The main advantage of hot dzherel. Geothermal power stations

Geothermal power plants (GeoES) are a type of alternative energy. GeoES will provide electricity for the rakhunok of geothermal dzherels over the Earth - geysers, underground hot dzherels of water and methane, warm dry rocks, magmas. Oscillations of geological activity are seen on the planet regularly, geothermal dzherela it can be mentally respected by unsuitable (re-infused). For the large heat energy of the Earth to become 42 trillion watts, 2% of those (840 milliards) to be located in the earth's crust and is available for video, protects the numbers to reach, in order to ensure that the population of the Earth is unerringly.

Regions with geothermal activity є in some parts of the planet, and ideal for stimulating stations to enter regions with high geological activity (volcanic, dynamical). The most active development of halusi is found in places of purchase of hot geysers, as well as in the areas near the edges of the lithospheric plates due to the least amount of earthly measles.

For otrimannya heat from zakrytih subterranean dzherel vikoristovutsya burinnya sverdlovy. When the upper part of the hole is lost, the temperature rises by approximately 1 degree of skin 36 meters, ale and a lot more indicators. Otriman is warmly delivered to the surface of the station near the viglyad hot water For a couple, the stench can be stagnant both for direct supply to opaluvialny systems of budgets and primitives, as well as for a general conversion into electricity at the station.

Falling across the middle (water, steam) will be victorious in three ways of rejecting electricity - straight, indirect and changes. With direct vikoristovu In case of indirect vikoristovuyutsya (most popular in Danish hour) purifications and heat the water vapor, so that the vapors of the water pumped from the ground dzherel at a temperature of up to 190 degrees are removed. The yak can be seen from the presented baby - overheating of the steam along the foot-holes of the holes to the heat exchanger. At the newest, the transfer of heat energy to the enclosing contour of the steam turbine is being considered. Otrimaniya vіd boiling a line of steam is wrapped in a turbine, for which the knowledge of condensation in a heat exchanger, which will establish a closed and practically inexpensive system for the atmosphere. The steam turbine is supplied with an electric generator, which can be used as a source of electricity. When there is a change in the way of stagnating the industrial easily-skipati rіdini (freon and іn.)

Perevagi geothermal power stations:

1) Stations do not make a call for robots;

2) Practically unprecedented reserves of energy (as soon as necessary to clean up the necessary resources);

3) The ability of automated and autonomous robots for the development of power-driven electrical power;

4) The surprisingly low cost of service stations;

5) Stations can be victorious for defining the water when roasting on the Uzbek ocean or sea.

Geothermal power stations - shortcomings:

1) The vibration of the installation of the station is often complicated by political and social aspects;

2) Design and maintenance of GeoES can squeeze even a great investment;

( modern technologies Allow the partial re-transformation of the wikidi in the palivo), protestably lower, lower when virobnitvі electrical power from the wikipedia dzherel;

4) The instability of natural geological processes, such as inheritance, is periodically generated by robotic stations.

Persha geothermal power station

The first experiments with a view of energy from geothermal dzherels last up to the ear of the 20th century (1904 rick, Italy, de Pisl, a small advance of the hour, was also prompted by the persuasion of the geothermal power plant). In this hour, due to the rapid growth of electricity supply and the rapid depletion of the reserves of the traditional energy supply, there is one of the most promising galuseums of energy.

Most geothermal power stations

The leaders in the rejection of geothermal energy at once є the United States and the Philippines, de encouraged the most geoES, to generate over 300 MW of skin energy to deliver power to the great places.

Geothermal power stations in Russia

In Russia, the galuz is less developed, but there is also active development. Most promising regions of the land є Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. Naybilsha geothermal power station of the land - Mutnovskaya GeoES on the first descent of Kamchatka, yak energy up to 50 MW (in the future - up to 80 MW). It also means Pauzhetskaya (Persha, inspired in Russia), Ocean and Mendeleevsky GeoES.

Shortages of geothermal power plants

• Knowing the right place for the development of a geothermal power plant and how to correct the reception of the world power and the years of the inhabitants of the building can be problematic.
• The occasional geothermal power plant can be developed as a result of natural changes in the earth's crust. In addition, the cause of the zupinka can be caused by the vibration of the vibration, or the overwhelming injection of water into the rock through the injection hole.
• Through the exploitation of the middle hole, you can see combustible or toxic gases or minerals, which can take place in the rocks of earth measles. Pozbutisya see them to finish smoothly. True, in some kind of vapadas it is possible to sound (take) and recycle in a palna (naphtha-sirets or natural gas, for example).

nourishment

How can you stay at a small geothermal power station, can you protect the booths with electricity, or for a small settlement?

vidpovid

The price can be found in areas where it is not necessary to drill the roads of the Sverdlov region. We will show the butt є, mabut, Iceland, yak, on the day, be on the top of a giant volcano. In the United States, in the midst of such areas, you can name the territories near Yellowstone, Thermopolis and Saratogi in the State of Wyoming and near the Hot Springs in the United States of America. geothermal energy get into Kamchatka.).

Crossings and shortcomings of geothermal energy

Geothermal energy has always been captivating people with their possibilities cinnamon sucking... The main advantage of geothermal energy is the practical lack of versatility and the independence of minds in the midst of the midst of the world, the hour of death. Geothermal energy to their "projects" of goiters is tied to the roasted central core of the Earth, with a magnificent supply of thermal energy. Only in the upper tricilometer sphere of the Earth has accumulated an amount of heat energy, equivalent to about 300 billion tons of energy. The heat of the central core of the Earth goes straight to the surface of the Earth through the vents of volcanoes and near the view of hot water and bet.

In addition, magma transfers its warmth to giant rocks, and as the clay grows, the temperature rises. For obvious data, the temperature of the Girskiye porod increases in the middle by 1 ° C on the skin of 33 m glibini (geothermal crack). Tse means that the water boils at a depth of 3-4 km; and at a glide of 10-15 km the temperature can reach 1OO0-1200 ° С. The gap can be set 15-20 m. It is possible to set the gap between 15 and 20 m. It is possible to create a grid for those, which mean the versatility of the temperature minds of geothermal energy sources, as it will be the beginning of the technical parameters for the geothermal heating, which characterize the temperature and the main parameters.

Feel the onset of the principles of the power to pick up the warmth of the earth's glybin. Water can be used for hot water supply and heat supply, for electrical power supply, or at once for all three purposes. The high-temperature warmth of the near-volcanic region and dry hot rocks is important for vyroleniya electricity and heat supply. Because of the fact that the geothermal energy was dying, the station was built up.

Since in this region there is a dzherela of underground thermal waters, then it is worthwhile to use them for heat supply and hot water supply. For example, according to obvious data, in Western Siberia є the underground sea with an area of ​​3 million m2 with a water temperature of 70-9 ° C. regions, Kazakhstan, Kamchatka and a number of other regions of Russia.

Dagestan has already had a trivial hour of thermal water and vikoristovuyutsya for heat supply. For 15 years, 97 million m3 of thermal water was pumped for heat supply, which allowed the sparing of 638 thousand tons, a drain.

Near Makhachkala, thermal water scorches living areas with an area of ​​24 thousand square meters, in Kizlyar - 185 thousand square meters. Prospective reserves of thermal waters in Georgia, which allow for vitrate up to 300-350 thousand m2 with a temperature of up to 80C. The capital of Georgia is located above the family of thermal waters with methane-nitrogen and hydro-water storage and temperatures up to 100 ° C.

What problems do you encounter in the case of victorian thermal waters? The head of them is a field in the need for rapid injection of water into the underground aquifer. Thermal waters have a large number of salts of toxic toxic metals (for example boron, lead, zinc, cadmium, mish'yaku) and chemical spoluk (ammonia, phenol), which removes the removal of water from natural systems, on top of water. For example, the thermal waters of the Bolshebanny place of birth (in the village of Banna, 60 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky) have mineral salts up to 1.5 g / l, fluorine - up to 9 mg / l, silicic acid - up to 300 mg / l. Thermal waters of the Pauzhetskaya genus in the same region (temperature J44 - 200 ° C, the grip on the neck of the upper part of the 2-4 atm) to change from 1.0 to 3.4 g / l of nitrogen salts, silicic acid - 250 mg / l, boric acid - 15 mg / l, breakdown gases: carbon dioxide - 500 mg / l, water - 25 mg / l, ammonia -15 mg / l. Geothermal waters of the Tarumovsky family in Dagestan (temperature 185 ° C, vice 150-200 atm) can contain up to 200 g / l of salts and 3.5 -4 m3 of methane in normal wastewater per 1 m3 of water.

/ The greatest interest is to present high-temperature thermal water or steam input, which can be used for electrical energy production and heat supply. In our country, the experimental Pauzhetskaya Geothermal Power Plant (GeoTES) is being exploited with an installed electric power of 11 MW, prompted in 1967 in Kamchatka.)

However, the role in the energy security of the region was insignificant. In addition, in 1967 the rotsi was introduced into the experimental GeoTES with a capacity of 0.75 MW for a low-potential geothermal plant (water temperature 80 ° C).

Already, through the crossings of geothermal energy, it is possible to increase the practical lack of resources, the independence of different minds, the hour to get to the rock, the possibility of a complex heating of thermal waters for the needs of thermal power and medicine. In short, there is more mineralization of thermal waters and the presence of toxic spoluks and metals, which are more likely to occur in a large amount of thermal waters lost in natural waters.

Geothermal power stations in Russia є a promising renewable dzherel. Russia has a lot of geothermal resources with high and low temperatures and good cropping in a straight line. The concept of an environmentalist can help to demonstrate the overvoltage of alternative dzherels.

Russia held geothermal preliminaries at 53 science centers and other primary deposits of development in the small towns and in the small households: the Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Education, Natural Resources, Fire and Energy. Such robots are carried out in some regional science centers, such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Makhachkala, Gelendzhik, Volga region (Yaroslavl, Kazan, Samara), Ural (Ufa, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Orenburg), Sibir (Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Tyumen Irkutsk, Yakutsk), Dalekiy Skhid (Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Pivdenno-Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchattsi).

At these centers, there are: theoretical, applied, regional education, as well as special tools.

Vikoristannya geothermal energy

Geothermal power plants in Russia are mainly used for heating and heating settlements in the Pivnichnoe Caucasus and Kamchatka due to the overwhelming population of 500 thousand. especially In addition, in some regions of the country, it is warm to vikoristovuyutsya for greenhouses with an area of ​​465 yew. М 2. The most active hydrothermal resources are available in the Krasnodar Territory, Dagestan and Kamchatka. Approximately half of the waste resources will be used for the heat supply of living and industrial applications, the third part - for the scorched greenhouse, and only about 13% - for industrial processes.

There are approximately 150 sanatoriums and 40 mineral water bottling plants for thermal water. The amount of electrical energy, broken down by geothermal power plants in Russia, is growing in proportion to the light, but to become insignificant.

A part of the warehouse is only 0.01 inches from the outbound electricity supply in the country.

The most promising direct management of low-temperature geothermal resources є the supply of heat pumps. The whole way is optimal for the Bagatio regions of Russia - in the European part of Russia and in the Urals. Leave the first crocs in a straight line.

Electricity is roaming at all power plants (GeoES) only in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. There are three stations in Kamchatka per hour:

Pauzhetskaya GeoES (12 MW), Verkhnyo-Mutnovskaya (12 MW) and Mutnovskaya GeoES (50 MW).

Pauzhetskaya GeoES in the middle

Two small GeoES are in operation on the islands of Kunashir - Mendelevska GeoTES, Іturup - "Okeanska" with the installed capacity of 7.4 MW and 2.6 MW, for example.

Geothermal power stations in Russia stand at the last places in the world for their entirety.In Icelanda fit ponad 25% of a kind of electrical energy in a way.

Mendelєєvska GeoTES on Kunashir

Іturup - "Ocean"

Russia has a lot of geothermal resources and an obvious potential for more, lower rolling mill.

The whole resource is far from adequate to the accusations in the country. At the colishny Radiansky Union, geological and development robots of brown copalins, oil and gas are well received. However, such a great scope is not direct for the development of geothermal reservoirs; Still, the result is a burial of thousands of "dry sverdloviny" (spacious in naphtha galuzy), to bring a second vigoda for geothermal dosages. Tsі zanedbanі wells yaki bully for an hour until naphtha galuzy is cheaper than for new purposes.

Perevagi and problems victoriannja of geothermal resources

Ecological perevagi vikorystannya new dzherel energy, such as geothermal is known. However, we are serious about moving towards the development of new resources, as we move towards development. Geological reports on the road and the drilling of geothermal vertices is a great financial vitrati, connected with significant geological and technical specialists.

Vikoristannya new dzherel energy, including geothermal resources, may also be overwhelmed.

• In the first place, the mineral energy resources can reduce the fallowness due to the import, because of the need for new generation needs for heat supply in industrial or living areas of hot water supply.
• In another way, the replacement of the traditional types of fire with pure energy of the wikklic of the meaning of the camp of the midst of life and the sustainable protection of health and a great deal of economy.
• In a third, the world of economy of energy of dressings from KKD. The systems of centralized heat supply є in the local centers of Russia and require modernization and the transition to new energy dzherela with its own passes. It is especially important from an economic point of view, the old systems and centralized heat supply are not economical and engineering hours of life has already passed.

Geothermal power stations in Russia are "clean" in the period from vicoristovuvani vikopne palyvo. International convention on climate change and programs of the European alcoholic breeding program to transfer renewed energy consumption. However, there are specific legal attributions for the development of robots and for the type of geothermal waters throughout the day in all regions. It will often be explained how the drive is regulated according to the laws of water resources, and the laws of energy consumption.

Geothermal energy does not come under the heading of the legislation, and it is not possible to adapt other methods of exploitation and management of geothermal pressure.

Geothermal power engineering and development

Promise development for the last two centuries has brought a lack of innovation for human civilization and brought exploitation of natural resources from a threatening industry. Repairing from the seventy years of the 20th century, the serious development of the plan for "growth" went in the light of the great effect: the resource of exploitation, the race for recovery, the growth of the population, the order of the resource in the accelerated growth rate. For all the madness, a lot of energy is needed.

It’s not very profitable and unpromising - the lack of awareness of the people behind the vitriolism of the Kintsevs and the rapid use of energy resources in the country, oil and gas. The chemical industry for the production of plastic, synthetic fibers, industrial materials, pharmaceuticals, varnishes, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, pesticide and chemical products.

Alle the catastrophic effect of the victorious firing of the vicious fire, the lakes of the biosphere and the climate until such a world, which will irreversibly be infused into our living vibration: growing wilderness, acidic woods singing, dewy earth drink water for the growing population of the planet, - and most of the weather cataclysms, so I draw in ice dwellers, destroying hypersonic resorts, like to dance ice dwellers, suvi, more severe storms, flooding of people in dense flora and fauna as a result of migration.

The loss of native lands and cultural decline is caused by the unprofitable growth of Wikipedia, wikis in the atmosphere, which cause global warming.

Shlyakh to clean, stylish energy saving resources and getting the biosphere and klimate into the natural balance of dressings from the vicories near the geothermal power plants in Russia.

There is a reason for the need for a quick burnout to go beyond the main indicators of the Kyotsky Protocol in order to trust the global warming of the Earth's atmosphere.

For a long time, the Earth is a dzherel of energy resources, ale, it is a fact that needs to be seen, and those that are not renewed by dzherel energy are not unintelligible. For the life of the people, people have already seen the firewood and did not burn the fox anymore, they may have turned on the view of the cam'yanny vugilya, which is very useful, since the establishment of an ecologic school for the natural environment. Ale vidobutok naphtha and gas eve in reverse. Time for an hour near our planet in stocks and rejuvenated dzherelo energy - the power of geothermal waters.

The warmth from the very planet's glybin

Vikoristovuvati warmth of the Earth - the idea is even more addictive and not easy, but in general, virishity, zavdannya is possible. It is especially important for regions, de geothermal dzherela go to the surface, if you want to be in the zone of accessibility, both from the engineering and economical points of the zone. The axis is only mice roztashuvannya of similar dzherel, as a rule, є susid with tectonic breaks of the planet and located in Ukraine seismically unstable regions.

Geothermal power stations: crossroads and shortcomings

There are a number of principles for the operation of such power plants and, obviously, it is necessary to vibrate from a specific heat source: here it is enough to drill a hole in the hole and you can fix the operation, but here it is necessary to clean it up.

Ale, yakim bi didn’t know the principle of robotics of such a station, she had a number of passes in front of the TEC and to navigate in front of the thermal AES.

The axis is not shared at the geothermal station, there is only one: in the Kintsev rakhunka it is necessary to build a roztashuvannya. I’ll look at, that seismic activity doesn’t follow the forecasts, the areas of tectonic breakdowns in the region are an uncomfortable place for the operation and operation of power plants.

Record of overwhelming numbers and not listed:

• I am safe for the new environment, including the availability of greenhouse gases;
• compactness of station sizes;
• the main vitractions end from the completion of the day, the vitratic ones for exploitation are minimal;
• for the rakhunok of natural heat (practically non-existent resource!)

More about ecology

With the development of the suspension, virosta and its ecological evidence, the problems of rational environmental protection come to the fore. Provincial economies, including Russia, sign protocols about interconnecting Wikis in the atmosphere, to speed up the speed of the greenhouse effect and prevent global warming. TEC, which is suitable for the production of electrical energy in the form of fired gas, products of naphtha processing and, especially, the kam'yane vugilya is poured into the growing obstruction of the atmosphere.

In the meantime, there is no ecological shortage of TEC, nothing is possible. You can try to speed up the Wikidi for a bigger burnout, for a breakdown of advanced filtering systems, albeit from the "generic" non-standard thermal energy, do not eat.

What is the main food, as there is a connection to the thermal power station, which is a geothermal power station? Vikoristovuchi water and steam, heated by nature itself, such power plants do not circulate wikidiv. Minimizu skoda, applied to the finish and small dimensions of some stations. So, the transfer of geothermal power stations in front of the TES is not enough.