The specialty of infectious diseases є. The main signs of infectious ailments: ethiological, epidemiological, clinical and characteristic

Infection - the price of penetration and reproduction of pathogenic microorganism (bacteria, virus, simplest, fungus) in a macroorganism (roslin, mushroom, creature, lyudin), which is spontaneous to a given type of microorganism. Microorganism, built up to infection, is called an infectious agent or a pathogen.

Інфекція - tse, persh for everything, a form of interaction between a microbe and an organism. The whole process is stretched out in the hour and against the back in the singing minds of the new middle. Pragnochi to admit the length of the infection, the term "infection process".

Infectious illnesses: what about illnesses and what stinks come from non-infectious

With the friendly minds of the most recent middle-class, the infectious process of taking over the extreme steps of its manifestation, with such a manifestation of clinical symptoms. Qiu steps will be called infectious ailment. From non-infectious pathologies, the following signs are recognized:

The reason for the infection is a living microorganism. Microorganism, scho vyklikaє specifically ill-gotten, is called the zabudnik of this ill-health;
Infections can be transmitted from a damaged organism to a healthy one - the power of an infectious disease is called infectious;
Infections may latent (gagging) period - it means that the stench does not manifest itself immediately as the pathogen penetrates into the body;
Infectious pathology victories of immunologic destructions immune cells and anti-virus, as well as become the cause of infectious allergies.

Small. 1. Assistance of the visiting microbiologist Paul Erlikh with laboratory creatures. At the dawn of the development of microbiology in laboratory varieties of trimals, there is a great number of species of animals. The infection is often surrounded by greens.

Factories of infectious diseases

Also, for the diagnosis of infectious ailments, three factors are needed:

Microorganism-zbudnik;
Sleepy to new organism-gentleman;
The emergence of such minds of the last middle class, in which interactions between the priest and the ruler, bring to the diagnosis of ailments.

Infectious ailments can be affected by intellectually pathogenic microorganisms, which, most often, are representatives of a normal microorganism, and can add to the disease when there is a decrease in immune disease.

Small. 2. Candidi - part of the normal microflora of the empty company; stink viklikayut zhvoryuvannya liche for singing minds.

And pathogenic microbes, which are overburdened by organisms, may or may not become ill - in such a way to talk about the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Until then, it is far from being hungry for laboratory creatures that can be cleaned up to human infections.

For the diagnosis of an infectious process, it is important that there is a sufficient number of microorganisms to be consumed in an organism, as it is called an infectious dose. The receptiveness of the organism-sovereign begins with its biological appearance, statute, decline, in general, sufficient food and, for the most part, the camp of the immune system and in reality fellow sickness.

Small. 3. Malar plasmodium can be widespread on quiet territories, but specific carriers - mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles.

Important є Deyakі ailments are characterized by seasonality, a number of microorganisms can be found only in the singing chamber, and deyakі require carriers. For an hour on the foreground, think about the social middle ground: economic status, think about it and good, the development of health protection in the state, religious specialties.

Infectious process in dynamism

The development of infection is repaired from the incubation period. At the end of the day, whether the presence of an infectious agent in the body is manifested, however, the infection has already become. In a whole hour, the pathogen multiplies to a singular number, or the threshold of the amount of toxin is seen. The triviality of a certain period to lie in the form of an animal.

For example, in case of staphylococcal enteritis (incubation, but in case of implantation of an infected life and is characterized by strong intoxication and diarrhea), the incubation period may be from 1 to 6 years

Small. 4. Incubation period Lepri can be trivial with rock.

Most of the types have 2-4 types. Most often, at the end of the incubation period of the attack, the peak of infectiousness.

Prodromal period - the period of susceptibility to illness - unimportant, nonspecific symptoms, such as head bill, Weakness, zamorochennya, zmіna appetite, increased temperature. Trivial period 1-2 days.

Small. 5. For painters, feverishness is characteristic, but there is no particular power when different forms ailments. For the form of a feverish woman, one can let the form of a plasmodia, like a wiklikaw, be put on.

Behind the prodrome, the period fell ailments, which are characterized by the appearance of the main key symptoms getting sick. It can be developed like a smart way (to talk about a corncob), so generally, mlyavo. The triviality of one grows in fallowness in the form of an organism and the powers of an animal.

Small. 6. Typhoznaya Meri, yaka pratsyuvala cooker, bully with a healthy nose stick of typhoid fever. Vona infected five thousand people with typhoid fever.

For the bagatokh іnfektsіy powerfully adjusting the temperature in the whole period, tied with the penetration into the roof of the so-called pyrogenic words - the substance of microbial abo tissue walking, so to wick a fever. When the temperature of the dressings is circulated in the bloodstream of the henchman himself - such a camp is called bacteriєmієyu. It’s easy to multiply when there’s a whole microbe, to talk about septicemia or sepsis.

Small. 7. Virus of a feverish woman.

The end of the infectious process is called the result. Find the best options for the result:

oduzhannya;
Fatal result (death);
transition to chronic form;
Relapse (repeated disagreement, amoused by non-purified organisms from the pupil);
Transition to healthy microbiality (people, who do not know it myself, carry pathogenic microbes and can infect them in bagatech vypads).

Small. 8. Pneumocystis - fungi, which is a provincial cause of pneumonia in people with immunodeficiency.

Classification of infection

Small. 9. Oral candidiasis is the most common endogenous infection.

Behind the nature of the wild plant, there are bacteria, fungi, viral and protozoan (vicious) infections. For a number of views of the teacher you see:

Monoіnfektsіі - wiklikanі with one kind of izbudnik;
Zmіshanі, аbo mіkst-іnfektsії - the accumulation of a number of types of pathogens;
Second - to win on the same person who is already ill. Okremiy vipadok - oportunistic infections, which are susceptible to mentally pathogenic microorganisms on aphids, which are supervised by immune deficiencies.

For razr_znyayut:

Exogenous infections, for which the pathogen penetrates;
Endogenous infections, which are infected with bacteria, were transferred to the organisms to the ear of ailments;
Autoinfections - infections, for which self-infection occurs by a path of transfer of pathogens from one place to the other (for example, candidiasis mouthwash, Viklikany to the introduction of the fungus from pіkhvi with brute hands).

For Dzherela Infections I see:

Anthroponosi (dzherelo - lyudina);
Zoonozi (dzherelo - creature);
Anthropozoonosi (dzherelom can be a lyudin or a creature);
Sapronozi (dzherelo - ob'єkti of the last middle ground).

For the localization of the pathogen in the body, the disease is seen in the disease (local) and in the region (generalized) in the infection. For the triviality of the infectious process, we see hospitals and chronic infections.

Small. 10. Mycobacterium leprosy. Lepra is a typical anthroponosis.

Pathogenesis of infectious diseases: a general scheme for the development of an infectious process

Pathogenesis - the whole mechanism of development of pathology. The pathogenesis of infectious diseases is repaired from the penetration of the female through the entrance gate - mucous, crooked, through the placenta. The microbial expands along the body in small ways: through the roof - hematogenically, through the lymph - lymphogenically, along the nerves - perineurally, along the stretch - running through the tissue, behind the physiological paths - along the course, on the statistic, herb. A small amount of residual localization of the plant grows from its type and spores to the singular type of fabric.

Having reached the point of residual localization, the pathogen was found to be pathogenic, which developed mechanically, by the products of life or toxins. The vision of an animal from the body can be seen from the natural secrets - feces, hay, harkotinny, gnarly visions, one with slush, sweat, milk, slos.

epidemic process

Epidemic process - the process of expanding infections in the middle of the population. Lankan epіdemic lantsyuzhka include:

Dzherelo abo an infection reservoir;
Shlyakh gears;
Sloppy population.

Small. 11. Virus of the feverish woman Ebola.

The reservoir is considered as a disease of the disease, so that the accumulation of the schoolchild and in the case of epidemics, and for the singing minds becomes infected with the disease, will be seen in the new.

The main ways of transmission of infections:

Fecal-oral - due to obstructed infectious visions of the patient, hands;
Povitryano-drip - through povitrya;
Transmysive - through the carrier;
Contact - status, with dots, with contact with infected blood, etc .;
Transplacental - from the vaginal mother to the child through the placenta.

Small. 12. Virus influenza H1N1.

The transmission factor is an object that will receive an expanded infection, for example, water, їzha, butovy speeches.

For the hunting and infectious process of the singing territory, the following are approved:

Endemic - infections, "tied" to the interconnected territory;
Epidemies - infectious diseases, which hunt significant territories (city, region, land);
Pandemics - Epidemias, which may be the scale of the decile regions and navigate continents.

Infectious ailments become the left side of all ailments, people will stick to them... The stench is special, because they have people who are suffering from the life of living organisms; Earlier, the stench was often fatal. Unimportant to those current developments in medicine allowed a significant speed of lethality in infectious processes, it is necessary to be prepared and the nobility about the specialness of this development.

Registration of the term "infectious ailments" nimetskiy likar Christof Wilhelm Hufeland. The main signs of infectious diseases:

The appearance of a specific zabudnik yak bezposerednoy cause of illness;

Contagiousness (infectiousness), for example, the diagnosis of kilkoh (bagatokh) vipadkiv disease, enveloped by a dzherel infections (, sapronosi);

Frequent schlichnst to a wide epidemic rozpovsyudzhennya;

Cycle of overload (the last change of period of ailments);

Possibility of developing zagostren and relapses, protracted and chronic forms;

Development of immune reactions to the wake-up call;

Possibility of development of the nosystvo of the seed.

What is more, the contagiousness of the disease, the more powerful it is up to a wide epidemic rozpovsyudzhennya. Ailments with the most extreme contagion, which are characterized by an important break and high lethality, united in a group especially unsafe infections(, Natural vispa ,,, Lassa ,, Marburga).

The cycle of overturning power is great Infectious diseases... Vona rotates in the last change of the singing period of ailment - incubation (cobbled), prodromal (cob), the period of the main manifestations (ailment), the disappearance of symptoms (early convalescence).

Incubation period- an hour or so between the moment of infection (penetration of the worm into the body) and the appearance of the first key symptoms of illness. The triviality of the disease in the case of early infections and the nausea of some ailments, who suffer from one and the same infectious diseases (Div. Dodatki, Table 2). I won’t be able to lay down on the basis of the virulence of the ward and the infirmity of the dose, the localization of the exit doors, I’ll become the organisms of the people in front of the sick, their immune status. The appointment of the terms of quarantine, the conduct of preventive visits and the renewal of food for the first time in the epidemic should be carried out with the help of the triviality of the infectious disease.

Prodromal (cob) period. Do not call it more than 1-2 days of ailments, you do not suspect it for all infections. In the prodromal period, the clinical signs of sickness do not have clear specific manifestations, and often the same in case of young sickness: increased temperature of the body, headache, mental health and arthralgia, etc.

The period of the main manifestations (raspalu) ailments. It is characterized by the appearance and (often) growths of the most characteristic, specific for a particular infectious disease of clinical and laboratory signs. The stage of the turn is maximal in case of manifest forms of infection. For the assessment of the ciches, you can put the correct diagnosis, the severity of the disease, the closest forecast, the development of non-fixed mills.

The diagnostic significance of the symptoms in allowing the submission of the virus to the top, the support and the help.

The most common symptoms are the most characteristic for a specific infectious ailment (for example, with Filatov-Koplik-Bolsky's beaches with bark, hemorrhagic "Zirchasta" visip with elements of necrosis during meningococcemia).

Basic symptoms of the types for a given illness, but it is possible to develop

with deyakykh (zhovtyanitsi with viral hepatitis, meningeal symptoms with meningitis, etc.).

The main symptoms are less specific and similar for a number of infectious diseases (, headache, chills, etc.).

Period of disappearance of symptoms (early recovery)

Slide for the period when friendly perebіgu Infectious disease. Characterized by deeds of the main symptoms. One of the first manifestations is the lowering of the temperature of the fire. Vono can see quickly, stretching out decilkoh years (crisis), or step by step, stretching out decilkoh days to get sick (lizis).

Period of weariness (convalescence)

The development of the disappearance of the main clinical symptoms. Clinical problems may have been insisted earlier, less morphological deterioration, victorious illnesses.

In a specific skin problem, the triviality of the remaining two periods of infectious disease is worth it to lie for one reason - the form of ailment and the severity of the disease, the effectiveness of the therapy, which is carried out, the peculiarities of the immune response, etc. In case of repeated use, all functions are renewed, damage caused by infectious diseases, in case of unrepentant loss, such overwhelming occurrences will occur.

In a skin ailment, there is a lack of infectious disease of individual specialties. The stench can be a bit of amusement in front of the physiological camp of the most important organs and systems (in a perfect background) of the patient, the nature of his harassment, the peculiarities of the formation of nonspecific and specific vaccine reactions, etc. On the camp of the macroorganism and, also, on the transfer of infectious disease, they infuse the numerical factors of the colony middle (temperature, volume, level of radioactivity and in.).

Particularly significant in the development of infectious disease among people and social officials (migration of the population, character of food, stressful situationsі ін.), as well as the unpleasant inflow of the destruction of the ecological situation: radioactivity, gas contamination, carcinogenic speech, etc. The destruction of the new middle age, the most important in the last ten years, to repair the active injection on the ministry of microorganisms, as well as on the formation of an uncomfortable premorbid background in people (winter, immunodeficiency). As a result of typical key picture and with a stretch of bagatoh of infectious diseases, they often change. Practitioners of infectious diseases have rooted such an understanding, as “classic” and “succinct” with a stretch of infectious ailments, atypical, abortive, erased forms, sharpening and relapses.

atypical forms Infectious illnesses will become more prevalent, as there are dominant manifestations in these clinical manifestations of signs that do not rule this illness, but rather typical symptoms are visible. The butt is a change of the meningeal symptoms ("meningothif"), or the appearance of roseolous exanthemi at. Before atypical forms tolerate abortion, which is characterized by key manifestations zagvoryuvannya without development of the most typical signs. With erased ailments, the symptoms are characteristic of her, and the backward symptoms show weak and short-term changes.

To the aggravated infectious diseases, the destruction of the ailing camp of the ailing one from the growths of the most characteristic key signs ill-feeling pislya їkh weakened or knowing. Also, the main pathognomical signs of ailment are known to develop in a sick person who is already experiencing major symptoms of ailments, talking about a relapse.

If there is a burn and relapse in any period of infectious ailments, the development of the disease is slower. Їх cleverly podіlyayut on specific (pathogenetically related to the main ailments) and nonspecific.

The blame for the specific acceleration of the disease is the origin of this infectious disease. Stinks develop as a result of non-invasive variability of typical clinical and morphological manifestations of ailments (for example, gostra pechinkova encephalopathy in case of viral hepatitis, virazok of the club intestine in case of) or through atypical local tissues of the arthritis

Nonspecific vvazhayut accelerated, microorganisms of the same type (for example, bacterial with influenza).

Naybіlsh not safe acceleration of infectious diseases - infectious toxic shock (), state pension pechinkova encephalopathy nirkova lack(ARF), brain swelling, swelling of legends, as well as hypovolemic, hemorrhagic and anaphylactic shocks. The stench is seen in the special parts of the handler's special part.

Bagaty of the infectious diseases of the authorities is the power to develop the microbial life. Nose is a free form of an infectious process, when a macroorganism is generated by the intervention of an activist, it is not a matter of old elimination, but a microorganism is not in the active process of capturing Mechanisms for the development of the process until the present hour of development is insufficient, the methods of effective sanitation of chronic noses in the majority of cases are not fragmented. Let it be assumed that the basis for the formation of nosy is the change of immune reactions, when there is a vibrational tolerance of immunocompetent cells to the awakening and lack of phagocytes before the completion of phagocytosis. Formation of life can be taken from nature, genetically enhanced the peculiarity of macroorganism), as well as weakening of these reactions in the past and other people who have suffered, decrease in immunogenicity of the immune system (decrease in immunogenicity) In the form of wear, we will tie such factors as chronic fired up small organs and systems, defects in the disease, the nature of the overload of infectious diseases, etc.

The triviality of the nosy of different pathogenic microorganisms can be supra-wide - from decile days (transient nosystvo) to months and rocks (chronic nosystvo); Inodi (for example, with cranial typhus) can be taken every day.

Infectious diseases with the most common types of ailments. It should be noted that due to the statistical data, the skin of a person who is ill for infectious diseases would like to go to the risk. The reason for this widening of the sickness is in the disease, the high contagion and stiffness to the most recent bureaucrats.

Classification of infectious diseases

Expanded є classification of infectious ailments according to the method of transmission of infectious diseases: drip-droplet path, fecal-oral, by-mouth, transmissive, contact, transplacental. Deyaki with infection can lie immediately before the small groups, so the stench can be transmitted by the small shorts. For the localization of infectious diseases, they are divided into 4 groups:

Infectious intestines become ill, with which the intestines are alive and multiply in the intestines. Ailments of the group can be reported: salmonellosis, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, botulism.
Infections of organs of dyhannya, with which the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi and legacy are affected. The price of the most common group of infectious diseases, as well as vicious and epidemic situations. V Qia group include: ГРВІ, rіznomanіtnі vidi flu, diphtheria, vitryana vispa, angina.
Shkirni infections, which can be transmitted through the dotika. Come in: skaz, pravets, sibirska virazka, beshiha.
Infections of blood, which are transmitted by comas and through medical management. Zbudnik lives in life and blood. Before blood infections, carry: typhus, Plague, hepatitis B, encephalitis.

Features of infectious ailments

Infectious ailments may have special features. In the case of young infectious diseases, their specialties are manifested in a different stage. For example, the infectiousness of the virus can reach 90%, and the immunity is formed for all life, at that hour, as the infectiousness of GDVI becomes close to 20% and the form is short-term immunity. Sleepy for all infectious diseases є such specialties:

Infection, which can be caused by epidemic and pandemic situations.
Cyclicity of ailments: incubation period, sagging ailments, hospitality period, ailment decline, weariness.
Significant symptoms include increased fever, zagalne nezduzhannya, Chills, headache.
Formation of the immune system to the disease.

Causes of infectious diseases

The main reason for infectious illnesses is the culprit: viruses, bacteria, prioni and fungi, but not all types of consumption of a thirsty agent lead to the development of illnesses. At the same time, there will be mothers of the following factors:

how infectious diseases may be caused by infectious diseases;
how many agents consumed in the body;
yaka toxicogenic microbe;
what a zalny camp for organism and the camp of the immune system and people.

Period of infectious ailments

Every hour the child is consumed in the body, and until the end of the day it takes an hour. During the whole period of a lyudin to pass through such a period of infectious disease:

Incubation period- progression between the hits of the shkidlivy agent in the body and on the cob active... The whole period can be taken from decilcoh years to decіlcoh rockіv, even more often from the warehouse - 2-3 days.
Prodnormal period characterized by the appearance of symptoms and a large clinical picture.
Period of development, In which symptoms of ailment will occur.
period of time For any symptoms, the swelling is maximally yaskravo.
period expiration- the symptoms decrease, the patient grows.
Wihid. Most often, ovuzhannya is a sign of ill health. Vykhіd can be th іnshim: transition to chronic form, death, relapse.

Expansion of infectious diseases

Infectious ailments are transmitted by the following routes:

Povitryano-drip- when chhannі, coughs, if particles of sludge with a microbe are inhaled by a healthy person. This is the way to see the mass expanding of infectious ailments among people.
Fecal-oral- microbes are transmitted through obstructed products, hands.
subject- transmission of infection through objects, utensils, towels, clothes, postal business.
transmysive- dzherelom infection є coma.
contact- transmission of infectious diseases through contact and contaminated shelter.
transplacental- the mother is infected with the infection of the child internally.

Diagnostics of infectious ailments

So, as you see the infectious diseases, for the setting correct diagnosis likars are brought to the establishment of a complex of clinical and laboratory-instrumental methods of pre-development. On the cob stage of diagnostics, the role of anamnesis is important: the history of anamnesis in advance, of life and of robots. I looked around, folding anamnesis and setting the primary diagnosis for a sign laboratory dosage... There can be used diagnostics of blood, clinical tests and tests for diagnostics.

Infectious diseases - list

Infections of the lower dikhalnyh nobles;
intestinal illness;
GRVI;
tuberculosis;
Hepatitis B;
candidiasis;
toxoplasmosis;
salmonellosis.

Bacteriological illnesses of people - list

Bacterial disease is transmitted through infected food, sick people, contaminated products, objects and water. The stench is divided into three types:

Intestinal infections. Especially expanded in the summer period. Victims of bacteria to the genus Salmonela, Shigella, intestinal sticks... Before intestinal disease Introduce: typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, toxic infection, dysentery, escherichiosis, campilobacteriosis.
Infectious diseases The stench is localized in the organs of the disease and may be accelerated in the general infections: GRIPU and GRVI. Before bacterial infections The following are common nobles: angina, tonsillitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia.
Infectious diseases, infections with streptococci and staphylococci. You can get sick through getting to the school of high-grade bacteria, or through the breakdown of the balance of high-quality bacteria. Before the infectious diseases of the group, the following are included: impetigo, carbunculi, furunculi, erysipelas.

Virusnі zvoryuvannya - list

People who become ill are becoming more infectious and widespread. Dzherelom ailments є virus, which is transmitted from a sick people or creatures. Infectious diseases are rapidly expanding and can hunt people on the majestic territory, leading to epidemic and pandemic situations. The stench to manifest itself in the world in the autumn-spring period, which is tied to the weather minds and the weakening organisms of people. The top ten extended infections include:

GRVI;
tale;
vіtryanka;
viral hepatitis;
herpes simplex;
infectious mononucleosis;
rubella;

fungal disease

Fungal infections are transmitted through contaminated objects and clothes. A large number of fungal infections have similar symptoms, so it is necessary to clarify the diagnosis Laboratory diagnostics shkіrnogo ziskrіbka. Before extended fungal infections are introduced:

candidiasis;
keratomycosis: versicolor and trichosporia;
dermatomycosis: mycosis, favus;
: Furunculosis, gn_yniki;
visip: papiloma and herpes.

protozoan

prіonni ailing

In the middle of a wounded ailment, ailments are brought to infection. Prioni, little ones with a changed structure, penetrate into the body at once from the infected skin, through the brute hands, non-sterile medical instruments, the water contaminated in the waters. Infectious disease of people is an important infection, as it is practically not a matter of being likewise. Prior to them, it is known: Creutzfelt-Jakob ailment, kuru, fatal sleeplessness, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome. Prіonnі ailments fend off the nervous system and the brain, leading to dementia.

Most insecure infections

Naynezpechnіshі іnfektsіynі ailments - the tse of ailments, for which there is a chance to become a small part of the computer. The most unsafe infectious diseases include:

Khvoroba Creutzfelt-Jakob, or spongy encephalopathy. Danes have no intentions of getting sick to be transferred from creatures to people, to bring to the brink of destruction a brain and a fatal result.
VIL. Virus to immunodeficiency is not fatal, as long as it does not cross into the onset stage -.
Tale. Lіkuvannya from ailments can be done for additional scraps, as long as there are no symptoms. The appearance of symptoms indicates a lethal end.
Hemorrhagic fever. People are included in the group of tropical infections, the middle ones, it is important to diagnose and not be liable to abuse.
Plague. Dana became ill, who mowed down the whole land, at once develop a little and get used to antibiotics. Deadly є just deyaki form plague.

Prevention of infectious diseases

Prevention of infectious diseases is stored in such warehouses:

Pidvischennya zahisnih forces organizmu. Chim mіtsnіshe immunity of people, tim rіdshe wіn bude hvorіti and shvidshe vіlіkovuvatisya. For the whole, it is necessary to maintain a healthy way of life, to eat correctly, to go in for sports, by and large, to become an optimist. A good effect for the promotion of immunity for money.
Vaccination. During the period of epidemias, a positive result was given, and a targeted vaccination against a specific disease was observed. Splintering of anti-infectious diseases (cyr, parotitis, rubella, diphtheria, right) is included in the obovazkovy prickly graph.
Kontaktna zakist. It is important to uniquely infected people, koristuvatsya zahisnimi individualnymi zasob in the period of epidemiy, often wrinkles.

The role of macroorganism in the infectious process.

sleepiness- genetically determinations of the sign, the importance of reacting to the microorganism in the development of the infectious process; tied to the kinetin reactivity.

resistance- the stiffness of the body, how to accumulate nonspecific factors anti-infectious disease. Factors that weaken the given functions of the body, take on an expanded infection, and that resistance is overwhelming.

Input "gate" of the infection- a chain of fabrics, which are relieved of physiological reasons against specific microorganisms (tobto a small thing, through a microorganism it penetrates into a macroorganism).

Infectious disease- one of the phases of the development of the infectious process (thermal phase), extreme step show it.

1. ethiological (skin infection becomes ill).

2. Contagiousness (contagiousness, contagiousness).

3. Epidemicity (tendency to broadening). You can bootie:

· Sporadic illnesses - one by one fall ill in a given region;

· Epidemiji - sleeping sickness on a large scale;

· Pandemia - ailments spread throughout the great territories.

4. Specificity of localization in the singing organs and tissues.

5. Specificity of transmission mechanisms .

gear mechanism― the way of transferring the pathogen from the infected organism to the sprinkling.

transmission factor― elements of the zvnіshny middle ground, scho to preserve the transfer of the plant from one organism to the other (water, arthropod, live arthropods, objects of a nascent otochennya).

gears― the concrete elements of the new middle age, or even if it’s possible, to ensure that the child’s food is consumed from one organism to the one in the singing callous minds.

6. Repetition or non-repetition (as a result of the recognition of immunity.)

7. The cycle of interruption (so that the appearance of the singing periods of anxiety).

Period of infectious disease

1) Incubation period- an hour from the moment of penetration of the child into the body before the first clinical symptoms of illness appear in the sick person; The triviality of incubation can be very varied - from decile years, days, days, months - up to decilky years.

2) Prodromal (period of provinces ailments) - characterized by the appearance of the first nonspecific symptoms (abnormal weakness, headache, fever, chills, m'yazovi boli etc.)

3) The period of clinical manifestations (ailments) - the maximum turn of nonspecific, as well as specific symptoms, Characteristic only for this disease.

4) period of result:

· Reconvalescence (outside of microbiological sanitation);

· Reconvalescent microbeing;

· Transition to chronic form;

· Fatal result.

Forms of infection (infection)

1. Behind the nature of the zestnik:- bacteria

Virusnі

fungi

protozoan

2. For a number of students:- monoinfection

Мікст -інфекція

3. For the localization of the teacher in the body of the governor:

Mistseva (vognischeva)

Zagalna (generalized):

Bacteriєmiya (virusemia)

Septicemia

Septicopyemia

Toxic-septic shock

Toxemia

Toxinemia

4. According to the mechanism of vyniknennya (walking):

exogenous

endogenous

autoinfection

5. Repeated illnesses:

reinfection

superinfection

Secondary infection

relapse

6. Behind the main infection dzherel:

Anthroponosi (dzherelo infections - lyudina)

Zoonozi (Dzherelo Infections - Tvarina)

Sapronozi (dzherelo infection - zovnishnya / abiotic medium)

7. By the mechanism of transmission and localization of the teacher in the body:

Intestines with fecal-oral transmission mechanism

Infectious diseases with aerosol transmission mechanism

Blood with transmisive transmission mechanism

Infections of external curves with contact transmission mechanism

8. For the month of the meeting:- pozalikarnyana

Internal (VLI)

Natural-oseredkovo

9. For extensions:

sporadic drops

epіdemiї

pandemics

Endemia (adherence of infectious diseases to the singing region)

10. For triviality overrun:

Persistent (latent, chronic, overwhelming)

10. For the nature of the perebіgu:

Symptomatic (microbial)

Erased (subclinic)

manifest

fulminant

Forms of infection are the main understanding.

monoinfection- Infectious disease, wiklikan with one kind of zhvudnik.

Мікст -інфекція(Zmіshana) - two and more types of children who suffer infections.

Secondary infection- before the primary (main) infection, it is necessary to have an infection, to become mentally pathogenic.

reinfection- re-infestation by the same pathogen is written on aphids of unformed immunity.

superinfection- re-infestation by the same plant on aphids of the flow disease.

relapse- re-falling ill for endogenous infection.

at exogenous infections the originator comes into the body from the midst (zzvnі), when endogenous― to be in the organizmі itself.

autoinfection- endogenous infection, vyklykana vlaya mind-pathogenic microflora organism.

persistence- trivial transfer of microorganisms to organisms in an inactive camp.

Microbial activity(Bacteriological, virulent) - knowledge (nose) of microorganism in a macroorganism without clinical manifestations of infection. It is also possible: it is healthier for microbeing - to develop in healthy individuals, who have been in contact with ailments, or some of the most common pathogenic species; convalescent microbeing - a camp, when you see a child of a sick person; most often to form with weak stress post-infectious immunity.

vognischeva infection- Infection, when the process is localized in the singing organ of the tissue and does not expand on the organism. However, in the case of the smallest deteriorated infection in macro- and microorganisms, it can go into a generalized form.

generalized infection- Infection, when the disease is widened, the lympho-hematogenous path is widened to the microorganism.

In a wide variety of ways to develop:

1) bacteremia is a stun of organisms, with any microorganisms circulating in the blood, but it does not multiply;

2) viremia - stun organism, when there is a circulating virus in its blood (generalized viral infection);

3) sepsis - the presence of microorganisms in the blood and breeding;

4) septicemia - a form of sepsis, when microorganisms circulate and multiply in the blood without the approval of secondary infections;

5) septicopyemia is a form of sepsis, with microorganisms not only circulating and multiplying in the blood, or the establishment of metastatic metastases in the other organs;

6) toxemia - stun to the body, when bacterial endotoxin circulates to the blood;

7) toxinemia - a stun to an organism, when there is a circulatory circulatory system, bacterial exotoxin or a toxin (with botulism, right and wrong);

8) when there is a massive supply of bacteria and toxins in the shelter, develop bacterial abo toxic-septic shock.

Epidemiology- science about epidemic process... Vivchaє vyniknennya and widening of infectious diseases in the middle of the population.

Lankan Epidemic Lantsyuga:

1. Dzherelo and infection reservoir.

2. Mechanisms and factors of transmission of animals (factor of transmission can be water, їzha, іtryа, etc.).

3. Dismantling organism.

Pouring into the lanks, it is possible to get ahead or to navigate the same process.

Chim of infectious illnesses occur from among others, in which the specialty of infectious illnesses .

Golovna specialty polyagaє in the fact that infectious ailments are seen in the navkolishnє center of the zbudnikiv. This is necessary for the nobility, as the infection is transmitted to healthy people, as the way and the way of transmission of the infection.
The peculiarity of the field is coming in the fact that the infectious disease of the head of the disease in the body of the people and the foreign reactions - increased temperature, fever, toxic changes nervous system etc.
The third specialty is the symptoms of a severe infectious disease, one can quickly change one. For example, the slurry can be squeezed out of a few years, hanging on the slick can quickly appear and know, there can be quick build-ups of bad weather. To that, there is a lack of foldability in diagnostics and medical aid Infectious disease.
The fourth specialty is signs of weariness (visibility of skarg to the camp of health) as the rule is to prioritize the renewal of damaged functions. Frequently, in the period of renewal, there are hundreds of changes in the organs - heart, heart, heart, heart.

Mind for the expansion.

To expand the infectious disease, you need 3 wash:

Dzherel's manifestation of infection
the manifestation of the way of the transmission
the presence of people who are susceptible to infection

Infection transmissions:

contact - as a result of being stuck with human illness or creatures, as well as with their visions. People carry the infection through the skin and mucous membranes. Some of the contacts are called and the transmissions of transmissions, but more often than not, they are called by the column
kharchovoy (doctors call it alimentary) - at the most part of the transmission, the fragments in the kharchovy products are not only microorganisms, but they multiply. be here intestinal infections with fecal-oral transmission
The drip-drip path of transmission (or aerosol) characteristic of ailments, the illnesses of which are seen as ailments (or nas_infections) with droplets of sludge and slime in case of channa, cough, rose
food-sawninfections - a number of foodstuffs are stored before being seen in a dried viglyad; stink of a sickness for healthy people, I inhale with a saw
transmіsіyny shlyakh - the transfer of an ill-natured person to a healthy person through a carrier - a bloody coma (lice, fleas, mosquitoes, mosquitoes, clues and in.); komakhs to carry an animal and from a sick creature
In some cases, blood is not transmissive (so as not to be tied with coma) - in case of other medical procedures (in prompt engagement, Dentistry and Manipulation). In the rest of the rock, in conjunction with the all-round victories of one-time medical instruments, the transmission of music to the minimum. The transfer of infection with intravenous drug administration with vicious bagatorazovy syringes can be carried out to the end of the
transfusion paths for transfusion of infused donor blood, as well as transplant paths for transplantation of organs. Vip drops of transfusion transmission of the child's child in connection with the introduction of hard vimogs before the donor blood
status shlyakh - with vaginal, anal, oral contacts, with a piece of pregnant women through inferred sperm.

Epidemic middle - the center of knowledge of dzherela of infection (sickness of lyudin abo nosy of infection, infection of the creature), as well as the entire territory, in the boundaries of what is known as dzherel, there is a wide range of infections.

Knowing about the intensity of the spread of infectious disease:

sporadically ill - if there are only one incidence of ill health
Epidemii - Massive expansion of ailments
pandemics - epidemias, populace in the region

Potential manifestation in a particular region of any infectious disease is called an endemic

The main meaning in the wider era is socially-but-bureaucratic officials - population density, social dashing (wine, life, hunger), material goodness, health and well-being, water supply as well as for the manifestation of comas, grisons, homemade food, food and foreign affairs), the level of sanitary and foreign culture, the availability of medical assistance.

Read also " Yak against infectious ailments» « Understanding about the infectious process» «