Humoral blood factors. Nonspecific and specific factors for organisms

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Human organism is to be guarded from shkidlivy elements, to ensure health. A foldable immune system is supplemented by different methods to help you get in touch with sick people. One of the warehouses - humoral - is a set of special bottles that circulate in the blood.

Specific and non-specific immunity

The local immunity of the people includes a clitinu zahist - the price, with any alien element, being vlast clitines, and humoral lanka. There are antigens, which are found in the disclosed blood plasma, on the surface of mucous membranes, and one can see ailing antigens.

The basic classification, as a type of immune response, is specific, nonspecific. First of all, it is anti-pathogenic - its antibodies are violated on the skin infection at the first contact.

Nonspecific bar of volodya universality is a prototype of a great number of viruses and bacteria. Tse zelіn, which ludin will be rejected on the genetic level in the decline from the batkiv. Penetration of infectious diseases:

• shkirni pokrivi;
• Epithelium of the system of dichannia;
• grease, sweat zalozi;
• mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, nose;
• shlunkovy sіk;
• semen, vaginal secretion.

Also humoral immunity

The humoral immunity fights against antigens for the supplementary antigens, as the organism is overwhelmed in the near future:

• blood plasma;
• slimy eyes;
• sleek.

The system of humoral immunity starts to activate in the womb of the mother, is transmitted to the fetus through the placenta on the remaining vaginosis. Antibody treat babies from the first months of life through mommy's milk. Breast blowing is an important factor for the development of immune forces.

Humoral immunity can be formed by two options:

• When an antigen is detected, an hour of antigen infection will not remember the nose and for a year;
• For an hour, chippings with the introduction of a weakened, squeaky element of chemistry on a clerical level fix the antigen, when a start of an emergency and hammer in.

Yak din humoral immunity

Antigens, which are found in the native land, develop high levels of elements in the blood plasma and lower them - the axis is the basis of the mechanism of humoral immunity. The order is:

• Lymphocytes detect foreign antigens.
• Clitini move in the organization of the immune system - lymfovuzli, cystic brain, Selezinka, mydalini.
• There, antibodies are violated, they are attached to foreigners, they become markers.
• Їх to pump the cells with plasmas and to reduce them.
• Memory elements are set up, which can detect an infection at the next appearance.

Humoral factors of natural immunity

The basis for the birth of a child is information, transmitted to the child at the beginning of the gene. Humoral factors of immunity - a set of rechovins, which add to prototype numerical types of high-energy elements, which can be consumed in the body. Prior to them, it should be mentioned:

• Mucin - revenge on carbohydrates and a secret sluggish vines, Scho zahischaє of toxins, bacteria.
• Cytokines are white sponges, which are vibrated by tissue clitines.
• Lizozyme - enter into the slime ridina, slime - the enzyme, which ruin the stinks of bacteria.
• Properdin is a blood block.
• Interferoni is an ignorant person who gives a signal about the penetration of viruses into the cell.
• The complement system is bіlki, whісh іs nеshkojuіt mіkroorganіzmi, additionally help to recognize shkіdlivі elements.

Basically, the chain of the bleak nature, which is found in the blood plasma:

Scheme No. 2: Nonspecific Mechanisms for the Prosecutor: Humoral Factors of the Internal Middle

Biological effect of complement activation:

1) Speedy smooth muscles (C3a, C5a);

2) increased penetration of sudin (C3a, C4a, C5a);

3) degranulation of basophils (C3a, C5a);

4) aggregation of platelets (C3a, C5a);

5) opsonization and phagocytosis (C3b);

6) activation of the cinema system (C2b);

7) MAC, lizis;

8) Chemotaxis (C5a)

Activation of the system and complement lead to the lysis of alien and inflicted viruses to the organisms. *

Alien clitina (evil is the classic way to activate complement) is labeled (opsonizing) as a result of ringing with immunoglobulins; complement. Product С3b is a common offense to the reaction. Win splitting C5 into C5a and C5b. Components C5b - C8 polymerize from C9 and form a tube-like membrane-attacking complex (MAC), but pass through the membrane of the target cell and lead to penetration into the middle of the cell Ca 2+

* Activation of a cascade of reactions of the system and complement, including more stages, less induced in the circuit. Zokrema, from the daytime development factors, which additionally help to control overworldly reactions in the systems of hypothyroidism and fibrinolytic systems.

Specific Mechanisms for Cellular Homeostasis

Build up the immune system of the body and the basis of immunity.

Bilki і їkh z'єdnannya with lipids, polysaccharides

Immune system - price sukupn_st.

In the blood and in the heart of the body, there is a speech, like a gnawing on the microbe. The stench was called the humoral factors in the zahist.

Nonspecific humoral factors to reduce the effect on microbes, although less effective, less specific antibodies. The range of specific and non-specific factors appears to be the strongest. Before nonspecific factors The complement, properdin, Leikin, Plakini, B-lyzin, Interferon are used for receiving the complement.

Complement (from Latin Complementum - additional), or alexin (from Greek. Alexo - to protect), manifestations may be more common in all regions of the body, beyond the spinal cord and line of the anterior chamber of the eye. The win is good at lyzing, deciding, deyakі bacterії, to which they call it a-lizin. The complement is especially active in the presence of magnesium and calcium ions, as well as in the presence of antibodies. Complement in the presence of specific antibodies to lyse bacteria (bacteriolis), for example, vibrion, salmonel, shigel. Adapt to the erythrocyte complex - antibodies, complement to hemolysis erythrocytes. Zm_st complement in the blood of the people, and to finish up permanently. Even more bagato yogo in syrovattsi guinea pig... Wine is unstable and breaks when heated to 55 ° C for 30 minutes, as well as when trivial zberihanna, trivial struck, for acids and ultraviolet changes. The complement is always taken from the hanging mill at low temperatures.

The complement is a folding system that can be stored in 11 syrovatkovykh proteins (CI, C2, C3, C4, etc.). As a result of the activation of the developmental components of the whole system, important biological processes are observed that lead to phagocytosis.

Properdin (in Latin Perdere - ruinuvati), the appearance of Pillimer in syrovatz blood. The block-globulin, which in combination with the complement and the magnesium ions, is mouth-watering for bacteria and inactive deyaki viruses. Decrease of the level of properdin in the syrovatz blood of the people at Infectious diseases, Oprominennі, shotsі vvazhaєtsya unfriendly acquaintance.

C-reactive block (protein) of manifestations in sick people. The improvement of this number is to indicate the manifestation of the pathological process in the body.

The blood cells and blood cells of people have visions of blood, which also perniciously lives on microbes, for example, Leikin - thermostable bactericidal speech, visions from leukocytes, platelets - from blood clots, - In people with blood diseases. ) and active naval during the hour of salt intake. at the blood of the people є and іnshі substances - іngіbіtorіs, which perceive the growth and development of bacteria, especially viruses. One of such substances is.

Naybіlsh forced factors humoral specific bacteria - so called antibodies, which are violated by the body when penetrated into any foreign agents (antigens).

Humoral factors of nonspecific cancer

To the main humoral factors, nonspecific to the organism, the organisms are recognized - lizozyme, interferon, complement system, properdin, lysine, lactoferin.

Lysozyme is carried to the lysosomal enzyme, takes place in the slots, slime, nasal mucus, secretions of the mucous membranes, syrovatz blood. We have the power to lyse the living and killed by microorganisms.

Interferon - bricks, which will be anti-Russian, anti-swelling, immunomodulatory. Interferon, for the additional regulation of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, activates the synthesis of enzymes and ingibitors, which block the translation of viral and RNA.

To nonspecific humoral factors bring the complement system into the system (a folding white complex, permanently present in the blood and an important factor in immunity). The complement system is composed of 20 mutually modulating protein components, which can be activated without the participation of antibodies, setting up the membrane-attacking complex with a fake attack on the membrane of alien bacterial cells, which can lead to destruction. The cytotoxic function of the complement in a wide range is activated by a non-invasive microorganism.

Properly take part in the ruining of microbial cells, the neutralization of viruses and a significant role in the nonspecific activation of the complement.

Lyzin - blood cells, so you can easily lyse the bacteria.

Lactoferin is a factor of muscular immunity, preservation of microbial epithelium.

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Shkira. Neshkojena shkіra є with a straining bar for penetrating microorganisms. At the same time, there are some significant mechanical factors: the consumption of food and the vision of oily and other salivary glands, with bactericidal power (chemical factor).

Slimy shells. The stench of the small organs is the penetration of microbes in one of the bars on the way. At the dikhal nobles, the mechanic zahist comes to seek the help of a flashy epithelium. Rukh vіyok epіtelіyu verhnіkh dikhalnyh nobles Continuously oversupply the slime at once with microorganisms right up to the natural openings: mouth emptyings and nasal passages. Cough and chkhannya take vivid microbes. The mucous membranes see secretions, but they have bactericidal power, in the sprout for the rakhunok lysozyme and immunoglobulin type A.

secrets herbal tract the order with their special authorities will build up foreign pathogens. Slina is the first secret, so that the grubs of speech, as well as microflora, come into empty mouth... Krim lysozyme sludge revenge enzymes (amylase, phosphatase and in.). Shlunkoviy sіk It is also pernicious for pathogenic microbes (see tuberculosis, Siberian bacillus). Zhovch wiklikaє zagibel pasteurell, ale certainly salmonel i intestinal stick is ineffective.

In the intestines of the creature there are miliardi of small microorganisms, and even in its mucous membranes, the straining antimicrobial factors take place, as a result of which infection through them is rare. Normal microflora the intestine is characterized by antagonistic powers in relation to the appearance of pathogenic and rotten microorganisms.

Lymphatic universities. If microorganisms add small and muffled barriers, then I will fix the function of repairing viconuvati lymph universities. They have an inflated development of fabrics - they develop a fiery reaction, which is directly linked to a combination of two factors. At the zone of ignition, the fixation of microbes was set up with threads for fibrin. V ignition process the laryngeal and fibrinolytic systems take part in the complement system, as well as endogenous mediators (prostaglandins, vasoactive aminos and in.). Fired up for temperature changes, overgrowth, harshness and ailments. Along with microbes and other foreign factors, the active part of the organism is taken by phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis (from the Greek. Phago - їm, cytos - klіtina) - the process of active clinging of cells to the body is consumed in new pathogenic living or killed microbes and other foreign particles for further digestion for additional internal. In the lower single-cell and high-cell organisms, the process of harboring occurs after additional phagocytosis. In other organisms, phagocytosis has been added to the power of a zhisnogo reaction, to the organism of alien speech, as it was necessary to be called, so it is established without mediocrity in the organism itself. Already, phagocytosis is not only the reaction of clinics to the introduction of pathogenic microbes - there is more biological response in terms of the biological response of clinical elements, as it is identified as in pathological, so in the case of a physiologist.

See phagocytic cells. Phagocytic cells develop into two main categories: microphages (or polymorphic-nuclear phagocytes - PMN) and macrophages (or mononuclear phagocytes - MN). The absolute majority of phagocytic PMNs accumulate neutrophils. Among macrophages, they develop rukhomi (circulating) and nervy (osil) cells. Lumpy macrophages are monocytes of peripheral blood, and neruchomas are macrophages of liver, spleen, lymphatic universities, Scho whistling walls of other vessels and organs and tissues.

One of the main functional elements of macro- and microphages є lysosomes are granules with a diameter of 0.25 0.5 microns, which is a great gain of enzymes (acid phosphatase, B-glucuronidase, myloperoxidase, collagenase, lysozyme and others. bіlki, phagocytin, lactoferin), zdatnykh brothers share in the ruinous antigens.

Phase phagocytic process. The process of phagocytosis includes the onset of stages: 1) chemotaxis and adhesion of particles to the surface of phagocytes; 2) the act of burrowing (flooding) of particles into the cell with the advancing appearance of a part of the cell membrane and the statements of phagosomy; 3) zlittya phagosomes with lysosomes; 4) enzymatic over-etching of the flooded particles and the loss of microbial elements. The activity of phagocytosis is linked to the manifestation in the blood of opsonins. Opsonins are normal blood cells, which enter into the formation of microbes, which become accessible to phagocytosis. Development of thermostable and thermo-labile opsonins. Firstly, it can be referred to immunoglobulin G, if it wants to receive phagocytosis of opsonin, but it can be carried to immunoglobulin A and M. To thermolabile opsonins (run at temperatures of 56 ° C for a span of 20 minutes), the system is complemented by 2 components.

Phagocytosis, when the bend of the microbial phagocytosis occurs, is called completion (complete). However, in a row of microbes, where there are in the middle of phagocytes, do not move, but sometimes multiply (for example, tuberculosis, bacillus Siberian, deyaki viruses and fungi). Such phagocytosis is called incomplete (incomplete). It means that macrophages, during phagocytosis, perform regulatory and effector functions, cooperatively interact with lymphocytes in the course of specific immune responses.

Humoral factors. To humoral officials nonspecific to the organism of the organism during the period: normal (natural) antibodies, lyzozyme, properdin, beta-lysin (lysin), complement, interferon, ingibitories of viruses in the serum

Normal antibodies. At the blood of creatures and people, who did not get sick before, and didn’t get immunizations, they talk about, they enter into a reaction with antigens, albeit in low credits, but don’t translate into a ratio of 1: 10. natural antibodies. Vvazayut, how stinks are caused by natural immunization by microorganisms.

Lizozyme. Lysozyme is carried to the lysosomal enzyme, takes place in the slots, slime, nasal mucus, secretions of the mucus membranes, blood and organ extracts and tissues, milk, richly lysed into a white chicken. Lizozyme is stiff before being heated (to be activated when boiling), one can have the power to lyse alive and killed, in the main gram-positive, microorganisms.

Secretory immunoglobulin A. intestinal tract, May turn against micro-and anti-Russian power.

Properdin (Latin Pro і perdere - pidgotuvati to ruinuvannya). Described in 1954 by Pillimer as a factor of nonspecific tumor and cytolysis. To be found in normal blood in blood up to 25 mcg / ml. Ce sirovatkovy block z movlyav. Masoyu 220 000. Properdin takes part in the ruined microbial cells, neutralization of viruses, lysis of erythrocytes. It is accepted to respect that the activity is manifested for the rakhunok not of the best properdin, but of the properdin system (complement of bivalent magnesium ions). An essential role in the nonspecific activation of the complement (alternative way to the activation of the complement) is essential.

Lyzin - blood cells, so you can lyse bacteria or erythrocytes. Beta-lyzin is found in the blood of sirloin creatures, as well as the lysis of the culture of the blue stick, as well as the activity of the most active pathogenic microbes.

Lactoferin. Lactoferin is a non-amino glycoprotein that has an iron binding activity. Tied two atoms of trivalent salt, competing with microbes, as a result of the growth of microbes to drive. It is synthesized by polymorphic-nuclear leukocytes and bunchy cells of the hairy epithelium. Є a specific component to the secretion of salmon - slug, slush, milk, dichny, herbal and sechostat tracts. It is accepted that lactoferin is a factor of muscular immunity, which is a factor of microbial immunity.

Complement A complement is called a rich-component system of blood cells and other organisms, as they play an important role in immune homeostasis. Having described Buchner for the first time in 1889 under the name "Aleksin", it is a thermolabile factor, in the presence of which it promotes the lysis of microbes. The term "enzyme" in Erlich in 1895 r It has long been noted that there are no specific antibodies in the presence of new blood cells in the presence of blood cells in the presence of hemolysis erythrocytes, or the disease of bacterial antihypertensive cells, which react as ... As a result, hemolysis (lysis) is considered to be a test of complement manifestation in new syrovats. There is a lot of complement in the blood of guinea pigs.

The complement system can be stored no less than 11 new blood cells, which were taken from C1 to C9. С1 there are three subunits - Clq, Clr, С Is. The complement form is activated and is indicated by the risk from the top (C).

There are two paths of activation (self-assembly) of the system and the complement - the classic and alternative, which are developed by triggering mechanisms.

With the classic activation, the first component is linked to the complement C1 with the immune complexes (antigen + antibody), and the subcomponents (Clq, Clr, Cls), C4, C2 and C3 are included one after the other. The С4, С2 and СЗ complex will secure the fixation of the active С5 component to the complement on the cell membrane, and then turn on through a series of С6 and С7 reactions, which take into account the С8 and С9 fixation. As a result, there is a bit of a cell line, or a lysis of a bacterial cell.

With an alternative way of activating the complement as activators, serve without the median virus itself, bacterium or exotoxin. In the alternative path of activation, do not take the fate of the components C1, C4 and C2. Activation to repair at the stage of SZ, where the group of proteins is included: P (properdin), V (promoter), D (convertase of promoter SZ) and ingibitori J and N. properdin in the reaction of stabilizing the envelope SZ, so on ... The reaction is to repair from the introduction of factor B to C3, as a result of a series of last reactions to the complex (convertase C3), P (properdin), which is infused with an enzyme on C3 and C5, is repaired, the cascade of activation of the complement from C6, C9, C7, C8 up to the schooling of the clitine, or the lizis of the clitini.

Thus, for the organism, the complement system serves as an effective mechanism for stopping, as it activates as a result of immune reactions, even if there is no middle contact with microbes and toxins. Apparently, the biological functions of the active components in the complement are: Clq takes part in the regulation of the process of mixing up immunological reactions from cells to humoral and navpaks; C4, dressing with a wedge, spriy immune attachment; СЗ і С4 induce phagocytosis; C1 / C4, sounding from the surface of the virus, blocking the receptor, sending the virus to the client; CZa and C5a are identical to anaphylactosins, the stench is infused on neutrophils, they stop seeing lysosomal enzymes, which can destroy foreign antigens, avoid a direct migration of microphages, get rid of them quickly.

It was established that macrophages synthesize C1, C2, C4, C3 and C5. Hepatocytes - C3, C6, C8, cellini.

Interferon, Seen in 1957 by English virologists A. Isaeke I. Lindenman. Interferon is a common anti-virus factor. Nadal z'yasuvalosya, as well as a group of white words, the function of such polyagus in the preservation of the genetic homeostasis of the cellini. Inducers of the knowledge of interferon against viruses, bacteria, bacterial toxins, mitogeny and in. Falsely as a result of the clinical activity of interferon and induce the synthesis of factors in the development of interferon, or leukocyte, which is produced by leukocytes, disseminated by viruses and other agents, interferon, and phytoplastic substances. The offense against interferon is reduced to type I. Immune interferon, or y-interferon, is produced by lymphocytes and macrophages, activated by neuronal inducers.

Interferon takes part in the regulation of the developmental mechanisms of the immune response: due to the cytotoxic effect of sensitized lymphocytes and K-cytin, which is antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory. Interferon volodin in tissue specificity, i.e., Bilsh is active in that biological systems, In yakiy virobleno, grabbing klitini vid viral infections only in that case, if we change them before contact with the virus.

The process of interferon interaction with sensitive cells is attributed to a number of stages: 1) adsorption of interferon on cell receptors; 2) induction of antivirus mill; 3) development of antiviral resistance (accumulation of interfero-ninduced RNAs and proteins); 4) resistance to viral infection is increased. Already, interferon does not enter into a direct interaction with the virus, but transcends the penetrated virus and induces the synthesis of viral proteins on cell ribosomes during the period of replication of viral nucleic acids. Interferon also has established radio-control authorities.

Іngіbіtorіs of blood donors. Ingibitories - nonspecific anti-virus speech of the biological nature, which can be found in the normal native syrovatz blood, the secretions of the mucus membranes of the respiratory and herbal tracts, in the extracts of organs and tissues. It may be possible to feel the activity of viruses in the posture of a sensitive clitine, when there is a known virus in the blood and family. Ingibitories are used for thermolabilitation (they lose their activity when the blood is heated at 60-62 ° C for 1 year) and thermostable (it is heated up to 100 ° C). Ingіbіtorіy mаyut unіversіlіvіvіvіrіzіvіvіy and antіhemagglyutіnіvіy activіvіyu shodo bagatiokhіvіrusіv.

In addition to the description of the ingibitories of the tissues, secrets and excretions of the products. Such іngіbіtorіs vіyaviliya vіvіlnіyu vіdnіnnu up to bagatokh viruses, for example, secretory іngіbіtory of the respiratory tract may be anthemagglutinating and virus neutralizing activity.

Bactericidal activity of blood cells (ALS). Svіzha sirovatka blood of people and tvarin maє virazhenі, in the main bacteriostatic, authorities in relation to bagatokh zbudnikіv infectious ailments. The main components that drive growth and development of microorganisms, normal antibodies, lysozyme, properdin, complement, monokini, Leikin and іnshi speech. To that ALS is an integrated viraz of anti-microbial powers, which can enter the warehouse of humoral factors in a nonspecific zahist. BAS lie in the minds of the waning and years of food, with the nasty wickedness and year of birth, the activity of the sirovat significantly decreases.

Significant stress. To nonspecific factors, the installer can also be referred to as adaptive mechanisms, which are called "stress", and factors that experience stress are called stressors by G. Sil'e. For Strength, stress is a particularly nonspecific stance to the body, which is responsible for the emergence of different factors of the new environment (stressors). Among the pathogenic microorganisms and toxins, stressors can be cold, heat, hunger, ionizing radiation and other agents, so that there is a volatile response to the organism. The adaptive syndrome can be transverse and muscular. Win amoused by the hypophyseal-adrenocortical system tied to the hypothalamic center. Under the inflow of the stressor of the hypophysis, it is possible to see the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the function of the supraspinatal hallux; If the stressor's work was too hard, then in the process of adapting it, it was getting sick.

With the intensification of the creation, the number of stress factors that are injected into the creature's mind is meaningfully growing. That is, the prevention of stress infusions, which reduces the natural resistance of the organism and how to summarize the disease, is one of the most important tasks of the veterinary-zootechnical service.