasons і mind and wickedness; d) the reduction of maliciousness.

about criminologyє Suspended vidnosyny, tied from: 1) malignant and other right-handed;

2) the reasons for the minds of malignancy;

3) mice and roll of specialness of food in the suspension; 4) the decisions of the establishment of the right to increase the prevention and prevention of the law.

About criminological education and detailed analysis of zlochin. Look at it: 1) in the uneasy connection with the minds of the middle-class, which is the source of evil, and the criminological characteristic of the land, which is bred by the middle-class; 2) it’s trivial and the process is developing, it’s going to be seen in the open space and hour, when there’s my ear, it’s interrupted and completed, and not as a one-time action, not connected with the cause of the evil act and unreasonable borrowing.

Criminology of looking at evil from both sides and with the maximum activity and vivchay: 1) cause the evil; 2) the peculiarities of the characteristics of the individual, koїt zlochin; 3) traces of malignant behavior.

2. The structure of the system of criminology

The system of criminology is based on the peculiarities of the subject, which is presumed by the discipline, - a number of food, tied to the mischievousness. Won vklyuchaє teorії, rozroblenі provіdnimi fahіvtsyami in the Branch yurisprudentsії, SSMSC rozglyadayut zlochinnіst in nerozrivnomu zv'yazku Zi preformed in suspіlstvі sotsіalnimi, ekonomіchnimi, cultural vіdnosinami, doslіdzhuyut zakonomіrnostі, laws, principles that vlastivostі, harakternі for їh rozvitku, vrahovuyut statistichnі, sotsіologіchnі that INSHI indicators, as well as current facts and previous historical reports.

Criminological science is not a simple collection of ideas about malignity and interconnection, but even science knowledge, I have my own theoretical base and stagnate to practicality. Theoretical views and comprehension of the results of practical visits are built into a string and a unique system, which is built from two main blocks - the Zagalnoy and Special parts.

A special feature of such a subdivision of criminology in the homeland and a special part is the development of a subset of science itself in the outgrowth of theoretical nutrition, stagnant to any kind of evil activity (outbound part) and criminological characteristics of evil types (Particularly part).

Zagalna chastina includes a detailed view of the understanding, the subject, the method, the goals, the plant, the functions and the history of the development of criminology in Russia, as well as beyond the cordon, the introduction of the basics of the message, how to get stuck in criminology, seeing, special features of malnutrition and mechanism of malignancy.

Particular part, primed on the Zagalny part, give the criminological characteristics of the surrounding species and analysis come in before the juvenile, Yaki vikoristovuyutsya for їkh zapobіgannya.

In such a rank, offending parts of criminology hunt the entire spectrum of food, both theory and practice, allowing for a significant amount of water in suspicious types of malignancy, which is the origin of that particular kind of malignancy, the maximum that can be used to reduce the growth of malignancy.

3. The course and establishment of criminology

Kriminology yak science vivcha active and sub-active officials, who put the initial flow into the mill, the structure and dynamics of malice, as well as the peculiarity of the malignant itself, which emerges and analyzes the specific types of malignant individuals the number of malnourished products in the suspension.

The cycle of criminology can be cleverly divided into chotir groups:

1) theoretical- allowance for the knowledge of laws and variations on the basis of scientific theories of malignancy, concepts and hypotheses;

2) practical- viroblya scientific recommendations and constructive propositions for advancing the efficiency of fighting against malnutrition;

3) promising- straightened to the stem of the system and the prevention of maliciousness, as to allow neutralization and reduction of criminogenic officials;

4) nibling- It is housed in a healthy robot to fight against evil.

To stand in front of criminology goals organically vyplyayut and її zdannya:

1) rejection of the active and reliable knowledge about malignity, її obsyazі (stanі), intensity (рівні), structure and dynamics - in the last and second; criminological vivchennya of types of malignancy (primary, recurrent, violent, corny; malignancy of grown-ups, incomplete, etc.) for differentiated struggle against them;

2) the discovery and the science of the reasons and the minds of malice and the distribution of the recommendations of the day;

3) the development of the specialty of malignancy and the mechanism of cultivating it, the classification of different types of malignant manifestations and types of specialty of malignancy;

4) the identification of the main strains for the prevention of malice and the most senior staff in the struggle with it.

Criminology viconu his zeal for the help of singers functions, In the middle, there are three main ones: a) I will describe (diagnose); b) explanatory (ethiological); c) predictive (predictive).

4. Theory of criminology

As an independent science, criminology took shape in the 19th century. and some of them were primed at the forefront for their own hour anthropological theory(Gall, Lombroso), how to go out of the idea of ​​manifestation among the villains in the genius of evil tastes. Criminology is also based on social-economic and social-legal theory(Ferri, Garofalo, Marro), to explain the evilness by negative social manifestations - wretchedness, lack of problems, unwrittenness, which engenders immorality and immorality; ontological theories(Theory of "pure rosum" by I. Kant), statistical reports(Khvostov, Gerri, Dyukpetio).

At the twentieth century. in criminology of the second sciences (psychology, psychiatry, genetics, anthropology), new insights and self-directed theory came to be

– genetic theory the reasons for evilness (Shlapp, Smit, Podolski) explained the evilness to the point of evil by vrodzhenny officials;

– psychiatric concepts(Based on the theory of Z. Freud) they bore the result of a conflict between primitive instincts and an altruistic code, established by the suspension;

– clinical criminology(On the basis of the concept of the unsafe country of ferry and Garofalo), she introduced the understanding of the camp of advanced scholarship to the point of malignancy, which led to the development of drugs and for an hour, insoluvates from the suspension (Gramatik, d.)

- sociological concepts(Theory of Multiple Factors in Quetelet and Hilia) explained the viciousness of the lack of anthropological, physical, economic, mental, social factors;

– stigmy theory(Interactionist pidhid - Sutherlanda, Tannebaum, Becker, Erikson) knew the reasons for malignancy in the reaction of the suspension itself to malignant behavior;

– theory of differential associations(Sutherland, Cressy) tied evil behavior with the contacts of people with criminal otochennyam (rotten middle);

– concept of criminogenicity of scientific and technical progress knew the reasons for malignancy in the postindustrial suspension;

– Marxist theories vivodili the malignancy from the deterrent of the exploiting suspension.

5. The subject of criminology

The subject of criminology є the number of nutrition, attaching to the phenomena of such a phenomenon, as malignity, including the theory, broken down by the provincial factions in the law , laws, the principle of power, characteristic of its development, statistical, sociological and other indicators, as well as current facts and previous historical information.

The subject of criminology includes chotiri basic elements:

1) maliciousness, a social and criminal legal phenomenon in the suspension, which is the supremacy of all the mischiefs that live in the given state for the singing period of an hour; the given phenomenon is subject to clear-cut indicators: ryvnem, structure and dynamism;

2) specialty of zlochintsya, yogo mіsce and role in anti-community manifestations; The views about the special power of the subordinates of illnesses include information about the causes of the illnesses, and the specialness of the illnesses itself is perceived as an increase in relapse (new illnesses);

3) causes and reason for malignancy (crime detection), they create a system of negative economic, demographic, psychological, political, organizational and managerial phenomena and processes that generate and summarize the malignity of the past. For a number of reasons and wickedness, it is possible to evolve in all the development of wickedness, nature and mechanism of development, in general, as well as for groups of evil, as well as specific;

4) reproach (prophylaxis) malignancy as a system of sovereign and huge entrances, directing to usunenia, neutralizing or weakening the reasons and minds of malice, reducing the behavior of law-enforcers; preventively come in to be analyzed for directing, mechanism of action, stage, scale, change, sub'ktam and other parameters.

6. Method of criminology

By the method of criminology, it was taken to name all the possibilities of taking into account and methods, how to be victorious for reporting, picking up, analyzing, evaluating and storing information about maliciousness in the whole and around the world and such for the prevention of malnutrition.

Prior to the methods of criminology, the following are introduced:

1) caution- bezposredn spraying of pre-juvenile appearances by prelіdnikov-criminologists, objects of some kind of individual, group of individuals, specific appearances, tying with indications of malignancy;

2) experiment- Victory in the necessary changes in new methods of reducing malignity, converting quiet theoretical assumptions and ideas into practice;

3) experience- the sociological method of collecting information, how to poll in the interview or the questionnaire of a significant cola of specific and given information about the active processes and phenomena, as well as criminology; when used for the removal of reliable information, officials should be provided with an active (every hour of education) and a sub-active (evaluation of an experienced individual in the given information);

4) analysis of documentary information dzherels criminological support - the collection of necessary information from the young documentary jerels (proofs, agreements, criminal records, video, audio recordings and objects, intended for the selection and transmission);

5) logical-mathematical method, which includes:

- Modeling - the way to continue the processes and systems of ob'ktіv by way of prompting and vivchennya models with the help of disclaimer of new information;

- factorial analysis and scale;

- Methods of criminal statistics (statistically cautious, grouping, statistical analysis, calculating public figures and in.).

In general, the method of criminology can be divided into zalnonaukovі(Formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, abstracting, analogy, modeling, publicity, historical method, system analysis) private science(Questionnaire, Interview, Content Analysis of Documents, Testing, Precautions, Experiment, Statistical, Legal, Mathematical Methods, Criminological Expertise).

7. Linking criminology with indirect legal disciplines

Criminology refers to the legal sciences, in the close and tense dispute with the majestic impossibility of legal sciences, in this way, in the least way, engaged in the struggle against evil; It can be cleverly distributed on indirect and special.

Indirect legal sciences to look at the problems of malignancy in the wild rice, to top it off, not to glimmer in the delicate and nutritional details.

Prior to indirect legal disciplines, include:

1) constitutional law, as I will establish the backbone of all the activities of law enforcement agencies and from the initial position, on which the legislative base will be, both in Russia and in any land;

2) civil law, that the transmission of the community's responsibility for the failure of the numerical norms of civil law, for the origin of nutrition and the nature of the failure, for which criminology should be dealt with in greater detail;

3) land law;

4) administrative law;

5) environmental law;

6) the same right;

7) labor right and ін.

For a new understanding of criminology, we need to consider information and methods from non-legal sciences. To this, criminology is based on the setting of philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, economics, theory of social management, sociology, politics, statistics, demography, mathematics, cybernetics, pedagogy and social science.

Due to demography, sociology and policy of the necessary criminology, in the prognosis and program of struggle against malignancy, in case of special prevention of malignant malignancies, in case of recurrence, recurrence, recurrence data on the psychological or psychiatric nature of the need for the identification and intelligence of the reasons and the minds of malice and malice, so as they are based on the development and classification of the specialness of malice, without them, it is not a matter of competent development of a professional

8. Linkage of criminology with special legal disciplines

The most sophisticated link criminology can be found in special legal sciences - criminal, criminal-procedural, criminal law. At the XIX century. It was important that criminology was referred to criminal law, and in this part of the truth - as the science of criminology went from criminal law.

Crimean law (like the theory of evidence on a new criminal law) requires a legal characterization of malice and malice for criminology, as well as criminology data on the level of malice of negativity, structure, efficiency of prognosis planuvati and realizovuvati standard-setting efficiency, quickly qualifying or re-qualifying and recalibrating evil and right-handedness.

The link between criminology and the criminal process of the field is in the fact that the criminal-procedural norms are used to regulate the suspicious ones, directing them to the forefront of malfunctions, when preparing, I called the information on the day, in order to justify the reasons. Under criminal law, criminology is linked to the spilny struggle against recurrent malignancies, to the extent that it is punished before the effectiveness of the malpractice, resocialization and adaptations of the individuals who have left the malignancies, those who have been left behind.

The tight link of criminology can be found in criminalistics, as in the opinion of criminology it is occupied by practical employees, the factual side of evil. Vіdomostі krimіnologії dopomagayut krimіnalіstam viyaviti osnovnі napryamki for rozrobki novih metodіv, dopomagayut znahoditi pravilnі rіshennya at rozslіduvannі zlochinіv, spirayuchis on krimіnologіchnі danі about the structure i dinamіku zlochinnostі, types krimіnogennih situatsіyah that t. P. At the same hour bagato krimіnalіstichnі i Metodi tehnіchnі zasobi dozvolyayut krimіnologії It is more effective to prevent maltreatment and vicoristovuvuyut the remainder of science for the prevention of malignant activity.

Criminology is also tied to the interdisciplinary complex science of the law.

9. Development of criminology until 1917

Criminology as a science appeared in Russia in one hour from the remote and distant developed in stages: the history of criminology was adopted for the period:

1) pre-revolutionary (up to 1917);

2) the period of the formation of Radianskoi criminology (1917-1930 p.);

3) period from 1930 to 1990;

4) modern (vazhayuchi from the drop of the CPCP and up to the present hour).

Vitchiznyana Criminology in the pre-revolutionary period actively took away a lot of leading ideas of representatives of young schools and made some contributions to the previous problems of malignancy. Provincials of vichiznyany criminology bully and community children, who lived before the official people of the society of science. Among them there is a slid of a kind of community building of the 18th century. A. Radischeva, who for the first time has evolved indicators for Russia, which characterize both types of evil, as well as those who have caused them, the motives and causes of the mischief by them, and by proponing the constructive method of statistical prevention of the evil of causation.

A. Herzen, N. Dobrolyubov, V. Bulinsky, N. Chernishevsky, criticized the suspicious mode of Russia and the evilness of the bred harmony.

On the cob XIX cent. Glyboka doslіdzhennya vviviv and suicide on the basis of criminal statistics of provіv KF German. See lawyers І. J. Foynitsky, G. N. Tarnovsky, N. S. Tagantsev and in. We looked at maliciousness in a tight connection with criminal-legal issues, especially brutal respect for the intelligence of malignancy as a social phenomenon, for there are very effective reasons. Along with the robotic anthropological schools in foreign criminology, the pre-revolutionary lawyer and ideas D.A. Russia has a classic school.

In the Russian criminology of the 19th century - the ear of the 20th century. There were also growth processes, and in the current foreign criminology.

The evolutionary stage of development of vichiznyanoy criminology, having developed up to the ear of the 1990s, can be cleverly divided into two periods: a) 1917 - an ear of the 1930s; b) ear of the 1930s - ear of the 1990s, pp.

1. Epoch from 1917 to the ear of the 1930s. it was a bitter party struggle and ended with an ear of mass reprisals; criminological problems were brought up within the framework of criminal law, and criminology was respected by the galuzzi of criminal law. At the same time, the period was well understood due to the dispute in criminalistics and in ship medicine: in 1922, in Saratov, there was a cabinet of criminological anthropology and ship medical examination at the Office of Management; from 1923 r in Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, there were offices for the specialization of zlochintsya; in 1925, the Institute for the Prosecution of Malignancy and Sickness at the NKVS was built.

In 1929, criminology, like science, took its toll. Tse bulo is tied with a political thesis, which in the CPSR the motives of socialism (and in the case of socialism, the evil of socialism). Buv zrobivanie visnovok, but criminology is no longer needed.

2. During the period from 1930 to 1940. Criminological adolescents were mali of a character, they tried to fight against evil on the other hand, they were straightforward to see the enemies of the people and were organized by law enforcement agencies. The death song of Stalin Khrushchev dubbed the course towards economic communism. It became clear to Ale that the malignancy was not in it. The fate of criminology was born in 1963, if at the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University, he read a course in criminology, which in 1964 became obligatory for lawyers. Criminology was transformed from criminal law into an independent science. A. B. Sakharov played a great role in this.

U 1960-1970 rr. The main respect was paid to the production of malignancy as a product of suspension and foreign prevention, in 1970-1990 pp. The problems of the causes of malignancy, the mechanism of malignant behavior and the special character of malignancy, tactics, forecasting and planning of the struggle against malignancy, and the advancement of older types of malignancy have been heard.

The greatest scientific - pre-old criminological center, becoming in the center of the NDI problems of changing legality and law and order under the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation.

Criminology is an independent social and legal science. In the її subject to enter, in a persistent way, malignancy, її dayliness, regularity and form will manifest. With many understanding of evilness, they want to see the real factors of social action, and not legal constructions like, for example, a warehouse of evil.

In a different way, criminology vivchaє prokhodzhennya, rounds of evilness, її reason, think that іnshi determіnanti. With a whole lot of development for their dzherelami, wickedness, the mechanism of determination of malignancy, one hundred percent vivchayutsya: b) up to їх we will limit species (groups, categories); c) before individual acts of malignant behavior.

Thirdly, the subject of criminology includes the specialty of zlochintsya. The vision of the specialness of evil due to the efforts of the mass of people is based on two main criteria: psychological and mental qualities, including anti-group directing or organization). The focus of criminology on preventive, before the juvenile, go to the top of the establishment to fight against evil, think about the need to evolve the science of science and quietly, as anti-corruption has not broken the law altogether

a signal, so the calls were manifested, for example, in the eyes of the general administration of the right-wing adversary, there might be things on the evil way.

Quarterly, criminology vivchaє the problem of averting malignancy is a specific area of ​​social regulation, management and control, which has a great aggravated character and is able to fight against malignant persuasion for all the wickedness of children.

The elements of the subject of criminology are seen not only by science. For example, malignancy can be done to the respect of sociologists in the case of their previous social experiences; the problem of the special nature of the problem of the order of criminological tools, operational and operational aspects; nourishment, tied to the wickedness of the wickedness of the sign of the wickedness of the wickedness, to the wickedness of the wickedness, etc.

The specifics of the criminological approach to the knowledge of the fact that the subject of the whole science is in the offensive: criminology vivchay malignity and connection with it is a socially legal reality. For her, the most characteristic is the widest and last sociological development to the prelude to malignancy, a person of malignancy. In general, it is seen, for example, from the science of criminal law, because I have "my" sociology, but in general respect for the analysis of legal norms, the provision of criminal law about evil, punishment. At the same hour, criminology as a science of social and legal does not take into account the legal characteristics of maliciousness, evil and evil. In general, it is seen, for example, from the quiet distribution of sociology, which is the way to social awareness, and in the middle of them - malignity.

The specifics of the criminological knowledge of the field is also in the fact that in the new one to avoid turns, the emphasis on the causal explanation of the preliminaries by the science of social and legal phenomena and processes. In general, the development and development

Criminology is connected with such an approach to the struggle against evil, and when on the first place, the development of an increase in the social negative phenomenon is put on the table. The general theory, the concept of perverting evilness, becomes the prerogative of criminology. Nareshty, criminology, on the basis of the names of those other legal sciences, take part in the development not only of the legal ones, but of those who are behind the quick approach of the foremost malignities: social-economic, cultural-economic.

The order of scientific methods (formal logic, analysis and synthesis, analysis and deduction, analogy, modeling, etc.) experiment. An important role in criminological preliminaries is played by statistical analysis, and the first for all criminal statistics.

U ^ Adachi criminology think about everything in the discarded reliable knowledge about all those things that are in the warehouse. Tsya science viyavlya, physical facts of social action (so chi іnkshe tied to the evidence of malignity), depicting the power of those characteristics, giving the scientific description. Distant, open on the basis of empirical data and theoretical provisions for the explanation of pre-existing objects, spawning, establishing the laws of malice, for reasons, the formation of the peculiarity of malignancy, functions of improving the malignancy of the system Vivchayuchi tendencies, the prospect of changing criminological significant phenomena and processes, and science also predicts the future of the future and the transition. The nationality of criminology on the science of grounding systems and entering the prevention of maliciousness allows you to also talk about practical re-creative functions.

Criminology is a complex science to put at the service of fighting against malignancy until the end of the bagatokh knowledge, which is tightly linked.

basis of criminology, with the introduction of all that, the warehouse is a subject, broadly victorious laws, categories and understanding of philosophy. Criminology and sociology is tied, especially applied, as vivchaє zmist, form will manifest the mechanism of the laws of the function of the suspension, one hundred percent to the other spheres of life in the ages of the historical. The link between criminology and economic science begins with a part of the phenomena and processes that determine the malignity, overloading in the sphere of economics, apparently, the important role of playing the economics is important. The same can be said about the politics of the urahuvannya of the fact that criminogenic officials are aware in the sphere of political incidents, and in advance of malignancy become an important part of the policy of fighting against it. Dani psychologic science may be of particular importance for preschool sub-active reasons and the minds of malice, the person of the law-enforcer, the motivation and the mechanism of individual malignant behavior, as well as for the development of important aspects of criminological prevention. According to the vicarious state of affairs and education in pedagogy, there are determinants of malignancy, tied with shortcomings, unwelcoming minds the formulation of specialness in the family, schools. One of the main characteristics of the specialty of the bagatokh zlochintsyv is the moral and pedagogical zanedbanst. Allowing for the advancement of pedagogy, criminologists razroblyayut vikhovny, come in pouring on the right-hand man. The revelation of the singular infusion of demographic processes on the malignity of the connection between criminology and demography. The process of mathematization of science as a whole has clamped down on the expansion and improvement of links in criminology and mathematics. Criminology is linked with other non-legal sciences, for example, with cybernetics, genetics, futurology, etc.

The tight link between criminology and criminology is practically all legal sciences, especially those that refer to the so-called criminal

a cycle of criminal and criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics. The price of wine from the essence of criminology as a social and legal science, to win and develop in the interests of fighting against evil. Control nutrition and supervision

1 Scho vivchak criminology?

2. Who has the specifics of criminological approach to the establishment of malignancy?

3. What are the methods of vicariousness in criminological predictions?

4 Functions of Criminology /

5. Criminology is tied to some sciences? (Open the meaning and the change in the number of sounds).

The term "criminology" resembles the Latin word "crimen" - meaning and Greek "logos" meaning "science (discussion) about evil." Ale on the opinion of the science of criminal law, as well as on the basis of malice, the reason for the commonality and punishment for them in the legislative characteristics and right-wing practice, criminology to the fore, the special nature of the evil, the reasons for the reason

Criminology as self-reliance on knowledge and concept of the concept of fighting against evil is less than two capitals. I want deyakі judgments about the causes of evilness and methods of fighting against it, be taught in the (ancient) ancestors of the Roman and walnut misters and in the philosophical treatises of the XVI-XIX centuries. Ale to the other half of the 19th century the stench did not represent yet an independent system of science.

criminology- the whole social and legal science, how to evoke evilness, a person who is evil, causes that evilness, methods and ways to improve. It is a suspicious science of criminology viroblya and systematizing the active knowledge about the pre-juvenile areas of social life, describing, explaining and predicting the occurrence and processes in them on the basis of the establishment of the laws of the process of cognition, development.

Vіtchiznyana criminology vidіlyaє and vivchaє chotiri groups of social phenomena.

malignity- Historically minor social and criminal legal phenomenon in the suspension. Vona is the supremacy (integrity) of all the bad things that were sent to the state for the singing period of an hour. Maliciousness is determined by such clear-cut indicators, such as: stan (rіven), structure and dynamism.

Right-handed people who do not accept evil, but rather clearly associate with them ("background"), for example, food, prostitution, drug addiction, etc. Preceding the number of manifestations and methods of combating them in general should not be included in the subject of criminology.

specialty of zlochintsya vivchaєtsya as a system of social-demographic, social-role, social-psychological power of sub'єktyv zlochin. Also, there is a specialty of malignancy, criminology of the analysis of biological and social factors. The data about the special powers of power is 100% up to the number of subordinate diseases in general, and for the types of diseases, there is a lot of information about the causes of the diseases. The specialty of the problem is also perceived as the bezposredn_y addressee of new problems (relapse).

Causes and wickedness about "criminogenic determinate" (in Latin determinate - develops the appearance and development of this phenomenon). The number of socially-negative economic, demographic, ideological, social-psychological, political, organizational-management phenomena, which generate and summarize (determinism) evil Reasons and reason for malignancy in the development of evil, nature, and the mechanism of life occur on the old ravines: the reasons and reason for malignancy in general, except for groups of malignancies, of a specific malignancy.

Prevention (prophylaxis) of malignancy as a system of sovereign and huge entrances, directing to the assertion or neutralization of the reasons and minds of evil, reducing the evil and the correction of the behavior of the law-enforcers. The prophylactic system is analyzed: for directing, mechanism of action, stage, scale, change, sub'ktam and other parameters.

All of the main subjects of vivchennya-criminology are organically interconnected. Residual meta vivchennya of the first three parts (malignancy, special malignancy, reasons and minds of malignancy and malignancy) - rozrobka effective system prejudice of malignancy.

In the systems of suspilny sciences, criminology rots to the style of sociology and legal science.

Prior to legal knowledge, criminology can be seen as an unprecedented relationship, fragments of a vivic phenomenon, which are characterized by criminally legal understandings of "zlochin", "zlochinets". In addition, the reason for this mischief, the person of evil is rich in what is associated with defects of legal status, legal psychology, etc. The system of prevention of malignancy is also of a legal nature.

At the same time, the cultivation of malignancy as a whole, the reasons and the minds, the specialness of malignancy, going beyond the scope of legal knowledge. Criminology is closely linked with sociology - the science of suspension, and most of all - with sociological law. Especially great is the role of sociology in the development of causes and minds of malignancy, as well as individuals of malignancy. That is why criminology is in front of social and legal science and primary discipline.

The specifics of the knowledge of the subject of the field in the offensive: criminology vivchaє malignity and connection with it is a social and legal reality. For the whole of science, a characteristic global and last sociological approach to the analysis and assessment of malignancy is characteristic of a person of malignancy. In general, criminology is considered, for example, from the science of criminal law, as I know "my" sociology, but in the main respect for the analysis of legal norms, the provision of criminal law about evil, punishment.

At the same hour, criminology is the science of social and legal discernment of the legal characteristics of evil, evil and evil. However, you won’t see it, for example, because it’s quietly distributed in sociology, as it is in socializing it, including malignity.

The specifics of criminological knowledge are more important in that the emphasis on the clarified reasons for the pre-existing social and legal phenomena and processes is in order to avoid turns. The priority of criminology is the out-of-the-box theory and concept of the prevention of malignity. In addition to criminology, we take care of the fate of those who are legal, and those who are behind the zealous approach to the forefront of malignity: socially-economical, culturally-vikhovnyh and others.

Criminology is not only about legal and sociological sciences, but about the summaries of law. Especially from the criminal-legal theory and criminal legislation, which give a legal description of evil and evil. The value is binding for the vitality of criminology. On the mind of a foreign country, the witness of an unassigned on the boundaries of the witness “behavior, how to see” is the substitute for “evil”; not to be brought to the number of individuals who are not based on criminal and legal signs.

I have my own criminology, criminology nada nautsi of criminal law, legislation and legal practice of information about the level of malice, structure, dynamics, efficiency of prevention of malignancies, as well as robust prognoses of negative social problems.

Tse allows you to quickly carry out standard-setting activity, tied, in the first place, from criminalization or decriminalization of actions, ie.

And in another way, with the differentiation of sanctions, including the regulation of vipadks, replacing the criminal punishable by innumerable visits. This rank, criminological knowledge, is not only to become the basis of the system for the prevention of malignancy, but rather the role in the development of the system and criminal-legal struggle against malignancy in the interrelationship with professionalism. Criminological knowledge of vikoristovuyutsya in the name of criminal policy in the country.

Criminology is closely linked to the criminal process and the prosecutor's eye. The sphere of social interests is legalism, connected with the procedural rule-making and legal activity of the authorities of knowledge, communication, the court, the prosecutor's office, and the discovery of the reasons and the minds of malice.

The process of criminal law and criminology is most active in fighting against recurrent malignancies, until the effectiveness of the investigation is punished, as well as in the resocialization and adaptation of problems, if At the same time, the criminal law is in order, the processes and the problems, are linked to the cases of punishment, and criminology is the cause and the relapse and come in too. Criminally-vikonavche right and criminology spilorate recommendations for preventing relapse, as well as improving the efficiency of correcting convicted individuals.

Oscillations of criminology in the field of malignancy: the reasons and reason for the absence of malignancies, the special features of malignancies and the introduction of the system of access to the prevention of malignancies, then one of the main ways of collecting and analyzing and analyzing statistical methods. The data on criminal statistics of internal authorities, prosecutors and courts, as well as the results of specific criminological reports, give a general picture of malignity.

Data of general social statistics (demographic, economic and economic).

Criminology is closely related to Deliktology. The whole chain of interdisciplinary complex science is directly in the legislation about non-law-enforcing law-enforcing, ïh reasons and reasons, special characteristics of law-enforcing and law-enforcing law enforcers. Vona includes administrative, disciplinary, civil and family Delictology.

A criminological analysis of the reasons and minds of malice, such as the specialization of economical mules of posadovyh malignancies, who are unhappy without knowledge of economic statistics, political and applied economics.

For the understanding of the reasons and minds of malice and malice, criminology is actively vikoristicheskoy of foreign, social and legal psychology, demography, foreign concept and surroundings of sociology and politics. This is especially important, during the prognosis, and in the case of prognosis and program of struggle against malignancy, as well as in case of special prevention of malignancies in incomplete cases, recurrence, recurrent maladies, post-malignancies,

Criminology is tied to pedagogy. The interaction of the sciences is especially important in cases of pre-existing malignancies, relapses, recurrent malignancies. Data of pedagogy are necessary for the development and analysis of the effectiveness of individual approaches in advance of maladies. It is grounded in the proposition about the vision of such a direct approach to the style of criminology and pedagogy, like criminological pedagogy or pedagogical criminology.

Criminology is also related to a new discipline of science - legal conflictology.

In such a rank, the social and legal nature of criminology is unique for the law, complexity, close contact with scientific and normative strains. However, the price in any world is not recognized by the value of the subject of criminology, the readability of the cordon when the knowledge and law are separated from the native galuzy.