Specific humoral factors. Humoral factors for zahist

nonspecific factors natural resistance to seize organisms from microbes during the first development of them. The factories take their part in the formulation of immunity.

areactivity of clitin є the most stable factor of natural zhistu. When there are cells, sensitive to the given virus, toxin, virus, organism will increase the number of abductions from them. So, for example, squinches are insensitive to diphtheria toxin.

Shkіra and mucous membranes is a mechanical bar for the greater pathogenic microbes. Besides, on the microbial, the vision of the other sebaceous vines To take revenge on lactic and fatty acids. A clean skin is more powerful bactericidal power. Vividness of microbes from schools of thought.

In the secrets of mucus shells to take revenge on lysozyme (lysozyme) -enzyme, lizuyuchuyuchinu bacteri, head rank, gram-positive. Lysozyme takes place in the slin, the secretions of the conjunctiva, as well as in the blood, in the macrophages, in the intestinal mucosa. Vidkrito vpershe P.M. Laschenkov in 1909 as a chicken egg.

Epithelium of mucous membranes dikhalnyh nobles є a transition for the penetration of pathogenic microbes into organism. Particles of a saw and dots of smallness are called mucus, which can be seen from the nose. From the bronchial tubes and the trachea, they were consumed by the particles, which were broken down into the epithelium, we will straighten the name. The whole function of the flashy drink is ruined in the evil chickens. Few particles saw and microbially, as they reached the Legeny alveoli, they swallow up phagocytes and zapodzhuyutsya.

The secret of herbal vines. Shlunkoviy sіk It is deeply dying for microbes, which comes with water and іzhey, the presence of hydrochloric acid and enzymes. The acidity of the slurry juice is reduced by the weakening of the fluidity to intestinal infections, such as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery. Bactericidal diy may also be used for intestinal fermentation.

Lymphatic universities. Microbi, which have penetrated through the skin and mucous membranes, are absorbed in regional lymphatic universities. There is a stench of phagocytosis. In lymphatic universities, it is also possible to take revenge so called normal (natural) cells-lymphocytes (English, killer - vbivtsya), which is the essence of the function of anti-hygienic glance - the ruining of vigorous cells to the organisms, changes in health On the basis of immune lymphocytes, which are formed as a result of immune responses, natural cells develop foreign agents without prior contact with them.

ignited (Sudden-clinical reaction) is one of the phylogenetically long-standing reactions. In response to the penetration of microbes, the microbial igniter is formed as a result of the folding changes of microcirculation, blood and blood systems. with good fabrics... The fiery reaction of the microbes is seen or I will take over their developments and that I will play a role. Ale in the row of vipadkiv, with the repeated hit of the agent, such as a winkle, it is possible to take on the character of an ear reaction.

Humoral factors for zahist ... In the blood, lymphs and other roots of the body (Latin Humor - ridina), there are words that will volodyyut antimicrobial activity. To humoral officials of a nonspecific pathologist, the following are attributed: complement, lysozyme, beta-lysine, Leikin, anti-tartar ingestion, normal antibodies, interferon.

complement - the most important humoral blood factor, which is a complex of bilks, which are known as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, ... C9. Viroblyayutsya liver cells, macrophages and neutrophils. In the body, the enzyme is in an inactive state. Actively, they inflate the power of enzymes.

lizozyme Viroblyatsya blood monocytes and tissue macrophages, giving the effect on bacteria, thermostable.

Beta-lizine seen by platelets, low bactericidal power, thermostable.

normal antibodies to take revenge in the blood, the diagnosis is not tied to the ill, the stench may cause antimicrobial activity, and phagocytosis.

interferon - Blocks, wiroblyaetsya cells in organisms, as well as cultures of cells. Interferon will strangle the development of the virus in the cells. The phenomenon of polarity interference is that in a cell infected with one virus, the bugs are circulating, driving the development of the virus. The name is "Interference" (Latin Inter - між + ferens - to transfer). Interferon was taken by A. Isaeke and J. Lindenman in 1957

The process of interferon was found to be nonspecific to the virus, as it is the same and the same interferon is found in the family of children from other viruses. Ale vin volodya species specificity. To that, in the organizm of the people, there is that interferon, which is the statement of the people of the people.

It was revealed that the synthesis of interferon in cells can be induced not only by live viruses, but by killed viruses, bacteria. Inductors for interferon can be people who do it.

In the Danish hour, there is a small number of interferons. The smell does not just overwhelm the multiplication of the virus in the cells, but you will notice the growth of poohlin and create an immunomodulatory effect, so as to normalize the immune system.

Interferon is subdivided into three classes: alpha-interferon (leukocyte), beta-interferon (fibroblast), gamma-interferon (immune).

Leukocyte α-interferon is produced in organisms mainly by macrophages and B-lymphocytes. The donor preparation alpha-interferon will be washed in the cultures of donor leukocytes, as they have been infused with the inductor for interferon. Zastosovuєtsya yak protivіrny zasіb.

Fibroblast beta-interferon in organisms produce fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The preparation beta-interferon can be distilled in cultures of diploid clitin people. I’m anti-tier and anti-hygienic.

Immune gamma-interferon in organisms produce, mainly, T-lymphocytes, stimulated by mitogens. The preparation of gamma-interferon is recognized in the culture of lymphoblasts. Potential immunostimulation: due to phagocytosis and activity of natural cells (NK-clitin).

The production of interferon in the body has a role in the process of making a sick person sick at infection. With influenza, for example, the production of interferon grows in the first days of becoming ill, at that hour the titer of specific antibodies reaches the maximum only until the 3rd stage.

The health of people producing interferon is rotated in a different stage. "Interferon status" (IFN-status) characterizes the state of the interferon system:

2) the health of leukocytes, from the patient's type, the interferon virobly from the type of inductor.

At the practical level, the alpha-, beta-, gamma-interferoni of natural progression are used. Otrimano also recombinant (genetic engineering) interferoni: reaferon and іnshі.

Effectively, in the process of getting sick and getting sick, it is possible to take viroblasts into the organisms of endogenous interferon.

I.I.Mechnikov і yogo vchenya about non-dismissiveness before infectious ailments... Phagocytic theory of immunity. Phagocytosis: phagocytic cells, stages of phagocytosis and characteristics. Indicators for characterizing phagocytosis.

phagocytosis - the process of active clinging by cells to the organisms of microbes and other alien particles (Greek Phagos - devouring + kytos - clitine), including the dead cells to the organism. І.І. Mechnikov - author phagocytic theory of immunity - having shown that the phenomenon of phagocytosis is not a manifestation of internal lithin over-etching, as in lower creatures, for example, in amoebas, є by the method of gnawing, and in other organisms, phagocytosis є by the mechanism of destruction. Phagocytes develop organisms from microbes, as well as old cells of vlast organisms.

For Mechnikova, everyone phagocytic cells are susceptible to macrophages and microphages. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes of the blood: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils are carried before the microphages. Macrophages - blood monocytes (virgin macrophages) and macrophages of other tissues to the body (fixation) - liver, legends, and resulting tissues.

Mycrophages and macrophages walk like a single alternator - stovburova clitini cystic brain... Granulocytes of blood are the cells of short-lived cells. Peripheral blood monocytes - immature cells from the bloodstream, enter the liver, spleen, legends and other organisms, and then ripen macrophages into the tissue.

Phagocytosis to display useful functions. The stench of glaze and know alien agents: microbes, viruses, how to bring cells to the organism itself, to produce a drop of tissue. Macrophages take part in the formation of immune responses, in the first place, in the presentation (submission) of antigenic determinants (antigenic determinants on their

V phagocytosis processes develop a few stages :

1) approaching and attaching phagocytes to microbiology - to start chemotaxis - oversupply of phagocytes in a straight line of an alien object. Oversupply is more likely to decrease the surface tension of the cell membrane of phagocytes and pseudopodia. Acquisition of phagocytes to microbiology is attributed to the presence of receptors on their surfaces,

2) microbial clay (endocytosis). The cell membrane sags, invaginates, as a result, a phagosome-phagocytic vacuole is formed. The whole process takes place for the participation of complement and specific antibodies. For the phagocytosis of microbes, which is antiphagocytic activity, the fate of the important officials is necessary;

3) internal microbial activation. The phagosome becomes angry with the lysosome of the cellin, the phagolisosome becomes established, bactericidal speech and enzymes accumulate in them, as a result of which the microbe will die;

4) over-etching of the microbe and their phagocytic particles are released into phago-isosomes.

Phagocytosis, which can lead to microbial activation , Tobto includes in itself all chotiri stages, to be called completion. Incomplete phagocytosis should not be carried out to the point of collapse and digestion of microbes. Microbial phagocytes are overwhelmed by phagocytes and they see and multiply all over the middle cells (for example, gonococks).

In case of the presence of an immunized immunity to the anti-opsonin anti-virus given to the virus, phagocytosis is determined specifically. Such phagocytosis is called immune. Potentially pathogenic bacteria, which are antiphagocytic activity, for example, staphylococcus, phagocytosis of spirits when opsonization.

The function of macrophages is not limited to phagocytosis. Macrophages viroblyayut lysozyme, protein fractions to complement, take part in the formulated immune species: interconnect with T-and B-lymphocytes, produce interleukin, and regulate In the process of phagocytosis, particles and speech in the organism itself, such as the death of cells and the production of tissue loss, are overtravelled by macrophages, to increase the amount of amino acids, monosaccharides and others. Foreign agents, such as microbes and viruses, cannot be increased by enzymes of macrophages. The alien part of the microbe (determinant group-epitop) is lost to undisturbed, transmitted to T-and V-lymphocytes, and by such a rank the formation of immune responses is repaired. Macrophages produce interleukin, which regulates the immune response.

Mechanisms for the formation of chemical reactions

Determine the organism of an alien alien (microorganisms, alien macromolecules, clitin, tissue) to look for additional nonspecific factors in the search for and specific factors in the source - immune reactions.

Nonspecific factors in the formation of wineries in phylogenesis were earlier, but not immunogenic mechanisms and the first to be included in the organism of various antigenic subdivisions, the steps of their activity do not lie in the pathology of immunogenicity of powers.

The immune factor is very specific for antigen-A (anti-A-antigen and anti-A-cellin) are violated for antigen-A; in flux.

To nonspecific factors, the organisms are referred to:

1. Zakhisnі factories of shkіri і mucous membranes.

Shkіra and sleazy pokrivyuyut the first bar'єr to protect the body from infectious diseases and those of the most advanced injections.

2. Inflammatory reactions.

3.Humoral speech of sirovatka and tissue origin (humoral factor to zahistu).

4.Cells with phagocytic and cytotoxic powers (ctinny factor to the host),

specific officials To the supporter of the immune mechanisms to the supporter include:

1. Humoral immunity.

2. Clinical immunity.

1. Dealing with the power of the shkiri and mucous membranes:

a) mechanical bar'ernoy function of the school and slimy curves. It is normal for the skin and mucus membranes to be impenetrable for microorganisms;

b) the presence of fatty acids on the surface of the skin, which are sensitive and non-irritating to the surface of the skin;

c) acidic reaction of secrets, which can be seen on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes, together with the secrets of lysozyme, properdin and other enzymatic systems, which are bactericidal on microorganisms. Sweat and oily deposits appear on the screen, secretions of which may cause acidic pH.

In the secrets of the intestinal slunk, there are herbs of ferment, which drive the development of microorganisms. The acid reaction of the slurry juice is not suitable for the development of large microorganisms.

Sleep, sleep and інші secrets in the norm of power may not allow the development of microorganisms.

Ignited reactions.

Ignited reaction is a normal reaction organism. The development of the ignition reaction should be carried out until the moment of ignition of phagocytic cells and lymphocytes, activation of tissue macrophages and vision of cells, acquired in ignition, biologically active bactericidal and bacterial reactions.

The development of firing in the localization of the pathological process, elimination of the firing of officials, as well as the firing, updating the structural integrity of the tissue and the organ. The process of hot ignition is schematically shown in Fig. 3-1.

Small. 3-1. Gostre flamed.

Evil to the right represents the processes that occur in fabrics and vessels when they are burned and developed in them. As a rule, the production of fabrics is supervised by the development of infections (for a little bacterium, they are designated with black sticks). Central role in Gostrom ignition process Grain tissue ogryadny cells, macrophages and come from the blood of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The stench є dzherelom biologically active speech, pro-fiery cytokines, lysosomal enzymes, all factors manifest fiery: hay, fever, swelling, soreness. During the transition from the state of mind to chronic inflammation, the main role in the development of heat is to move to macrophages and T-lymphocytes.

Humoral factors will be taken away.

To nonspecific humoral factors, the following is recognized: lysozyme, complement, properdin, B-lysin, interferon.

Lizozyme. Lizozyme of evidence P. L. Lashchenko. In 1909, he was the first to discover that the egg cell was to take revenge on a particular word, a good bactericidal action for every kind of bacteria. This was established, and the process was backed up with a special enzyme, which in 1922 was named by Fleming as lysozyme.

Lysozyme is a muramidase enzyme. For its nature, lizozyme є bіlkom, which can be stored from 130-150 amino acid surpluses. The optimal activity of the enzyme is shown at pH = 5.0-7.0 and temperature + 60C °

Lizozyme to take revenge in the bagatokh secrets of people (sloz, slin, milk, intestinal mucus), skeletal meat, Dorsal and cerebrum, in the nasal membranes and waters of the fetus. The plasma concentration of blood becomes 8.5 ± 1.4 μg / l. The main oil in the body is synthesized by tissue macrophages and neutrophils. Reducing the titer of lysozyme in syrovatz is more likely to occur in case of important infectious diseases, inflamed legends and in.

Lizozyme has the following biological effects:

1) promotes phagocytosis of neutrophils and macrophages (lysozyme, changes in the surface power of microbes, robbing them with readily available phagocytosis);

2) stimulate the synthesis of antibodies;

3) to bring lysozyme from blood to a decrease in syrovattsi ryvnya complement, properdin, B-lizin;

4) the dietary action of hydrolytic enzymes on the bacterium.

Complement System to complement vidkrit in 1899 by J. Bordet. Complement is a complex of blood cells, which can be stored in more than 20 components. The main components of the complement are represented by the letter C and the numbers from 1 to 9: C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7.C8.C9. (Table 3-2.).

Table 3-2. Characteristics of bіlkіv systems and complement of people.

* - in the minds of new activations

Components of complement are produced in the liver, cystic marrow, and selenium. The main cells producing complement are macrophages. C1-component is produced by intestinal epithelial cells.

Complement components are present in vigels: enzymes (esterases, proteinases), protein molecules, which do not have enzymatic activity, and in vigilads of Ingibitor systems and complement. In the wicked minds, the complement component is in an inactive form. The factors that activate the complement system are antigen-antigen complexes, aggregates of immunoglobulins, viruses, bacteria.

Activation of the complement system to activate the lytic enzymes to the complement C5-C9, the so-called membrane-attacking complex (MAC), which is introduced into the membrane of vitamins and microbial cells, the form of transmembrane to the porous membrane (Fig. 3-2, 3-3).

Small. 3-2. Graphical model of complement activation.

Small. 3-3. The structure of the asset to complement.

3 ways to activate the system and complement:

First Way - classic. (Figure 3-4).

Small. 3-4. Mechanism of the classic way of activating complement.

E - erythrocyte or іnsha clitin. A - antitilo.

With a whole range of methods for activating lithic enzymes, MAA C5-C9 goes through the cascade activation of C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, C2, and then leads to the process of the central components of C3-C5 (Figs. 3-2, 3-4). The main activator of complement with the classical route is the antigen-antigen complex, approved by the immunoglobulins of the G or M.

Another way - obv_dniy, alternative (Fig. 3-6).

Small. 3-6. Mechanism of complement alternative to activation.

The whole mechanism of complement activation is triggered by viruses, bacteria, aggregated immunoglobulins, proteolytic enzymes.

With a whole range of methods for activating lithic enzymes MAK C5-C9, it is necessary to restore the activation of the C3 component. In the whole mechanism of activation, complement does not take on the fate of the first three components of complement C1, C4, C2, but in the activation of SZ, the factor B and D.

third way is a nonspecific activation of the system and complement by proteinases. These activators can serve as: trypsin, plasmin, calcarein, lysosomal proteases and bacterial enzymes. Activation of the complement system with a whole range of methods can be viewed from any form from 1 to C5.

Activation of the system and the complement of the following types of biological effects:

1) lysis of microbial and somatic cells;

2) receiving a transplant;

3) vivilnennya z klіtin biologically active speeches;

4) making phagocytosis stronger;

5) aggregation of platelets, eosinophils;

6) strengthening of leukotaxis, migration of neutrophils from the cystic marrow and the development of hydrolytic enzymes from them;

7) through the vision of biologically active speeches and an increase in the penetration of the vessel with the development of an ignition reaction;

8) the reception of the immune response;

9) activation of the laryngeal system.

Small. 3-7. Scheme of classical and alternative paths to complement activation.

Natural deficiency of components in the complement decreases the strength of the organism to infectious and autoimmune diseases.

Properdin. U 1954 p. Pillimer for the first time has appeared in the blood of a special kind of bilkiv, building a complement. Tsey block is called properdin.

Properdin belongs to the class of gamma-immunoglobulin, maє m. 180,000 daltons. Syrovattsi healthy people should be in an inactive form. The activation of the properdin is carried out by means of a factor B on the surface of the cells.

Not active properdin spri:

1) activation of complement;

2) zvіlnennya gistamіnu z klіtin;

3) production of chemotactic factors, which will screw up phagocytes to the point of firing;

4) the process of blood coagulation;

5) the formation of the ignition reaction.

Factor B. It is a blood block of globulin nature.

factor D. Proteinazi, Mayut M.M. 23 000. The blood is represented on the active form.

Factor B and D take part in the activation of complement along the alternative path.

In a lizin. Bilki of blood of a small molecular weight, which volodyut with bactericidal powers. Bactericidal B-lyzin is shown in the presence, as well as during the hour in the presence of complement and anti-alcohol.

Interferon. A complex of molecules of the white nature, building up and bringing the development of virus infections.

Isnu 3 types of interferon:

1) alpha-interferon (leukocyte), produced by leukocytes, representations of 25 subtypes;

2) beta-interferon (fibroblast), produced by fibroblasts, representations of 2 subtypes;

3) gamma-interferon (immune), produced by the head rank, lymphocytes. Gamma-interferon is of one type.

Osvita interferon appears spontaneously, as well as in flux.

All types and types of interferons may be a single mechanism of anti-virus action. It seems to be offensive: interferon, which is activated by the specific receptors of noninfected cells, changes in them biochemical and genetic changes, to reduce the translation of m-RNA in healthy cells and the activation of latent degases, RNA as a virus, as well as a cellin. Tse lead to the fact that the girls become insensitive to viral infections, Svoryuchi bar'єr navkolo vognischa іnfektsії.

The humoral factors of a nonspecific organism to an organism include normal (natural) antibodies, lysozyme, properdin, beta-lysine (lysine), complement, interferon, ingibitories of viruses in the bloodstream and a number of other

Antityla (natural). At the blood of creatures and people, who did not get sick before, and did not give up immunization, speak words, enter into a reaction with antigens, even in low credits, but do not translate diluted 1:10. The words of the boule are called normal or natural antibodies. Vvazayut, how stinks are caused by natural immunization by microorganisms.

L and z o c i m. Lyzosomal enzymes are present in the lymphomas, slins, nasal mucus, secretions of mucous membranes, syrovatz blood and extracts of organs and tissues, in milk; a lot of lizozyme in the bottle chicken eggs... Lizozyme is stiff before being warmed up (to be activated when boiling), one has the power to lyse live and killed in the main gram-positive microorganisms.

The method of assigning lizozyme to the culture of micrococcus lizodecticus on slant agar culture. Suspension of dobovoy culture is prepared according to the optical standard (10 OD) on the physiological basis. After the last breeding of the sirovat physiological discernment at 10, 20, 40, 80 times, etc. At all test tubes, add a small volume of microbial suspension. The test tubes are crushed and placed in a thermostat for 3 years at 37 ° С. The titer of lizozyme is the whole process of breeding, in which case a new lysis of microbial suspension occurs.

Z e d e to r n and і m m u zv pro r l pro b u l і n A. sluggish vines, v intestinal tract; MAY bend against microbial and anti-Russian power.

P r o p e r d and n (from Latin Pro і perdere - pidgotuvati to ruynuvannya). Described in 1954 in viglyadi polymerized as a factor of nonspecific pathology and cytolizin. It is present in normal blood in a quantity of up to 25 μg / ml. Ce sirovatkovy billock (beta-globulin) s molecular weight

220 000. Properdin take part in the ruined microbial cultin, neutralization of viruses. Properdin in the warehouse of the properdinic system: properdin complement and bivalent magnesium. Native properdin, a significant role in nonspecific activation of complement (alternative path of activation).

L and z i n i. Bіlki sirovatki krovі, so it is possible to lyse (recognize) deyakі bacteriії and erythrocytes. In syrovatz blood, there is a presence of beta-lysin, which is the lysis of the culture of the blue stick, as well as of the pathogenic microbes.

L a c t o f er r і n. Non-heminic glycoproteins, which have an iron binding activity. Tied two atoms of trivalent salt, competing with microbes, as a result of the growth of microbes to drive. It is synthesized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and aciniform clitines of the hairy epithelium. Є a specific component to the secretion of salmon - slug, slush, milk, dichny, herbal and sechostat, tracts. Lactoferin is a factor of muscular immunity, preservation of microbial epithelium.

K o m pl e n t. Bagatocomponent system of blood cells and those of the organism, which plays an important role in the immune system homeostasis. For the first time, having described Buchner in 1889 under the name "Aleksin" - a thermolabile factor, in the presence of such a lysis of microbes. The term "enzyme" in Erlikh in 1895 r Velma's complement is not strong. Boulot vіdmіcheno scho spetsifіchnі antitіla in prisutnostі svіzhoї sirovatki krovі zdatnі viklikati gemolіz eritrotsitіv abo lіzis bakterіalnoї klіtini, ale Yakscho sirovatku before directing reaktsії progrіvati at 56 "C protyagom 30 xs then lіzis not vіdbudetsya. Viyavilosya scho gemolіz (lіzis) vіdbuvaєtsya for rakhunok the manifestation of complement in the state of affairs. guinea pig.

The complement system is stored no less than nine different blood cells, which are referred to from C1 to C9. C1, in its own right, has three subunits - Clq, Clr, Cls. The complement form is activated, it is indicated by the risk from the top (h).

There are two paths of activation (self-assembly) of the system and the complement - the classic and alternative, which are driven by triggering mechanisms.

When there is more activation, the complement C1 component is linked to the immune complexes (antigen + antibodies), then the subcomponents (Clq, Clr, Cls), C4, C2 and C3 are included one after the other. The С4, С2 and СЗ complex will secure the fixation of the active С5 component to the complement on the cell membrane, and then turn on through a series of С6 and С7 reactions, which take into account the С8 and С9 fixation. As a result, there is a bit of a cell line or a lysis of a bacterial cell.

When activating the complement with activators, serve without a median virus itself, bacteria and exotoxins. In the alternative path of activation, do not take the fate of the components C1, C4 and C2. Activation to repair at the stage of SZ, where the group of proteins is included: P (properdin), V (proactivator), the convertase of the promoter SZ and Ingibitorii j and N. properdin in the reaction of stabilizing the converting of SZ and C5 systems, The reaction is to repair from the introduction of factor B to C3, as a result of a series of last reactions, P (properdin) is added to the complex (convertase C3), which is the infusion of an enzyme on C3 and C5, "and the cascade of activation of complement from C8, C7 is repaired. scho to bring up a clichéd style to the point of making a clout.

In such a rank, the complement system serves as an effective mechanism to destroy the organism, as it activates as a result of immune reactions, even if there is no middle contact with microbes and toxins. Apparently, the biological functions of the active components in the complement are: take part in the regulation of the process of mixing up immunological reactions from cells to humoral and navpaks; C4, dressing with a wedge, spriy immune attachment; СЗ і С4 induce phagocytosis; С1 and С4, contacting the surface of the virus, blocking the receptor, sending the virus to the client; SZa and C5a are identical to anaphylactoxin, stench is injected on neutrophils, they stop seeing lysosomal enzymes, so that foreign antigens can be fired, and a direct migration of macrophages of early mice, worms

It was established that macrophages synthesize C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5; hepatocytes - СЗ, З, С8; parenchymal liver cells - СЗ, С5 and С9.

I nterferon. Seen in 1957r. English virologists A. Isaacs and I. Linderman. Interferon is a common anti-virus factor. Nadal z'yasuvalosya, as well as a group of white words, the function of such polyagus in the preservation of the genetic homeostasis of the cellini. Yak inductors in the education of interferon, in viruses, in bacteria, bacterial toxins, mitogen and in. Falsely from the clinical activity of interferon and induce the synthesis of factors in the development of a-in-terferon, or leukocyte, which produces leukocytes, overgrown with viruses and other agents; (3-interferon, which is a fibroblast, which produces fibroblasts, is attacked by viruses and other agents.

Interferon takes part in the regulation of developmental mechanisms of immune responses: an anti-cytotoxic effect of sensitized lymphocytes and K-cytin, an anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effect. Interferon volodin in tissue specificity, i.e., Bilsh is active in that biological systems In the case of virobleno, capture of the virus from virus infection in the same way, if it is poured onto them before contact with the virus.

The process of interferon interaction with sensitive cells includes a number of stages: adsorption of interferon on cell receptors; anti-virus mill induction; development of viral resistance (similar to interferon-induced RNA and bile); resistance to viral infection is varied. Already, interferon does not enter into a direct interaction with the virus, but transcends the penetrated virus and induces the synthesis of viral proteins on cell ribosomes during the period of replication of viral nucleic acids. Interferon also has established radio-control authorities.

I n g і b і t o r i. Nonspecific anti-Russian speech of a bilious nature, present in normal native blood, secretions of the mucous membranes of the dical and herbal tracts, in extracts of organs and tissues. It may seem that you feel the activity of viruses in the blood and the posture of a sensitive clergy. Іngіbіtorіy podіlyayut on thermolabіlnі (reduce its activity when heating the blood bath up to 6 ° ... 62 ° С for 1 year) and thermostable (vitrizing heating up to 100 ° С). Ingіbіtorіy mаyut unіversіlіvіvіvіrіzіvіvіy and antіhemagglyutіnіvіy activіvіyu shodo bagatiokhіvіrusіv.

Ingibitories of tissue, secrets and excretes of vitamins have been shown to be active in terms of aging to bagatokh viruses: for example, secretory ings of the respiratory tract may be antihemagglutinating and virus-neutralizing active.

Bactericidal activity of blood cells (ALS). A lot of blood of people and tvarin can be turned by bacteriostatic powers along with a number of infectious diseases. The main components that drive growth and development of microorganisms are normal antibodies, lysozyme, properdin, complement, monokini, leukin and іnshi speech. In addition, ALS is integrated with virase of the anti-microbial powers of humoral factors in a nonspecific cancer. BASS will lie in the future of healthy creatures, minds that year: with the nasty wickedness and year of birth, the activity of the sirovat will significantly decrease.

To humoral officials, who will become resistant to organisms, receive a compliment, lysozyme, interferon, properdin, C-reactive block, normal antibodies, bacteria.

The complement is a foldable, functional and functional system of blood cells, which can take part in such reactions, such as opsonization, stimulation of phagocytosis, cytolysis, neutralization of viruses, induction of immune responses. There are 9 fractions of complement, which hunt Z 1 - Z 9, which are found in the blood in an inactive state. Activation of the complement is added to the antigen-antibody complex and is repaired by the addition to the C 1 + 1 complex. For this, the presence of Ca and Mq salts is required. The bactericidal activity of the complement is manifested from the very early stages of the life of the fetus, however, in the period of new natality, the activity of the complement is the lowest in the most recent periods.

Lysozyme is an enzyme from a group of glycosidases. Forward the lizozyme of descriptions by Fleting in 1922 was rotsi. Win secret gradually, appear in all organs and tissues. In organisms, lysozyme is found in the blood, lacrimal lines, slips, secretions of the mucous membranes of the nose, in the mucus and duodenal juice, milk, amniotic lineage of fruits. Especially bagati lysozyme leukocytes. The capacity of lyzozyme to lyse by microorganisms is superficially great. It doesn’t interfere with the process of power in the breeding of 1: 1,000,000. about'єktіv hydrolizu.

Properdin (Latin Perdere - ruinuvati) is a globulin type blood block with bactericidal power. In the presence of a complement and in magnesium, it exhibits bactericidal action of apparently gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, as well as an antibacterial effect of viruses in influenza, herpes, and shows bactericidal activity in pathogenic pathogenic diseases. The level of properdin in the blood of the creatures shows the resistance, sensitivity up to Infectious diseases... It is revealed that there is a decrease in yogo zm_stu in the overwhelmed creatures, ailments for tuberculosis, with streptococcal infections.

C-reactive block - similar to immunoglobulins, the power of the initiation reaction of precipitation, agglutination, phagocytosis, and complement. In addition, the C-reactive cell increases the collapse of leukocytes, but let us talk about its fate in the formulated nonspecific stiffness of the organism.

The C-reactive block is found in the syrovatz blood during the state of the ignition processes, and it can serve as indicators of the activity of these processes. Normal blood cells do not appear in normal blood. Vin does not cross the placenta.

Normal antibodies are present in the public's blood is practically dependent and take a permanent part in a nonspecific zaist. Establishment in the organism as a normal component of the syvate as a result of the contact of the creature with an even great number of small microorganisms in the midst of the colony, or some big races.

Bacteriсidin is an enzyme, which in the form of lysozyme is used for internal substances.

Due to nonspecific factors, the reason for the growth of the internal mechanisms of genetic steel adaptation to the organism, which has a wide range of volodymy antimicrobial activity... The very nonspecific mechanisms enter into the role of the first zhisny bar on the way to the introduction of an infectious agent. Nonspecific mechanisms do not require excessive waking up, at that time as specific agents (antibodies, sensibilized lymphocytes) appear through a few days. It is important to note that nonspecific factors can kill pathogenic agents at once.

Shkira. Neshkojena shkіra є with a straining bar for penetrating microorganisms. At the same time, there are some significant mechanical factors: the consumption of food and the vision of oily and other salivary glands, with bactericidal power (chemical factor).

Slimy shells. The stench of the small organs is the penetration of microbes in one of the bars on the way. At the dikhal nobles, the mechanic zahist comes to seek the help of a flashy epithelium. Rukh vіyok іnіkіh dichnіh gіlachіv constantly oversuva sludge at once with microorganisms right up to natural openings: mouth emptyings and nasal passages. Cough and chkhannya take vivid microbes. The mucous membranes see secretions, but they have bactericidal power, in the sprout for the rakhunok lysozyme and immunoglobulin type A.

secrets herbal tract the order with their special authorities will build up foreign pathogens. Slina is the first secret, so that the grubs of speech, as well as microflora, come into empty mouth... Krim lysozyme sludge revenge enzymes (amylase, phosphatase and in.). Shlunkovy sic is also pernicious for pathogenic microbes (they see tuberculosis, Siberian bacillus). Zhovch wiklikaє zagibel pasteurell, ale certainly salmonel i intestinal stick is ineffective.

In the intestines of the creature there are miliardi of small microorganisms, and even in its mucous membranes, the straining antimicrobial factors take place, as a result of which infection through them is rare. Normal microflora the intestine is characterized by antagonistic powers in relation to the appearance of pathogenic and rotten microorganisms.

Lymphatic universities. If microorganisms add small and muffled barriers, then I will fix the function of repairing viconuvati lymph universities. They have an inflated development of fabrics - they develop a fiery reaction, which is directly linked to a combination of two factors. At the zone of ignition, the fixation of microbes was set up with threads for fibrin. In the ignition process of the throat and fibrinolytic systems, the complement system, as well as the endogenous mediators (prostaglandids, vasoactive amines, etc.) take part. Fired up for temperature changes, overgrowth, harshness and ailments. Along with microbes and other foreign factors, the active part of the organism is taken by phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis (from the Greek. Phago - їm, cytos - klіtina) - the process of active clinging of cells to the body is consumed in new pathogenic living or killed microbes and other foreign particles for further digestion for additional internal. In the lower single-cell and high-cell organisms, the process of harboring occurs after additional phagocytosis. In other organisms, phagocytosis has been added to the power of a zhisnogo reaction, to the organism of alien speech, as it was necessary to be called, so it is established without mediocrity in the organism itself. Already, phagocytosis is not only the reaction of clinics to the introduction of pathogenic microbes - there is more biological response in terms of the biological response of clinical elements, as it is identified as in pathological, so in the case of a physiologist.

See phagocytic cells. Phagocytic cells develop into two main categories: microphages (or polymorphic-nuclear phagocytes - PMN) and macrophages (or mononuclear phagocytes - MN). The absolute majority of phagocytic PMNs accumulate neutrophils. Among macrophages, they develop rukhomi (circulating) and nervy (osil) cells. Lumpy macrophages are monocytes of peripheral blood, and neruchomas are macrophages of liver, spleen, lymphatic universities, Scho whistling walls of other vessels and organs and tissues.

One of the main functional elements of macro- and microphages є lysosomes are granules with a diameter of 0.25 0.5 microns, which is a great gain of enzymes (acid phosphatase, B-glucuronidase, myloperoxidase, collagenase, lysozyme and others. bіlki, phagocytin, lactoferin), zdatnykh brothers share in the ruinous antigens.

Phase phagocytic process. The process of phagocytosis includes the onset of stages: 1) chemotaxis and adhesion of particles to the surface of phagocytes; 2) the act of burrowing (flooding) of particles into the cell with the advancing appearance of a part of the cell membrane and the statements of phagosomy; 3) zlittya phagosomes with lysosomes; 4) enzymatic over-etching of the flooded particles and the loss of microbial elements. The activity of phagocytosis is linked to the manifestation in the blood of opsonins. Opsonins are normal blood cells, which enter into the formation of microbes, which become accessible to phagocytosis. Development of thermostable and thermo-labile opsonins. Firstly, it can be referred to immunoglobulin G, if it wants to receive phagocytosis of opsonin, but it can be carried to immunoglobulin A and M. To thermolabile opsonins (run at temperatures of 56 ° C for a span of 20 minutes), the system is complemented by 2 components.

Phagocytosis, when the bend of the microbial phagocytosis occurs, is called completion (complete). However, in a row of microbes, where there are in the middle of phagocytes, do not move, but sometimes multiply (for example, tuberculosis, bacillus Siberian, deyaki viruses and fungi). Such phagocytosis is called incomplete (incomplete). It means that macrophages, during phagocytosis, perform regulatory and effector functions, cooperatively interact with lymphocytes in the course of specific immune responses.

Humoral factors. To humoral officials nonspecific to the organism of the organism during the period: normal (natural) antibodies, lyzozyme, properdin, beta-lysin (lysin), complement, interferon, ingibitories of viruses in the serum

Normal antibodies. At the blood of creatures and people, who did not get sick before, and didn’t get immunizations, they talk about, they enter into a reaction with antigens, albeit in low credits, but don’t translate into a ratio of 1: 10. natural antibodies. Vvazayut, how stinks are caused by natural immunization by microorganisms.

Lizozyme. Lysozyme is carried to the lysosomal enzyme, takes place in the slots, slime, nasal mucus, secretions of the mucus membranes, blood and organ extracts and tissues, milk, richly lysed into a white chicken. Lizozyme is stiff before being heated (to be activated when boiling), one can have the power to lyse alive and killed, in the main gram-positive, microorganisms.

Secretory immunoglobulin A. Z'yasovano, that SIgA is constantly present at the secretions of mucous membranes, in the secrets of milk and slimy glands, in the intestinal tract, there is little variation in anti-microbial and anti-virus power.

Properdin (Latin Pro і perdere - pidgotuvati to ruinuvannya). Described in 1954 by Pillimer as a factor of nonspecific tumor and cytolysis. To be found in normal blood in blood up to 25 mcg / ml. Ce sirovatkovy block z movlyav. Masoyu 220 000. Properdin takes part in the ruined microbial cells, neutralization of viruses, lysis of erythrocytes. It is accepted to respect that the activity is manifested for the rakhunok not of the best properdin, but of the properdin system (complement of bivalent magnesium ions). An essential role in the nonspecific activation of the complement (alternative way to the activation of the complement) is essential.

Lyzin - blood cells, so you can lyse bacteria or erythrocytes. Beta-lyzin is found in the blood of sirloin creatures, as well as the lysis of the culture of the blue stick, as well as the activity of the most active pathogenic microbes.

Lactoferin. Lactoferin is a non-amino glycoprotein that has an iron binding activity. Tied two atoms of trivalent salt, competing with microbes, as a result of the growth of microbes to drive. It is synthesized by polymorphic-nuclear leukocytes and bunchy cells of the hairy epithelium. Є a specific component to the secretion of salmon - slug, slush, milk, dichny, herbal and sechostat tracts. It is accepted that lactoferin is a factor of muscular immunity, which is a factor of microbial immunity.

Complement A complement is called a rich-component system of blood cells and other organisms, as they play an important role in immune homeostasis. Having described Buchner for the first time in 1889 under the name "Aleksin", it is a thermolabile factor, in the presence of which it promotes the lysis of microbes. The term "enzyme" in Erlich in 1895 r It has long been noted that there are no specific antibodies in the presence of new blood cells in the presence of blood cells in the presence of hemolysis erythrocytes, or the disease of bacterial antihypertensive cells, which react as ... As a result, hemolysis (lysis) is considered to be a test of complement manifestation in new syrovats. There is a lot of complement in the blood of guinea pigs.

The complement system can be stored no less than 11 new blood cells, which were taken from C1 to C9. С1 there are three subunits - Clq, Clr, С Is. The complement form is activated and is indicated by the risk from the top (C).

There are two paths of activation (self-assembly) of the system and the complement - the classic and alternative, which are developed by triggering mechanisms.

With the classic activation, the first component is linked to the complement C1 with the immune complexes (antigen + antibody), and the subcomponents (Clq, Clr, Cls), C4, C2 and C3 are included one after the other. The С4, С2 and СЗ complex will secure the fixation of the active С5 component to the complement on the cell membrane, and then turn on through a series of С6 and С7 reactions, which take into account the С8 and С9 fixation. As a result, there is a bit of a cell line, or a lysis of a bacterial cell.

With an alternative way of activating the complement as activators, serve without the median virus itself, bacterium or exotoxin. In the alternative path of activation, do not take the fate of the components C1, C4 and C2. Activation to repair at the stage of SZ, where the group of proteins is included: P (properdin), V (promoter), D (convertase of promoter SZ) and ingibitori J and N. properdin in the reaction of stabilizing the envelope SZ, so on ... The reaction is to repair from the introduction of factor B to C3, as a result of a series of last reactions to the complex (convertase C3), P (properdin), which is infused with an enzyme on C3 and C5, is repaired, the cascade of activation of the complement from C6, C9, C7, C8 up to the schooling of the clitine, or the lizis of the clitini.

Thus, for the organism, the complement system serves as an effective mechanism for stopping, as it activates as a result of immune reactions, even if there is no middle contact with microbes and toxins. Apparently, the biological functions of the active components in the complement are: Clq takes part in the regulation of the process of mixing up immunological reactions from cells to humoral and navpaks; C4, dressing with a wedge, spriy immune attachment; СЗ і С4 induce phagocytosis; C1 / C4, sounding from the surface of the virus, blocking the receptor, sending the virus to the client; CZa and C5a are identical to anaphylactosins, the stench is infused on neutrophils, they stop seeing lysosomal enzymes, which can destroy foreign antigens, avoid a direct migration of microphages, get rid of them quickly.

It was established that macrophages synthesize C1, C2, C4, C3 and C5. Hepatocytes - C3, C6, C8, cellini.

Interferon, Seen in 1957 by English virologists A. Isaeke I. Lindenman. Interferon is a common anti-virus factor. Nadal z'yasuvalosya, as well as a group of white words, the function of such polyagus in the preservation of the genetic homeostasis of the cellini. Inducers of the knowledge of interferon against viruses, bacteria, bacterial toxins, mitogeny and in. Falsely as a result of the clinical activity of interferon and induce the synthesis of factors in the development of interferon, or leukocyte, which is produced by leukocytes, disseminated by viruses and other agents, interferon, and phytoplastic substances. The offense against interferon is reduced to type I. Immune interferon, or y-interferon, is produced by lymphocytes and macrophages, activated by neuronal inducers.

Interferon takes part in the regulation of the developmental mechanisms of the immune response: due to the cytotoxic effect of sensitized lymphocytes and K-cytin, which is antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory. Interferon volodya is of tissue specificity, that is, it is active in this biological system, in which it is viroblen, and in the case of virus infections in the contact with them, as a result of them.

The process of interferon interaction with sensitive cells is attributed to a number of stages: 1) adsorption of interferon on cell receptors; 2) induction of antivirus mill; 3) development of antiviral resistance (accumulation of interfero-ninduced RNAs and proteins); 4) resistance to viral infection is increased. Already, interferon does not enter into a direct interaction with the virus, but transcends the penetrated virus and induces the synthesis of viral proteins on cell ribosomes during the period of replication of viral nucleic acids. Interferon also has established radio-control authorities.

Іngіbіtorіs of blood donors. Ingibitories - nonspecific anti-virus speech of the biological nature, which can be found in the normal native syrovatz blood, the secretions of the mucus membranes of the respiratory and herbal tracts, in the extracts of organs and tissues. It may be possible to feel the activity of viruses in the posture of a sensitive clitine, when there is a known virus in the blood and family. Ingibitories are used for thermolabilitation (they lose their activity when the blood is heated at 60-62 ° C for 1 year) and thermostable (it is heated up to 100 ° C). Ingіbіtorіy mаyut unіversіlіvіvіvіrіzіvіvіy and antіhemagglyutіnіvіy activіvіyu shodo bagatiokhіvіrusіv.

In addition to the description of the ingibitories of the tissues, secrets and excretions of the products. Such іngіbіtorіs vіyaviliya vіvіlnіyu vіdnіnnu up to bagatokh viruses, for example, secretory іngіbіtory of the respiratory tract may be anthemagglutinating and virus neutralizing activity.

Bactericidal activity of blood cells (ALS). Svіzha sirovatka blood of people and tvarin maє virazhenі, in the main bacteriostatic, authorities in relation to bagatokh zbudnikіv infectious ailments. The main components that drive growth and development of microorganisms, normal antibodies, lysozyme, properdin, complement, monokini, Leikin and іnshi speech. To that ALS is an integrated viraz of anti-microbial powers, which can enter the warehouse of humoral factors in a nonspecific zahist. BAS lie in the minds of the waning and years of food, with the nasty wickedness and year of birth, the activity of the sirovat significantly decreases.

Significant stress. To nonspecific factors, the installer can also be referred to as adaptive mechanisms, which are called "stress", and factors that experience stress are called stressors by G. Sil'e. For Strength, stress is a particularly nonspecific stance to the body, which is responsible for the emergence of different factors of the new environment (stressors). Among the pathogenic microorganisms and toxins, stressors can be cold, heat, hunger, ionizing radiation and other agents, so that there is a volatile response to the organism. The adaptive syndrome can be transverse and muscular. Win amoused by the hypophyseal-adrenocortical system tied to the hypothalamic center. Under the inflow of the stressor of the hypophysis, it is possible to see the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the function of the supraspinatal hallux; If the stressor's work was too hard, then in the process of adapting it, it was getting sick.

With the intensification of the creation, the number of stress factors that are injected into the creature's mind is meaningfully growing. That is, the prevention of stress infusions, which reduces the natural resistance of the organism and how to summarize the disease, is one of the most important tasks of the veterinary-zootechnical service.