B lymphocyte. Functions of lymphocytes: T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, natural cells

Updated: October 2018

Lymphocytes - the price of small blood cells from a group of leukocytes, which is even more important function. The stench itself is suggestive of the definition of people with infectious ailments and the first step to the road cancer cells... In this case, the change in the number of lymphocytes is significant - a signal to the body, which needs to be heard.

How can I pretend to be lymphocytic?

The head organs, which set up lymphocytes, are the thymus (before the state of maturity) and the cystic brain. They have clerks to dwell and find themselves with an alien agent (virus, bacterium, etc.). Find other secondary lymphoid organizations: lymphoid nodes, spleen and education in herbal tract... There are also a large number of lymphocytes. The spleen is also є depot and mіscem їх bend.

I have a little bit of lymphocyte types: T, U and NK-cells. Ale all the stench is set up from a single supporter: a stovburova clitini. Wonderful change, as a result of differentiation into the required type of lymphocytes.

What is the need for lymphocytes?

How many lymphocytes are?

The number of lymphocytes is detected in the external analysis of blood. Earlier, all pedrahunks were carried out manually, behind the aid of a microscope. Now, more often than not, automatic analysis is performed, so that a number of all blood cells, their form, stages of maturity and parameters are determined. Norms of the number of indicators for manual and automatic measurement. To this, it is often the case of a rogue, as the results of the analyzer stand by hand with manual norms.

Moreover, on the forms for an hour it is not possible to introduce the norm of lymphocytes in the child's blood. It is necessary to clarify the standards for the skin group.

Norms of lymphocytes in the blood

What does it mean to increase lymphocytes in the blood?

Lymphocytosis - an increase in the number of lymphocytes. We can be both reliable and absolute

• absolute lymphocytosis- a mill, with a certain number of lymphocytes, changing the norms. Tobto among older people - more than 4 * 10 9 cells per liter.
• emergency lymphocytosis- Change of the percentage base of large cells for cinnamon lymphocytes. Also, if there is a decrease in the number of leukocytes for a neutrophilic group. As a result, lymphocyte counts are getting more, I want them to become absolutely normal. I will look at the blood picture not as lymphocytosis, but as leukopenia with neutropenia.

It is important to remember, as well as neutrophils of decrease, and lymphocytes are deprived of those in the system, which may not be able to display the correct picture. That, most often in the blood analysis, is determined by the absolute number of lymphocytes (in cells per liter).

Causes of increased lymphocytes in the blood

• chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• Hostry lymphoblastic leukemia

• Autoimmune processes (thyrotoxicosis)
• Fired with lead, mish'yak, disulfide in carbon
• Acceptance of actions (levodopa, phenytoin, valproic acid, narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics)
• seeing the spleen

Stress and hormonal therapy

The change in the number of neutrophils / lymphocytes can be found in stressful situations... In addition, at the entrance to the cabinet of the doctor. The same effect is nadaє nadmirna physical design... In some cases, lymphocytosis is insignificant (not more than 5 * 10 9 cells per liter) and is of a time-consuming nature. Increased lymphocytes in the blood of women during menstruation.

kurinnya

A foreign analysis of the blood of a chicken with experience can be seen from the results of people without shkіdlivyh ringtone... Increase in the number of erythrocytes depending on the growth of lymphocytes.

Infectious diseases

The ingress of an infectious agent into the body must be brought to the activation of all zhisnykh forces. With bacterial infections, there is a large number of neutrophils, which cause microbes. And with penetrated viruses, lymphocytes enter the right. The stench poznachayut urazhenіy particles of cells, vyroblyayut on them anti-til and then know їх.

This is practical in case of a viral infection of the disease, an acute lymphocytosis, and often - an absolute one. Tse talk about the ear formed immunity to illness. Sberіgaєt to change the level of lymphocytes during the lasting period of time and even more. Especially strongly varying blood analysis with infectious mononucleosis. deyakі chronicles bacterial infections it also affects the growth of lymphocytes (tuberculosis and syphilis, for example).

mononucleosis

Tse іnfektsіya, viclikana virus Epstein-Barr. Tsei virus early on is very hostile to all people. Alle, in deyakie wines, bring them to symptoms, according to the same term " infectious mononucleosis". The virus is transmitted as a slime during tight side-by-side contacts, as well as during a check. The haunted period of the ailment can be more than a month. The head target of the airborne particles is the lymphocyte itself. Symptoms of ailments:

• temperature adjustment
• throat
• improvement of lymph nodes
• weakness
• nichna fondness

Ailments can be carried easier by the children of a young boy. Children and adults may see signs of infection more strongly. For the diagnosis of mononucleosis, urge to finish the scarg, look around and reconsider the analysis: lymphocytes in the blood of a child with disabilities, the presence of abnormal mononuclear cells. A test for immunoglobulins. Likuvannya viral infections develop symptomatically. It is necessary to have a spok_y, implantation of a sufficient amount of rіdini, in case of feverishness - fever-lowering drugs (paracetamol,). In addition, for an hour ailments are more beautiful than the viciousness of being busy with sports. Mononucleosis is a disease of the spleen, in which blood cells are disposed of. Also, the increase in trauma can lead to the destruction of the organ, bleeding and death.

cough

Highly important infection dikhalnyh nobles... Hvorіyut їm most often children, who want a great vaccination in the last few years, quickly speeding up the frequency of information.

To fix whooping cough yak is a typical cold, or after 1-2 symptoms, an onset cough will occur. The skin attack can end with the strongest blues. After 3-4, the cough becomes more calm, and it takes more than a trivial hour. Earlier whooping cough buv often the reason death and disability of children. Ale і now at malyukіv є rizik I have blood in the brain і sudominal syndrome I'll attack for an hour.

Diagnosis is based on symptoms, results of PLR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In case of a large amount of leukocytosis (15-50 * 10 9) in the blood analysis, the increase in the number of lymphocytes is mainly due to the increase in the number of lymphocytes.

Antibiotics should be used for the treatment of whooping cough. With a lot of stench, the triviality of the ailment is very quick, and the frequency can be reduced. Headache of a serous ailment є DTP vaccination, Pentaxim or Infanrix.

swollen blood

It’s a pity, do not expect lymphocytosis to be reactive, in case of infection. One of the reasons for this is an evil process that snakes the clitine uncontrollably.

Hostry lymphoblastic leukemia (HLL)

Poor blood loss, when there is an imperfect lymphoblast in the cystic brain, it has been absorbed into lymphocyte, it is called ALL. Such mutuvav clitini cannot seize an organism from infectious diseases. The stench of uncontrolled spread and drive the growth of all blood cells.

OL is the most common type of blood poop in children (85% of all child hematological malignancies). The grown-ups grow older. Factors for the risk of ailments are genetic anomalies (Down's syndrome, for example), exchange of therapy and intensive treatment. Є Information about the injection of pesticides into the first three rocks of the life of the child for the development of the GLL.

Signs of OL:

• Symptoms of anemia: weakness, weakness, sluggishness
• Thrombocytopenia symptoms: no cause of sinus and nasal bleeding
• Symptoms of neutropenia: fever, some important infectious ailments, sepsis
• Improvement of lymph nodes and spleens
• Pain in the hand
• New meals in yachts, yachniki, regions of the middle (thymus)

For the diagnosis of gross lymphoblastic leukemia necessary zagalny analiz blood. The number of thrombocytes and erythrocytes is lowered most often. The number of leukocytes can be normal, low or high. At the same level of neutrophils there is a decrease, and lymphocytes - a number of alterations, often є lymphoblasts. If there is a suspicion for chubby, a puncture of the cystic brain is carried out, for the help of which a residual diagnosis is made. The criterion for swelling will be a large number of blasts in the cystic marrow (more than 20%). Dodatkovo carry out cytochemical and immunological preliminaries.

lykuvannya OL

The main principles of the treatment of poohlin blood are the introduction of remission, її consolidation and treatment. Tse reach for the help of cytostatic drugs. Chemotherapy is important to carry over, but if you don't have a chance to get used to it. If, after all, a turn of ailment (relapse) occurs, then more aggressive schemes of cytostatic therapy or readjustment of the cystic brain. The transplantation of the cystic marrow is performed from a relative (if we go) or from a specific donor.

Forecast for ALL

Achievement of oncohematology allows for the development of a great number of ailments on the host of lymphoblastic leukemia. Prior to the positive prognosis factors, the number of leukocytes is less than 30,000, the number of genetic breakdowns and the number of genetic breakdowns introduced into the remission for 4 years is considered. With such a spread, more than 75% of the ailments are alive. Skin relapse of the ailment is lowering the chances on the outside. As soon as there were no recurrences of 5 years or more, the ailment will become overloaded.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Pukhlin blood, when there is an increase in lymphocytes in the cystic marrow, it is called CLL. If I want chilly cells to differentiate to their residual forms, the stench does not create the function of lymphocytes. As OLL is more often hostile to children and young people, then HLL will start to develop for 60 years and not the same rіdkіnoї reason advanced lymphocytes in the blood of an adult. This type of leukemia is single, if the factor is not established.

CLL symptoms:

• Improvement of lymph nodes (painless, junk, shchy)
• Weakness, whiteness
• parts of infection
• bleeding
• When I die: a feverish woman, no sweat, loss of vagina, an increase in liver and spleen

It is often necessary to deliver CLL with a kind of sickness with a planned analysis of blood, so as the last hour of ailment is asymptomatic. As a result, there are results, in which the number of leukocytes is 20 * '10 9 / l in older adults, and the number of platelets and erythrocytes is greatly reduced.

The specialty of the CLL treatment is the yogo efficiency before chemotherapy. Therapy is often given to this before the onset of obvious symptoms. In such a camp, people can live without a love of rock. When I am lost (or underwent leukocytes for food), cytostatics can often make life more trivial, and even more often do not pour the stench on it.

thyrotoxicosis

One s important functions lymphocytes - the formation of allergic reactions of an appropriate type. The very admission of such cells can be said about the autoimmune process. Scraping with a butt є diffuse toxic goiter (Graves-Basedow's ailment). For unrecoverable reasons, the organism repairs the attack of the vascular cell receptor, as a result of which thyroid gland to be in constant activity. Such ailments are meticulous, unsettled, and easy to concentrate. Often skargi on interruptions in the robot heart, zadishka, I will adjust the temperature, Tremtynnya hands. eyes ailing toxic goiter wide open and an hour to go out of orbit.

The head laboratory sign of DTZ is a high value of T3 and T4 hormones with a low TSH. In the blood, there is often an extraordinary lymphocytosis, and sometimes an absolute lymphocytosis. The reason for the increase in lymphocytes є overwhelming activity immune system.

Likuvannya DTZ should be carried out with thyrostatics with a second operation or therapy with radioactive iodine.

Іnshi autoimmune ailments ( rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's ailment, etc.) can also experience lymphocytosis.

Otruunnya with metals and priyom medicaments

Deyakі important metal (lead) і lіkuvalny drugs(Levomycetin, analgesics, levodopa, phenytoin, valproic acid) give rise to leukopenia for a decrease in neutrophils. As a result, a common lymphocytosis is formed, which is not of little clinical significance. It is more important to keep abreast of the absolute number of neutrophils, to prevent an important stagnation (agranulocytosis) of a general lack of care in front of bacteria.

seeing the spleen

Splenectomy (visualization of the spleen) is carried out for singing indicators. So as an organ є mice split lymphocytes, then її ї ї ї ї і і і ініstіstі vіklіchі hіmіchіvіy lymphocytosis. The healthy system of the blood-forming system will itself grow under new conditions, and the level of blood will return to normal.

What to say about a decrease in lymphocyte in blood?

Lymphopenia - a decrease in the number of lymphocytes less than 1.5 * 10 9 cells per liter. The causes of lymphopenia:

• important viral infection(Hepatitis, flu)
• Visnashennya cystkovy
• Drug infusion (corticosteroids, cytostatics)
• sertseva i nirkova lack kintsevoy stage
• Lymphoid tissue fluff (lymphogranulomatosis)
• Immunodeficiency, including SNID

important infection

Triva, "vimating" the infection of ailments, was not deprived of the people, but the reserves of the immune cells. In addition, in the wake of time-lapse lymphocytosis, lymphocyte deficiency is infused. In the world of change over infectious diseases, the reserves of blood cells are renewed and the analysis returned to normal.

Ailments of the cystic brain

Deyaki become ill with pancytopenia - the loss of all blood streams in the cystic marrow. In such cases, not only the number of lymphocytes, ale and the other types of leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes is reduced.

anemia Fanconia

Vrodzhena Fanconia anemia is named after the most splendid syndrome: anemic. But at the base of the ailment lies the growth of the cystic brain and the reduction of all the seams of blood. In the analysis of ailments, there is a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, thrombocytes and all types of blood cells (including lymphocytes). Congenital pancytopenia is often accompanied by anomalies of development (visibility great fingers, Low height, tightness). The main concern i head cause deaths є a decrease in the number of neutrophils and platelets, as a result of which there are important infections and massive bleeding. Moreover, such ailments suffer from oncological illnesses.

Likuvannya vrodzhennyh pancytopenia to carry out hormonal methods. The stench can be added to the line accelerated for a decade. The only chance on the outside is the transplantation of the cystic marrow. Ale, in conjunction with frequent cancers, the average triviality of the life of such people becomes 30 rocky.

injected radio

The infusion of different types of vipromynuvannya (vypadkovo or by means of treatment) can lead to destruction of the robotic cystic brain. At the pidsumku win substitute with good cloth, Stock of cells in a new bed. In blood analyzes, all indicators are reduced in such drops: erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. Call it the decrease and lymphocyte.

drug infusion

Deyaki preparations (cytostatics, antipsychotics), side effects... One of these effects is the implication of blood formation. As a result, there is a pancytopenia (decrease in the number of all blood cells). Acceptance of corticosteroids in the course of an absolute neutrophilosis and common lymphopenia. Most often, when the reception of the cyclical changes occurs, the cystic brain is renewed.

Lymphoma of Hodgkin (lymphogranulomatosis)

The main view of lymphocytic leukemia is pochatkovo mice її vinyennya. Pukhlinny cells with lymphomas grow locally, often in lymph nodes. In case of leukemia, such malignant cells establish themselves in the cystic marrow and immediately get vinified into the bloodstream.

Symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphomy:

• Increase of one or more decilkokh lymfovuzliv
• Anemia, increased bleeding and instability to infections (with far-flung processes)
• Intoxication (fever, drink in the night, waste of vagi)
• Symptoms of puffiness of organs: breath, blues, broken heart, pain

The head method of diagnostics is biopsy of the affected lymph node to the organ. At the same time, the tissue is adjusted on the histological basis, the results of which should be diagnosed. To mark the stage of ailment, take a puncture of the cystic brain and conduct computer tomography the main groups of lymph nodes. Analysis of blood in cob stages lіmphomies can be normal. Vidhilennya, including lymphopenia, is diagnosed with progressive ailments.

Treat the ailments with cytostatic drugs from the more advanced lymph nodes. In case of recurrences of viciousness, more aggressive chemotherapy and cystic marrow transplantation are performed.

Predictions for a little chubby will become more friendly, 5-fold visibility to become 85% of food. If there are a few factors that will diminish the prognosis: globally older than 45 years, 4 stages, lymphopenia less than 0.6 * 10 9.

immunodeficiency

Lack of immunity to serve as a dodger. In both options, in the blood analysis, the level of lymphocytes may change due to T-clitin deficiency. As soon as V-Lanka is affected, the extravagant analysis of blood is often no longer visible, so it requires additional methods of further development.

Di George's Syndrome

The most common variant of immunodeficiency is called more hypoplastic (incomplete) thymus. Chromosome defect in this syndrome also includes heart defects, anomalies of the individual, cleft palate and low calcium levels in the blood.

If the child has a distinct syndrome, if a part of the thymus is still spared, then it can be no worse than suffering from a disease. The head symptom є trocha is a higher frequency of infectious lesions and a slight decrease in lymphocytes in the blood.

The external syndrome is not safe, manifested by important viral and fungal infections in the earliest child, that is, in the case of thymus transplantation, or cystic marrow, with the help of lyuvannya.

An important combination of immunodeficiency (TKID)

Mutations of singing genes can lead to important damage to the humoral immunity- TKID (important combination of immunodeficiency). The ailment manifests itself even in the first month of the writing of the people. Diarrhea, pneumonia, shkirni and vushny infections, sepsis are the main manifestations of ailments. Fatal ailments are not boring for large people with microorganisms (adenovirus, CMV, Epstein-Barr, herpes zoster).

In the out-of-the-box analysis of blood, there are low lymphocytes (less than 2 * 10 9 cells per liter), thymus and lymphatic vusses in the region are small.

єdino mozhlive lykuvannya TKID - transplantation of a donor cystic brain. If you spend three months in the first three months of the life of a baby, then there is a chance for an outside life. Without therapy, children with combined immunodeficiency do not live up to 2 years. To that, if the child has a decrease in lymphocytes in the blood, because of permanent illnesses with important infectious ailments, then it is necessary to carry out an additional treatment and treatment.

SNID

Syndrome of swollen immunodeficiency of dressings with high speed VIL on T-lymphocyte. Penetration of a virus is possible through biological families: in the main house and sperm, as well as from the mother to the child. A significant decrease in lymphocytes is not seen all at once. Hourly, when the infected and the appearance of the stage of SNID, pass a few rocks. With progressed ailments and greater lymphopenia, lyudin is impaired to rely on infections, the stench can lead to sepsis and death. Rizik vyniknennya puhlin grows for the same reason: the disappearance of T-klin. Likuvannya VIL-infection with special antiretroviral drugs to supplement the streaming of ailments, the necessary immunity and life.

Features of lymphocytosis in children

• Immediately after the population from leukocytes in children, neutrophils are transfected. Even before the 10th day of life, the number of lymphocytes of growth takes up 60% of all the cells. Such a picture can take up to 5-7 years, when the rate of lymphocytes and neutrophils reaches older norms. Therefore, lymphocytosis in young children is not a normal physiological phenomenon, as it is not supervised by additional symptoms and changes in analyzes.

• The organism of small children often appears to be on infection even more burstingly, vigorously leukemic reaction. Vona otrimal I will call it leukemia due to the similarity with blood puffs. With such a reaction, the number of leukocytes significantly changes the norm and increases the level of zychaychnogo firing. In some cases, there are immature forms (blasts) in the blood in the amount of 1-2%. Інші blood cells (thrombocytes, erythrocytes) get stuck in the boundaries of norms. To that, in the region of the high value of white blood (including lymphocytes) is far from being a sign of cancer. Often the reason for this is a very common mononucleosis, vіtryana vіspa, kіr or rubella.

Visnovok from cherry-picked such: lymphocytes - superbly important cells in the body of people. Їx value can be used with a marker unfinished countries, And you can talk about the banal undead. Rivn cich klitin needs to be assessed only in combination with some blood elements, in case of a lot of scarg and symptoms. It is more beautiful to trust the assessment of the results in the analysis of your doctor.

Differentiation of B-lymphocytes

Lymphocytes resemble pluripotent stem-boron cells, which also give an ear to all blood cells. Diferentsіatsіya stovburovih klіtin krovі on eritroїdnoї, mієloїdnogo abo lіmfoїdnogo high road od mіkrootochennya deposits (in razі ptahіv diferentsіatsіya stovburovih klіtin B-lіmfotsiti vіdbuvaєtsya in fabrіtsіevoy sumtsі have ssavtsіv in kіstkovomu mozk de takozh vіdbuvaєtsya diferentsіatsіya on mієloїdny i eritroїdnoї high road). Differentiation in lymphocytes is cleverly distributed in two stages - antigenic (in the case of an overdrive of immunoglobulin genesis and expression) and antigenic response

• Pre-B-cells-proxies do not synthesize important and light lancers, replace the embryos of H and L genes, but instead replace an antigenic marker that is healthy with mature pre-B-cells.
• Early pre-B-cellini - D-J overdrive in H genes.
• Пізні pre-В-сlіtini - V-DJ awaken in H genes.
• Great pre-V-clitini N-geni VDJ-overexcited; in the cytoplasm є important lantsyugi class μ.
• Small pre-B-cells - V-J overload in L genes; in the cytoplasm є important lantsyugi class μ.
• Little immature V-cells - L genes VJ-overexcited; synthesize H і L-lantsyuga; on membranes of immunoglobulin growth.
• Zrіlі B-cellini ear for the synthesis of IgD.

In a cell, a cell must come from a cystic brain at a secondary cell-differentiation (a cell and a lymphatic institution), deduce it further than the maturation, antigen-presentation, proliferation of clinical differentiation

In-klіtini

Expression of Usima By cells of membrane immunoglobulins allows the clonal selection for a specific antigen. At maturity, antigen-stimulated and proliferation of B-clitin markers change rapidly. In the world of maturation, B-cells are shifted from the synthesis of IgM and IgD to the synthesis of IgG, IgA, IgE (in case of a cytome, the cells are able to synthesize also IgM and IgD- up to three classes at once). When the synthesis of isotypes is mixed, the antigenic specificity of antibodies is detected. development:

• Vlasne V-cells (also called "new" B-lymphocytes) - activations of B-lymphocytes, which did not contact the antigen. Do not take revenge on Tiltsya Goll, in the cytoplasm of the growth of monoribosomes. Polispecifichny and may be weak spore rate to the amount of antigens.
• In-cell memory - activation of B-lymphocytes, with additional cooperation with T-cells, they have passed into the stage of small lymphocytes. Є we preferentially use the clone B-clitin, which will prevent a fast immune response and release a great amount of immunoglobulin in case of re-introduced the same antigen. It is called “memory cells”, as it allows the immune system to “memory” the antigen by stretching out a lot of rocky messages for attaching to the antigen. In-klіtini pam'yatі bezpechuyut additional immunity.
• Plasma cells are the only stage of differentiation between active B-cells and the production of antigen. On the basis of these B-cells, there are few membrane antibodies and healthy secretion of antibodies. Є great cells with an eccentrically rosted nucleus and a synthetic apparatus - the short endoplasmic reticulum occupies the entire cytoplasm, as well as the apology and the Golgi apparatus. Є short-lived cells (2-3 days) і quickly eliminate when antigen is present, as well as immune response.

Markery V-clitin

A characteristic feature of B-cytin is the presence of surface membrane-bound antibodies, which can be referred to the IgM and IgD classes. In complexes with the surface molecules of immunoglobulins, an antigen-specific receptive complex is formed, which is indicative of the antigen recognition. Also, on the surface of B-lymphocytes, MHC class II antigens are grown, which are important in cooperation with T-cells, as well as on some lymphocyte clones in the presence of CD5 marker, which is associated with T-cells. The C3b receptor for complement (Cr1, CD35) and C3d (Cr2, CD21) may play a role in the activation of B-clitin. It means that markers CD19, CD20 and CD22 can be used to identify B lymphocytes. An Fc receptor is also found on the surface of B lymphocytes.

Activation of B-clitin

Antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, Kupfer cells, follicular dendritic cells, interdigital dendritic cells, etc.) -clitin. T-helper behind the additional T-cell receptor is the epitone-MHC complex. Activation of T-helpers in the form of cytokines, which support the antigen-present function, as well as cytokines, which activate B-lymphocyte, are the inductors of activation and proliferation. In lymphocytes, adhere to the supplementary membrane-binding antibodies, as they appear in the role of receptors, to the "own" antigen and in the presence of T-helper signals, they proliferate and differentiate in klitin memory. At the same rate and amount of antigen, the result of the given three-cell system and interaction will be found. The Danish mechanism is valid for polypeptide antigens, which are not resistant to PHAGOCYTIC processing - t. Sound. thymus-fallow antigens. For thymus-independent antigens (volodym high polydimensional with often repeated epitopes, which are not difficult to digest and with the power of mitogen) antigens, and the proliferation of B lymphocytes and activation will be seen for the growth of the power of mitogenic activity.

The role of B-lymphocytes in antigen presentation

In the cell, you can glue your membrane immunoglobulins at once from the antigen bound by them, and then present a fragment of the antigen in a complex with MHC class II molecules. At a low concentration of antigen and at secondary immunity in vitro, the role of the main antigen-presenting cells can be shown.

В1- и В2-cells

literature

• A. Royt, J. Brucestoff, D. Mail. Immunology- M.: Mir, 2000 - ISBN 5-03-003362-9
• Immunology (in 3 volumes) / Pid. ed. W. Paul.- M .: Mir, 1988
• B-lymphocyte

Div. also

Wondering how "V-lymphocyti" in the following dictionaries:

Mononuclear cells of the blood, lymphatic universities and tissues, up to the number of macrophages accumulate the immune system (div.) Of the organism, including humans. Ce spherical cells with a diameter of 8-15 microns. Mayut round, not broken on the segment, ... ... vocabulary of microbiology

- (as lymphatic i ... cit) one of the forms of non-spinal leukocytes. See 2 main ones. class of lymphocytes. In lymphocytes, resemble a factory bag (in birds) or a cyst; from them plasmatic cells are formed, scho vyroblyayut antibodies. T ... ... Great Encyclopedic Dictionary

A special type of large blood cells that take part in the robotic immune system. Three types of lymphocytes are identified: In lymphocytes, as antibodies are violated, they help to fight against such infectious agents as bacteria, viruses and fungi; T lymphocytes, ... ... Medical terms

- (see lymph i ... cit), one of the forms of non-spinal leukocytes (agranulocytes) in the ridge. Kulyasti klitini with an oval nucleus, we will otochene cytoplasm with rich ribosomes. People L. have 19 37% of all leukocytes in the periphery, blood. Razr_znyayut ... Biological encyclopedic vocabulary

lymphocytes- * lymphacytes * lymphocytes of agranular spherical cells with a diameter of approx. 10 microns, which can be applied in lymphatic universities, Selezіntsі, thymus, cystic marrow and in the blood of ridge, cytoplasm of which are rich in ribosomes. Vykonuyut in organizmі 2 main ... ... Genetics. encyclopedic vocabulary

lymphocytes- s, pl. lymphocite Lymphozyt lat. lympha vologa + kytos klitina. fiziol. One of the forms of agranulocytes (non-spinal leukocytes). Limfotsitny a, E. Krisin 1998 ... historical vocabulary Gallicisms of the Russian movi

LIMFOCITY- LIMPHOCITY, lymphatic tiltsya (lymphatic clitine, lymphous element), one of the types of lymph cells, or leukocytes, to be carried to a series of great (divine) agranulocytes. Lymphocyte represents ... ... Great medical encyclopedia

lymphocytes- A heterogeneous population of blood cells, which play the main role in the immune system, may be specific receptors for antigenic determinants and develop for their functions in the process of immune response. [English Russian glossary ... ... Dovidnik technical transfer

LIMFOCITY- The main category of immunocompetent clitins. Clitini of rounded form with an abundance of protoplasm and great, intensively farmed by the nucleus. Falsely, cell lymphocytes are large, medium and small. The most immunological positions ... ... Terms and definitions, how to be victorious in selection, genetics and production of silky-diversified creatures

One of the most important components of the immune system is lymphocytes, the stench is a group of leukocytes. Viroblyaє їkh cystkovy brain. Basically, the detection of lymphocytes is the development of foreign antigens with the formulation on new immune types.

Not vipadkovo, lymphocytes call the "army" of our immunity. As in a be-like army, there are growing groups of people, so also lymphocytes are growing. Among them are T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, NK-lymphocytes, so called "natural vbivtsi". Whether it is a cich type of lymphocytes from a disease, an important role is played in an unhealthy immune system.

Lymphocytes are invaded by pimples, where the peripheral blood of a grown-up revenge 18-40% (1.0-4.5 × 109 / l). It means, and for reasons to produce such indications, we will try to grow up.

indicators of norms

Normal indicators are used (in 109 / l):

• For children from nationality to rock - 4 -10.5;
• For children from one rock to chotir rock - 2 - 7.8;
• For children from chotiroh up to six rocks - 1.5 -7;
• For children from six to ten years - 1.6 6.4;
• For children and young people up to 21 years old - 1 4.7;
• For the grown-up people - 1 - 4.5.

At the same time, the indicators are in the norm specific amounts of lymphocytes viglyadayut the offensive rank:

• One rik - 61%;
• Chotiri rocky - 50%;
• Lots of rock - 42%;
• Ten rockies - 38%;
• Twenty-one rik - 34%;
• For older people - 34%.

Yaksho as a result laboratory dosage lymphocytes appear in the norm, so talk about them in the body, there may be malfunctions. This is called lymphocytosis.

What is the growth of lymphocytes in the blood of an elderly person?

What does it mean? Causes of increased lymphocytes in the blood of women and children most often to bring to such a manifestation:

• infectious diseases;
• bacterial infections;
• autoimmune disease;
• mozhliva gostra allergy, as well as anaphylactic shock;
• singing and growing evil and good-hearted poohlinі new solution;
• especially lymphocytosis bends will be analyzed in case of ailments, which can be ailment once (, etc.);
• autoimmune processes.

To determine the reason for the increase of lymphocytes in the blood of an older person and the choice of a new technique, it is necessary to use a number of forms. At a link with cyme, lymphocytosis, in the presence of a form of manifestation, there are two types:

1. emergency lymphocytosis- changes in the leukocyte vagina pitoma in the structure of the leukocyte formula: do not change the absolute value in the blood, the stench "vitisnyayut" of the cells, for example, neutrophils.
2. absolute lymphocytosis- a large number of immune systemic organisms are growing rapidly as they are susceptible to illness or pathology ..

Provokuvati the growth of lymphocytes in the elderly people with viscous lymphocytosis can:

1. Statements of Viruses Infections.
2. Zakvoryuvannya rheumatic walking.
3. Adjustment of the function of the thyroid gland.
4. Splenomegaly.

Most frequent increase in lymphocytes in older adults with absolute lymphocytosis provoke:

1. The exchange of ailments.
2. Seeing the spleen.
3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

In addition to the type of infectious and fiery ailments, the early provocation of an increase in lymphocytes in the blood, there is a number of external factors, which can cause lymphocytosis:

1. postponed surgical involvement - during the operative period, there is a change in the number of lymphocytes.
2. Neurasthenia, the reception of deyakykh likiv- urge the level of lymphocytes to come back to normal without a bar, because the reason for this is ascertained.
3. Hunger, disobedient grub- clerks of building provocation of weakening of the immune system and organism.

Even so, it’s not like the development of lymphocytes in the blood doesn’t appear in the role of some kind of serious laboratory signs. It is especially valuable todi, if the reason is tied to a fiery or infectious pathology. In addition, if the level of lymphocytes is lowered before the hour of lymphocytes, it is also impossible to say that it is time to get tired.

In addition, the increase of lymphocytes in the presence of blood is injected into a serious diagnostic sign for the mind, as well as the memory of the serous changes in the zagalny in the leukocyte formulas. In general, it is not easy to know the reason for the increased lymphocytes. And here it is necessary, including instrumental methods of diagnostics, and not just laboratory ones.

Lymphocytes are normal in children

In children 4-5 days and 4-5 years of life in the blood, physiological lymphocytosis is indicated, which does not require treatment. The child's standard is to become absolutely normal, and lymph universities do not become ill. Such a situation is poured over by the blood-circulatory system of the child.

Protest, the number of lymphocytes in children can be increased:

1. leukemia;
2. Bronchial asthma;
3. Infectious diseases: flu, і іnshі;
4. Gn_yno-ignition processes;
5. For viral illnesses: lichen, whooping cough, painter, vitriana vispa (vitrianka), cyr, viral hepatitis and іnshі.

Lymphocytosis can be found in case of protested illnesses, in case of growing individual specialties of the body. exact reasons it is possible only to carry out a complete cleaning.

Robity, if in the blood analysis there are high lymphocytes

How lymphocytes are affected, how can they be affected? There can be only one view: to see and to use the reason for my stance. If lymphocytes are affected, they are guilty of being straightened not on a lower level, but on the ailment itself.

Regularly, from a few days to a few months, and the development of lymphocyte stabilization can occur. For example, with a large number of infectious processes, it is recognized that there are anti-virus drugs, And also antibiotics. The course of treatment for maloma and leukemia of Velmi is unconventional and unrepentant in chemotherapy and transplantation of the cystic brain.

Shelter is one of people and creatures. You will be stored in three types of cells, which are called blood tilts. Likewise, there is a great number of rare intercultural speech in this presence.

Blood is divided into three types: platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes. Thrombocytes take part in the process of Erythrocytes being responsible for transporting blood through the body. And the function of leukocytes is responsible for the organism of people and for creatures from the schooled microorganisms.

What are the leukocytes?

There is a little bit of variety, skin with its own singing functions. Otzhe, leukocytes are subdivided into:

• granulocytes;
• agranulotsiti.

What is granulocyte?

Їх are called granular leukocytes. To the whole group there should be eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils. First of all, before phagocytosis. The stench can overwhelm microorganisms and then overcook them. Tsi cells take a part in ignition processes. The smell is also good to neutralize histamine, which is seen as an organism in case of allergy. Basophilia may in their warehouse a great number of serotonin, leukotroiniv, prostaglandin and histamine. The stench will take part in the development of non-secret type of allergic reactions. Neutrophils, as well as eosinophils, lead to phagocytosis. There is a great number of people in the storehouse.

lack of leukocyte

Monocytes and lymphocytes are types of agranular (non-spinal) leukocytes. First, so it’s like agranulotsіty, let’s gobble up foreign particles, so they were consumed in organism.

Lymphocytes are a chain of parts of the immune system of people and creatures. The stench will take a part in the neutralization of ailing microorganisms, which they have drunk in the morning. Let’s talk about the lecture reports.

Lymphocytes - is it really?

Іsnu kіlka dyzvodyv tsykh kіtin. Oh, we can see the reports from the trokhi piznishe.

You can say that lymphocytes are the head of cells of the immune system. The stench will get you sick of yak, as well as humoral immunity.

Clinical immunity is due to the fact that lymphocytes are without contact with ailments. Humoral polyagus in viroblenna special antibodies - rechovins, which neutralize microorganisms.

The lymphocytes in the blood lodge as a result of the infection in the organisms of ailing bacteria or viruses. Chim їkh more, tim more organism viroblyaє immune cells. That vi, melodiously, already guessed, what does it mean? chronic form zakvoryuvannya zhvoryuvannya.

Lymphocytes: how are you seeing?

Falling from your budovi, stink in two groups:

• great granular lymphocytes;
• small lymphocytes.

Also cellini lymphocytes are divided into groups, in the fallowness of functions, as they stink. So, I see three different types:

• B-lymphocytes;
• T-lymphocytes;
• NK lymphocytes.

The first generation of foreign languages ​​and antibiotics before them. Disorders of cichlitins in the blood are susceptible to ailments, such as ailments once (vitrianka, rubella, cyr, etc.).

T-lymphocytes are of three types: T-kelery, T-helper and T-suppressor. First of all, they know the cells, they are defeated by viruses, as well as puffy ones. T-helpers stimulate the release of antibodies until they become ill. T-suppressor galmut viroblenya anti-til, if the organism is already not contaminated. NK-lymphocytes are recognized for the quality of cells in the body. The stench of building a child, as it appears to be normal, for example crayfish.

How lymphocytes develop?

Cyclines, as well as bloodshed, are circulated by the worm's cystovymus. The stench is formed there because of stovburovikh clitin. The offensive important organ of the immune system is the thymus or thymus. Suddenly, lymphocytes were formed. Here the stench ripens and grows on the group. Likewise, a part of lymphocytes can be ripened in cells. As soon as lymphocytes are formed, cells can form lymph nodes - the purchase of lymphocytes in the course of lymphatic vessels. Vuzli can spend more than an hour igniting processes in the body.

How many lymphocytes are in the blood?

It is permissible for a number of lymphocytes in the blood to be deposited from the beginning and from the body. Let's see the normal values ​​in the table.

From the statics, the indicators do not lie: for women and men, the norm of lymphocytes in the blood is the same.

Shown to the end of the day of lymphocytes

It’s possible to know the amount of blood in the blood; Children are recognized as such:

1. A prophylactic medical glance once at rik.
2. Medical examination chronically sick children are two or more developed on the ric.
3. Skargi for health.
4. Trivale lіkuvannya unimportant illnesses, for example the GRZ.
5. Deal with the general illnesses.
6. To ensure the efficiency of the treatment.
7. For an assessment of the severity of ill people.

We will enlarge the zagalny analysis of blood indications in the following categories:

1. in front of pracevlashtuvannyam.
2. Prophylactic medical examination.
3. Anemia and blood loss.
4. Diagnostics of ignition processes.
5. Control of the efficiency of treatment.
6. Lymphocytes in the blood of females are even more important during pregnancy, especially in the first and other trimesters.

admission of lymphocytes

If the quantity in the blood is determined by the norms, then the price will be viral zvoryuvannya, Deyaki bacterial ailments, such as tuberculosis, syphilis, typhoid fever, oncologic ailments, and the importance of being eliminated by cheeky words. Especially in case of ailments, up to which a stiff immunity is violated. Tse vitrianka, cyr, rubella, mononucleosis, etc. D.

decreased lymphocyte

Lack of quantity in the blood is called lymphopenia. Vona vinikaє in such vipad:

• viral illnesses in the early stages;
• anemia;
• oncological illness;
• chemotherapy and exchange therapy;
• lіkuvannya corticosteroid drugs;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• Isenko-Cushing's ailment.

Yak go to the blood analysis?

There are few factors that can be embedded in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. If it’s wrong to go to the blood analysis, it’s possible to give incorrect results. Otzhe, it is necessary to follow these rules.

• Do not lie for an hour before giving blood for analysis. ryzka zmіna the position of the body can be embedded in the number of lymphocytes in the blood.
• Don't make a blood analysis without a middle message medical management Such as X-ray, massage, punctuation, physiotherapy, etc.
• Do not take blood analysis during menstruation and immediately after it. The optimal hour is in 4-5 days after the end.
• Chi do not get sick before giving blood.
• Do not create an analysis of blood at once for physical options.
• Find shelter for analysis at early hour.

If the rules are not well understood, it is important that the results of the analysis will be interpreted incorrectly, if the wrong diagnosis is made. In such cases, for more accurate diagnostics, there may be signs of repeated blood analysis.

MINISTERSTVO OF OSVITI I SCIENCE UKRAINI

TAVRIYSKIY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

ІМ. V.I. VERNADSKY

BIOLOGICAL FACULTY

CHAIR OF BIOHIMIS

Basic discipline: IMUNOLOGY

Topic: “By-limfoci. Recipes and markers. Participation in the Immunity Vidpovid "

Pidgotuval's abstract:

Student: Natalia Levchenko

revised:

Zalevska Iryna Mykolaivna

Simferopol, 2013

Entry

2 Markery B-lymphocytes

Entry

lymphocyte receptor antigen

Clients of the immune system, on which the key functions are laid for the health of the packed immune system, are referred to lymphocytes, which are the type of leukocytes.

Lymphocytes are the process of admitting cells to the body, which is specifically designed to develop vigorous and foreign antigens and to initiate activation for contact with a specific antigen. When you reach a friendly morphology, small lymphocytes spread to two populations, so they can develop functions and produce different bottles.

One of the populations called them B-lymphocytes, as they called the organ “Bursa of Fabricius”, de bulo for the first time the ripening of cych cells in birds was revealed. In humans, B-lymphocytes ripen in the red cystic marrow.

In lymphocytes, antigens are recognized by specific receptors of an immunoglobulin nature, as in the world of dosage B lymphocytes are located on their membranes. The interaction of antigen with such receptors is a signal of activation of B cell lymphocytes and differentiation in plasma cells, which produces and secretes an antibody specific for the given antigen - immunoglobulin.

The head function of B-lymphocytes is also the specific detection of antigen, as well as prior to activation, proliferation and differentiation in plasma cells - the production of specific antibodies - immunoglobulin E. Most often B-lymphocytes for the development of humoral immune responses require additional help of T-lymphocytes in vigorous products to activate cytokines.

Chapter 1. General characteristics of B-lymphocytes

The specific immunological identification of pathogenic organisms is the whole function of lymphocytes, the very smell of the reaction of the accumulated immunity. All lymphocytes develop in the stem-boring cells of the cystic marrow, ale T-lymphocytes develop in the thymus, so that the B-lymphocytes continue their development in the worm-like cystic marrow (in the dorsal medulla). The term B-lymphocytes of statements for the first letter of the English name of organs, in which cells of cells are formed: bursa of Fabricius (a fabric bag in birds) і bone marrow (a cystic brain in savtsiv).

Fabricius' bag - one z central authorities The immunogenesis of birds, which grows in the area of ​​the cloaca, controls humoral immunity. Vidalennya ts'go organ to produce up to skasuvannya synthesis of antibodies. An analogue of a factory bag in savts is a red cystovy moss.

Head function B-lymphocytes (and in the form of plasma cells, which differentiate in the odor) is the price of anti-lymphocyte viroblast. Injection of the antigen to stimulate the approval of the B-lymphocyte clone, specific to the given antigen. It is possible to see the differentiation of new B-lymphocytes in the plasma cells, which is the anti-lymphocyte. Tsi processes take place in lymphoid organs, regional until the moment it enters the organism of a foreign antigen. lymphocytes store close to 15-18% of all lymphocytes, which are found in the peripheral blood. writing specific antigen cells of cells multiply and differentiate, transforming in plasmatic cells. Plasma cells emit a large amount of antibodies (immunoglobulin Ig), which are receptors of B-lymphocytes in the developed form. Winning antibodies in the blood when there is some kind of alien protein - an antigen - just because it’s not a tall one for the body, and it’s an immune response. The emergence of antibodies is not just a reaction to the body against Infectious diseases Ale the phenomenon, which has a wider biological significance: the whole zagalny mechanism of the development of the "alien". For example, the immune reaction is rocking like a stranger and trying to see the body, be abnormal, and it is a potentially insecure variant of cellini, in which, as a result of mutation in the chromosomal DNA, a mutant molecule is established. lymphocytes (B-cells) are differentiated from the chain in the liver of the fetus, and from the people - to the red cyst. In the cytoplasm, the B-cell is at rest in the inner granules, the red ribosomes and the tubules of the short EPR. The skin B-cell is genetically programmed to synthesize immunoglobulin molecules, which are introduced into the cytoplasmic membrane. Immunoglobulin functions as antigen-recognizing receptors, specific to the antigen. Nearly one hundred thousand receptor molecules are expressed on the surface of the cutaneous lymphocyte. Developed and developed antigen, similar structures of the antigen-recognizing receptor of B-cellinium multiply and differentiate in plasma cells, which create and see antigen receptors of such molecules - large Antitila is a great protein and to take revenge in the blood and tissue of origin. The breeders of their own identity in the receptor molecules of the stench interact with this antigen, which is a combination of activating in the B-cell, showing such a rank of suvor specificity.

For the binding of antigen to the receptors of B-cellin, cellin is activated. Activation of B-cells is stored in two phases: proliferation and differentiation; all processes are induced by contact with antigen and T-helpers. As a result of proliferation, the number of cells that are reacted to antigen introduced into the body increases. The value of proliferation is great, there are very few B-cells specific for singing antigens in non-immune organisms. Part of the cells that proliferate on the basis of the antigen ripen and differentiate lastly into the anti-body-forming cells of the decile morphological types, including the plasmatic cells. The industrial stages of differentiation of B-cells are among the smallest expressive differentials of the cell surfaces, which are necessary for the interaction between B-cells and other cells.

Skin lymphocytes, which can be transferred to B-lymphocytes and differentiate in the cystic marrow, are programmed for the establishment of antibodies of the same specificity.

Antibody molecules are not synthesized by any of the other cells in the body, and all of the antibodies are attributed to the approval of the decile cells in the B-cell clones. The stench (antibody molecules) is expressed on the surface of the lymphocyte membrane and functions as a receptor. With a whole on the surface of the cutaneous lymphocyte, about one hundred thousand molecules of antibodies are expressed. In addition, B-lymphocytes secrete into the bloodstream the anti-lymphocytes produced by them, but by changing forms of the surface receptors of cych cell lymphocytes.

Antibody is formed before the antigen appears, and the antigen itself is selected for itself. Since only the antigen penetrates into the human organism, it can be seen literally from the lymphocytes, which is the essence of the antigen, moreover, the skin has its own individual development. The antigen is found only at these receptors, which are exactly the same. Lymphocytes, which invoked the antigen, receive a trigger signal and differentiate in the plasma cells to produce antibodies. Oscillations of lymphocyte are programmed for the synthesis of antibodies only of the same specificity, antibodies, secreted by the plasma cell, will be identical to their original, so that the surface of the lymphocyte receptor, and then, will be good antigenicity. So the antigen itself forms an antigen, as it develops it with a high efficiency.

The entire development of B-lymphocytes from stovburovaya hematopoietic cells to plasmacytes includes a few stages, skin cells are characterized by their own cell type.

In total, 7 such types were seen:

) Stovburova hematopoietic (hemopoietic) klitina is a zagalny alternator for all parostoks of differentiation of lymphocytic disease;

) Zagalny lymphoid alternator B-cell and T-cell for B- and T-cell pathway development - the most early lymphoid cell, for which it didn’t have one two straight lines;

A) early pro-B-clitine - the closest site of the front clutch type and the forerunner of the offensive, slipped into the differentiation clitine types (the prefix "pro" in English. Progenitor);

B) pro-V-clitin;

) Pre-B-cell - type of cell, residual viyshov on V-cell paths (the prefix "pre" in English. Precursor);

) Nezrila B-clitina - the final bone marrow development of the clitin form, the yaka actively expresses the surface immunoglobulin and is in the stage of being selected for the state of interaction with the powerful antigens;

) Zrila B-cell - a cell type of periphery, a built-in interaction only with foreign antigens;

) Plasmatic cellina (plasmocyte) - effective, antibody-producing cellin form, which is established from the adult in-cellin through contact with the antigen.

Chapter 2. Receptors and markers of B-lymphocytes

1 antigen-recognition receptor B-kin: Zagalna characteristic

Antigenrecognizing receptor B-lymphocytes є immunoglobulin molecules. The circulating antibodies are structurally similar to the main part of the B-cell receptors, but rather to the addition of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic segments. The main classes of membrane-bound immunoglobulin (mIg), which are found on the surface of adults, non-stimulation of B-lymphocytes, є IgM and IgD. On the same On-site, there may be at once the presence of offensive types of molecules, and the smell may be of the same specificity, and, perhaps, the antigen receptor can interfere with the activation of the immune system.

The receptor of B-lymphocytes, which detects an antigen, є IgM. Membranous IgM (mIgM), which, as a rule, is a single immunoglobulin, which is one of several polypeptide lants. The molecule has a low hydrophobic endpoint, rosted on the C-end of an important lancet and is designated for the fixation of the molecule on the cell membrane. The number of receptor molecules reaches 10 - 100 tis. per cell and can be encoded with the same set of genes as well as analogs. We have the same structural form as an additional fragment on the C-end of the molecule, which plays the role of a membrane anchor.

In ontogeny, the first membrane forms of IgM appear at the final stage of B-cell differentiation in the cystic marrow. Growth in cells is expressed in a large number of bottles: 2 * 105 molecules per cell. Such receptor immunoglobulin is intermodin either with a protein or corpuscular antigen (Fig. 3.1), or with antigenic determinants on the surface of antigen presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells and in.).

Fig 1. The structure of the B-cell receptor

Antigenrecognizing receptor B-cellin buli is easy to reach, in the main, with the help of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, other than radioactive chemical elements, or fluorescein. When the antigen is invoked from a potent receptor and injected cytokines, it is violated by monocytes, macrophages and T-lymphocytes, the activation of B-lymphocytes is detected, and the cells are discharged. Some of the active B-lymphocytes are transformed into cells of memory, as they become more alert and effective during repeated contact with the antigen. In the main part of the receptor, an additional component (Ig-alpha (CB79a) and Ig-beta (CD79b)) is not connected in the middle, so that it can be connected to the internal transmission of the signal.

The cytoplasmic dilancum in mIg is small and not suitable for the interaction with C-cells or tyrosinkinases. The role of CD3 in the form of mIgM, mabut, the range of association with mIgM heterodimer, which is composed of two single disulfide linkage of glycoproteins with molecular weights of 32-34 kDa (IgM-alpha) and 37-39 kDa), IgM-gamma ... Lantsyugi beta and gamma are the products of one gene and come as a result of an alternative to splicing. Lantsyugi offended by representatives of the superfamily of immunoglobulins and placed in the last part for one domain. Cytoplasmic dishes of polypeptides may have a conservative consistency, but it includes a number of different types of singing, one and one amino acids. This also occurs in gamma, delta and zeta CD3 lances, which transfer some of the functions of CD3 and IgM-alpha-IgM-beta. Cytoplasmic fragments reveal the potential for phosphorylation sites.

2 Markery B-lymphocytes

On the periphery (posture by the cystic marrow), lymphocytes swell their characteristic surface-cell markers.

The main markers of B-lymphocytes are membrane Ig with a single clone of a single clone (it is quickly formed as a result of a series of last-day subtypes of a single B-cell) express Ig molecules that specifically sound only one clone. Such cells are synthesized monoclonal AT, so they develop and sound only one Ar. Ag-zinging membrane Ig B-lymphocyte plays the role of a clitin Ag-receptor. Крім of membrane Ig, В-lymphocyte does not contain іnshі markers; receptor for Fc-fragment Ig, CD10 (on immature B-cells), CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23 (immediately, take part in cell activation), receptor for C3b and C3d, MHC molecules of classes I and I.

Membrane immunoglobulin is a specific marker of B-cellin, which is expressed in vitro on all adult B-lymphocytes and on the day on the other cells. Let us consider the class of membrane immunoglobulins on native (not in contact with the antigen) B-cells є IgM. The presence of all native B-lymphocytes on the surface of all native B-lymphocytes, repairing the stages of immature B-clitin (div. Rozdil 3.3.1.2) (Table 3.2). On the grown-ups of the native

By cells, the order of IgM is the presence of IgD. The number of immunoglobulin molecules on the surface of the new B-cell becomes close to 150,000. In the process of immunoglobulin, there is a mixture of immunoglobulin classes on IgG, IgA and IgE. In-cells of blood and secondary lymphoid organs carry IgG on their surface, and in cells of mucous membranes - IgA.

Before the BCR store, the immunoglobulin contains more than a few molecules. Two of them - CD79a and CD79b - store the integral part of the BCR, three more - CD19, CD21 and CD81 - functionally associated with it and form physical links with the BCR only upon activation of the clitine. Variants of CD79 molecules - a and b - what is Ig? і Ig?. Behind the help of non-covalent links, the stench is formed by heterodynamics, tied with membrane immunoglobulin. Molecules may be different molecular weight(Close to 40 kDa). Ig's fate? і Ig? in the transmission of the signal, it is based on the link between the cytoplasmic part and the internal tyrosine kinases.

The CD19 molecule is brought up to the superfamily of immunoglobulins. CD19 has an extremely important signaling function, as a fragment of the molecule is linked to the PI3K kinase. CD21 is a receptor for complement components (CR2), which takes part in the antigenic signal, as well as in the regulation of the activity of B lymphocytes. CD81 is carried to tetraspanins (4 times to permeate the membrane); the function of the chain of the molecule is not exactly assigned.

Tyrosine kinase Fyn is linked to the cytoplasmic dilens of the membrane immunoglobulin, and tyrosine kinases Blk, Lyn, Lck, and also Syk, to the molecules CD79, CD19 and CD81, take part in the transmission of the activation signal. In addition, lipid kinase PI3K grows close to the cytoplasmic part of the CD19 molecule. Such a large number of signaling enzymes linked to the BCR components will prevent the triggering and transmission of activation signals when the antigen is triggered.

Chapter 3. Subpopulations of B-lymphocytes

All B-lymphocytes have a number of subtle powers: they produce antibodies and immunoglobulin (Ig), express antigen-specific Ig receptors (B-Cell Receptor - BCR) and surface markers CD 19 and CD45 (B220). At the same time, it is possible to see a number of subpopulations of B-cells, which are developed for walking, differentiation, phenotype and functional powers.

There are 3 main subpopulations of B-clitin (Table 1). One of them is a viscera - B2-cells (they call them very B-cells), which can be localized mainly in the cells, cystic brain, Lymphoid nodes, feather plaques and surrounding follicles of lymphoid tissue of the intestine. A histological unit, a yak є mіscem zooseredzhennya B2-clitin - lymphoid follicle. Cellular cells store the change in the amount of circulating B-lymphocytes and play the main role in humoral immunity. Two of the main subpopulations are B1- and B-cells of the marginal zone (MZB-cells). Most of the data on the development of the subpopulation of B-lymphocytes were recorded on mishas. Views about subpopulations

B1-cells are localized in the gray empty areas -

cranial and pleural. There is a small number of B1-lymphocytes, especially cells, which secrete anti-lymphocytes, appear in the cells, and at this part of the attack, 1-5% of the number of B-cells. Deyaki B1-cells migrate (through the omentum) into the mucous membrane of the intestine and the lymph nodes (up to 50% of IgA-producers in the intestinal lymphatic tissue - B1-cells). In lymphatic universities, Misha has a stench in the morning. 2 subpopulations of B1-clitin are seen. The main differential sign in this case is the expression of the CD5 membrane molecule (like one of the T-clitin markers). B1a-cellini immediately carry IgM and CD5 molecules on the surface. CD5 is seen on all B-lymphocytes, including B1b cells, which are similar to B1a-cells. What is characteristic for B1-clitin? Phenotype? Is not activated, which is manifested in expression on the surfaces of bone-stimulating molecules CD80 and CD86. The power of the B1-lymphocytes to protect the functioning of the APC is important. - and the B1b-cells express the BCR to avenge the membrane form of IgM. Vіdomі vinyatka: the mixing of IgM to IgA in the lamina propria of the intestine is described. The V-genes of membrane IgM B1a-cytin are re-energized not to revenge N-insertions (to avoid the TdT enzyme in the latter). The versatility of the V-gene B1-cellin is lower than that of the B2-cellin. The price is linked with the ideas in the minds of the development: B1a-cells in ontogenesis are earlier than the other subpopulations - until the people. The stench develops in the liver of the fetus due to the participation of IL-5 and IL-10 from the cells-alternating ones, such as those of the animal B-cells. Even in the membrane period, B1-cells are playing in the gray empty spaces, and they smell like a stretch of life to the body.

B1-cells are building up to self-mediated path of even greater proliferation, so that they will remember the decline of cells, so that they can follow the mechanism of apoptosis.

B1b-cells also develop in the ovens of the embryos, and for the people - in the cystic brain of the other cells-in-between. B1b-lymphocytes are distributed on the periphery of the periphery of B1a-clinical - not before the people and immediately afterwards. When the V-gene is over-energized, a number of N-inserts are formed in B1b-cells. B1b-cells can also play in the middle of the empty space and get there in a self-paced way.

The offense of type B1-cellin can differentiate into anti-body-forming cells without antigen stimulation. With a lot of stench, secretion of IgM antibodies is important (in the intestines - also IgA). A large number of antibodies are specific to the power of the organism (DNA, histones, collagen, cytoskeleton components, antigens of blood groups, etc.); There are a lot of them polispecifichny, so that the interaction with decilcom antigens, including autologous ones. Antigenicity may be a low rate (affinity) to antigens, including autoantigens, and not good quality tissue. Approximately half of the serovat IgM is secreted by B1-cells. Natural antibodies that produce B1a-lymphocytes, often specific to microbial antigens and opsonizing pathogens, play an important role in the reactions of congenital immunity.

Cyclines can take part in the adaptive immune response, which is more powerful in the world for the B1b-cells. View B1-client is not important for family reasons. B1-cells continuously circulate between the spleen and black empty, Ale do not come into the follicles, the fragments do not express CXCR5 - Chemokini BLC receptor (CXCL13). 3 tsim tied that furnishings, what are the processes? Are you perfect? of humoral immunity in vigilance of changing the types and increasing spores to antigens;

Another type of B-lymphocyte-B-cell marginal zone (MZB). The stench is localized as much as possible in the marginal zone of the spleen, as the pulp comes from the red. Phenotypically, the cells are more similar to B2-, lower to B1-cells. The stench resembles the quiet cyst-cerebral cells-peredniks. The main membrane immunoglobulin MZB-clitin -IgM, is expressed more strongly, less on B2-cells. At the same hour, IgD was present on the membrane in a very small amount. Cyclinia are selected for their phenotype with active B-lymphocytes. They contain the molecules CD69, CD25, CD38, in a small amount of CD23. Beast for myself I respect the manifestation of the CD1d molecule, so I will take part in the presentation of the antigens.

The development of the lineage MZB-clitin from the foreign lineage B2-clitin is admitted to the transitional stage of transient clitins (T3), if the MZB-clitin may be capable of accepting the expression of HE2 and IgM Chemokin receptor CXCR5 is NOT expressed on MZB lymphocytes, allowing cells to be migrated in follicles. The key differentiation factor for MZB-kin is Notch-2. For the infusion of sphingosine-1-phosphate and for the participation of adhesion molecules LFA-1 and VLA-4, the stench melts in the marginal zone of the spleen. MZB-clients do not take part in the recycling, ale hi? Chovnikov? migrations to lymphoid foliage And back, you can get information about antigens, and go to the spleen with blood. The term of life of MZB-lymphocytes can be related to the term of life to the body. A decrease in the number of MZB-cells, which is affected by damaging factors, is quickly eliminated. The cells take part in the humoral immune responses to the onset of the bloodstream. The stench of good health is not susceptible to the immune response to encapsulated pathogens. Establishing strong expression of MHC-II molecules and bone-stimulating molecules of MZB-cellin may change the building before the interaction with T-helpers, protects participation in the immune response. When MZB-cells are identified for antigens, they differentiate into short-lived antibody-forming cells. V-genes MZB-clitin are seldom covered with mutations, which is typical for the development of plasma cells, the posture of embryonic centers. In cich cells, there is no mixing of immunoglobulin classes and MZB cells are remembered on their surface as IgM, not IgG. IgM + cells are re-fermented in the marginal zone of the human spleen.

List of Victory Literature

1.A. Royt, J. Brucestoff, D. Mail. Immunology - M .: Mir, 2000.

.Lebedov K.A. - Immunology in CLINIC PRACTICE, 1996

.Immunology (in 3 volumes) / Pid. ed. W. Paul.- M .: Mir, 1988

.Yarilin A.A - Immunology 2010

.Khaitov R.M., Ignat'va G.A., Sidorovich I.G., Immunology: Pidruchnik. - M .: Medicine, 2000.432 s: ill. (Textbook. Lite. For student. Medvuziv).

.# "Justify">. # "Justify">. http://immuninfo.ru/immunologiya

Tutoring

Need additional help for vivchennya be-lybi those?

Our fahivtsi advise or give tutoring services on topics.
Submit an application from those who are considered to be directly at the same time, so that they know about the possibility of rejecting consultation.