Blood posture to the spinal cord. Spinal cord blood circulation in manual therapy

From the inner cranial part of the spinal arteries, three lower vessels are established: one unpaired - the anterior dorsal mozkova arteryі two guys - behind the spinal arteries, as well as the grafting of the upper spinal segments of the spinal cord.

Rashta spinal cord blood is supplied from the main arteries of the stoves, where the position of the empty skull is found: extracranial arteries, subclavicular arteries, aorta and club arteries (Fig. 1.7.11).

The judges give special vet-vi - anterior and posterior cortical-spinal arteries, guiding into the spinal cord at once from the anterior and posterior roots. However, the number of arteries is significantly less than the number of spinal arteries: anterior - 2-6, posterior - 6-12.

When going to the midline of the spinal cord, the dermal anterior spinal-spinal artery is divided into a hanging and converging artery, at which there is no reversal of the arterial stubs - the anterior spinal artery, anterior spinal artery There is an unpaired head of the spine arteries.

Front korіntsevі arteries

The anterior artery arteries are not equal in diameter, the most common is one artery (Adamkevich artery), but it can enter the spinal canal with one of the Th XII-L I corners, if you wish there can be up to V (V) corners.

The front korintsev arteries of Nepara-ni, the artery of Adamkevich is more often than not evil.

The anterior coring arteries give furrowed, wide-razor-komisural and zaglibny nozzles.

Rear arteries

The posterior cortex arteries can also be distributed on the hanging and non-descending arteries, which go one into one and set on the posterior surface of the spinal cord of two later posterior spinal arteries.

The rear arteries immediately fit the zaglibny heads.

In general, according to the spinal cord, in the presence of blood circulation options, it is possible to see a few vertical bass-seins, and sometimes three: lower bass-sein arteries Adam-kevich (middle crankshaft, and so on viddil), the upper - the inner-cranial part of the ridge arteries and middle (lower and upper thoracic);

With a high rostashuvanny artery of Adamkevich, the artery of the Dodatkov artery is the artery of Deprozh - Homeon. In chicks, the whole chest and upper transverse viddili the spinal cord will be provided with an artery of Adamkevia, and the tail itself - with an additional artery.

There are also three pools beyond the diameter of the spinal cord: central (anterior), posterior and peripheral (Fig. 1.7.12). The central pool hunts the front horns, the front joint, the rear horn and the front and back ropes are attached.

The central basin is formed for the opening of the anterior spinal artery and loses 4/5 of the diameter of the spinal cord. The posterior basin is established by the system of the posterior spinal arteries. Central area of the back cana-tikiv i rear horns... The third, peripheral pool of statements with buried beads of permedullary ar-material framing, supplied with both anterior and posterior spinal arteries. Winning regions for front and back ropes.

When the central (front) pool is turned on, the state of the brain is the syndrome of ischemia of the anterior half of the spinal cord - the Preobrazhensky syndrome: the provincial deterioration of the surface sensitivity, tazo-shi raslady, parallichi. The characteristic of the paralysis (mlyavi in the legs or mlyavi in the hands - spastic in the legs) lie in the blood circulation.

In the back of the pool we will be welcoming the destructions of great sensitivity, even before the sen-sity ataxia and a little bit of paresis in one, two or more pictures - Vilyamson's syndrome.

Vymknennya peripheral basin wiklikє spa-physical paresis of the brain and cerebellar ataxia (suffering from the spinocerebral path). Material from the site

Mossy ischemic (atypical) Brown-Séquard syndrome, which is associated with unilateral circulation in the central basin. It is tied together, so that in the anterior basin of the artery, only one half of the spinal cord is supplied to the right or left. Apparently, much sensitivity is not visible.

Most often, there is a syndrome of ischemia of the ventral half of the spinal cord, rarely - of the spinal cord. Before them, in addition to being significant, there is a syndrome of ischemia of the diameter of the spinal cord. With a wide variety of vines, the picture is similar to typical for myelitis or epiduritis. However, there is a primordial gniy-ny midwife, a feverish woman, fired up snakes in the blood. Ailments, as a rule, suffer from zahalnyy sudinnym ailments, parts of the infarction, the last disturbance

The blood supply to the spinal cord, the thymus membrane and the corners of the cerebral arteries (small vertebral arteries) More than 60 paired segmental radicular arteries, which are formed in a number of mid-spine openings, may have a small diameter (150-200 microns) and blood flow is deprived of the cores and the shells are attached to them. In the blood-posture of the spinal cord, 5-9 unpaired arteries of a large caliber (400-800 microns) take on the role of entering the spinal canal on the lower rivnias, either through the left or through the right of the mid-spine orifice. Tsi arteries are called core-medular, or magistral, spinal cord vessels. Great korentsevo-brain arteries are not perpetrated for a number of shyny vіddіlі spinal cord from 2 to 5, in the chest - from 1 to 4, and in the transverse - from 1 to 2.

To repair in the intracranial part of the spinal artery, the anterior spinal artery expands caudally to a few segments. Nizhche won not represent a single judge, but a lance of the anastomoses of the decilcoch of the great cerebral-cerebral arteries. No blood flow in the anterior spinal artery is found in the lower strands: in the cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord from top to bottom, in the middle and lower thoracic - from bottom to top, in the transverse - downward and to the edge of the chest.

You can see 3 spinal cord vessels:

1. Upper (cervico-dorsal), to live the spinal cord in the zones of segments C 1 - Th 3.

2. Middle, or intermediate - segments Th 4 - Th 8.

3. Lower, or transverse - lower than the Th 9 segment.

Upper Sudinny Basin can be better for colateral blood circulation for the development of the anterior spinal artery of the decilcoma (up to 5) with unpaired spine and subclavicular arteries. Collaterals in the middle of the basin are significant and the blood flow of the segments Th 4 - Th 8 is often better. Across the spinal cord and the spinal cord, the blood supply is only one large (up to 2 mm in diameter) Adamkevich's artery, which most often enters the spinal canal between the I and II transverse ridges. In a number of vipads (from 4 to 25%) in the blood supply of the cone of the spinal cord, the fate of the pre-artery of Deprozh-Gotteron is taken care of, and it enters into the canal between IV and V of the transverse ridges.

Otzhe, let the blood flow to the spinal cord not identical. Shyiny and transverse viddіli get sick with blood more beautifully, lower chest. Collaterals are more pronounced on children and on the posterior surface of the spinal cord. Blood posture is most unpleasant on the stick of the court's basins.

All the middle of the spinal cord can be seen in 3 discrete zones and blood circulation:

1. The zone where you can live by the central arteries - the head of the anterior spinal artery. It occupies 2/3 to 4/5 of the diameter of the spinal cord, including a large part of the blue speech (anterior horns, lower horns, gelatinous substance, bichni horns, Stop Clark) and bіloї speech (anterior cords, glibokіvіddіl bіchny and ventralіvіddіh hind cords).

2. The zone, before the introduction of the artery of the rear furrow - the hollow rear spinal artery. Includes callouts of back horns and back cords. With a whole bunch of Gaulle blood is more beautiful, lower a bunch of Burdakh - for a rakhunok anastomotic gillocks from the protylezhny posterior spinal artery.

3. The zone, prior to the introduction of the marginal arteries, must go from the permedullary crown. It will remain to be established as other arteries, such as collaterals of the anterior and posterior spinal arteries. I won’t care for blood circulation in the superficial spinal cord, as well as the collateral ligament between the extramedullary vertebral column, so that the vertebral columnar bones and the central and peripheral spinal arteries.

Every day, it is necessary to enter the venous tissue of the spinal cord, interconnected in the subarachnoid space with the arteries of the root. Go from the coronal veins to go to the epidural venous gossip, get from the lower empty vein to help Navkolokhrebtsev venous gossip.

), It is inaccurate to enter the clavicle artery when the breasts are empty. During its course, the artery lasts for chotiri parts. Repair from the upper medial wall of the clavicular artery, the ridge artery to go to the mountains and the spine to the back, to retract behind the backward sleepy artery to the outer edge dovgoyu m'yazi shi (Prevertebral part, pars prevertebralis).

Then it enters the opening of the transverse ridge of the VI ridge and moves vertically through the same opening of all the ridge [Transverse process (shiina) part, pars transversaria (cervicalis)].

Vyyshovshi from the opening of the transverse outgrowth of the second ridge, the ridge artery is turned; go up to the opening of the transverse outgrowth of the Atlanta, straight up and pass through the new (Atlantis part, pars atlantis)... It went medially in the furrow of the spinal artery on the upper surface of the Atlantean, turning the mountain, piercing the back of the Atlanto mantle and the hard shell of the brain, enters through the great trough opening into the empty space of the skull, into the subarachnoid space (Intracranial part, pars intracranialis).

At the empty skulls, straight on the slope of the mountain and the wedge in front, the left and right of the ridge arteries converge, moving along the surface dovzhastogo brain; at the rear edge of the bridge, the brain is made up of itself, making one unpaired vessel - basilar artery, a. basilaris... Stay, prodovuyuchi their way along the school, lie down to the basilar boron, the lower surface of the bridge, and at the front edge of the bridge extend on two - right and left - the rear brain arteries.

from spine artery to enter such gilki.

Myazovi gilki, rr. musculares, To the prevertebral m'yazam shi.
Spinal lobes (korintsev) hilki, rr. spinales (radiculares), Go through this part of the artery, yak pass through the arterial-ridge opening. The spine passes through the mid-spine openings into the spinal canal, de blood sucking of the spinal cord of the і th shell.
, Parna, enter from the skin side from the spinal artery into the empty skull, open the opening of the great cupola. Straight down, entering the spinal canal along the posterior surface of the spinal cord, entering the new posterior cortex (sulcus lateralis posterior), reaching the area of the Chinese tail; blood supply to the spinal cord of the і th shell.
The posterior spinal arteries of the arteries, as well as of the spinal (cortical) spines from the spinal, intercostal and transverse arteries (div. Fig.).

Anterior spinal artery, a. spinalis anterior, Repair from the ridge artery over the front edge of the great tilichny opening.

Vona straight down, on the perehreshennya pirimid z'unnuyutsya with the same artery of the protylezhny side, fixing one unpaired vessel. Stop going down the anterior midline of the spinal cord and end in the area of the endometrium; It supplies blood to the spinal cord of the і th sheath and anastomoses with the spinal (cortical) spines from the spinal, intercostal and transverse arteries.

Posterior lower cerebellar artery, a. inferior posterior cerebelli(Divine Fig.) Arteries are shown a number of other gillocks: up to the court gossip of the IV lumberjack - villous parts of the fourth lug, r. choroideus ventriculi quarti; to a big brain - lateral and medial brains (brains to a large brain), rr. medullares laterales et mediales (rr. ad medullam oblongatum); to the corn - gilka mydalini moss, r, tonsillae cerebelli.

From the inner part of the ridge artery meningealny gilki, rr. meningei, Iak blood sucking of the hard cerebral membrane of the posterior cranial fossa.

from basilar artery(Div. Fig.,) Enter such gilki.

Artery to labyrinth, a. labyrinthi, Head through the internal auditory opening and pass at once from the front of the door-ultkovy nerve, n. vestibulocochlearis, to the internal air.
Anterior lower cerebellar artery, a. inferior anterior cerebelli, - the rest of the spine artery, can also be included in the basilar artery. It supplies blood to the anterior viddil of the corn.
Arteries of the bridge, aa. pontis, Entering the river of the bridge.
Upper moss artery, a. superior cerebelli, Repair from the basilar artery at the front edge of the bridge, head back and forth to the bottom of the brain, and work in the area of the upper surface of the corns and in the court gossip of the III slug.
Medium brain arteries, aa. mesencephalicae, Enter from distal view basilar artery, symmetrically 2-3 stovburs to the skin lower brain.
Posterior spinal artery, a. spinalis posterior, Parna, zalyagє up to the middle of the dorsal root of the bridle of the posterolateral furrow. To repair from the basilar artery, straight down, anastomosing with one artery of the protylny side; blood supply to the spinal cord.

Rear cerebral arteries, aa. cerebri posteriores(Div. Fig. ,,), Sent to a collection of names, rostasovuyuchis over the outline of the corns, which is seen from the rosted lower to the upper cerebellar arteries and basilar arteries. Then we burn back and burn, fire up the outer periphery of the brain and turn on the basal and part of the upper lateral surface tilting and early part of pivkul great brain... Render the pipes to the indicated ones to the brain, as well as to the back of the brain to the universities of the great brain, to the brain - legs, rr. pedunculares, I to the judiciary gossip of the side slings - corks, rr. corticales.

The skin of the back of the brain is cleverly divided into three parts: the pre-communal artery, which is seen from the ear of the artery to the point of the depression of the rear half of the artery, and. communicans posterior (div. fig. ,,); postcommunication, which є for further advancements in front and move to the third, kintsev (cork), part, which extends to the lower and medial surfaces of the early and potential lobes.

Small. 750. Areas of blood circulation in the great brain (diagram).

A. From the pre-communal part, pars precommunicalis, enter rearmedial'nie central arteries, aa. centrales posteromediales... The stench penetrates through the back holes and falls on a number of other stoves; hemorrhage of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus.

B. Postcommunication part, pars postcommunicalis, Viddaє onset gilki.

The posterolateral central artery, aa. centrales posterolaterales, Represented by a group of pulmonary glands, a part of which supplies blood to the lateral geniculate thigh, and a part ends in the ventrolateral nuclei of the thalamus.
Thalamic throats, rr. thalamici, Dribni, often come from the anterior and blood flow to the lower medial parts of the thalamus.
Medial back villi of the head, rr. choroidei posteriores mediales, Head to the thalamus, supplying blood to its medial and posterior nuclei, go to the court gossip of the III louse.
Lateral posterior villous parts of the head, rr. choroidei posteriores laterales, Walk up to the posterior sides of the thalamus, reach the court gossip of the III creeper and the last surface of the epiphysis.
Leg heads, rr. pedunculares, Blood posture of the middle brain.

V. Kintseva part (cork), pars terminalis (corticalis) The posterior cerebral artery is divided into two potent arteries - lateral and medial.

1. Lateral potylic artery, a. occipitalis lateralis, Head to the rear and the name of the, roll out on the front, intermediate and rear wheels, force them to the lower and part of the medial surfaces early part:

front skronevі gіlki, rr. temporales anteriores, Walk in the number of 2-3, and in some way with a stop-and-go burrow, then go straight ahead, walk along the lower surface of the slope part. Blood posture of the anterior viddili of the parahippocampal zivini, reaching the backbone;
skronevі gіlki (medіalnі industrial), rr. temporales (intermedii mediales), Heading to the bottom and in front, rising in the area of the lateral early zivini, І reach the lower skinny zvivini;
rear skirts, rr. temporales posteriores, Only 2-3, heading to the bottom and to the back, to pass the bridle of the lower surface tiled parts and are distributed in the field of medical pylichno-skronevoy zivini.

2. Media artery, a. occipitalis medialis, Є in fact, the advancement of the posterior cerebral artery. From it, go a number of gilks to the medial and lower surface of the tilting part:

dorsal throat of the corpus callosum, r. corporis callosi dorsalis, - a small amount, heading for the back of the waist and the reach of the corpus callosum, it supplies blood to the area, anastomoses with the corpus callosum nasal artery, and. callosomarginalis;
tim'yana gilka, r. parietails, It can be entered both from the main stovbur, and from the front head. Head to the back and burn; supplies blood to the dilyanka medial surfaces the fore-wedge part, in the anterior-lower part of the fore-wedge;
tim'yano-potilichna gilka, r. parietooccipitalis, Go out of the main stovbur of the burnout і vіncі, lagging along the same furrow, bridging the anterior-upper edge of the wedge; bloodsucking qiu area;
spur nozzle, r. calcarinus, - a small bit, go from the medial artery to the back and to the bottom, repeating the path of the spur furrow. Walk along the medial surface of the polyline section; blood supply bottom part wedge;
capillary-skroneva head, r. occipitotemporalis, Go from the main station and go to the bottom, back and forth, lining up the medial pylichno-skronevoy zivini; blood supply to qiu region.

If I want the core arteries, to come out of the aorta, to supervise the nerves in the roots of the baguette, most of them do not take part in the blood circulation of the SM himself. Basically, the blood flow of the anterior views of the SM is seen only from 6-8 radicular arteries. The stench comes in strictly singing rivnya, the other side of the entrance can vary73 (p. 1180-1):

C3 - enter from the vertebral artery

С6 - call to enter into a great artery

C8 - Slide to enter from the costal stovbur

NB: С6 і С8: in ≈10% of the population there is no anterior radicular (spinal?) Artery at the lower cervical level14

artery of Adamkevich (div. lower)

Parni posterior arteries rozvineni virazno, lower anterior spinal artery; stench otrimuyut blood posture from 10-23 radicular hylok.

Blood circulation of the thoracic viddilu SM є we will interchange and near-cordon; I will take away the roof only from the visceral radicular arteries T4 or T5. Moreover, the tsya zone is more sedate until the court ruins.

Small. 3-8. Diagram of blood flow to the spinal cord (by J.M. Traveras, E.H. Woods (eds) Diagnostic Neurology, 2nd type., Volume II, p. 1181, © 1976, the Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore; with permission and with snakes)

Artery of Adamkevich (so called great anterior radicular artery)

Mostly the blood loss of the SM was on the protrusion from ≈T8 to the cone

80% of vipads come from T9 and L2 (from T9 to T12 in 75% of vypads); in the top 15% of the won ips it is seen as T5 and T8

make it big, yes, there are hairpins in the rostral and caudal strands (the rest is bigger), but on the AG there are characteristic hairpins for hair

3.4. Cerebrovascular anatomy

3.4.1. Sudinni Moses Pools

In fig. 3-9 represent the territory, blood is supplied by the main cerebral arteries. Yak for magistral cerebral arteries15, as well as for arteries, to live central viddili The brain [tape-striatal artery, rotary artery of Hübner (so-called middle striatal artery) and іn.] is characterized by variability of yak in the zones of blood circulation, as well as in the centers of the MA during the period of time.

Small. 3-9. Basseyni bloodsupply of the great brain

3.4.2. Arterial blood supply to the brain

The symbol "" denotes the area, which is to live the designated artery. Angiographic diagrams describing sudins see Cerebral angiography, p. 557.

Villiziev Kolo

Correctly molded Villizia colo є only in 18% of vypadkiv. Hypoplasia of one or both ARDs occurs in 22-32% of cases; the A1 segment may be hypoplastic, or in 25% of the cases.

In 15-35% of cases, one PCA will eliminate blood flow through the PCA from the ICA, and not from the ICA, and in 2% of the cases of offenses, the PCA is supplied through the PCA (fetal blood supply).

NB: PSA grows over the upper surface of healthy nerves.

Anatomical segments of the internal cranial cerebral arteries

Tab. 3-9. Segments of the internal sleepy artery

sleep artery: the traditional numerical system for naming segments16 of the bulge in the rostral-caudal right-hand side (to counter directly the bloodstream, as well as nomenclature systems for the in. arteries). A number of the largest nomenclature systems have been promoted for the improvement of the whole inconsistency, as well as for the identification of anatomically important segments, as they didn’t populate the list (div., For example, Tables 3-917). Details div. Nizhche

anterior mozkov artery (PMA) 18, segments:

A1: PMA from girl to PSA

A2: PMA from the PSA before the start of the callous-marginal artery

A3: from the hand of the calleso-marginal artery to the upper surface of the corpus callosum, 3 cm from the first column

A4: perіcallesny segment

А5: кінцеві гілки

middle mozkov artery (SMA) 18, segments:

M1: SMA from the arm to the fork (on the front-rear AG the horizontal segment)

М2: СМА from the fork to the exit from Silvіevіy shіline

M3-4: distal beads

М5: кінцеві гілки

posterior cerebral artery (ZMA) (there are a number of nomenclature schemes for the designation of segments, for example, behind the names of tanks, through which stinks pass 19.20):

P1 (leg cistern): ZMA from the arm to ZSA (in. Name of the segment: mesencephalic, precommunicant, circular, basilar and in.).

mesencephalic artery perforation ( pokrishka, nіzhki to the brain, Edinger-Westphal nuclei, III and IV FMN)

small and short thalamoperforant arteries

med_yna posterior villous artery (in most cases, go from P1 or P2)

P2 (where the cisterns are hunted): ZMA from the arm of the ZSA to the arm of the lower limb artery (name of the segment: postcommunicant, permesencephalic).

lateral (p. 105 - medіyna) posterior villous artery (in most cases it is seen from P2)

thalamo-colonic thalamoperforant arteries (2 or three groups of posterior thalamoperforant arteries)

artery of the hipocampus

anterior skroneva (anastomoses from the anterior skronevaya spine of the MCA)

back skroneva

leg perforated

tim'yano-potilichna

Р3 (four-hillock cistern): ZMA from the arm of the lower edge of the arm to the arm of the kintsev arms.

quadruple and number of heads  quadruple plate

posterior pericallus artery (artery of the corpus callosum): anastomoses from the pericallus artery from the PMA

Р4: segment of the writing of the temporal arteries and spur arteries, including the cortical arteries ZMA

Small. 3-10. Vіllіzіev kolo (view from the view of the brain)

Blood posture of the anterior viddiliv

Internal sleep artery (ICA)

Gostra blockage of the ICA to produce up to stroke in 15-20% of cases.

ICA segments and

"Siphon of the ICA": repair from the posterior colin of the cavernous part of the ICA and end at the fork of the ICA (including cavernous, ophthalmic and communal segments) 17

C1 (shiiny): repair from the fork of the foreign sleepy artery. Pass at once through the internal jugular vein and the bloating nerve in the carotid chochli; post-ganglion sympathetic fibers (PGSV) hunt yogo. To grow backwards and medially out of the ordinary sleepy artery. Finish at the entrance to the channel of the sleepy artery. Not a little gilok

C2 (kam'yanistichesky): also the branch of PGSV. The end of the back edge of the ragged hole (lower and medial edge of the Gasser university in the Mekel groove) ends. MA 3 segments:

vertical segment: the ICA climbs up the hill, and then bends, settling

back collar: in front of the cochleo, then turn into the anterior-medial right, approving

horizontal segment: to grow more and more medially than the great and small stone nerves, in front of the drum mating (BP)

C3 (segment of the torn opening): the ICA pass over the torn opening (and not the edge of the opening), closing the lateral line. We are in the canalicular port until the periosellar position, piercing the dura mater, passing through the petrolingual ligament and becoming a cavernous segment. Gilki (you can't see it on AG):

caro-tympanic throttle (non-post)  drum empty

krylopidnebinna (vidian) gilka: pass through tearing openings, є in 30% of cases, maybe at the viglyadi artery of the krylonechny canal

С4 (cavernous): covering with a vascular membrane, scho whistling sinus, more and more envelopes of the PGSV. Walk forward, then uphill and medially, bend backward, fit the medial loop of the ICA, pass horizontally and bend forward (part of the front loop of the ICA) to the anterior wedge-like outgrowth. End at the proximal dural ring (I do not match the ICA). Mа bаgato gіlok, the most important:

meningo-hypophyseal stovbur (most or most proximal stem):

artery Tentorium (artery of Bernasconi and Kassinari)

dorsal meningeal artery

lower pituitary artery ( posterior part of the hypophysis): її occlusion of the іnfarction іpophysial hypophysis in case of Shekha's pslyapologic syndrome; however, the development of non-bloody diabetics is spontaneous, so that the stem of the hipophysis can grow)

anterior meningeal artery

artery of the lower part of the cavernous sinus (weight by 80%)

capsular arteries McConnell (to 30% of the vapors): bleed a capsule of hypophysis21

C5 (wedge-shaped): end at the distal dural ring, I will increase the ICA hunt; If the ICA is new, it will be moved intradurally.

C6 (ophthalmic): repair towards the distal dural ring and end proximal to the arm of the ZSA

ophthalmic artery (OFTAN) - in 89% of cases, it comes out of the ICA distal to the cavernous sinus (intracavernous presentation is delayed in 8% of cases; OFTAN is seen in 3% of cases22). Pass through the green channel into orbit. On bicniy AG, there is a characteristic bagnet-like viginum

upper hypophyseal arteries  anterior part of the hypophysis and stem (the central part of the supraclinoid part of the ICA)

posterior spinal artery (ZSA):

a few of the anterior thalamoperforming arteries (healthy tract, chiasm and posterior viddili of the hypothalamus): see.

anterior villous artery: extending 2-4 mm distal to the ZAA  part of the zorovy hillock, medial views of the hillock, number of inner capsules (VC) (in 50% of the vapors), the lower part of the rear lower part of the VC, lateral occlusive syndrome see p. 751)

gossip segment: enter the supracornal intestine of the temporal horn  only part of the gossip

C7 (communal): repair immediately proximal to the ZSA arm, pass through the II-IM and III-IM CHMN, end lower than the anterior permeable substance, go to the PMA and SMA

Middle cerebral artery (MCA): hilky and angiographic signs, see Fig. 19-3, p. 560.

The anterior cerebral artery (PMA): pass through the II-named FMN and the anterior permeated substance. See Fig. 19-2, p. 560.

Blood posture of the rear viddiliv

Angiograms and main gilki see Fig. 19-5, p. 562.

The vertebral artery (VA) is the first and the most basic artery. In 4% of the lions, VA can enter without anterior aortic arch. VA maє 4 segments:

first: go to burn і backwards і enter the transverse opening of the 6th spine ridge

other: to go vertically uphill through the transverse opening of the ridges in the superconductor of the sympathetic fibers (from the sparse ganglion) and venous gossip. Win is rotated in the transverse extension C2

the third: go through the opening C2, bend back and medially in the boron on the upper surface of the Atlanta and enter the BZO

quarters: penetrate through the TMO and go from the prototype VA on the level of the lower boundary of the bridge, simultaneously establishing the main artery (OA)

Hypoplasia of the right VA is developed in 10% of cases, and in 5% of cases.

Vertebral arteries:

anterior meningeal: go to the level of C2, you can take part in the blood loss of Chord, or meningiomas of the BZO, you can be a path of collateral blood loss in case of blockages

posterior meningeal

brains (bulbar) arteries

posterior spinal artery

posterior inferior cerebellar artery (ZNMK) - cephalic artery: maє 4 segments, 3 arms:

front mozkov: to fix the lower line of olivia

lateral medullary (on the hypertension - caudal loop): to repair at the lower edge of the large brain

back of the brain: straight up into the tonsillitis-medular boron

supratonsillar (on hypertension - cranial loop):

villous artery (1-a hilka) (good point)

thermal bottles:

tonsilitis-hemispheric (2-and-gloka)

artery of the lower chrobak (3rd head) lower vigin = copular point

anterior spinal artery

The main artery (OA) is established when there are two vertebral arteries. Її gilki:

anterior inferior mesenteric artery (PNMA): enter the lower part of the OA, go back and laterally in front of the VI, VII and VIII FMN. Often I make a loop, like to go to the TSK, de from it to go to the artery to the labyrinth. Vona supplies blood to the anterolateral viscera or the lower part of the cornsus, and then anastomoses to the ZNMA

Internal auditory artery (artery to the labyrinth)

bridges arteries

superior cerebellar artery (VMA)

artery of the upper hrobak

posterior cerebral artery (PCA): close from the PCA in ≈1 cm from the airplane. For segments and heads see page 105

The name of the dream artery

upper thyroid artery: frontal throat

viscid pharyngeal artery

movniy artery

facial artery: її gilk anastomoses with gilk OFTAN (important way of collateral blood flow)

potent artery

back vushna artery

surface skroneva artery

lobova gilka

tim'yana gilka

maxillary artery - from where to pass through the middle sleepy

middle membranous artery

dodatkova shell artery

lower alveolar artery

infraorbital artery

іnshі: distal glands, which can be anastomosed in gilkami OFTAN in orbit

For the normal functioning of the central nervous system blood flow to the spinal cord is sufficient and without any damage. So yak will take care of the living nerve tissue lively talk and sour. Likewise, with normal blood circulation, there is an exchange of words and products of exchange processes. To protect all processes of the spinal cord, it has a folding anatomy.

It also means that the spinal cord is very quick to say for the correctness of the meat, and the slopes are crumbling. If there is dysfunction of the joints, the problem may be due to the lack of blood supply to the spinal cord.

The scheme of the arteries of the spinal cord is foldable, so as the stench can be found between you and the great number of anastomoses. The chain, the yak, literally enveloped the surface of the spinal cord. Vaughn will be called Vasa corona. Anatomy and Budova and Folding. At the same time, from the end of the circle, come the ships, which are rosted perpendicularly to the main stoves, the stench enters the ridge channel through the ridge. In the middle, there are also no anastomoses. They are used to establish a capillary netting. Characteristically, sira rechovina is more densely filled with capillaries, lower than rechovina.

sudini

Blood loss to the spinal cord is caused by the following:

The anterior spinal artery is an unpaired vessel, which includes small segmental arteries. The perforating arteries go out from the anterior and the beads of the skin segment of the CM and the thickness in the yak to enter the skin. And let the stench enter the parenchyma of the spinal cord.

The blood-bearing hedge also clings to the other vessels, which are localized for ridge stop... Tsi judges bloodsucking overwhelmingly was the speech of SM.

3 spinal arteries are necessary for the increased blood supply to the spinal cord, but some are disadvantages. It will explain why the distance of the artery goes to the side of the ridge. Tim is less old and educated and improved in terms of blood flow.

At the bottom of the ridge, which is the lower one, there is a common cause of blood loss. Dodatkovy judges come from the aortic hypochondria. The stench is called korentsevo-spinal.

V breastfeeding tsi sudini to get shelter from the vidgaluzhen ridge and upper arteries. And in the lower end of the spinal cord, the roof comes from the arteries of the mid-spine and transverse types. Such judges pass through the aperture with ridges and enter the border, which envelopes the spinal cord.

Mіzhreberna artery is maє gіlka, yak is called dorso-spinal artery. Vaughn in his own room will be sent to 2 korintsevo-spinal arteries - front and rear. The anatomy of the polyaga is that the stench passes through the opening with the ridges at the same time with the nerve roots.

zoni bloodsucking

The middle of the spinal cord has a blood type of subdivision into 3 zones. The first zone includes a large part of the syroi speech. And the very, whole gelatinous substance, front, back and back (only now) horns, stop Clark. These structures occupy approximately 2 / 3-4 / 5 of the spinal cord diameter. Їх roztashuvannya individually for skin people. This zone also includes a part of the white speech. The structures of the white speech are the anterior and posterior (gliboki and ventral) cords. The first zone grows with blood in the main spinal artery of the anterior type.

A friend's zone includes such structures, such as the rear horns and cords, ale in the rear horns of the chain only. In some zones, Gaul's bunch is more bloody, and Burdakh's bunch is less. These bundles are grabbed from the anastomotic type, as they come from the rear spinal artery.

The third zone includes such structures, such as superficial forms of speech. І postachayut її regional arteries.

Radiculomedular jury

Radiculomedular arteries of the spinal cord - the cesudini, which supply blood to the spinal cord zone and lower
ridges С3-С4. The skin from the cich Sudin is divided into 2 heads: decaying and viscous. Tsei podil dichotomous type. It is also possible to get in touch with such gilts of radiculomedular arteries, such as rots from above and below.

Anastomotic tracts are formed three times. The stench is to blow the bridle of the spinal cord - 1 in front and 2 behind. Central and frontal and rear spinal arteries. In the course of the cycle of 3 tracts, the dialects with the anti-skin blood flow are rostashovuyutsya. Such dilenks are located in the centers of the radiculomedular arteries.

Radiculomedular vessels can be from 2 to 27. In the front, they can be 6-28, and the number of posterior vessels can be up to 15-20.

Budov's spinal cord can be magistral and rosy. With the main type of radiculomedular arteries, they are less than 5 anterior and up to 8 posterior. And the axis for the rassipny type is characterized by a larger number of arteries - front to 12 and rear more than 22.

The most radiculomedular vessels of the vertebral column should be re-stitched in the mid-cervical cavity of the SM. One of them is the artery of the shyny sweeping. And also the stench can be localized in the lower thoracic and upper lobules. Before them, the artery of Lazort's transverse sweeping and the great front artery of Adamkevich are known.

The same applies to the great radiculomedular arteries:

Lower artery of Desprozh-Gatteron. Won є not all, but about 15% of people.
Upper dodatkova artery, yak roztashovana on the Rivne D2-D. Tsya artery є only in the case of the magistral budget of blood.

All tsі perakhovanі vische arterії є not all people. In some cases they are not involved in pathology. And inodі stench є everything, ale the diameter їх is much less. Also individual є roztashuvannya entrance to the cich arteries. Tobto into the ridge canal the stink can enter the areas of the young segments. For example, Adamkevich's vessel can be included in the area of 9 thoracic ridge and lower to 2 transverse ridge.

Liquor and pachion and granulation

Spinal cord blood circulation has its own peculiarities. They are considered to be those who have no shelter in the primary view in the spinal cord. The shelter must pass through the rich shell and wedge, and in the process of passing through, go into the middle camp. That’s why you’re going to be able to get away with it, because it’s okay to use it in liquor. It itself is delivered to the spinal cord.

Likvor - tse spinal cord ridina, Yaka circulates between the spinal cord and the brain. Tsia ridina wriggle with judgmental gossip, which rots in the little ones in the brain. Lіkvor reminds a lumberjack and even further up the ridge canal. Given a speech, I will leave SM. So, for your own wines, you should be in an advanced camp. Lіkvor zahischaє dorsal brain, zapobіgayuchi yogo pozkogennya, so yak yak damping. Ale krym tsyogo, it is necessary to endure lively speeches, as well as to get wet in m'yak_ fabric brain.

And also the liquor in the venous sinus is seen in granulation plants, as it is seen in the pavutin obolontsi.

Neuromіdіatori

Neuromediators also play an even greater role in the blood supply to the spinal cord. The structure also has a vision from the blood of the living speeches. And the very function of the field has a secret. The process is carried out through the synthesis of protein compounds and polypeptides.

Whether damage in the process of blood flow to the spinal cord is tied itself with neuromidators. And, more precisely, from the beginning and from the activity. Roztashovany stench in cells of nerve tissue.

ruin

Hypotonia - lowering arterial vise

Є There are a number of reasons behind the damage to the blood supply to the spinal cord. Tse can be destructive and destructive heart-vascular system... Such factors can include:

hypotonia - lowering the arterial grip;
heart disease;
atherosclerotic sudin;
thrombosis of sudin;
aneurysm of the arteries of the spinal cord.

To achieve often damage to the spinal cord blood loss is due to 2 reasons. Before them osteochondrosis and atherosclerosis are recognized. The pathology of the current year is even wider to find among young people.

Another reason for the deterioration of the blood supply to the important structure of the body can be the defeat of the supporting-arm apparatus. This is the reason why it is often diagnosed.

Even more importantly, the blood supply will be potent, since the skin vessel is not even more important for the function of the SM. Ale to finish it is often found out about the destructive bloodstending. Blood loss due to severe spasm of mucous membranes, grids, growth knitted fabric, Rosrostannya pukhlin, manifestation of scars. Likewise, it can occur as a result of fractures of the ridge, when the blood supply is overwhelmed, there can be ulcers of the cyst.

The blood circulation of the brain and spinal cord will quickly collapse as well as become gallant, or if the spinal artery is twisted, especially in the shyny viddili. So, as you won’t get blood, 2 important structures of the human body.

Hammer the spinal cord

Another factor, in addition to which there may be damage to the blood supply of the SM, is an iatrogenic cause. If damage occurs due to the development of diagnostic diagnostics, surgical engagement... For example, it is possible to bring to them an incorrect lumbar puncture, manual therapy.

Before the critical stages of blood loss caused by aneurysms, fracture. With such a state of mind, it is great that the death of the patient is coming.

hematomyєliya

Dane zvoryuvannya є we will go to the damaged bloodletting to the spinal cord. Most often it will be galvanized by the blood stream, and the blood will be seen deeper. Tobto hematomієliya is the chain of the wall of the judgment, which is localized in the spinal canal, when blood is introduced into the spinal cord. To see the price through the latest mechanic items.

For the central nervous system, the hematoma in the spinal cord is even more challenging. The reasons for such a shock may not be just mechanical injection, And y chublin, Infectious diseases, Loss of blood loss, phlebitis. Also, there are drops, if they are bloodied in the way of singing medical maneuvers.

The folding of this affliction of the field lies in the fact that there are no local officials. Symptoms appear:

loss of sensitivity;
collapse of coordination;
parallich of pictures;
mimovіlnе sečovіlnі and defecation.

For the detection of the state of the art of blood loss to the spinal cord, conduct magnetic resonance and computer tomography... Also, with a lot of important advances in the analysis of the spinal cord.

venous system

The venous system in the spinal cord is arched. This is explained by the majestic circle of Sudins, as to live him with blood. The head venous storms pass in such a way as the arterial storms, so that in parallel. There is a burst of water through the veins, which are localized at the base of the skull. In this rank, there is one bezperervny path. The anatomy of the venous system is similar to the arterial system.