Immunity klіtynі people kіlkіst. Anatomy and physiology of the immune system

Clitini of the immune system include B- and T-lymphocytes, cells of the monocytmacrophage series, dendritic cells and natural kelery(NK klitini). The functional communication of cells can be divided into two categories: regulatory and effector. The function of regulatory cells is healthy, T-lymphocytes and macrophages, of effector - B-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and NK-cells (natural cells-cells), macrophages, polymorphic nucleus granules. The antigen-specific immune response at the same time with the innate mechanisms to flank the high level of virus infections, to reduce or reduce the complexity and increase the efficiency to the recovery.

Induction of the immune response Respect for antigen and presentation to lymphocytes. Macrophages play an important role in the whole process. Before the presentation by macrophages, the order of the specialization of the class of antigen-presenting cells. Prior to them, the cells of Langerhans shkiri, interdigital, veil afferent lymphatic and dendritic vessels are referred to. Unsatisfactory consumption of stinkinfacture is re-splitting viral antigens, converting them into a low-molecular form, accessible for interaction with the receptors of effector cells and the ability to transmit antigenic information in the T-cell genome.

song antigen With the membrane of the macrophage, endocytosis is infused and the antigen is cleaved by lyzosome hydrolases into short peptides, which are displayed on the surface of macrophages or are seen in the small space.

A small part of the invisible antigen, So you get high immunogenicity, get rid of macrophages tied with a membrane. Viral antigens develop into certain clones of lymphocytes, which appear as clonal proliferation and sound lymphocytes. Remaining monocytes of blood before the moment of diagnostics and development of antigenic proliferation and differentiation in the assets of macrophages is the basis of firing reactions, as well as additional evidence of the onset of plasma clones.

lymphocytes may on its surface antigen-specific immunoglobulin receptors, which serve as the basis for immunological specificity. Whether-T and B-lymphocyte has specific receptors for one epitope antigen. The coupling of T-or B-lymphocytes with antigen to serve as a signal for cym cells to subtilize, as a result of which a clone of antigen-stimulated cells is formed (clonal expansion). Receptors of B-clitin develop antigens in their natural and developmental states, lower than T-clitin, develop peptide-MHC complexes on the surface of clitin.

already, In-klіtini vzamod_yut bezposeredno with viral beads or virions. T-cell receptors develop small peptides, which are established as a result of the splitting of viral proteins; To smell the whole thing, since foreign peptides appear to be bound to membrane glucoproteins, similar to the head gistosumicity complex (MHC).

I want T-klіtinnі Determinants and B-cells of the virus are often overturned, the immunodominant O-determinants are often linked to conservative cells in the middle of the virus or non-structural cells in the middle of the cells. The process of rejection of common signals from helper T-lymphocytes B-cells multiply and differentiate in plasma cells, which secretes antibodies. The dermal plasma cell secretes antibodies of the same specificity.

T-cell type Let the volodya be more broadly specific, less anti-virus, and I will change the infection of serotypes in one virus, or to look for an antigenic virus, especially for booster immunization. The same phenomenon is indicated in influenza, as well as in aphtho-, entero, rheo-, paramixo- and togaviruses.

T-cellini SD8 zvvychay zbezpechuyut more visoky zahist, nіzh T-clitini SD4.

result of cascading interactions between cells of the immune system for the participation of cytokines, turn in the intensity and triviality of the immune response to the virus infection and the established immunological memory (the health of the evidence in the response to the infection).

Closely 5% of the population of the Earth is suffering from autoimmune disease - a camp, with any vigorous cells of the immune system and organisms, instead of fighting pathogens, knowing normal cells of organs and tissues. At the tsіy statty, as viperzhaє a special project on autoimmune diseases, the basic principle of the robotics of the immune system is clear and it is shown that such sabotage from її side is possible.

With this article, we start a cycle on autoimmune ailments - ailments, when some organisms start, they fight for themselves, they are viral autoantitila and / or autoaggressive clones of lymphocytes. We will tell you about those who work as immunity and why we start to “shoot in our own way”. Deyakim most popular ailments will be assigned to the publication. For the purpose of taking a look at the activities, they asked for the article as the curator of the special project, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Corresponding Member. RAS, Professor of the Department of Immunology of Moscow State University Dmitry Volodimirovich Kuprash. Prior to that, the skin statty had a reviewer, who delved into more detail in the nuances. The reviewer of the central - introductory - statty became Evgen Sergiyovich Shilov, candidate of biological sciences, scientific researcher of the department.

antigens- be it a speech, like an organism spry like a foreigner, obviously, it will appear on them that there will be an active immune system. Molecules that are useful for the immune system and antigens are small molecules that have been spread on the surface of the pathogen. You can make a big difference for tsim shmotochki, like the same the aggressor attacking the organism, and preventing the fight against it.

Cytokini - Morse code to organism

For this purpose, the immune cells could coordinate their actions in the fight against the enemy, they need a system of signals, so that they can tell who, if they enter a battle, or end the battle, anyway, navpaki, they are buggy. For cich targets small blood molecules are circulated by cells - cytokines, For example, різні interleukini(IL-1, 2, 3, etc.). Bagaty cytokines can be easily attributed to an unambiguous function, however, the world of intelligence can be divided into five groups: chemokines, factors of growth, about igniter, the opposite ignition and immunoregulatory cytokines.

The cleverness of the classification means that cytokines should be included in one of the overwhelmed groups, with the singing minds in the body, the diametrically opposed role can be played - for example, from the pro-inflammatory to the pro-fist.

Without a good connection between the types of cytokines, whether the cunning wisdom of the vital operation is attributed to failure, it is even more important for the cells of the immune system to warn and see what cytokines see, correctly and correctly interpret them. As soon as the CYTOKINOVY signals are being repaired to wobble in an even greater amount, then in the ranks of the clan ranks there is a panic, which can lead to a powerless organism. Price to be called CITOKINOVY storm: At the conclusion of the cytokines signaling of the cells of the immune system and repairing more and more powerful cytokines, as, in their own power, go to the cells and try to secrete themselves. shape close colo, Yakiy to produce up to ruinuvannya navkolishnіkh clіtin, and more and more susіdnіh fabrics.

One by one rose up! immune cells

Since it is in great power to understand the development of the family, so the cells of the immune system can be divided into two large cells - the congenital and full-fledged immunity, for the generation of which in 2011 were awarded the Nobel Prize. vrodzheniy immunity- that part of the immune system, which is ready to seize an organism secretly, as only when a pathogen attacks. nabutia w (abo adaptive) The immune response at the first contact with the enemy grows better, so as in the process of clever preparation, but instead of sending a more folding scenario to the body. The growth of immunity is even more effective in the fight against single saboteurs: in foreign countries, not in a special state of affairs, or in adaptive immunity. Also, the threat has appeared more and more, and the risk of penetration of the pathogen all the way into the body, the cells of the congenital immunity, are secretly signaling the process, and the cells of the victim are entering into battle.

All immune cells to the body establish themselves in cystic brain from hematopoietic stovburne clitini, Yaka give an ear to two clitines - zalny mієloїdnyі zalous lymphoid companions,. Clitini of the packed immunity resembles a spinal lymphoid medulla and, apparently, is called lymphocytes, Todi as a family of natural immunity, there can be brothers on the cob from both sides. The scheme of differentiation of the immune system cells is shown on a little 1.

Malunok 1. Scheme of differentiation of the immune system cells. Bloodstaining stovburova klitina gives an ear of klitins - in front of the international and lymphoid lines of differentiation, from which distance all types of blood cells are established.

Vrodzheniy immunity - regular army

Clitini of congenital immunity to recognize a pathogen by specific molecular markers - so called images of pathogenicity... The markers do not allow for the exactness of the pathogen's belonging to that kind, and deprive them of signaling about those who are immune to strangers. For our organisms, these markers can serve as fragments of the cell line and bacteria, dvolantsyuzhkov RNA and single-stranded DNA viruses, etc. In addition to special receptors of congenital immunity, such as TLR ( Toll-like receptors, Toll-sub-receptor) and NLR ( Nod-like receptors, Nod-sub-receptor), cells interact with the images of pathogenicity and begin to implement their own strategy.

Now the report is clear from the deyakі of the clergy of congenital immunity.

For this purpose, the intelligence, as a practical T-cell receptor, requires a collection of trochas to discuss one more important family of bricks - head complex of gistosumisnost(MHC, major histocompatibility complex). Cycles are molecular "passwords" to the body, which allow the cells of the immune system to recognize their own paths from the gateway. Whether it is a clientele, there is a process of degradation of bricks. Special molecular machine - immunoproteasome- I can split the bottles on short peptides, which can be added to the MHC, like the apple on the target, undergoing T-lymphocytes. That for the help of TCR "back up" the peptide and the development, so that it can be found in the power of the organisms or foreign ones. One hour, the TCR mutates, because the MHC molecule is known to you, it does not allow the perception of vile clitini from the "susid", so that the clit of the same species, ale of an individual. The very amount of MHC molecules is necessary for the engraftment of transplanted tissues and organs, I will name the following: histos in walnut means "fabric". In humans, MHC molecules are also called HLA ( human leukocyte antigen- human leukocyte antigen).

Video 2. Short-hour interactions between T-cells and dendritic cells (designated green).

T-lymphocyte

For the activation of T-lymphocytes, it is necessary to receive three signals. The first of them is the interaction of TCR with MHC, so that the antigen is recognized. The other is the so-called bone-stimulating signal, which is transmitted by the antigen-presenting cell through the CD80 / 86 molecule to CD28, which is located on the lymphocyte. The third signal is the production of a cocktail with no pro-combustion cytokines. As a result of these signals, it will lampple, and will block it with serious traces for the body, for example, the reaction of autoimmunity.

There are two types of molecules of the head gistosumity complex: MHC-I and MHC-II. The first presence on all cells of the organism and carries on its own peptides of cells of cells, or even cells infecting the virus. Special type T-clitin - T-kelery(I also call CD8 + T-lymphocytes) - its receptor in conjunction with the MHC-I-peptide complex. If the interaction is stronger, it means a peptide that is not typical for the organism and, apparently, can be placed in the cell of the target - the virus. It is necessary to have the term of the cordon operator, and the T-keler to cope with the whole set of employees. Win, similar to NK-clitini, vidіlyaє bіlki perforin and granzіm, which can lead to the lysis of clіtini-mіshenі.

T-cell receptor of the T-lymphocyte subtype - T-helper(Th-cellini, CD4 + T-lymphocytes) - in conjunction with the "MHC-II-peptide" complex. The whole complex is not on all cells of the organism, but mainly on immune cells, and peptides, which can be presented by the MHC-II molecule, by fragments of pathogens that have been flooded from the space. If the T-cell receptor interacts with the “MHC-II-peptide” complex, then the T-cell starts to produce chemokin and cytokines, so that it helps the other cells to efficiently help their function - to fight against the threshold. That is why the lymphocytes are called helpers - in English helper(Pom_chnik). Among them, they see without any type of differentiation, as they differ in the spectrum of cytokines and also play a role in the immune process. For example, there is a Th1 lymphocyte, which is effective in the fight against internal bacteria and the most simple, Th2 lymphocytes, which add to the B-cells in robots, and therefore are important for the fight against small cells.

Video 3. Rukh T-helpers ( chervonі) І Т-кілірів ( green) In the lymph node. The video is taken behind the aid of the living two-photon microscopy.

Sered CD4 + T-clitin is a special type of clitin - regulatory T-lymphocytes... It is possible to interfere with the Prosecutor's Office of the Vyskovo, as I stream fanaticism to break into the battle of the soldiers and do not give Shkodi to the peaceful population. Cytokines produce cytokines, drive Immune response, and in this way weaken the immune response, if there is a threshold of overdrive.

Those who T-lymphocyte develop only foreign antigens, and not molecules of vlast organism, є inherited a cunning process called selection... Vona will be seen in the thymus, specially established for the whole organ, to complete the development of the T-cellini. The essence of the selection is as follows: cells, who can feel a young, or new, lymphocyte, show (present) peptides of powerful bilky to them. That lymphocyte, which is even better or even more rotten, is aware of the bloody fragments, to be impressed. That is, when you saw cells (and at least 1% of all the middle blood cells that came to the thymus) may be able to get into the thymus; foreign peptide. Selection in thymus - the mechanism is so called central immunological tolerance.

isnu also peripheral immunological tolerance... When developing an infection on a dendritic cell, as if it were a cell of congenital immunity, there is an image of pathogenicity. As soon as you can see it, you can use additional molecules on its surface to activate lymphocytes and effectively present antigens to T-lymphocytes. If T-lymphocyte grows out of the immature dendritic cells, then the fault does not activate, but self-degrades, or it suppresses. Tse inactive camp T-klitini be called energy... In this way, in the organism, the pathogenic development of autoreactive T-lymphocytes, which for quiet reasons was seen in the course of selection in the thymus, is pathogenic.

All those who are not mentioned before αβ-T-lymphocytes, However, there is one more type of T-clitin - γδ-T-lymphocytes(It is called a warehouse of blue molecules, which is TCR). The stench is altogether innumerable and in the main populate the mucous membrane of the intestine and the bar'erni tissue, playing a role in the regulation of the warehouse, there are microbes. In γδ-T-lymphocyte, the mechanism of developing antigens appears as αβ-T-lymphocyte and does not accumulate as a TCR.

B-lymphocytes

B-lymphocytes carry a B-cell receptor on their surface. When in contact with the antigen, cells become active and transform into a special cell type - plasmatic, That is, the volume of unique building secretion of the B-cell receptor in the navkolishny center - the very molecules are called antibodies... In such a rank, Yak BCR, so і antiіlo mа sporіdnіst to develop їm antigen, as bi "stick" to new. There is also the possibility of antibodies enveloping (opsonizing) cells and virus particles, covering antigen molecules with molecules, macrophages and other immune cells to destroy the pathogen. Antitila is also a special cascade of immunological reactions, titles complement system, Yakiy to produce to perforation of the cell membrane of the pathogen and its bend.

For effective development of adaptive cells to the immune system with dendritic cells, there are foreign antigens in the MHC warehouse, and therefore, they are “tense”, in the body, there are special immune organizations - lymph nodes. The growth rate of organism is not the same, and it stays in the form of a bit overwhelming є that chi іnsha boundary. A large part of it is located close to the herbal and dyshal pathways, and the penetration of the pathogen from the other, or by the way, is the best way of infection.

Video 4. Relocation of T-clitin (designation worm-name) Through the lymph node. Klіtini, scho establish the structural basis of the lymph node and the stem of the sudin, which is designated as a green fluorescent bottle. The video is taken behind the aid of the living two-photon microscopy.

The development of an adaptive immune response will take an hour (from decile days to two days), and for that purpose, the body might be caught from the same time you know how to get involved. klitini memory... The stench, like veterans, is in a small number of presence in the body, and as there is a known pathogen, it becomes active again, it quickly spreads and the whole army goes to the cordons.

Logic of the immune response

If an organism attacks pathogens, cells of congenital immunity - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils - enter into the first place. The stench sees a call instead of their granules, has given a school of bacteria to the school, and also, for example, to increase the blood circulation, so that more cells have sprung up in the middle of the infection.

One hour the dendritic clitine, which has blotted out the pathogen, sprinkled into the nearest lymphocyte, de-communicating information about the presence of T- and B-lymphocytes there. They become active and rise in price until the microscopic detection of the pathogen (Fig. 2). The battle flares up: T-cells, when in contact with an infected cell, drive in її, T-helpers add macrophages and B-lymphocytes to the health of their mechanisms. As a result, the pathogen is guineacious, but the cells were able to return for a long time. A greater part of the guinea, ale deyaki, grow into memory cells, which settle in the cystic brain and check, if it helps the organism to know again.

Malunok 2. Scheme of immune responses. The pathogen that penetrates into the organism appears as a dendritic cell, as it collapses into lymfovuzole and there it transfers information about the T- and B-cellin. They activate and go to the tissue, de implement their own function: in lymphocytes produce antibodies, T-cells for the additional perforin and granzymes. ...

So viglyadaє scheme of any immune type, however, it can be changed in the fallowness because of the fact that the pathogen itself has penetrated into the organism. If I can help you with the late bacteria, fungi or, say, worms, then the main powerful forces in the whole range will be eosinophils, B-cells, which produce antibodies, and Th2-lymphocytes, which help to help you. If the internal bacteria have settled in the organism, then macrophages will come to the rescue in the first place, as they can kill the infected cells, and Th1 lymphocytes, which help them. Well, at times viral infections NK-cells and T-cells enter into the battle, as they reduce the infection of cells by the method of contact killing.

Yak mi bacimo, developmental types of immune cells and mechanisms are not specific: on the cutaneous type of pathogen in the body of food supplies effective way fight (fig. 3).

Malunok 3. The main types of pathogens and cells that take part in their life.

And now all the descriptions of the immune system are in a short video.

Video 5. Mechanism of the immune response.

Grukayut hromadyanska vіyna ...

It’s a pity that we cannot do without spending money on the middle of the civilian population. Dovga and intensive control can be dear to the body, as aggressive, highly specialized in order to be controlled. The education of power organs and tissues of the body and the immune system is called autoimmune process... Zagvoryuvannym tsyo type of sufferingє is close to 5% of the people.

The selection of T-lymphocytes in the thymus, as well as the visualization of autoreactive cells in the periphery (central and peripheral immunological tolerance), as they said earlier, can not help the organisms in the autoreaction. Well, there’s a lot of lymphocytes, food about those who are very strict in their selection, they still see it. In addition, in the organisms of skin people, there is a viscous presence of powerless autoreactive lymphocytes, as in the development of an autoimmune reaction there can be more powerful organisms and tissues in relation to their specificity.

For autoimmune damage to the body, there can be both T- and B-cells. First zdіysnyuyut bezposredn vivovanie innocent cells, but carry on their own antigen, and also add autoreactive B-cells in the production of antigens. T-cell autoimmunity of good immunity at rheumatoid arthritis, reddish diabetics first type, rosy sclerosis and small ailments.

In-lymphocytes dyut kudi big vitoncheno. In a word, autoantitila can wicklify the death of a cell, activating the complement system on its surface, or even macrophages. Alternatively, targets for antibodies can be receptors on the surface of cells. When such an antibody is triggered, the receptor can either block or activate without a real hormonal signal. So it is seen with Graves' ailments: In lymphocytes, anti-lymphocyte anti-receptor to TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is violated, mimicking the hormone and, apparently, due to the production of thyroid hormones. When there is a gravity of antibodies against the receptor to acetylcholine, they block this effect, which leads to the destruction of neuromuscular conductivity. Thirdly, autoantitila at the same time with the developed antigens can establish immune complexes, which settle in the organs and tissues (for example, in the glomeruli, slopes, on the endothelium of the brain), disrupting the process of stopping the process.

As a rule, an autoimmune disease is a raptor, and it is not a matter of certainty, but it was the cause. To get involved, you can practically serve as a trigger for launching stressful situation, Whether it be transferred to infection, trauma or overcooling. Significant additions to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease contribute to the way people live, so genetic strength is the manifestation of a singing variant of any gene.

The debility before the autoimmune disease is often associated with the singing alleles of the MHC genes, which have already been widely discussed. So, the appearance of alele HLA-B27 You can serve as a marker of mental health before the development of acute ailments, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and others. Tsikavo, the presence in the genome of the same HLA-B27 Some of the most effective virus infections: for example, the carrier allele may reduce the chances of contracting HIV or hepatitis C. At the same time, one nagaduvannya about those who are more aggressive in the war, the army, which is imovirnish, is the middle of the civilian population.

In addition, on the development of ailments, you can inject the rivn of the expression of autoantigen into the thymus. For example, the production of insulin and, apparently, the frequency of presentation of this antigens to T-cells from people to people. Chim vona vishcha, tim lower the development of the first type of sugar-coated diabetes, so as it allows you to see specific to insulin T-lymphocytes.

All autoimmune diseases can be distributed to organ-specificі systemic... In case of organ-specific ailments, there is a risk of organic tissue. For example, in case of advanced sclerosis - the myelin sheath of neurons, in rheumatoid arthritis - in the lobes, and in case of the first type of diabetes - Langerhans acute in the flesh zone. Systemic autoimmune disease is characterized by a variety of organisms and tissues. To such ailments, for example, the systemic chervonia vovchak that primordial Sjogren's syndrome is introduced, scho to feud with the resulting tissue. A larger report on the disease will be indicated in the other articles of the special project.

visnovok

Yak, they have already crossed over, immunity is even more foldable in the interconnection between the cell and the molecular level. To create an ideal system, the organism was desperately taken over by the attacks of pathogens, that one hour for the other minds it was not the power of the organisms, nature could not bring it. Autoimmune disease - side effect high specificity of robotic systems and adaptive immunity, ie vitrati, for which we have to pay for the ability to successfully develop in the world, teeming with bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.

Medicine is the work of the hands of people - it is impossible in the world to correct those that have been created by nature; To that end, which medicine is almost impossible to reach, is a very quick diagnosis of the disease and the effective elimination of these symptoms, as it is possible to reliably lay down the life of the patient. However, in order to do this, it is possible, it is necessary to inform the population about autoimmune diseases and methods of their treatment. "Expansion means annihilation!"- axis deviz community organizations, Made for the whole world.

literature

Mark D. Turner, Belinda Nedjai, Tara Hurst, Daniel J. Pennington. (2014 rock). Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signaling and inflammatory disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1843. Focus on 50 years of B cells. (2015). Nat. Rev. Immun. 15 ;

Immune system, We will stock up on special bills, fabrics and organs, and prey to lyudin from pathogenic microorganisms, And also the introduction of some special factors (for example, allergen).

A large number of vypadkiv vona viconuє a great deal of robots, straightening to preserve health and protect the development of infections.

Photo 1. Immune system - a paste for high-class microbes. Dzherelo: Flickr (Heather Butler).

Also the immune system

The immune system is a special one, the system is fixed to the body, which is transformed into the influx of foreign agents (antigens). Through a series of crocs, called the immune response, there is an "attack" of all microorganisms and speech that invade the systems and organs and tissues, and create illnesses.

Organizational systems

The immune system is wonderfully foldable. Wonderful design and memory of a million of antigens, quickly producing the necessary components for the development of the "enemy".

won includes central and peripheral organizations, as well as special cells They wriggle around in them and take the best fate from zahisti people.

central organ

The central organizations of the immune system are responsible for the maturation, growth and development of immunocompetent cells - lymphopoiesis.

Central organizations include:

Cystkovy brain- a lip part of the tissue on the overwhelmingly reddish vidtinku, roztasovana in the middle of the empty brush. The cystic brain is to take revenge on the immatures, because they are not boring cells, as they are being transformed into being, including immunocompetent, client's organisms.
Vilochkova zalosa(Thymus). It is a small organ that is shattered at the upper part of the breast tissue behind the breastbone. For the shape of the organ, the organ is desho nagaduє thyme, or thyme, the Latin name for which I gave the name to the organ. Basically, in the thymus, the T-cell of the immune system is ripened, and the thymus is also good for provoking either the production of antibodies against antigens.
pid intrauterine period development to the central organs of the immune system and the.

Tse tsikavo! The greatest size of the thistle is spared in new-born children; the organ changes and replaces with adipose tissue.

peripheral organisms

Peripheral organizations are evolving in order to avenge the mature cells of the immune system, as they mutually change between themselves and the children and the speeches.

Peripheral organizations are represented:

spleen... The greatest lymphatic organ in the body, rippling along the ribs in the left part of the abdomen, above the slurry. Selezinka to take revenge on leukocytes, as well as additional help to get used to old people and young people of blood.
Lymphatic universities(LU) are represented by small, bean-like structures, which take over the cells of the immune system. In LU, a lymph is also carried out - a special opening of the house, for which additional cells are provided, they are delivered to a separate part of the house. If the body is fighting against infection, the LU can become sick in size and become sick.
Purchase of lymphoid fabrics, Also to avenge the immune cells and rosettes under the mucous membranes of the herbal and sechostatic tract, as well as in the respiratory system.

Clitini of the immune system

The main cells of the immune system are leukocytes, which circulate in the body through lymphatic and blood vessels.

The main types of leukocytes, known to the immune type, such as cellini:

lymphocytes I allow you to learn, remember and understand all antigens, to get into organism.
phagocytes, Yaki glaze foreign particles.

Phagocytes can be small cells; The most widespread type is neutrophils, which fight in the main bacterial infection.

Lymphocytes grow in the cystic marrow and are represented by B-cells; in times of the presence of lymphocytes in the thymus, the stench ripens in the T-lymphocytes. B and T-cells may show one type of one function:

B-lymphocytes to detect alien particles and send a signal to other clients when an infection is detected.
T-lymphocyte reduce pathogenic components identified by B-cells.

Yak pratsyu immune system

When antigens are detected (that is, third-party parts, which invade the body), induce B-lymphocytes, how to produce antibodies(AT) - specialization bottles, which block specific antigens.

Antigenic antigen detection, protest against it can not be - the function is similar to T-cells, but the decal functions are good. T-clitini There may not only be foreign particles (for a whole lot of special T-cells, or "vbivtsi"), but also take part in the transmission of the immune signal to other cells (for example, phagocytes).

Antiitila, for identifying antigens, neutralize toxins, which are violated by pathogenic organisms; also activate complement - a part of the immune system, as additional help to know bacteria, viruses and foreign speech.

process design

By creating anti-til, the stench will get in the body of people. If the immune system is in a possible system, the same antigen, infection may not develop: For example, I will not get sick anymore because of the transfer of the wind.

Such a process of developing an alien speech is called a presentation antigen. Establishment of antigen during repeated infection is not necessary anymore: the reduction of the antigen by the immune system is practically mitigated.

allergic reactions

Allergy against a similar mechanism; the scheme for the development of the stan was simplified:

First time drinking an allergen in organizm; klinichno niyak does not turn.
Osvita anti-til and їkh fixation on ogryadny cells.
Sensitization - an increase in sensitivity to an allergen.
Repeatedly getting the allergen into the body.
Vivilnennya of special speeches (mediators) from stovbrovykh clitins with development of a lance reaction. The onset of viroblyayutsya speeches are poured onto the organ and tissue, which will start with the appearance of symptoms of an allergic process.

Photo 2. Allergy appears, if the body and the immune system accept something for a shkidlive.

The immune system will keep people healthy and active. We have found Lanka in a complex civilization of the immune system.

Immune system

The immune system is a chain of mechanisms and reactions from providing the organism with stability and efficiency to the negative factors of the new and internal environment.

Immunity of performances by a number of organs, which synthesize, expand and infuse into the function of immunocompetent cells:

Peripheral - liver, spleen, lymph nodes, mydalini;
The central ones are thymus, thymus.

The immune system grows up to see:

Prirozheniy - the manifestation of genetically mummified zachist;
Pridbanoy - development and detailed mechanisms and reactions.

So, as immunity is shown on two levels - humoral and clinical, then it is possible to see specific and nonspecific views, as to lie in the form of immunity.

So the very essence of the effectiveness of the innate and adaptive immunity in terms of the speed and efficiency of the immune response.

The immune response is the reaction of the system to the penetration of an alien object, or the change of vigorous cells to the body. Wines are stored in two cycles:

Possibility and recognition of a foreign gene;
Coordination of all immunocompetent cells on the development and control of the pathogen.

At the same time, there is a lack of immunity for memory, so that the cells are naturally accustomed to the type of building and immunological memory for a more effective and fast immune response to re-infection with an earwort.

Immunocompetent cells

Clitini of the immune system є mesenchymia for walking, I think of one of the ancestors of the stem-type cell, I have established a worm-name with a cystic brain. Share on two main categories. Prior to the first category, they are assigned to immunity, which may include special functions:

Population of lymphocytic clitin;
A group of dendritic cells.

Population of leukocyte cells;
Clinical hospitality;
Chervony blood cells;
thrombocyte;
Sudinni Endotels.

For the skin group, clitin is characterized by:

Singing mice synthesis;
Specialized localization for organs, tissues and systems;
Biological active warehouse;
Evidence or visibility of vlast morphological signs.

So the immune cells themselves can be used for typing:

Granular granulocytes - bili tiltsya, as their own cytoplasm may be granules;
The lack of agranulocy is bile blood tiltsya, since it does not linger in its structure of granules, the nucleus does not include any segments.

Klіtini congenital immunity

Vrodzheniy immunity - tse genetically laid down for the organism.

The clinical structures are ready to cleanse the organisms of the specific species of the pathogen, as well as the barrier function against pathogenic and intellectually pathogenic microorganisms. You will be able to use the same type of cell mechanisms and reactions, as there may be an identical set of receptors. The managers for their specific functions of the clergy inherent in immunity activate the clerical constructions of the dowry.

Head reactions, for which they are unhealthy by the growth of immune cells, є:

Opsonization - reactions that stimulate and lodge phagocytosis;
Phagocytosis is the process of accumulation and over-etching of pathogenic parts;
Depletion of the pathogen in all the middle cells;
Secretion of cytokine components.

The clinical structure is relatively specific to the leukocyte colony.

neutrophils

The most common lanka of zhisnykh cells is represented by neutrophils. The number of all leukocyte bodies becomes close to sixty times the number of all leukocyte bodies, with a number of young neutrophils of the palichnuclear type - the author is high, and the sieve is seen.

Neutrophilic tiltsya are polymorphonuclear granulocytic representatives of leukocytes, where the nucleus may be stored in segments. Smells are representatives of phagocytes. In healthy phagocytic functions, there are microphages, healthy growth, poultry and other pathogenic pathogens. Having finished the phagocytosis, neutrophils go out, the viral degranulation processes and support the migration of immune cells in the presence of infection.

A change in the level of neutrophils in the blood to talk about the presence of immune reactions to the penetration of bacterial and infectious diseases, but in case of chronic ailments, they are too much of a norm.

eosinophils

In the analysis of blood during important allergic processes, the number of eosinophils is growing.

macrophages

The clinical structure-tissue part of the body, which is characterized by the power of the phagocytic function, is characterized by trivial life and is called macrophages. For budovaya macrophage, cells grow in fallowness due to the presence of a pathogenic element. In їх structures, there is a lot of mitochondria, granules, nuclei, as a rule, the wrong form. When phagocytosis in macrophages, lysosomes and phagosomes appear.

The main functions of macrophages є:

The processing of antigenic components is especially special;
Depletion of the pathogen by activating enzymes and lysosomes;
Take part in the synthesis of antibodies;
Vzamodiyut in the education of the immune type of lymphocytes to type B and T;
Macrophages synthesize transferrin, storage systems and complement, lysozyme, interferon, pyrogen, as well as antibacterial speech itself;
Take part in the establishment of antibacterial and anti-tier immunity;
Macrophagous tiltsyuyuyut vivedennyu and reduce the rate of increasedinfections, inadvertently antigenic-antigen links;
Induced cytotoxic effect of the leukocyte system and against the oncology of the lymphocytic system.

monocyti

Great leukocyte cells of the mononuclear type - tse monocytes. We write the synthesis of worms with a brain, the stench circulates through blood-bearing system not more than forty years and go to the tissue gossip, they become histiocytes from the completely tissue apparatus, pechinkovy Kupffer til, macrophages of alvol, spleen, cystic marrow, lymphatic system.

They are characterized by functional power:

Demonstrate phagocytic function;
Take the purification of the middle blood from the antigens;
Synthesize secretory speeches and media;
Take the growth of fibroblasts, bіlkovyh z'єdnan compliment;
Create mind for the successful regeneration of tissues, for the destruction of the pathogen.

hospitals

Epitheliocytes - the main structural epithelial fabrics The odor of versatile form, in the presence of the functions may contain one or more kernels. You can be one-ball and bagat-ball. So, as the stench whistles on the surface of the shkiri, the empty bodies and organs, the mucous membranes, the nature of the powers to lay down in the process of rooting out the cell structures.

Head functions є:

At shkіrnykh pokrivah - bar'єrna і zakhisna;
In the intestines, it is usmoctuval;
In the organs dikhannya - evacuation;
For nirkahs, it is usmoctuval, eccentric;
In the sallow hepatitis - the synthesis of secretory speech.

natural kelery

Natural cuisines are the goal of limphocytic cucumbers, as there may be great growths.

The Danish type of keratin will become insecure to the organisms of chubby, whorled vigorous cells, as well as to a part of the anti-Russian genus.

Natural cells may cause cytotoxic power, take part in the synthesis of cytokines. Establishments of the presence of specific markers on the surface of the membrane of the stench of signs for the destruction of pathogens, which do not signify the hystosity of the first class.

Dendrіnnye klіtini

The antigen is presented only, which is formed by the cystic marrow, widening along the entire lymphatic system - the cell of the dendritic type. To them are admitted:

Mієloidnі thіlа tіlаtnі capture and present an antigen, stimulating the activity of T-clіtin;
-Plasmacytoidnі to carry out the synthesis of interferon type alpha і beta.

The main functions of the client є:

Ініціяція і adding of ignition reaction;
Synthesis of cytokines for the activation of helper activity in type T;
Take part in the regulation of immunological processes;
Activate type T lymphocytes at the first contact with the pathogen;
Є a participant in practically all immunological reactions to the intrusion of the zabudnik.

smooth cells

Mastocytes and labrocytes - ogryadny cells, rosters in with good fabrics: On shkіri, in mucous membranes, in bronchi. There may be even smaller sizes, on the surface of the rosette there is a great number of receptors, and in the middle there are granules with active enzymes and biological words. The head of the field is responsible for the protection and protection of the internal steel of the body due to the introduction of pathogenic objects, which can be used to catch them in the point of penetration. At the same time, they are active, large cells see heparin, histamine, and the increase in the amount of growth and migration of immune children in the middle of the ignition process.

The agent of the immobilized immunity

Another for the number of colonies of immune cells is the target of lymphocytes. The lymphocytic population becomes up to thirty-five times the number of immunocompetent children. Lymphocytes are recognized as leukocyte, stench is the main cells of the immune system, and it has a role to play in the development of pathogenic objects and the formation of immunological memory.

Razrіznyayut decіlka typeіv kіtin, ale the head ones vvazhayutsya:

Lymphocytes type T;
Lymphocytes type B.

lymphocyte T

A number of cell structures, established by the cystic brain, which promote their formation in the thymus hall for additional special hormones, and then in the villages and lymph nodes. In the thymus and organs of the lymphatic system and lymphocytes, they swell specific receptors, start and recognize functions in the presence of the immune memory.

Lymphocytes repair for a couple of days by linking with phagocytes, as long as they transmit information about the penetration of the pathogen, instead of the stench at once direct their powers to the dread of the enemy. Ale, on the view of the phagocytic clitin, lymphocytes will not remember the foreign object for the sake of life. When reintroduced, T cells coordinate the status of an effective immune response.

Razr_znyayut vidi T clitin:

Kіleri - I am directing my mind towards the destruction of the pathogen;
Help - the signs of the immune adaptive response, the increase in activity In cells, cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, natural cells, cytokine synthesis;
Regulators - an innumerable population of children, clicked on the function of determining the antigenic objects.

Also lymphocytes T take part in the formulated cytotoxic immunity.

lymphocytes B

Lymphocytic cellini, synthesized in the red cystic marrow and in the spleen and lymphatic system for a further formulation for additional contact with antigens or type T lymphocytes, without a priori take part in the formulated humoral immunity - the purpose of type B lymphocytes. the residual form of the stench is blown into the eyes:

Plasma chickens, the functions of which are straightforward to the purging of antibodies, the fact that they develop an endoplasmic character, and the Golgi complex itself bathes. At the blood adjustments plasma cells are trimmed to an additional reduction in the amount of pathogen;
Clint of memory for immunity is a small amount of lymphocytic bodies of type B, which interconnected with T clitins. Pislya what, "naivni" In the clientele they change in their budo and biochemical warehouse, in addition to whom they collect information about the ailment disease.

Cellin lymphocytic type B is characterized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies on the surface of the membrane-bound antibodies in the eyes of the immunoglobulin M, D and the surface active fluvines, and the complex is established by the late development of foreign parts.

This is how the type of lymphocytes B by classes is seen:

Class B1 - prevents the production of antibodies in the vigilantes of the immune globulin M, which is responsible for the understanding of the immune response to the recently introduced into the body of an alien object, which is the first defense of the immune system.
Class B2 - good formulation of antibodies in the presence of immunoglobulin G, in addition to the fact that the infection was able to reach successfully and the pathogen has developed its own organism.

Additional Immunity Clients

To immunocompetent clientele, they should not be able to participate in the immune system, but play an important role in the quality, efficiency and freedom of their life. To such clients should be referred:

Thrombocytes - normalize the storage of blood, the current of erythrocytes, additionally help the realization of the regeneration and regeneration functions of the internal organs;
Chervony blood cells - erythrocytes, produce biologically active speech of lymphocytes, modulating the immune response of this specific and non-specific part of the patient's transferred antibodies, take part in hemostasis;
Sudden endothelium is a process for the synthesis of a great number of active biological discourses, which are not many of the immune reactions to the climate and humoral reactions.

Immunocompetent cells are the basis of the immune system of people. The breeders of the sukupnost їkh dіy insist on the clock and humoral immunological appearance, so that the health of the body will be safe.

Video

>> anatomy and physiology

immunity(Vid lat.Immunitas - sounds like something) - tse physiological function, Yaka will summarize the lack of receptivity to the organism to foreign antigens. Immunity of people and robbing him is unattainable in terms of being worn out to baguchium bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms, the simplest, young ones will wipe away creatures. In addition, the immune system will prevent the organisms from cancerous cells.

To the heads of the immune system develop and manage all foreign structures. In case of contact with the alien structure of the cell's immune system, they trigger the immune response, which can lead to the release of a foreign antigen from the body.

The function of immunity is taken care of by the robotic system of the immune system and organisms, before the warehouse of which includes different types of organisms and cells. The presentation of the Budov immune system and the basic principle of the function is less clearly visible.

Anatomy of the immune system
The anatomy of the immune system is highly heterogeneous. In general, klitini i humoral factors Immune systems and presence in the organs and tissues of the body. The win is to become the deyaki from the eyes, the yuchek in the choloviks, the thyroid gland, the brain - the organ of the garden from the immune system and the tissue bar, which is necessary for their normal functioning.

Zagal, a robot of the immune system, takes care of two types of factors: clitinny and humoral (tobto old). The cells of the immune system (development of leukocytes) circulate in the blood and pass into the tissues, so you can keep a close eye on the antigenic stores of the tissues. In addition, in the circulatory blood there is a large number of flexible antibodies (humoral, old factors), as well as the development and knowledge of foreign structures.

In the architecture of the immune system, the development of central and peripheral structures. Central bodies of the immune systemє cystic brain and thymus (thymus). In the cystic marrow (the cystic marrow of the cyst), the formation of the immune system cells is formed stovburovikh clitin, Yaki give an ear of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes). The vilochkova zalosa (thymus) is spread in the chest cavity, just behind the breastbone. The thymus is kindly apologetic in children, but for all that it is necessary to be able to innovate and practically go out to the grown-ups. In thymus, there is a differentiation of lymphocytes - specific cells of the immune system. In the process of differentiation of lymphocytosis, the "get in" is the development of "own" and "alien" structures.

Peripheral organisms of the immune system represented by lymphatic universities, spleen and lymphatic tissue (such tissue is found, for example, in childish migraines, At the roots of the tongue, at the back of the nasopharynx, in the intestine).

Lymphatic universities is the purchase of lymphoid fabrics (for the sake of purchasing the cells of the immune system) otocheniya obolonkoy. The lymphatic high school includes lymphatic judges, according to the flow of the lymphatic. In the middle of the lymphatic university, the lymph is filtered and cleaned from all foreign structures (viruses, bacteria, cellini cancers). Suddenly go from a lymph university to get angry into the zagalny duct, which flows into a vein.

spleen is not a good one, like a great lymphatic university. In an older layer of people, the spleen mass can reach hundreds of grams, fallen asleep from the amount of blood accumulated in the body. The spleen roztashovana in black wastes evil from the slunk. A lot of blood, yak, like lymph in lymphatic universities, will be pumped through the spleen to pump a lot of blood and purification. It is also in the seedlings to store a singular amount of blood, in which organism is not consumed for a given moment. Pid hour physical navantazhennya For the stress of the spleen will speed up and wicked shelter in the blood-bearing court, for that purpose the organism will be satisfied with the need for spleen.

lymphoid fabric rosіyana on all organіzm in viglyadі small vuzlіv. The main function of lymphoid tissue is the prevention of muscle immunity, that is, the most purchase of lymphoid tissue and growth in the area of the mouth, pharynx and intestines (including the area and organisms in abundance of the population).

Besides, in other organs there is so called, mesenchymal cells, I can see the immune function. There are a lot of such clitins in shkіrі, pechіntsі, nirkah.

Clitini of the immune system
Zagalnaya name klіtin of the immune system leukocyte... However, the family of leukocytes is not uniform. There are two main types of leukocytes: granular and non-black.

neutrophils- the most numerous representatives of leukocytes. The cells are to replace the nucleus, divided into a number of segments, which are also called segmento leukocytes. Yak and all cells of the immune system, neutrophils take root in the red cystic brain, and when they are ripe, they are consumed in the shelter. The hour of circulation of neutrophils in the blood is not great. With a stretch of decilkoh years, the cells penetrate through the walls of the vessels and pass into the fabric. Having probed for an hour at the tissue, neutrophils can again turn into shelter. Neutrophils are suspiciously sensitive to the manifestation in the organism of the fire and the building is directed towards the fire in the fabric. Drinking in fabric, neutrophils change their shape - from round ones they transform into processes. The main function of neutrophils is foreign bacteria. For oversubstantiation in the tissues of neutrophils, the disease is free from spirits, which represent the virgin cytoplasms of the cellini. Suck up to the bacterium neutrophils, drain them with their sprouts, and then "lock" and overtravel for the help of special enzymes. When neutrophils are found, they are bought up in the midst of heat (for example, in wounds) at the sight of pus. The number of neutrophils in the blood increases before the hour of the ages igniter get sick bacterial nature.

basophiles take an active part in the development of non-secret type of allergic reactions. Drink in the fabric of the basophilia, re-create in the ogryadnyi klitini, so that you can revenge a great number of histamines - biologically active speech, which stimulates the development of allergy. Zavdyaky basofіlam іt off comas, because the creatures are immediately blocked in the tissues and do not expand all the way. They also regulate the larynx of blood for additional heparin.

lymphocytes... Icnu lymphocytes (read “B-lymphocytes”), T-lymphocytes (read “T-lymphocytes”), K-lymphocytes (read “K-lymphocytes”), N-lymphocytes (read “K-lymphocytes”) ...

B-lymphocyte develop foreign structures (antigens) in a viral manner with a wide specific antibodies (protein molecules, straightened against foreign structures).

T-lymphocyte vikonuyu function of regulation of immunity. T-pomichniki stimulate anti-til viroblast, and T-suppressor gallivate її.

K-lymphocytes Create foreign structures, marked with antibodies. Before pouring in the cich clitin can be refined from the growth of bacteria, crayfish for the cells are infected with viruses.

NK-lymphocytes Take control over the quality of the client to the body. With a large amount of NK lymphocytes, cells are built up, as for their power they are seen from normal cells, for example, cellin cancer.

monocyti the price of most blood cells. Drinking in textiles, the stench is transformed into macrophages. Macrophages are great cells, actively kill bacteria. Large quantities of macrophages accumulate in the midst of burning.

In patients with neutrophils (div. Vishche), they see lymphocytes more active than viruses, less bacteria, and do not run for an hour to react with a foreign antigen, which in the midst of burning a vicious form. Also lymphocytes accumulate in the middle of chronic inflammation.

The population of leukocytes is constantly evolving. For a second, a million new immune cells are set on the skin. Deyakіkіkіtiny of the immune system and live all the years, and іnshі can take a stretch of decіlkoh rockіv. In the whole and in the field, the essence of immunity: once the antigen was developed (virus abo bacterium), the immune cell "zapam'yatovuє" yogo and when a new system reacts more quickly, blocking the organisms from the intake of food.

The home mass of organisms and cells of the immune system and the organisms of the older people are stored close to 1 kilogram... Vzaєmodii mіzh cells of the immune system and supervised folding. In general, the robotic system of the growing cells of the immune system is thriving, and the overpowering organism of the organisms from the old infectious agents and the vigorous mutated cells is prevented.

It is the function of the immune cells to control the growth and propagation of cells to the body, as well as the renewal of tissues in the middle of the burning.

The growth of the immune system in the body of people is a number of factors nonspecific zahist, Yakі store so the titles of specific immunity. The ci factor to the patient is represented by the complement system, lysozyme, transferin, C-reactive protein, interferons.

lizozyme- a specific enzyme, which is a ruin of bacteria. The great number of lizozymes take revenge in the sleeves, which is explained by the antibacterial power.

transferin- a chain, like a competition with bacteria for the flooding of singing words (for example, zalizo), necessary for their development. As a result of the growth and multiplication of bacteria, they develop.

C-reactive block to be active as a compliment when foreign structures enter the roof. Make sure that bacteria are tough for the cells of the immune system.

interferoni- the whole complex molecular speeches, which are seen as cells in response to penetration into the organism of viruses. Cellini's interferon growers become uncomfortable in terms of delivery to virus.

Bibliography:

Khaitov R.M. Immunogenetics and Immunology, Ibn Sina, 1991
Lєskov, V.P. Clinical immunology for patients, M., 1997.
Borisov L.B. Medical Microbiology, Virology, Immunology, Moscow: Medicine, 1994

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