Shelter at RSK. Serological pre-diagnosis of blood in the diagnosis of ailments

SEROLOGICAL SUPPORT(Lat. Serum syrovatka + Greek. Logos vchennya) - methods of immunology, yak vivchayut the specific power of the blood of people or creatures with the method of detecting antigens or antigens for additional serological reactions.

Ear of S. i. deposited in the end of the last century, when it was established that the antigen was established with antigen (div. Antigen - antigen reaction) supervised by a number of phenomena available to the visual guarding - agglutination (div.), a predicate. There was a possibility of specific development of antigens (div.) Abo antigens (div.), But one of the number of components of the vidomy.

In 1897, F. Vidal seems to be aware that the blood of ailments for typhoid fever is vibrating agglutinated with severity of typhoid bacteria and that reaction (div. Vidal's reaction) may be stuck for the lab. diagnostics of cranial typhus. At the same time, it was shown that the filtration of the cultures of plague, black typhoid and cholera bacteria in the case of the formation of plastics, or precipitate, is shown in the presence of common immunosuppressants.

The reaction of the precipitation was an adjunct for the detection of any white antigens. U 1900-1901 rr. K. Landsteiner knows that in the erythrocytes of people there are two antigen (A and B), and in the blood in the blood there are two agglutinins (a and P), which caused the stagnation of the reaction of hemaglutination for the purpose of assigning blood groups (div.).

The reaction of agglutination for the identification of a group of blood and Rh factor is stagnated in obstetric practice, with blood transfusions and tissue transplantation. Antibody against the Rh factor (div.) Is a different antibody, the stench didn’t get to a direct reaction with Rh-positive erythrocytes, because for them the reaction of Coombs (div. Before the erythrocytes of a specific specificity, they give a dose of blood, and then after the cyme of antiglobulin antiglobulin against IgG (indirect reaction of Coombs). Fab-fragments of non-regular antibodies of pre-juvenile blood cells are adhered to erythrocytes, and anti-IgG anti-IgG antibodies must be attached to vilny Fc-fragments of these antibodies, and agglutination of erythrocytes is detected. For the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia, the direct reaction of Coombs is used, in the organisms of such ailments, the erythrocytes are separated from them, which circulate in the blood with antibodies against the Rh factor. Schob їkh viyaviti, up to erythrocytes, we will find out from a sick person, add antibodies against IgG. The emergence of aglutination of the erythrocytes leads to the diagnosis of ailments.

The reaction of galvanizing hemaglutination - RSHA (div. Hemaglutinating) - is based on the phenomenon of galvanizing (galvanizing) immune hemaglutinating hemaglutinating erythrocytes by viruses. The phenomenon of viral hemaglutination is not serol. reactions and results in the detection of a virus with the receptors of erythrocytes, however, the RSHA is a serological reaction, which is vicious for the detection and titration of anti-virus antibodies. RSHA is the main method of serodiagnostics of influenza, cortex, rubella, epidemic parotitis, clichus encephalitis and other vernal infections, the children of which were taken by the hemagglutinous authorities.

The reaction of passive, or indirect, hemaglutinating, in nіy vikoristovuyu erythrocytes or neutral synthetic chemistry (for example, Latex particles), on the surface of which took sorbed antigens (bacteria, viruses), antigenic tissues. Aglutination of antigens in case of additional antigens. Erythrocytes sensibilized with antigens are called antigenic erythrocytic diagnostics and viciousness for detecting and titrating antigens. Erythrocytes sensitized by antigens call immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostics (div.)

The reaction of passive hemagglutination is fixed for the diagnosis of ailments, lymphatic infections (cranial typhus and paratyphoid fever, dysentery, brucellosis, plague, cholera, etc.), Most prostate (malaria) and virus ... The reaction of passive hemaglutination by sensitivity does not compromise the method of seeing the virus in case of arenevirus ailments (div.), Zokrem in case of lymphocytic chorioomeningitis. The viral antigen of the lymphocytic choriomenningitis appears in viruses (Budinkov mice) in the reaction of passive hemaglutination with suspensions of vital organs, diluted in tens of thousands of times. In case of salmonellosis in the reaction of passive hemaglutination, bacteria appear at a concentration of up to hundreds of microbial amounts in 1 g of feces, disintegrating bacteria in food products appear when there is less than 1 g of material.

The reaction of passive hemagglutination to vikorists in diagnostics and prophylaxis of viral hepatitis B. I dribble the diagnosticum to check the level of blood supply of people who are in contact with them, and if there is HBs-antigen in their presence, there is agglutination. The reaction is good for up to 1.5 ng / ml HBs antigen. For the detection of HBs-anti-vikoristovuyu erythrocytes from sorbed on them HBs-antigen, we see from the blood of ailments. The reaction of passive hemaglutination is also stagnant for the manifestation of the increased sensitivity of the sick to drugs and hormones, for example, penicilin or insulin. In the whole range of erythrocytes of 0 blood groups, people sensitize with lykarskoy speech and because of viciousness for the appearance of up to new agglutins in syrovatz blood of ailing.

The reaction of passive hemaglutinating vikoristovuyu to reveal the gonadotropic hormone in the section with the establishment of vaginosity (div. Chorionichny gonadotropin). For all, it is standard for a hormone to incubate with a pre-sluggish cross-section. With the additional supply of erythrocytes from the hormone sorbed on them, agglutination is not insisted (positively), since the hormone neutralizes the agglutinating antibodies.

Reactions based on the phenomena of precipitation

Їх vikoristovuyt for the designation of good antigens and antigens. The simplest butt of a clear reaction is the confirmation of the opaque smog of the precipitation on the cordon of the antigen for the antigen in the test. Widely stagnate different types of reactions of precipitation in similar to immunodeficiency gels, agar and agarose (method of subordinate immunodifusion according to Ouchterlon, method of radial immunodifusion, immunoelectrophoresis), one hour

To set up sub-line immunodiffusion, pour a ball of melted gel onto the flake plate and, for hardening, circulate the wells with a diameter of 1.5-3 mm. In the case of cola rosetting, the wells are used to increase the amount of antigenicity, and in the central well - the immune system of the specificity. Diffusing one to one, homologous syrovates and antigens form a precipitate. In case of radial immunodifusion (according to the Manchini method), add the immunosuppressive substance to agar. The antigen, placed in the wells, diffused through the agar, and as a result of the precipitation of the immune syrovate around the wells, the opacity of the cells was established, the specific diameter of which took the proportional concentration of the antigen. Modification of the cycle of reaction of vikoristovoy in the diagnosis of influenza for the development of IgM- and IgG-antibodies (div. Immunoglobulin). Add flu antigen to agar, and blood cells into the wells. Then the plates are coated with immunosuppressants against IgM- or IgG-antigens, so that the reaction of antigenic antigens is detected. The method allows the initiation of titers of antibodies and belonging to the class of immunoglobulins at once.

A type of immunoelectrophoresis є radioimmunophoresis. In a wide range of electrophoretic distribution of antigens in the groove, viral parallel to the antigens in the gel, pour a mix of antigens radioactive iodine immunity against antigens, and also against immunity against IgG antigens, to-paradise precipitated a complex of antigens with antigen. All are unbound reagents, and the antigen - antigen complex is used by autoradiography (div.).

Reactions for the participation of complement. Reactions for the participation of the complement (div.) Based on the health of the complement subcomponent Cl (Clq), and because of the other components in the complement, they are brought to the immune complexes.

The reaction of tying the complement allows the titration of antigen or antigen after the step of fixing the complement with the antigen - antigen complex. The reaction is formed in two phases: the interaction of the antigen with the viprobuvan blood (before the system) and the interaction of the hemolytic blood with the lamb erythrocytes (indicator system). at positive reaction in the pre-juvenile system, it is possible to call complement, and even if the antibodies are sensitized to the erythrocytes, they do not stimulate hemolysis (div. Reactions to complement). The reaction is widely used for serodiagnostics of visceral syphilis (div. Wasserman reaction) and foreign infections (div. Virusological dosage).

Cytoliz. Antibodies against cell structures can, for the participation of the complement, recognize cells, which are the essence of cell structures. Lysis of erythrocytes is easy to assess for the level and intensity of hemoglobin development. Lysis of nuclear cells should be assessed by the way of a lot of dead cells that are not farmed methylene blue. Often it is also a vicious radioactive chromium, which is chemically posed in front of the cells. The number of skinned cells starts from the number of unbound chromium, which can be heard during the lysis of the cells.

The reaction of radial hemolysis of erythrocytes can occur in gel. Suspension of ram erythrocytes is put into agarose gel, adding complement to it; in the caught on the slope, ball the holes and add hemolytic syrovat into them. Around the wells, as a result of radial diffusion of antibodies, a hemolysis zone will be established. Radius zone and hemolysis is directly proportional to the titer of syrovatka. If it is absorbed on erythrocytes whether it is an antigen, for example, glucoprotein hemaglutinin to influenza virus, rubella or tick encephalitis, then it is possible to create the phenomenon of hemolysis by immunosuppressants to cich viruses. The reaction of radial hemolysis in helium was known to be stagnant in the diagnosis of external infections, simplicity of setting, insensitivity to syrovatous inflammation, the possibility of titrating blood supply according to the diameter of the hemolysis zone and not in the area of hemolysis

Іmunne prilipannya. Erythrocytes, thrombocytes and blood cells can be found on the surface of the receptor up to the third component of the complement (C3). As soon as the antigen (bacteria, viruses and in.) Is given to the immune system and complement, then the antigen - antigen complex is established, the C3 component is coated with the complement. When thrombocytes are reduced, the C3 component of the complement is antigen - antigenic sediment complex on cells and vicious agglutination (div. Immune adhesion). The reaction is stagnant for the assignment of antigens of the HLA system (div. viral-infections(Klishovy encephalitis, dengue fever), which is supervised by immunopathol. processes and circulation in the blood of viral antigens in a complex with antigens.

The reaction of neutralization is based on the performance of antibodies to neutralize certain specific functions of macromolecular abbreviated antigens, for example, the activity of enzymes, toxins of bacteria, ailment of viruses. In bacteriology, the reaction is victorious for the detection of Antistreptolizin, Antistreptokinase and Antistaphylolizin. The reaction of neutralization of toxins can be assessed by biol. Effectively, for example, titrate anti-tetanus and anti-botulinum substances (div. Toxin - antitoxin reaction). Sumish toxin from antisyrovatki, introduced to creatures, zapobigє їkh bend. різні options reactions of neutralization are stagnant in virology. In case of a change in viruses from a general antisocial and introduc- tion of a group of viruses, or in a culture, the pathogenicity of viruses is neutralized.

Reactions to victories of chemical and physical motoks

Immunofluorescence, destroyed by Coons (A. N. Coons) in 1942, polyagaє in vicoristan for serol. Reactions against fluorochrome syrovatok (div. Immunofluorescence). The antigen-antigen complex, which becomes accessible with a microscope in ultraviolet interchanges, becomes available with a microscope, so that fluorochromes can be used as a fluorochrome. The reaction of direct immunofluorescence to the virus for the inoculation of cell antigens, the detection of the virus in the infected cells and the detection of bacteria and rickets in smears. So, for diagnostics, the tale of the dumbbells in the brain of the creatures that are susceptible to virulence are filled with luminescent anti-rabies. With a positive result in the protoplasm of the nerve cells, breasts of a bright green color are stimulated. Express diagnostics of influenza, parainfluenza and adenovirus infections is based on the detected virus antigens in the cells of the nasal mucosa.

There is a widespread use of the method of indirect immunofluorescence, the detection of antigen-antigen complex behind the addition of luminescent immune response against IgG-antibodies and vicorization for the detection of non-antigenic antigen. The method of zasosuvannya zasosuvannya in serodiagnosis of herpes, cytomegalip, fever Lassa. In the laboratory, a supply of antigen-containing clitin is guilty of taking over at -20 ° C, for example, viroscopy on small cells and infection with the clitine virus VERO, or chicken fibroblasts, fixed with acetone. On the preparation, the drug is sprinkled until the blood is squeezed, the drug is placed in a thermostat at f 37 ° for the establishment of immune complexes, and then, when unconnected reagents are introduced, the complex of the micro-luminescent globular antagonist is detected. Stagnant antibodies against IgM-or IgG-antibodies, it is possible to differentiate the type of antibodies and early immune response to the presence of IgM-antibodies.

In the enzyme - the immunological method of stasis antibodies, conjugation with enzymes, Ch. arr. by peroxidase with chronu or by luzhnoy phosphatase. It is necessary to add the antigen to the target with antigen, add the substrate, and add the enzyme to the syrovate with the appearance of the farbuvannya in the brownish-brown (peroxidase) or the greens (phosphatase) colir. It also ferments, which is used to lay not only a chromogenic, ale and a lumogenic substrate. In general, with a positive reaction, there is light. It is similar to immunofluorescence, anti-immunological method of stagnation for the detection of antigens in cells or titration of antigens on antigen-containing cells.

The most popular type of enzyme-immunological method of immunosorption. On a solid base, you can do cellulose, polyacrylamide, dextran and plastic, absorb antigen. Most often it is necessary to serve the top of the micro-panels holes. Into the wells with the sorbed antigen, add a dose of blood, which is labeled with the enzyme antisubstance and the substrate. Positive results and good results for changes in the color of the wild middle-class. To detect antigens on the nose, absorb antibodies, then add material to the wells and show a reaction labeled with an antimicrobial enzyme.

A radioimmunological method of immobilization of antigens or antigens. A collection of vіn buv breakdowns yak a specific method of vimіryuvannya іvnya circulating hormones in the blood. The test system is used to test the hormone (antigen) isotope and antisitric acid. Even before such an antisirovatki dodati material, to avenge the humming hormone, then there is a part of antibodies, with the onset of introduction of the titrated hormone with antibodies, it seems to change in proportion to the control of his blood. The result is estimated in the adjusted curves of tied and unconnected radioactivity. I will call this method a competitive reaction. Check and modify the radioimmunoassay method. Radioimmunological method - the most sensitive method for determining antigens and antigens, Lykarskiy rechovin and antibiotics, for the diagnosis of bacterial, viral, rickettsial, protozoan disease, pre-development of blood, tissue antigens.

Ratio characteristics and testing of methods in serological dosages in medical practice

Method S. i. without interruption to get comfortable in the direct adjustment of sensitivity and versatility of victoriousness. Sphatku serol. diagnostics was primed for detected antibodies. I will appear in the middle of the 20th century. reactions of immunofluorescence and passive hemaglutination, which are more sensitive, there was a possibility of revealing not depriving the antibody, but the first antigen in the material of the ailments. Enzyme-immunological and radio-immunological methods, by sensitivity by 2-3 orders of magnitude outweigh the immunofluorescence and passive hemaglutination, approach the methods of biol. detection of bacteria and viruses. The area of їх storage for the detection of antigens, as well as antigens, is theoretically not surrounded.

Serodiagnostics інф. The ailment is based on the appearance of antibodies to a seemingly pending disease, regardless of the fact that the disease appears in the state of the disease. Doslidzhuyut a bet of blood, taking ailments on the cob and 2-3 years. because. The increase in antibodies in other blood is not less than 4 times in proportion to the first є diagnostically significant. It also means that the class of immunoglobulins is represented by antibodies. IgM-antibodies are detected in the state of health of the period of ailments and in early stage convalescence. IgG antibodies are found in a greater period of convalescence and circulation. Even if a woman in the first trimester of vaginosis has IgM-antibodies to rubella virus, then it is necessary to change vaginosity, because during the whole period of pregnancy it is especially sensitive to virus. With the latest info. ailments vibіrkovo vikoristovuyut the most specific and manual methods.

S. i. widely used in epidemiology. The systematic collection of information and education in the blood of young groups of the population allows to understand the contacts of the population with the dzherel zbudnikiv inf. ailment. Vivchennya Rivnya Collective Immunity Allowing a Group of Risks and Planuvati to Come in, Vivchati Geographically Expanded Infections. S. i. For example, retrospectively, the circulation of new variants of the influenza virus was allowed in the first half of the hour.

S. i. There may be a great value in vivchenní deciduous ailments (div.) and autoimmune ailments, which are supervised by the appearance of tissue-and organ-specific antibodies, as well as to develop new diagnoses, as well as in oncology. Thus, the immunodiagnosis of liver cancer is based on the presence of alpha-fetoprotein and other membranous antigens in the blood of the sick by the method of immunodiffusion and the radioimmunological method.

Significant progress in science in the development of fine antigenic structure of cell antigens, antigens of bacteria and viruses is within reach of the patient in serol. reactions of monoclonal antibodies, which can be trimmed to an appropriate determinant antigen.

Bibliography: Doslidzhen method in immunology, ed. І. Lefkovitsa and B. Pernis, prov. z English, M., 1981; Certification in immunology, ed. O. Є. V'yazov і Sh. X. Khodzhaeva, M., 1973; Key to clinical laboratory diagnostics, ed. V.V. Menshikov, M., 1982; Immunology, ed. by J.-F. Bach, N. Y., 1978.

S. Ya. Gaidamovich.

So also serological dosage, for whom the stench is carried out, what are the main methods of serological diagnostics?

Serological dosage - the whole method of inoculating antigens or antibodies in biological materials of ailments, based on singing reactions to immunity. The detection of antigens in the biological material before the origin of infection, or antigens, will allow the cause of the disease to be identified.

not 100% specific and sensitive when diagnosing Infectious diseases... To evaluate the results, it is necessary for the urahuvannya of the classic picture of the enmity. The Tsim discussed the need for a test for the diagnosis of infection of decilcoch tests, as well as the provision of methods Western-blot, To confirm the results of screening methods.

“Immunoblotting (Western-blot, Western-blot) is actually a functional verification (verifiable) method in immunological dosages, which allows the production of residual laboratory closures. An especially important test for the confirmation or the spread of infectious diseases (for example, whooping cough, boreliasis, etc.). The Vastra-blot method, as a rule, is necessary for the detection of positive antibodies to the IgG class of the infectious process, so that in such a combination it will be necessary to obtain more correct laboratory interpretation of the results and the reduction of the tactics of the patient. For setting up a Western blot, special nitrocellulosic pigs are used for making a Western blot, on the yak by the method of horizontal and vertical immunophoresis, the cell is transferred in the order of the growth of the molecular vagina. The patient's antibodies to the model with the bites in the singing zones of the male, and the distance to the reaction is analogous to the immunofermetric analysis (IPA) ",- I will explain Candidate of Medical Sciences, Medical Director of the BLUEVO Ukraine laboratory, Oksana Vladislavivna Nebiltsova.

Biological material that can be used for serological education

bloodshed
sludge
fecal matter

Serologic dosages are required for diagnostics of which stan_vicory

By the method of serological reports є the establishment of the effectiveness of the treatment carried out for the patient, as well as the occurrence of a relapse of the patient. In addition, serological methods can be used to find the following:

amoebiasis
giardiasis
opisthorchiasis
trichinelosis
toxocariasis
cysticercosis
echinococosis

Basic methods, vikoristovvani in serological diagnostics

Reaction of immunofluorescence (RIF, Koons method)

See the method:

Straight: microbes or antigens of tissue and microbes are processed with special antigens with antibodies, as well as with fluorochromes, which coagulate in UV-exchanges. Bacteria, in such a rank, can be seen at the viglyadi of the green color along the periphery of the clitine. Spaste in luminescent microscopes.

Indirect: smears are coated with anti-microbial rabbit antibodies. Instead of antigens, which did not bind to the antigens of bacteria, they are considered. This rank, vyavlyayutsya surplus on the microbi of antibodies. In the bag, a complex of microbe + anti-rabbit anti-rabbit + anti-microbial anti-rabbit anti-til, marked with a fluorochrome, is established. The whole complex is put into a luminescent microscope.

For the assessment of the results of the basic chotiribal scale, which is characterized by the intensity of the surface yellow-green light of the antigen:

Even weaker svitinnya klitini

Weak svitinnya periphery klitini

+++ / ++++ yaskrave svitinnya klitini

The title of the reaction is the dilution of the syvate and the result is the result of the reaction +++ or ++++.

Indirect hemaglutination reaction (RNG)

The reaction of a passive or indirect hemaglutination vikorist diagnosis of infection, Victims of the simplest, bacteria and rickets.

The technique is stored from decilkoh stages. A number of erythrocytes are "adjusted" to physiological sodium chloride, if necessary, at a 1: 20000 range, then they are sensitized to retail antigens. After processing with a buffer physiological solution to sodium chloride, the antigen is ready before implantation. Dilute the syrovate in test tubes with a physiological breakdown of sodium chloride, for which the erythrocytic diagnosis is made to the skin separation.

Results to assess the nature of the siege of erythrocytes:

weak intensity

Average intensity

intense reaction

Risko intensive reaction

Let us be positive about the result of the reaction with an intense reaction +++ or a very intense reaction ++++, with such cytrocytes, cover the entire bottom of the tube.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IFA)

The method has high specificity and sensitivity, more than 90%. The main pass is power detection of infections and a quilted dynamism to the process, depending on the level of anti-til.

An analysis for the diagnosis of a wide range of infections, including:

HIV infection
viral hepatitis
cytomegalovirus infection
herpes infection
toxoplasma infection

New recommendations for healthy eating based on the results of the new dosage

Antigen or antigen is fixed on solid plates, sometimes the antigen - antigen complex appears behind the additional enzyme mitts.

ІFA maє a number of passes before the other serological methods. The reaction is the most sensitive, and in the tests, the versatile reagents are vicious. An analysis of the development of immunoglobulin in other classes is possible. In the Danish hour of the IPA є one of the main methods laboratory diagnostics.

Evaluation of the results of the IFA is carried out automatically with the help of special adjustments. In some cases, it is also allowed to have a visual effect of the results of the reaction. The reliability of serological diagnostics is due to the organization of laboratory control, and it is based on decile procedures that are used for assessing the quality of results.

The complement reaction (RSC) is put in two phases: in the first phase, the antigen is taken from the pre-juvenile, in which the manifestation of antibodies is transferred and complement is added, and the incubation in thermostats is 30 hiline.

Another phase: add the hemolytic system (ram erythrocytes + hemolytic syrovatka). Pislya incubation in the thermostat with a stretch of 30 chilines will give the result.

With a positive RSK, the antigen, having found the antigen, set up an immune complex, which will come to itself with a complement, and hemolysis will not be found. Whenever the reaction is negative (anti-lymphocytes in pre-juveniles are nema) - the enzyme becomes overwhelmed and hemolysis becomes.

RSK will be used for serological diagnostics of syphilis, gonorrhea, typhus and those who are ill.

Reactions to immunity from the test of different antigens and antibodies are based on the fact that one of the Ingredients takes part in the reaction (antigen or antibodies) to be easily found out from any point of view. In the quality of the mite, it is vicious with fluorochromes (RIF), enzymes (IPA), radioisotopes (PIA), electronic density (IEM).

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IFA), which is responsible for immunity reactions: 1) for the identification of an unidentified antigen for an additional type of antigen or 2) for the detection of antibodies in the blood of an additional antigen. The peculiarity of the reaction is in the fact that it is the form of the reaction of the enzyme (for example, peroxidase). The presence of the enzyme is due to an auxiliary substrate, which, when the enzyme is activated, becomes barvy. Naybilsh is widely used for solid phase IFA.

1) Antigen detection. The first stage is the adsorption of specific antibodies on the solid phase, in the form of polystyrene and PVC surfaces of the holes of plastic panels. Another stage is the addition of pre-sluggish material, in which the manifestation of the antigen is transferred. The antigen is called antibodies. Rinse out the whole hole. The third stage is the addition of a specific antigen, to avenge the antigen against the antigen, which is labeled with an enzyme. Miscellaneous antigens adhere to antigens, and their surplus is seen in prominence. In such a rank, as in the preliminarily material є antigen, on the surface of the solid phase, the complex of anti-antigen - antigen - anti-antigen is established by the enzyme. To add the substrate to the enzyme. For peroxidase, orthophenylene amin in a mixture of H 2 O 2 in a buffer solution is used as a substrate. When the enzyme is used, the product becomes brownish.

2) Anti-virus detection. The first stage is the adsorption of specific antigens on the walls of the wells. In commercial test systems, antigens are already adsorbed on the surface of the wells. Another stage is the addition of a doslіdzhuvanoi sirovatka. With the presence of antigen, an antigen-antigen complex is established. The third step is to add antiglobulin antibodies (antiglobulin antibodies against human globules), mixed with an enzyme, to the wells. The results of the reaction are estimated, as it is meant to be.

Yak controls vikoristovuyu visually positive and negative, as є in commercial systems.

IFA will be used for diagnostics of infectious diseases, zokrem, VIL-infections, viral hepatitis.

Immunoblotting is a type of IFA (by electrophoresis and IFA). By the method of electrophoresis in gels, biopolymers are added, for example, antigens to the virus and human immunodeficiency. It is possible to transfer the broken molecules to the surface of the nitrocellulosis in the same order as in the stench they were in the gels. The process of transferring is called a blot, and the copying process is called a blot (English Blot). On tsei vidbitok dіyut doslіdzhuvanoї sirovatkoyu. Then add the syrovat against human globules, marked with peroxidase, then the substrate, which is added to the enzyme in the brown color. Brown smogs are established in quiet places, when antigens have become antigens. The method of allowing antigen detection to specific antigens to the virus.

Radioimmune analysis (RIA). The method allows for a significant amount of antigen in a pre-test. Somewhat before the immune response, take the material, immediately replace the antigen, then - the antigen, test with a radioisotope, for example I 125. As a result, there is no known antigen. So, if the antigen is supplied in a singular dose, then it is possible that it is significant that its part was linked with antibodies, and that it was lost through competition with non-specific antigen and it was visible. The amount of the target antigen, calling the antibodies, is called for by the auxiliary pilot. It is wrapped in proportion to the number of antigen being assigned.

Immunelectronic microscopy (IEM). Before the antigen, for example, before the influenza virus, there is a specific antisocial agent, which is characterized by an electrically dense speech. In the quality of the mitts, there are metal-containing beads (feritin, hemocyanin) or even gold. When microscopic in an electronic microscopic photographs, on which one can see the viruses of the flu, which have come to them by dark dots - molecules of small antibodies.

Control food

Nabutius immunity, the type of deciduous (species, congenital). See the packed immunity.

Zavdannya. The family fell ill with diphtheria, child Valeriy, three rock_v... The other members of the family did not get sick, moreover, the mother got sick for diphtheria in her childhood, and my father was sick with diphtheria toxoid. Older sister Natasha, five years old, has never been splintered by diphtheria toxoid through medical evidence, so she had to carry out the first emergency prophylaxis for an additional anti-diphtheritic antitoxic syrup. The youngest brother, Vіtalіy, three months, did not get sick, I wish nothing was splintered. At the booth there is a little cat and a dog, they didn’t get sick of the stench. Name for the skin of the members of the family and for the creatures the type of immunity, the zavdyakov did not get sick with the stench.

What is the antigen? What kind of antigens can you talk about? What antigens and haptenies are, why does one smell like one? Antigen structure. What is the name of a part of a molecule to an antigen, what is the origin of its specificity? Name antigenes to you. So also autoantigeni? Antigenic budov microbial cells. Flagellate and somatic antigens; localization, literary, Chimіchna nature, brought up to temperature, way of discouraging, practical sucking... Anatoxin, yogo power, zasosuvannya, otrimannya. Yaka tissue to become an organism's immune system? Introduce central and peripheral organizations immune system people. Describe the process of the formation of humoral and clinical immune responses. Introduce cells, as there is no accumulation and overtravel of antigen; klitini, yaki vzaєmodiyut when forming humoral immunity, Klitinnogo immunity; cells, which transform and transform into plasma cells, which produce antibodies; clitini who stimulate the process; clitini who drive to the immune system; clitini, which drive in chilly clitini, and infected with the clitini virus. What is anti? Yak otrimati imunnu sirovatka? Yak otrimati sirovatku, yak would neutralize the right toxin? What antigens are antitoxin, agglutinin, hemolizin? Do antibodies become established when diphtheria toxoid is introduced into the body? diphtheria bacteria? Chemically nature and structure of antibodies. What is also an active immunoglobulin center? Overextend the class of immunoglobulins, their powers. Indicate the class of immunoglobulins that penetrate the placenta. What class should there be secretory immunoglobulin? Dynamism of accumulation of antibodies. What is the answer to the second immune response from the first one? How is it in practical medicine to learn about the dynamics of the immune response? As well as reactions to immunity, such as mechanism, phases of reactions. In which two straight lines the reaction to immunity? Deal with your reactions to immunity.

Zavdannya. Put in place the missing words "toxoid" or "antitoxin": _________ є antigen, _________ є antibodies, __________ when active immunity is introduced into the body, __________ when introduced into the body, passive immunity is removed, __________ formalin and warm, ___________ neutralizing toxins, __________ wicking in the organism of establishing antibodies.

Reaction of agglutination: scho also agglutination, scho - antigen, scho - antigen; methods of setting, such as control, set and for whom; as guilty of control. Agglutinating syrovatki, how to take revenge on the stench, how to get rid of it, for which it becomes stagnant; how does the titer agglutinate sirovatki? Reaction of indirect (passive) hemaglutination: how to serve as an antigen in the whole reaction, how to recognize it, the mechanism of the reaction. So also erythrocytic diagnostics? So is it an antihyperthrocytic diagnosticum? Reactions of precipitation: also precipitation, which serves as an antigen; How can you eliminate precipitating syrovatu? So also the titer of Precipitating syrovatki? The staging method is more practical.

Complement reaction (RSK): RSK principle; how to get up in the face of the interaction of the immune system with specific antigen; How can you see the complement, how can you be present at the time of interaction? What is the share of complement in the same amount as the antigen and antibodies of a non-specific spore? Is it a positive or negative result? Methodology for setting up the RSK. Why should a doslijuvan inactivate a trebly sirovat? Hemolytic sirovatka: how to take revenge, how to get it, how does the title and how does it start? Complement: chemistry nature, set to high temperature, De revenge? Yak can you zruynuvati complement? Is it practical to get stuck in the complement?

Zavdannya. On the clothes of the people who are ringing at the vbivs, the beach of blood is revealed. For the help of such a reaction, there is a great deal of humanity; scho in the whole reaction will be antigen, and scho antibodies; What kind of diagnostic drug is needed by the mother in the laboratory for the whole reaction?

Zavdannya. As for the additional reaction of the precipitation of the importance, of the deliveries for the analysis of the meat of the great horned thinness or the meat of the horse; What are the necessary diagnostic drugs?

Reactions of precipitation in agar gels, methods of setting, practical storage.

Serological method of dosage.

Antigen-antigen reactions

The peculiarities of the interaction between antigen and antigen are the basis of diagnostic reactions in laboratories.

reaction in vitro antigen and antigen stock up:

specific

nonspecific phase.

V specialphysical phase it is given a specific response to the active center of the antibody with the determinant antigen.

potim infusion nonspecific phase - povilna, yak to manifest visible physical symptoms, For example, by the light of plastic (the phenomenon of agglutination) or precipitation at the viglyadi of turbidity. Qi phase of vimag of the visibility of singing minds (electrolytes, optimal pH of the middle).

I want to stop serological methods (From lat. serum - sirovatka i logos - vchennya), that is, methods of injecting antigen and antigens for additional antigen-antigen reactions, which begin in the blood and other ridges, as well as in the tissues of the body.

When a microbe is seen from a sick person, carry out the identification of the patron saint by way of the introduction of the antigenic authorities behind the help of immune diagnostics, i.e. Tse is so called serologicalidentification microorganisms.

agglutination reactions

agglutination reaction- RA(From lat. agglutinatio - gluing) - simple in terms of staging the reaction, when they are connected with antigens of corpuscular antigens (bacteria, erythrocytes, or other cells, non-essential particles with adsorbed antigens on them) Vona protests with the presence of electrolytes, for example, when adding an isotonic solution to sodium chloride.

become stagnant options for reactionsaglutination:

fired up,

orієntovna,

indirect і ін.

agglutination reaction to be manifested by the assertions of the plastic or a siege (clitini, "glued" with antibodies, which may be two or more antigen-binding to the center).

Ra vikoristovuyut for:

1) value of antibodies in syrovatz bloodthem, For example, with brucellosis (reaction of Wright, Heddelson), typhus and paratyphoid fever (reaction of Vidal) and other infectious ailments;

viznennya zabudnik , seen from the sick;

the number of blood groups with vicious monoclonal antibodies against allo-antigens erythrocytes.

For the value of a sick person putpropelled reaction of agglutination: to dissolve the blood of a sick person diagnosticum(Suspension of microbes,) and after a few years of incubation at 37 ° C, it means the most dilution of syrovat (titer of syrovat), when agglutination became, i.e., the siege was established.

The nature and speed of agglutination is based on the type of antigen and antigen. With the help of є particularities of the interconnection of diagnostics (O-and K-antigens) with specific antigens. Agglutination reaction O-diagnostics(Bacteria killed by heat, saved thermostable O-antigen) see at the sight of a grain-based agglutination. The reaction of agglutination of H-diagnostics (bacteria killed by formalin, saved thermolabile flagellate H-antigen) is large-cotton and antigenic.

If you need to see a child, visions from a sick person, orієntuvatisya intravenous reaction of agglutination, stasis diagnostics of antibodies (agglutinate syrovatka), that is, to carry out serotyping of the child. Carry out an on-line reaction on a subject test. Before the dots, the diagnostics agglutinate sirovatki in dilution 1:10 or 1:20 to add a pure culture of an animal seen from a sick person. Instruct to set the control: replace the syrovatki, apply a speck of rosette with sodium chloride. When plastic microbes appear in the drops, place a siege to open agglutination reaction in test tubes with dilutions of dilutions agglutinate syrovatki, to which add 2-3 drops of the suspension of the seedling. Aglutination will be carried out for a number of sieges and stages of enlightenment of the country. vvazayut reactionpositive The agglutination is denoted in a dilution close to the titer of a diagnostic test. One hour controllable: sirovatka, diluted with physiological breakdown of sodium chloride, is guilty of buty with a good sense, the suspension of microbes in the same way - almost kalamutnoyu, without siege.

Rіzni native bacteria can agglutinate in one and the same diagnostics agglutinate syrovatously, so that the identification is accelerated. Tom to blame adsorbed agglutinative SivoyRothko, There are many visible cross-reactive antibodies by the way of adsorption by native bacteria. Such sirovatki have antibodies, specific only to the given bacterium. Otrimannya in this way monoreceptor diagnostics agglutinating syrovatov bulo proponated A. Kastelliani (1902).

Indirect (passive) hemagglut reactionnationalities (RNGA, RPGA) photographed on usingbaths of erythrocytes(Abo latex) from adsorbbath on their surfaces with antigens orantibodies, Interconnection of some types of responses: appropriate antibodies for the antigens of the blood of the ailments of Wiklik gluingnya and vipadannya erythrocytes to the bottom of the test tube or midway near the scalloped view of the siege.

With a negative reaction The erythrocytes are deposited at the viglyad "gudzika". Name in RNGA antibodies are antigenic antigenic erythrocytic diagnosticum, which is erythrocytes with antigens adsorbed on them. In some cases, antibiotic erythrocyte diagnostics, on which antibodies are adsorbed. For example, it is possible to find a botulinum toxin, adding up to a new erythrocyte anti-botulinum diagnosticum (this is the name reactionaryindirect hemaglutination -rong). RNGA stasis for diagnostics of infectious ailments, determination of gonadotropic hormone in the sech when vaginosity is established, for detecting increased sensitivity to drugs, hormones and in some other types

coagglutination reaction. Clinics of the zabudnik visit for the help of the staphylococcus, in front of the crumbling immune diagnostics. Stafіlokoki, scho revenge bіlok A, there is little spore to the Fc-fragment of immunoglobulins, nonspecifically adsorb antimicrobial antibodies, since they interconnect active centers with visible microbes seen from ailments. As a result of coagglutination, plastic is established, which is stored in staphylococci, antidiagnostic antibiotics, and a microbe.

Reaction galvanized hemaglutination(RSHA) photographed on the blockade, strangled antigenov viruses antibodies of the immune system, as a result of which the virus consumes the power to agglutinate the erythrocytes. RGGA stagnates for diagnostics of feverish fever, fever (influenza virus, bark, rubella, mice encephalitis, etc.).

Agglutination reaction for the value of anti-rat antibodies (indirect reactionCoombs) stagnation in ailments with hemolysis. In such ailments, there are anti-rezus antibodies, which are incompatible, univalent. The stench specifically interacts with Rh-positive erythrocytes, but does not wick away agglutination. The presence of such inadequate antibodies appears in the indirect reaction of Coombs. For the whole anti-rhesus anti-rhesus + rhesus-positive erythrocytes system, add antiglobulin antibodies (anti-immunoglobulin antibodies) to the anti-rhesus antibodies. Due to the additional reaction of Coombs, pathological conditions are diagnosed, linked with internal vascular lysis of epithelial cells of immune genesis, for example, hemolytic ailments of new-born women: antitrocytes of rhesus-positive fetus have passed through the circulatory system. Rh-negative mother.

With the help of the establishment of an accurate diagnosis, the ailment is to be carried out in a complex manner. Zagalny analiz blood is not very informative, it is not vicious in case of diagnostics of venereal infection.

See doslіdzhen and biomaterialіv for analysis

For the detection of ailments, vikoristovuyu use different methods and biomaterials. At the early stages of syphilis, start for an additional bacterioscopic test. Learn to do it with a microscope. The attachment is allowed to wiggle with stitches. It is better to carry out serological analyzes. Zavdyaki їm, antigens and antigens to ailments appear in the samples.

Methods for setting up the status of infection submission into 2 categories:

Straight, pathogenic microorganism emerge. Before them, there are: dark-field microscopy, RIT-analysis (information about rabbits in biomaterial for pre-adulthood), the PLR method - a polymerase lanceol reaction (from the other side to know the genetic elements).
Indirect (serological) allow the antigen to the pathogen. The stench is produced by the immune system, as a common reaction to an infection.

Serological methods of subdivision into 2 categories: treponemal and non-treponemal.

Non-treponemal, which include: test with toluidine worm, analysis of RSK, RPR-test, blood monitoring by express-method of RMP.

Treponemni, how to unite: immunoblotting, RSK-test, РІТ-analysis, further RIF, RPGA-test, IFA-analysis.

Informativeness of tests for infection of the disease. Most often it is necessary to check the main types of analyzes for syphilis, before those introduced serological methods. Patients, who require thoroughness, have a personal test.

Biomaterial for doslіgennya

I will find that it is a pathogen, like a viglyad, like a spiral and viclikal syphilis, take samples:

venous blood;
liquor (secret from the spinal canal);
vmіst lіmphatic universities;
fabrics and bends.

If it is necessary to carry out a test for the occurrence of syphilis, they do not create shelter only from the vein, but from the finger. On the vibrating biomaterial and the way to keep up with the severity of the infectious diseases and the equipment of the diagnostic center.

direct dosage

Let's overconfirm the syphilis є detection of the infection with a microscope. In this way, the pathogen can be identified in 8 patients with 10. Negative result in 2 patients were too overwhelmed not to talk about those who didn’t smell.

Beforehand, hesitating at the primary and secondary stage (stage) of becoming ill, for those who are characterized by the appearance of hanging on the shkiri and siphiloma (virazok) on epithelial fabrics or slimy shells. In vid_lennya from mid-term, pathogens are known to occur, which are often affected by venereal disease.

More precisely, the folding test can cope with the values of treponemes, it is recognized as RIF - the reaction of immunofluorescence. The reader should be exposed to fluorescent antibodies beforehand. Spoluki, built up, are glued together with bacteria. Look out from the microscope at a glance, in case of an infected laboratory assistant to back up blistering spikes.

Test for early diagnosis of ailments. What is more, less than the sensitivity of diagnostic methods. In addition, there is a fall in the course of the crumpling of the hang-up and the use of antiseptic methods and of the patients who have gone through the treatment. The success rate is given to positively negative and positively positive results.

RIT-analysis is a high-precision method for detecting syphilis. When the test is carried out, the results are brought to check. Until quietly, no signs of infection will appear at the infected rabbit. The test stagnates even more rarely, do not marvel at those who are super accurate.

For the additional polymerase lanceyuga reaction to syphilis, genetic elements of pathogens are initiated. One half of the PLR is a road trip.

not treponemni testimony

Such blood analyzes will help to identify antibodies, which are shown in the case of cardiolipin - spoluka, which should zalny budova membranes of pathogens.

Wasserman reaction (PB or RW)

The most recent reports on syphilis are affected by Wasserman's reaction. RV enter into the category of reactions of complement linking (RAC). New methods of RSK may be of the origin of insights from the traditional RW. Ala, a stench will come to be known, like the "reaction of Wasserman" before the understandings.

The immune system, the synthesis of antibodies (markers) in response to the invasion of treponemes. Їх appear when analyzing blood for syphilis by the Wasserman reaction method. The positive result of RW confirmed the information about the situation.

Reaction to hemolysis - index of RV analysis. When there is a combination of 2 substances: hemolytic syrovatka and erythrocytes of a ram. Syrovatka shy, immunizuєmo rabbit with ram erythrocytes. The activity of biological origin is reduced by the progress of progress.

Indicators of RV are due to the fact that hemolysis is gone. A sample of pure markers will show hemolysis. With a whole reaction to antigens is uncomfortable. The complement is vitrized for interaction with sheep erythrocytes. If it is a marker, the compliment enters into a reaction with antigens. In general, hemolysis does not contradict.

Components for RW are viewed in rivniy kilkost. Zrazok, how to take revenge on the sirovatka, antigen and complement, program. Add sheep erythrocytes and syrovat to the sample. Trim at a temperature of 37 degrees, as long as the hemolysis does not appear in the control test, which replaces the antigen to avenge the fizrozchin.

Antigen are prepared for carrying out RV. On the packaging, the titration and technology of breeding should be included. A positive RW result will be indicated by crosses. Prepare test results and mark the next rank:

++++ - the most positive (hemolysis zatrimavsya);
+++ - positive (hemolysis is very noticeable);
++ - weakly positive (hemolysis is often soaked);
+ - total (hemolysis was insignificant).

With negative RV, hemolysis increases in all patients. Ale in deyakie vypadki to recognize hybnopositive tributes. It is also considered, if cardiolipin is added to the storehouse. Due to the mechanisms, they do not produce markers up to the "normal" cardiolipin.

However, it is clear that the situation is wrong. Positive RW appears in uninfected people. It’s so good, like the patient is transferred grave ailment, Viklikanu viruses (pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, liver and blood pathologies). Positive RV buvaє among the vagitniki. The cetus was paused, that the immunity is overwhelmingly weakening.

As soon as the patient is diagnosed with a pseudopositive test for syphilis, the patient will be tested as before. The problem is that it’s unwise to get infected for one single clinical-laboratory test. Part of the doslіdzhen yes is untrue indicators, both negative and positive.

Recognize the valid data of the supplementary aid for the analysis of syphilis. Yomu zavdyaki vstanovlyuyut true diagnosis: to bring the infection, or vyklyuchayut yogo. In addition, the extensions of the test allow the development of infections, the inclusion of unnecessary therapy.

RSK i RMP

Carry out a cleanup on syphilis, the traditional reaction of Wasserman, to get rid of it in the region. Replace it with the method of RSK. The analysis gives a positive result after 2 months of information. In the case of a second form, there is a positive growth rate of 100%.

Method of microprecipitation (RMP) - continued with the mechanism of analogous reaction of Wasserman. The technique is simple for the Viconanne. Vaughn shvidko be held. To get a shelter for syphilis in a wide range of conditions, you can create it with your finger. The technique gives a positive result after 30 days from the moment the syphiloma appears. The pardons are not included in the trial. It is extremely positive to recognize on aphids: infection, pneumonia, infarction, insult, and intoxication have become aggravated.

Before pardoning the tests, produce:

Having detected a summation of the analysis for syphilis, weakened treponemni until the end of the day. The stench will help you to clarify the diagnosis.

RPR i test with toluidinovym wormon

The Plasma Reagin Method (RPR) is a Chergov analogue of the Wasserman reaction. Yogo to stop, if you need:

screening asymptomatic individuals;
pid hardness syphilis;
donor donor shelter.

Test with toluidinovym wormonim, yak and RPR, to conduct, to assess dynamics drug therapy... Їx indicators fall when ailments enter, and increase, if the pathology recurs.

Unnecessary analysis to show some ailments. Otrimannya negative results on syphilis talk about those, where the ailment came on. The first step is to relax in 3 months after the course therapy.

treponemni dosljennya

Conduct highly effective analyzes, vikoristovuchi treponemal antigen. Їx timid, if:

a positive result with the RMP method is recognized;
it is necessary to recognize the priesthood of the date, which is determined during the screening tests;
take the development of syphilis;
it is necessary to diagnose it with a stream of infection;
need to carry out retrospective diagnostics.

Test RIF і РІТ

In the case of the infirm, the patients with treponemal tests give positive results for the next hour. Behind him you can judge about the level of efficiency of treatment. РІТ і РІФ - sympathetic tests. The managers їm will get the authentic data. Quite the analysis of labor, the stench vimagayut decent team-hour vitrates, the manifestation of progressive possession. Їх zdatnі conduct qualified medical specialists.

RIF analysis for syphilis, positive data will be received after 2 months of information. Negative parameters confirm health conditions. Positive - allow to let it go, but the person is informed.

Perform RIT if the microprecipitation reaction is positive. Such an analysis of blood for syphilis additional aid is simpler, or the evidence of infection. The test is hypersensitive, it accurately detects infections of the patient or health. Allegedly, there is a valid date of only 3 months after the penetration of treponemes into the body.

immunoblotting method

We carry out immunoblotting prior to precise tests. Such an analysis of blood in case of syphilis is rare. Yogo zasosovuyt at regular newborn children. Wine is not suitable for express testing. Positive results and feedback from records. Їх nagato earlier yes the method of microprecipitation.

ІFA і RPGA

Prior to informative super-precise methods of admission to the test of the IFA and RPGA. From їkh help to carry out express diagnostics. Laboratory assistants are able to assess the magnificence of the number of such analyzes. The staff should be able to get an accurate diagnosis.

RPHA analysis for syphilis positive after 30 days after the penetration of the child into the body. I can help you diagnose the primary infection, if there are viral and visceral infections.

Youmu workers will be thrown into a run vrodzheni formi pathology. Alle to carry out it spіlno with non-treponemal and treponemal tests. Comprehensive diagnostics are not indicative of the reliability of the results. Try not to accurately bring the test to the presence of venereal infection.

A positive reaction is taken to last a great hour. There are reasons for not being vicious for assessing the effectiveness of treatment.

IPA analysis is positive after 21 days from the moment of infection. The test only gives good results. Smells z'yavlyayutsya with systemic pathologies, damaged communication processes. Їх the effectiveness of the sumnіvna in the child, as was born from the information mother.

Abductions, obsessed with serological methods of advancement, became the reason for the emergence of progressive diagnostic methods. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry do not give good results. One pereshkoda for їkh mass victoriannya is a road.

diagnostic algorithm

When syphilis is known in the first phase (up to 60 days at the time of the infirmity), the child is shown on dark aphids, or vikoristnoy for fluorescent antibodies.
There is also pathology in the primary, secondary and secondary forms of stagnation of RMP and IFA. Confirm the results of additional assistance with RPHA blood analysis for syphilis.
In case of recurrences of secondary infections, analyze the appearance of viral infections. Zrazkіv vityagayut zbudnikіv, vivchayut їkh for an additional microscopy.
If the disease enters the tretine phase, 1/3 of the patients have RMP negative. At the same time, the results of the IFA and RPGA are positive. However, the stench is not expected to be used for the third period, but it will last when people have had an infection before. A weakly positive test is a proof of a further addiction, and not a development of the third phase.
Pidtverzhuyuchi congenital syphilis, blood analysis is taken from the mother and dumb. Read the data on the RMP tests. Vrahoyuti those who have a baby ІFA and RPGA positive. Piddzhuyut diagnosis, vikoristovuchi method of immunoblotting.

Syphilis, as if it were a systemic pathology, hostile to all organism. To that, the condition should be passed during vaginosti, before an abortion. For the patients, to roam RMP, IFA, RPGA.

Yak zdati analiz

A doctor-venereologist guides patients for analysis. Private laboratories to check the announcements of the messages on the syphilis for the client's owners. For the test, they do not need the direction of the liquor.

Rules for conducting an admission:

Shelter in the laboratory should be taken on an empty slunker (for a procedure). Before the analysis, it is allowed to drink only water.
For 2, finish off the hardening of the hardened: grub with fatty hedgehog and vzhivat alcohol.
Take blood from your finger or veins.
How many words are you talking about? Zazvychay no more dobie. Deciphering of analyzes for syphilis should be obtained from laboratory technicians or a lykar.
How much is a valid test? After 3 months of analysis and analysis will consume power. Їx create knowledge.

As the interpretation of the analysis shows that the test is positive, it is necessary to inform the venereologist, in order to determine the detailed information for the accurate confirmation of the diagnosis and the identification of the scheme of the necessary addiction.

Spinal test vm_stu

The diagnosis of neurosyphilis should be made in order to get the liquor up to date. Such an analysis of shyness:

people with a haunted form of infection;
with symptoms of illness nervous system;
asymptomatic, advanced neurosyphilis;
We are sick with positive serological reactions.

Directed to the doslіdzhennya lіkvoru daє lіkar. Take a puncture from the spinal canal in 2 tubes. Cover the puncture with iodine, close it with a sterile servet. For the procedure of the patient, the patient must be treated in the post-regime for 2 days.

At 1 point, you can start with a small number of bottles, klitin, follow the meningit. In other samples, count antibodies to the origin of syphilis. To test the test: РВ, РМП, РІФ і РІБТ.

Fallen from that, there was a debris, there are 4 different types of liquor. Skin is applied to the structure of the nervous system. Likar diagnostics:

Moreover, the test results are used to judge the patient's performance.

Interpretation of tests - the owner of the drug. Tilki vіn zdatniy zrobiti correct visnovki, if necessary, indicate additional provision, deliver an accurate diagnosis. It is not easy to self-diagnose self-diagnostics in case of unsafe systemic pathology. Pomilka in diagnostics means serious inheritance.

Complement reaction (RSK)

Another phase: add the hemolytic system (ram erythrocytes + hemolytic syrovatka). Pislya incubation in the thermostat with a stretch of 30 chilines will give the result.

RSK will be used for serological diagnostics of syphilis, gonorrhea, typhus and other illnesses.

Yak controls vikoristovuyu visually positive and negative, as є in commercial systems.

IFA will be used for diagnostics of infectious diseases, zokrem, VIL-infections, viral hepatitis.

Nabutius immunity, the type of deciduous (species, congenital). See the packed immunity.

Zavdannya. The family fell ill with diphtheria child Valeriy, three rockies. The other members of the family did not get sick, moreover, the mother got sick for diphtheria in her childhood, and my father was sick with diphtheria toxoid. Older sister Natasha, five years old, has never been splintered by diphtheria toxoid through medical evidence, so she had to carry out the first emergency prophylaxis for an additional anti-diphtheritic antitoxic syrup. The youngest brother, Vіtalіy, three months, did not get sick, I wish nothing was splintered. At the booth there is a little cat and a dog, they didn’t get sick of the stench. Name for the skin of the members of the family and for the creatures the type of immunity, the zavdyakov did not get sick with the stench.

What is the antigen? What kind of antigens can you talk about? What antigens and haptenies are, why does one smell like one? Antigen structure. What is the name of a part of a molecule to an antigen, what is the origin of its specificity? Name antigenes to you. So also autoantigeni? Antigenic budov microbial cells. Flagellate and somatic antigens; lokalizatsiya, lіternne poznachennya, chemistry nature, set to temperature, way of rejection, practical zasosuvannya. Anatoxin, yogo power, zasosuvannya, otrimannya. Yaka tissue to become an organism's immune system? Introduce the central and peripheral organisms of the immune system and people. Describe the process of the formation of humoral and clinical immune responses. Introduce cells, as there is no accumulation and overtravel of antigen; klitini, yaki vzaєmodіyut in the form of humoral immunity, clerical immunity; cells, which transform and transform into plasma cells, which produce antibodies; clitini who stimulate the process; clitini who drive to the immune system; clitini, which drive in chilly clitini, and infected with the clitini virus. What is anti? Yak otrimati imunnu sirovatka? Yak otrimati sirovatku, yak would neutralize the right toxin? What antigens are antitoxin, agglutinin, hemolizin? Do antibodies become established when diphtheria toxoid is introduced into the body? diphtheria bacteria? Chemically nature and structure of antibodies. What is also an active immunoglobulin center? Overextend the class of immunoglobulins, their powers. Indicate the class of immunoglobulins that penetrate the placenta. What class should there be secretory immunoglobulin? Dynamism of accumulation of antibodies. What is the answer to the second immune response from the first one? How is it in practical medicine to learn about the dynamics of the immune response? As well as reactions to immunity, such as mechanism, phases of reactions. In which two straight lines the reaction to immunity? Deal with your reactions to immunity.

Complement reaction (RSK): RSK principle; scho establish itself with the interaction of the immune system with a specific antigen; How can you see the complement, how can you be present at the time of interaction? What is the share of complement in the same amount as the antigen and antibodies of a non-specific spore? Is it a positive or negative result? Methodology for setting up the RSK. Why should a doslijuvan inactivate a trebly sirovat? Hemolytic sirovatka: how to take revenge, how to get it, how does the title and how does it start? Complement: cheery nature, brought to high temperatures, de revenge? Yak can you zruynuvati complement? Is it practical to get stuck in the complement?

Reactions of precipitation in agar gels, methods of setting, practical storage.

Will I show a serological analysis of blood?

Will I show a serological analysis of blood? Diagnostics come in - the most important step in the therapy of any illness. Successful testing is not only due to the indications of the preparation, but in the world of meaning, in order to find the correct diagnosis.

In addition, diagnostics allows ailments... For the additional serological analysis of the patient's blood, the presence of antigens and antigens is revealed. Until the end of the day, you will help to know if you are sick, because of the start of the phase and control over the passage of the disease.

What is serology?

Serology is called immunology galuz, which shows the reaction of antigens to antibodies. Daniy razdil medicine is engaged in the production of blood plasma and immunological characteristics.

On the current day, serological analysis of blood for antibodies is a good way to detect human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis, brucellosis, ZPSSh and others who are not safe for life. Rosberemosya, in which vipadki yogo priznachayut.

Shown before recognition

Serological analysis of blood is necessary for the detection of an ailment in case of accelerated diagnosis.

To carry out the whole reaction, the antigens of the pupils are injected into the plasma, and then a laboratory assistant is injected into the process. Above, zd_yisnyuyut zvorotnu reaction: in \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ots been named in the informed shelter for designation of the particular accessory of the pupil.

Sphere vikorystannya

Dana doslіdzhennya vikoristovyut in іznih galuzi medicine. For an additional chain of reactions, specific cells and antibodies appear, which are violated by the body in order to fight against infections and viruses.

Krym tsyogo, for the additional serological method, there is a group of human blood.

Additional serological predictions of blood analysis in gynecology for diagnostics of ailments, which are transmitted by a pathway. To practice this method for complex conditions of vaginal women (detection of toxoplasmosis, VIL, syphilis, etc.). Passing the test є is binding when staged on the screen in a woman's consultation.

In children, the serological reaction is victorious to diagnose the so-called “childish” illnesses (vitrians, bark, rubella, etc.)

Revealing of venereal disease

For venereologists, the test of justice is indispensable and it is permissible to make a diagnosis even more accurately.

When the clinical picture is set, serological analysis of blood for syphilis, giardiasis, ureaplasmosis, chlamydiasis, herpes, and other illnesses is allowed to show the manifestation of antibodies.

Viruses and infectious diseases

Serological analysis is actively carried out by a gastroenterologist, hepatology and infectious diseases for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis.

Deciphering the serological analysis of blood so it is possible to start at the stage of procuring the disease and referral to nutrition, if a hospitalization is required at the moment. Yak correctly?

Preparation before analysis

Serological analysis of blood in both state and commercial clinics. Perevagu varto vіddati laboratories, yaka we have a wonderful possession and qualified personnel.

Biological insights for adolescence can be sludge and feces, and in most cases, the venom of the sick can be found. Shelter for serological test should be taken from the heart of the laboratory. Before you create the analysis, then consult with the doctor about the preparation drive to the whole procedure.

To prepare for the analysis of serologic data, it is necessary to read a number of awkward rules.

Shelter is being built in a quiet camp to the reception of the house, tobto the heart. Before the cym, it doesn’t go through іnshі doslіdzhennya, for example, robiti X-ray, ultrasound, etc.

It is necessary to turn on the intake of antibacterial and other drugs for a few days to the delivery of blood. Singing recommendations in all kinds of ways to lie down in the middle of the disease, on the yak to be afraid of the test. For example, the transmission of fatty alcohol to alcohol for hepatitis 48 years before the procedure.

fluorescence reaction

Among the types of serological reactions and fluorescence reactions. For the whole technique, a reagent is used to generate antibodies in the blood.

Formulation of serological reaction of direct type of transfer of specific antibodies by fluorescent speech. Such a reaction is very simple and carried out in one step.

The first option for carrying out such an analysis can be called an indirect one, or RNIF. It will be carried out in two stages. On the first stage of antigens do not mark with fluorescent markings, and on the other stage, there is a definite indication of antigens for assigning antigens and antibodies. The wedding is only due to the fact that it is called a specific antibody.

Would I show a serological analysis of blood? Pidsumok of all procedures for evaluating a special attachment, which analyzes the force of viprominuvannya, reveals the form and size of a pre-sluggish object. Infectious diseases appear due to the result, the reliability of which becomes%, in the presence of that stage of pathology.

enzyme immunoassay

In cich types of serological pre-development, unique stable reagents become stagnant. Assigned speech yak bi stuck to shukanim antiit. We will accept a good or small result in a child's bag.

If the twisted markers are not visible, the result will be negative. As soon as the presence of antibodies in biological studies is evident, the result of the analysis is positive. If there is a large number of values, the analysis will give a more accurate result.

Analyzing indicators of analysis (for example, the sum of the evolved clitin) fahivets viznachaє, where is the congestion on the cob stage, in the hostel stage, or even the stinging chronic form pathology. In order to diagnose it, the drug is not only given by the serological dosage, but cool picture getting sick.

Features given to the test

Carrying out the given analysis does not expect 100% goodness in that which has been revealed. Well, so, the results can be ambiguous and the need for carrying out these procedures.

For example, before an hour before a blood test for brucellosis occurs, self-retention control without antigen. The price increases the reliability of the test. Analysis for brucellosis can be positive or negative, as well as viclikati sumnivi.

When rejected total results However, there is no unequivocal interpretation, it is recommended to re-create the analysis. In addition, brucellosis can occur as a result of blood donation, cystic brain and spinal cord ridin.

Plus serological blood analysis

Diagnostic methods for testing serological reactions are widely used in everyday medical practice. Especially often it is prudent to be priced in case of significant viral and infectious pathologies.

The analysis becomes stagnant during geographic screening and medical care With the help of the improvement of epidemic growth of infection.

The method may include:

High level of reliability.
A quick summary of the reaction and rejection of the results. The results of the RSK are still visible in 24 years. With a special situation, in the minds of the stationary, the analysis will be ready in a few years.
Improved control of the development of ailments and the effectiveness of therapy.
Inexpensive and affordable for patients.

minusi method

However, serological reports may be lacking.

They are aware of the fact that during the analysis of the incubation period during the incubation period, in order to remove the larger picture.

For example, viznachennya herpes simplex The first or another type can be deprived after 14 days from the moment of infection. An analysis for the presence of an immunodeficiency virus should be carried out after 30 days, after 90 days and through a contact with an infected person.

Crazy, the reliability of the results can be influenced by a human factor: the lack of knowledge of the rules of preparation before taking blood, or a pardon, was allowed by the laboratory assistant during the reaction.

According to statistics, a pardonable result can be discarded in 5% of the total. Advice of a license in case of a thorough patient who has grafted a classic picture, in most cases, a pardon is allowed.

Yak blood analyzes are made for syphilis: RW, RPGA, IFA, VDRL, RPR, RIBT, interpretation of test results

Syphilis is a disease of infectious nature, enveloped by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, and is sicker to the progression of chronic interruption, with a clear periodization of clinical symptoms.

The revaluation of the status transmission over the contact and transplacental one is to put the price in the number of venereal diseases (ZPSSH, IPSSH). In addition to the significant ways in the transmission of infection, the role of the art-physical path is especially important (from the Latin "Artificio" - piece of folds).

Wine characteristic for medical institutions Basically, it is realized in the minds of the stationary. Infections during blood transfusions, children surgical operations, Invasive diagnostic methods.

Uninvolved in the quarantine of donor blood, the problem of syphilis infection in donors at the early stages of illness is still urgent.

To that, diagnostics come in with syphilis, in order to standardize, in the introduction of new sensitive and informative methods of identification, as well as to bring to a minimum of pardons and incorrect interpretation of the results of the analysis.

Classification of methods in laboratory diagnostics

Diagnostics of syphilis maє deyakі specialties and і іdrіznjaєto be from diagnostics іnshih bacterial infections... Foldable Budov and the antigenic powers of the treponemi will summarize the pardons in the interpretation of the results of serological reactions.

Create an analysis of blood for syphilis to identify 3 main groups of patients:

1 Screening and dispensary examination of groups of the population (including the visit, setting up on the field in a woman's consultation, looking for a job and making a medical book and so far).
2 Screening in Rizik groups (unprotected status of contact with humans, infected with syphilis, individuals from primus sexual contacts, VIL-information and so far).
3 Individuals that may have symptoms of illness, or individuals with an increase in syphilitic infection.

all laboratory methods cleverly add direct and indirect.

direct methods

1 Identification of Treponema pallidum in a dark field (dark field microscopy).
2 Infestation of pre-pasty creatures (cultivation in laboratory creatures).
3 PLR (polymerase-lantsyugov reaction).
4 DNA probe for nucleic acid hybridization.

indirect methods

Serological reactions are methods of laboratory diagnostics, based on the detected antibodies (fast AT) to antigens of the treponemia (fast AH). The smell may be the main value for the diagnosis.

1 non-trepid test:
- Wasserman reaction (RSK);
- Reaction of microprecipitations (MR, RMP) and analogs, which are guided below;
- Rapid plasma reagin test (RPR, RPR);
- Test with wormonim toluidin and sirovatkoy (TRUST);
- Non-treponemal test of the Venereal Disease Dosage Laboratory - VDRL.
2 Treponemal tests:
- R-tsya immobilization Treponema pallidum - IBT / RIT;
- R-tsya of immunofluorescence - RIF, FTA (dilution of syrovatok RIF-10, RIF-200, RIF-abs);
- R-tsya of passive hemaglutination (RPGA, TRPGA, TPHA);
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IFA, EIA);
- Immunoblotting.

Malunok 1 - Algorithm for serodiagnosis of syphilis

Histomorphological methods

The method is developed to reveal the peculiarities of histomorphology of syphilitic manifestations. Uvaga will come to the thinnest budovi of hard chancre. However, differential diagnosis Infections for additional histology of folding. Gistomorphology is victorious with other laboratory and clinical tests.

Microscopia of Treponema pallidum in a dark field

The whole method is to be primed on non-mediated disclosed treponemi in pre-sensed material behind the aid of a microscope and special attachments spinal cord ridina that іnshі substrates).

For the additional scarification, scrubbing, fixing of erosions and irregular defects, exudate is removed, then the preparation is prepared using a microscope.

Name bliditreponemia in the preparation, cut off from chancre, from secondary to secondary syphilis, secondary recurrent syphilis, as well as lymph node puncture, placenta.

Learning about the phenomenon of light of other particles in a dark field when there is a change of light (Tyndall's phenomenon), the method perfectly allows the differentiation of the originator of the syphilis from the appearance of the morphology of the facts of the images

For microscopic microscopy, a special dark-field condenser is suitable for optical resolution. The preparation should be washed out using the crushed dots method (the dots are applied to the material on a clean material and covered with a thin layer).

On the slope drip immersіine oil. After the additional turn of the tube and turn, the lines are adjusted to the need for illumination.

In the dark field of the microscope, blood cells, epithelial cells and the origin of syphilis appear. Blida treponema viglyadaє like a spiral, even thin, like a viprominuє medium color, with flowing ruks.

Malunok 2 - Dark-field microscopy as a way of visualization of treponemia in pre-juvenile material. Dzherelo іlustratsії - CDC

Treponema pallidum is necessary to identify the type of treponema, including Tr. refringens, which can take revenge in the oropharynx and on the mucous organs. Tsya bacteria zdіysnyu chaotic ruches, can be wide and asymmetrical, finish rough curls. In addition, Treponema pallidum is listed as Tr. Microdentium, Tr. Buccalis i Tr. vincenti.

Vizualization of bacteria in the dark field in order to complement the reaction of fluorescence. For a wide variety of fluorescent barvik, anti-treponemal antibodies are added to the native material. At the same time, a complex is established, the titles of antigen-antigen (shortened AG-AT), which is an object for further reading for the additional luminescence microscope.

Polymerase lantsyugovy reaction (PLR) method

PLR, developed in 1991 for the detection of the molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the treponemia, is highly sensitive and specific, allowing for the detection of fragments of the ancestor's DNA.

To base the analysis on a copy of short DNA samples of the child spirochete, which is satisfactory for the given parameters and presence in the eye. Everyone is priced at piece minds (in vitro). The reaction is carried out in an adjuster - an amplifier, which will prevent the periodization of temperature cycles. It will be cooled down with the added load of test tubes with a drop of 0.1˚C.

The DNA matrix is heated with a stretch of 2 quilins at a temperature of 92-98 ° C (the maximum temperature is vicious, as the polymerase is thermostable). When the lancet is heated, the DNA diverges through a drop in watery ties between them. In the stage when the reaction temperature is reduced, the reaction temperature is reduced to link the primer to a single-stranded matrix.

It took about 30 seconds, and hundreds of nucleotides were synthesized in an hour. Known synthesized molecules are copied by polymerase, as a result of bagatorase specific fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid are increased. Further detection of fragments is carried out by additional electrophoresis in gel agar.

PLR-diagnostics of syphilis is still experimental, but not correct in case of detection incidence of infection, In folding diagnostics, or with the minimum amount of treponems in the pre-recorded material.

DNA hybridization

DNA-hybridization is displayed in vitro and is based on a general transfer of two single-lance DNA molecules into one molecule. At one and the same time, the description of complementary fragments is easy to read. While it is a complementary view of the part, the identification of DNA lanes is seen more and more. At the beginning of the hour of lance, you can assess the steps of complementarity.

When the DNA is heated in a buffer solution, a water link is released with nitrogenous compounds, which are complementary, as a result of the DNA lance to disperse. Dalі to wash the preparation with two denatured deoxyribonucleic acids. When cooled, single-stranded dylans are renatured. To assert so the titles of DNA hybrids.

The method allows assessing and analyzing the speed of a person, from a glance at the specificity (specificity and variation) of DNA between species or species.

Stagnation of a DNA probe in the hybridization of a target DNA fragment from a specific DNA probe for identification of complementary nucleotide sequences. For the probe mite, a group of non-contaminated atoms (Chromophore) or radioactive isotopes is selected.

DNA probe is used for heterogeneous and homogeneous detection of nucleic acids. The role of the probe The pole is used for the type of dishes, on which there is a misnomer-probe. Detection in a homogeneous system can be used - allowing the survival of the hybridization of DNA molecules in real time.

The essence of the method is in the denaturation of DNA and renaturation (the perception of DNA lances). The process of renaturation of nucleic acid and DNA probe will end with the statements of the "hybrid".

Specific endings of nucleic acids hybridize with a DNA probe and, by such a rank, appear and allow the estimation of the amount of DNA in the material.

Infected laboratory beasts

The high sensitivity of rabbits up to Treponema pallidum (close to 99.9%) allows them to be accumulated in the diagnosis of syphilic infections.

Infestation of rabbits is carried out in scientific and pre-ancient centers and the "gold standard" for assessing the sensitivity of these methods.

Turning to treponemal and non-treponemal tests, so as the stench of vicarious is most often. It is clear that there are some shortcomings, as well as for the interpretation of the results.

not treponemni testimony

Ttest viznachennya antibodies IgG and IgM to standardized cardiolipin antigen. Їх

Low parity and simplicity of testing allow to bring the test results to the level of diagnostics necessary for the installation of the foreground diagnostics and screening of the middle of the population.

The most non-trepidating test is created when a medical book is drawn up, created on a robot, staged on a field in a woman's consultation.

1 Minimal sensitivity in the stage of primary syphilis - 70%;
2 Minimal sensitivity in the stage of syphilis - 30%;
3 Possibility of showing positively negative and positive results;
4 Labor work of the RSK.

1 There is a small number of tests available;
2 Otrimaniya shvidkoї vіdpovіdі;
3 Possibility of saving for screening.

Otrimannyh hibnopositive or weakly positive samples can be done in the offensive vipad:

1 Deterioration of the technology, when the AG-AT complex was blocked.
2 Appearance at a sick person autoimmune disease(Rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, scleroderma, systemic chervonia vovchak, sarcoidosis, etc.).
3 Malicious new solutions.
4 Viruses and bacterial infections.
5 endocrine discomfiture(Autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus).
6 Viability.
7 Alcohol implantation.
8 Introductory bold.
9 Elderly vіk.

You can see it on the list, there are enough reasons for an inconsequential result. To that, to a new stage of the great overstretched position. The order of the RSK is visible for more than two probes. Sequence of reactions of microprecipitation and VDLR (modification).

Complement reaction (RSK, Wasserman, RW)

Tse test, based on the health of the complement zv'yazuvatisya with complexes AG-AT. Identifying the complex behind the additional hemolytic system. The cardiolipinoid antigen changes the sensitivity of the sample.

Sensitive є і reaction of Kolmer, like a pole at the viconanna at low temperature conditions. So, the first phase of the Kolmer reaction is against at a temperature of 20 ° C for a stretch of one year, another phase at a Temperature of 4-8 ° C for a stretch of 20 years. For a whole hour, I’ll see a ring of complement.

With the viconance of RSK, there is a possibility of rejecting very positive results. The reason, imovіrno, є the great titer of antibodies in non-diluted syrovatsі. In general, try to change the dose to change.

To differentiate the stages of syphilis and assess the effectiveness of antiphysiological methods, start a number of ATs in syrovats.

The positiveness of the test to assess for the help of christians, also in the reactions of Wasserman, Colmer and Kann, the breeding of the syvat is also involved.

microprecipitation reaction

So, as the laboriousness of the examination of vischevkazannyh samples is great, then for the breadth of the coverage of the clinical examination of the small groups of the population of disintegration acceleration sposib serodiagnostics of syphilis, so the titles of express method - microprecipitation reaction (fast MR, RMP).

Check out cardiolipin antigen and additional speech. Yogo perevagoyu є parkan of peripheral blood for adolescence. I will appreciate the technique itself, and the robot of laboratory assistants.

Malunok 2 - Microprecipitation reactions (scheme)

For the MRI, plasma is required, but the patient's blood is activated (the stench itself is anti-til). Dal the plasma in the marked holes. Then, to the last bit of material, add a drop of cardiolipin antigen, reduce and crush. In the case of the computerized information, there are characteristics of plasticity, growth behind the level of intensity.

Tse yakisna test. At the same rate, 10 holes should be taken, and 10 holes with different marks will be placed. If there is a clear MR, it will appear at the sight of the cross (plus) or minus, if it is too small, the titer of antibodies (1: 2, 1: 4, and so on) will appear.

Evidence of plastic growth is positive or weakly positive. The flocculate may appear when there is an outbreak, so the residual assessment of the discarded result should be carried out for a control dosage or for carrying out the other reactions (IBT, RIF, IFA, RPGA).

Recommendations of the All-round Organization for the Protection of Health, the method of staging a reaction with the antigen of lipid nature (AG), we rightfully reduce the middle standard non-treponemal tests. Developed in the USA, Georgia in the Veneral Diseases Research Laboratories.

The abbreviation of the install served as the name for the trial - VDRL. VDRL - modifying the MR. Syrovatka from a sick person to syphilis is activated and helped on the subject. Vikorisovvaniyu antigen is stored in cardiolipin, cholesterol and lecithin in a proportional percentage. Consider restructuring practically immediately.

Viral flocculation of vinic in the presence of antibiotics. Syrovatka grows reactive for 4 types of infection. To assess the amount of antibodies, the syrovat should be bred in geometric progress.

1 somewhat temporal sensitivity;
2 somewhat temporal specificity;
3 ease of visibility;
4 low price of reagents;
5 rejection of shvidkoi vidpovidi.

Incomplete VDRL is the likely temporal frequency of hypopositive results.

For the reasons, all the same, they were overwhelmed by the disease.

Treponemal tests are identified with specific AGs of Treponema pallidum. The smell is necessary and necessary for the establishment of a residual diagnosis. The reaction of immunofluorescence (RIF), the reaction of indirect hemaglutination (RPHA), enzyme immunoassay (IPA) and іn.

If the result of a non-treponemal test (RPR, MP, VDRL) is positive, you should always be guilty of treponemal (part of the combination - RPGA, IFA, RIF).

Treponemni testimonies are more foldable at the visonan, nіzh express-testi, and in the great vitrates of the cathedrals.

Given the reaction (quickly RIF) to be tested for the diagnosis of syphilis, including the subdued forms, and re-examination of positive and positive tests.

RIF is based on light antigen antibodies with antigen-antigen complex with a quartz lamp. The method has become commonplace in the 60s and is based on simplicity and high specificity (as a rule, the RIBT is waived).

Vin maє kіlka modification: RIF-10, RIF-200 and RIF-abs.

The most sensitive RIF is diluted 10 times, and the sieve is more specific. RIF is carried out in two phases. To the AH to add the blood of the patient. The AG-AT complex will be established, which will last in the onset of the phase. The distance to the additional fluoochrome is the identification complex in microscopy. I also don’t spite the presence of light, it is necessary to pay attention to the availability of specific antibodies in syrovatz blood.

RIF-200 є the most valuable with the best possible breeding. Method of values for diagnostics new forms syphilis, especially syphilis and repeated conversion of positive samples.

The reaction of immobilization of blidy treponemas (fast IBT, RIT) is one of the folding serological samples, which can produce significant values and financial vitrates. IBT stagnates more and more, but the relevance of її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і ї і і ї і і і ї sossovovuyut better than to diagnose syphilis.

It is of great importance in the identification of positive results in vaginal women and in priming on the immobilization of bacteria in the presence of immobilizins - different antibodies.

The result is assessed by the percentage (%) of mobilized treponemes according to an additional special table:

1 Vid 0 to 20 - negative test.
2 From 21 to 50 - weakly positive test.
3 Від 50 additional reaction.

Highly positive results are also possible in patients with IBT. So, inertia appears to be moody in case of infection with tropical trepanematosis, as well as, in case of tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis, sarcoidosis and patients in the old age.

The whole blood analysis for syphilis is called the reaction of passive hemaglutination (fast, shelter on the RPHA, TRPGA).

The antigen for RPHA is prepared from ram erythrocytes, covered with fragments of white treponemes (removed from infected rabbits (div. Malunok 4)). For the analysis, the venous blood (plasma is not activated) of the patient is vicious.

When the antigen is added to the patient with syphilis, an approval is given to the AG-AT complex, which is to produce an agglutination of the erythrocytes. Agglutination of viz begins sub'actively as a laboratory assistant.

Malunok 3 - Scheme of RPHA (reaction of passive hemaglutination)

The test to evaluate yak is positive when there is agglutination of equal erysipelas. Farbuvannya precipitate in chervonia indicate about precipitated erythrocytes. RPGA is highly sensitive and highly specific.

reaction microhemagglyutinatsіі

Vona є let's forgive the RPGA option. It will be shown as a sample, described as a food, with a smaller amount of antigen, a blood sample and a blood sample for a reaction. After 4 years after the incubation of the animal, the sample can be evaluated. Vikoristovuyutsya at screening and mass situations on syphilis.

enzyme immunoassay

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IPA is quicker) is based on the specific antigen-antigen reaction. Biological material (blood of a patient's blood, liquor) should be introduced into the wells, on the hard surface of the antigens of the treponemia. Afterwards, the material is incubated, then antibodies are raised, since they did not bind to antigens (Div. Figure 5).

The identification of the rendered complex will work at the stage of fermentation for the supplementary immune system, the enzyme. In case of a chemical reaction, the enzyme disables complexes. The intensity of the storage of the amount of specific antibodies in the patient's blood is measured with a spectrophotometer.

Malunok 4 - Scheme of the IFA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

The sensitivity of the IFA warehouse is more than 95%. The method is tested in an automated mode for pre-decreed population groups: donors, vaginal and other, to clarify the diagnosis in case of positive and hypopositive non-treponemal tests.

immunoblotting

Immunoblotting is a highly sensitive method, modification of a simple IPA. The reaction is based on electrophoresis with a subset of antigens in treponemes.

Transfer the growth of immunodetermosis to nitrocellulose papyr and appear in the IPA. Dali incubate the syvate and the unbound antibodies. Otrimany material is coated with immunoglobulins (IgM or IgG), labeled with an enzyme.

Clinical assessment of results in laboratory diagnostics of syphilis

In tables 1 below, we have given possible results of analyzes and deciphering. Yak can be found in the tables, the main value when decoding the complex assessment of tests.

Table 1 - Interpretation of the results of serological reactions (analysis of blood for syphilis). For a glance, click on the tables

The assessment of the reactivity of the tests is also shown as "chrests":

1 The maximum view (a very positive test) is recognized for the additional help of 4 christians.
2 A positive test is recognized for the help of 3 christs.
3 weakly positive reactions mean two chrosses.
4 One christianity to tell about the sum and the negative result.
5 Negatively marketed with a minus sign.

The problem of optimizing laboratory diagnostics of syphilis has not lost its relevance to the present hour. The modern diagnostic methods, which do not bother anyone, bring the diagnosis to the highest possible indicators of sensitivity and specificity, as well as control reconciliation and individual approach.

A special feature of syphilithic infection is the phenomenon of seroresistance, which has not been scientifically explained. Diagnosis is based on epidemiological, clinical, laboratory methods.

On the basis of economic and technical development of medicine, progress is being made in the development of new criteria for the diagnosis of syphilis. Everything is allowed quickly, successfully and without pomp to the patients.