Viznachennya group blood for the standard. Methods for assigning blood groups

There are two methods: for standard sirovatka (direct reaction) and standard erythrocytes (reverberant reaction).

Viznennya group of blood for standard sirovatki

For the purpose of establishing a group of blood for the whole methodology, it is necessary to establish a shelter with a group of other households and for the appearance of, or in general, agglutination to judge about a group of blood. For the purpose of stagnation, the preparation of "standard blood" blood O (I), A (II), B (III) two different grays for the skin group. On the subject, apply 2 dots of standard sirovatok (in front of the olive on the side of a group of sirovatov) in pairs from the serum.

Syrovatki should be taken with small drops. The finger of a sick person is drenched with alcohol and an injection is made with a special head-scarifier. Take 6 drops of blood (no larger than the hairpin head of the skin) and put the hand on the bag with standard syrovats. Use our sticky sticks to stir up the shelter and sirovatka. After 5 minutes, add 1 dots to the sirovatki physiological(For viklyuchennya pomilkovo ї aglutinatsії).

Results of the following:

if agglutination is seen in all three young drets, then until the first group of blood O (I) should be covered;

the visibility of agglutination with O (I) and B (P) companions to speak about those of the A (II) blood group;

when there is an agglutination with a blood group B (III) and with an agglutination with a blood group O (I) and A (II), it is followed by a blood group B (III);

Agglutination from three blood cells means belonging of blood to the fourth group - AB (IV).

Viznachennya groups of blood for the standard sirovatka with two gray viroblyayut schob uniknuti grants. In case of agglutination with three blood groups - AB (IV) blood group - it is necessary to carry out additional identification with AB (IV) blood group, as it is stored in a special sealed ampoule.

In general, the number of years old is repeated with the other seria of syrovats, or they have the same value as the standard erythrocytes.

The number of blood groups for the standard erythrocytes

On the porcelain container, apply 3 dots prepared from the recipient's blood. To the sirovatka add on the head of the studs of standard erythrocytes O (I), A (II) and B (III). After 5 minutes, add one spot of physiological breakdown.

Results of the following:

• with a negative reaction with standard erythrocytes O (I) and positive with standard erythrocytes A (II) and B (III) - a group of Persian blood;
• when there is an overall reaction of agglutination with standard erythrocytes O (I) and A (II) and positive with erythrocytes B (III), another blood group;
• when there is an overall reaction of agglutination with standard erythrocytes O (I) and B (III) and positive with erythrocytes A (II), the blood group is the third;
• when there is an aglutination reaction with standard erythrocytes of the fourth blood group.

"Hirurgic ailments", S. N. Muratov

The skinny people will remember their blood group. Tse can bring to the rapt state in nagodі in case of overwhelming situations. It is not for nothing that a group of blood is designated for a group of blood on forty tokens. Problems with this, as a result of a group of blood, not sleep. In the great dispensaries, tsim are engaged in laboratories. Allow to go to small rural outpatient clinics є standard recruitment for a group visa, and to carry out an analysis in all the patients and the middle medical practitioners... Independently robust the price of anyone, if є fakhivtsi.

The yak group of blood from a child can be sprinkled on the daddy. For example, I know that it’s a friend’s father’s third or fourth, it’s not a good match, but the child’s will be persistent.

People who “live” on the Internet give joy to others and receive information without picking it up. Hourly change the way it is.

Deisno, є the theory of harvesting in fallowness according to the type of blood and carrying out to try to tie the character of specialness with it. It was a little tense for the preparation of the most common race, for the prevention of ailments. Psychologists stopped talking about the type of specialty with the blood number.

Tim bolshe, you cannot judge by your lovesickness or schlichnosti to leadership about your group.

At home minds, there is no knowledge better than more articles, consultations of fahivts. You can, є medical documents (outpatient card, vipiski for the hospital), in which є vidomosti about your blood.

For donors and patients of hospitals, you can put a seal in the passport because of the values ​​of all the residences.

Additional patches to be fixed on the army form

Who came up with a group of blood

Let us first create a selection of blood groups є Austrian teachings and lykar K. Landsteiner, who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1930 for the price. Vidkrittya allowed for the prevention of fatal drops through transfusion, in front of the confusion of donor signs and recipients.

The essence of the proponated system AB0 polyagaє is in the presence of antigenic structures on erythrocytes in humans and animals. Typical antibodies (gammaglobulins) to them in plasma is not. To this reaction "antigen + antigen" can be victorious for evaluation.

Expansion of blood groups for national awareness

Gluing of erythrocytes is given for an hour to develop an antigen with its own antigen. This reaction is called hemaglutination. It can be seen when the analysis is carried out in the eyes of other plastic. The designation of a group of blood is primed on the otrimanny picture of agglutination with typical sirovatki.

Erythrocyte antigens in type "A" are associated with antigens "", apparently "B" with "β". According to the warehouse of blood:

• I, or 0 (ά, β) - on the surface of the erythrocytes with the same antigens;
• II, abo A (β) - to replace antigen A with antigen β;
• III, or B (ά) - є type B antigen with antigen ά;
• IV, or AB (00) - no offense of antigen, or no revenge of antigen.

Antigens є in the embryo of people are even more in the embryonic period, and antigens (agglutinins) appear in syrovatz new people with a stretch of the first month of life.

Standardized blood group (simple method)

To carry out an analysis for a group of blood, the patient's blood cells are required (taken from the blood drops) and standard blood cells, which are used to replace the antigen.

Syrovatki are taken from donor blood at the "Transfusion Station", the term of accessibility may be lost, and the minds will be lost. Ampoules bear the serial number. For an accurate analysis, take two sets of young gray. Be careful not to allow pardons.

On a flat tarilts two rows in rows, place along the great drops of chotiroh sirovatok (add only III and II, otherwise 1 and 1V are taken for control). With grasping wicked sticks (by hand, corystuvatya with face-to-face droppings), bring into the dots of sirovatok a shelter (if you guilty about 1:10) and gently clean it.

Five hilin to steal a tarilka, give the power of a syrovat to be mercifully mixed with blood.

interpretation of results

Pass 5 quills, and you can assess the results and analyze. The great sprinkles of syrovatka insist on enlightenment, in some of them there are other plastic (reaction of agglutination), in some of them. There are options here:

• where agglutination is nemaє in both samples with samples of III and II groups (+ control 1 and 1V) - the central group;
• if the name is assigned to everyone, but the second is to order the other group;
• when there is no agglutination of the third group of blood;
• as a hypothesis is indicated in all samples, including the 1V-control - group four.

If the letters are rosted in the correct order, on the tarials of the signature, then it is easy to start: de nemaє agglutination, such a group.

There are vipadki, if the gluing is not clear. Todi analiz pereroblyayut, other agglutination to be astonished under a microscope.

Cross-reaction method

For the clarification of the group in case of unaffected agglutination, use the method of subintermediate reaction with standard erythrocytes. In this vipadku vіdomimi not є sirovatki, yak in simple method, A eritrocytes. The patient's shelter is collected in a test tube, centrifuged, and for the patient's sake to draw the syrovat from the top.

standard anti-soda

On the flat, there are 2 large drops of water from the patient. They have standard A (II) and B (III) blood groups. Proceedingly to deceive, to steal the tarilka.

The result will be assessed in 5 quilins:

• how agglutination came in both drips, a group of Persha;
• as mute in one test, group four;
• If in one of the stagnant vidrocytes, then the group is assigned for the appearance of the larynx at the drops.

The designation of the Tsolikloni group

Tsolіkloni - tse synthetic substitutes for sirovatok. Smell to avenge piecemeal alternatives of agglutinov ά and β. Їх they call the protests "Tsolikloni anti-A" (erysipelas) and "anti-B" (blue). Ochіkuvana agglutinatіsіy vіdbuvаnat between erythrocytes of pre-sludge blood and agglutinins Tsolіkloni.

The technique is not vykorystannya two serii, vvazhaєtsya more accurate and superior. Conducting and evaluating the results as well as in a simple standard method.

Particularity: the fourth group AB (IV) is subject to the agglutination reaction with the specific number of anti-AB clones and the appearance of the nonspecific gluing of cytrocytes in the physiological naturopathy.

Express-method for the additional set of "Eritrotest-group cards"

The method allows for the recognition of the group and the Rh factor in laboratory and Polish minds. Before the warehouse, the set includes a card with holes. Hanging reagents are already applied to the bottom of the wells. Here, in addition to "anti-A", "anti-B" and "anti-AB", "anti-D" is victorious, which is the result of the Rh factor.

You can vikoristovuvat shelter in any kind of viglyadі, pіdіdnanja with a preservative і taken from the finger.

Before the preliminaries on the card, the patient's nickname is recorded, a speck of water is introduced into the skin hole for the identification of the Ingredients. Heat with okremimy sticks in the wells with reagents to add shelter and slightly stir. The residual result is "read" in three hvilini.

The blood group should be transfused if necessary. One hour control of the group and individual confusion. Also, for the most part, more antigenic powers are revealed in the blood of people, less in the AB0 system. It's just that the stench of a large population is weak.

Ale at the patient with important ailments, who are losing the power of the blood and allergenic organisms, they stink at the beginning, they can get away with it and grow up in the blood. To that the knowledge of the patron of the power group is given in the performance of the results of the experience.

Materials are published for learning, and not ascribed to love! It is recommended to turn up to the doctor-hematologist in your doctor's pouch!

The group of blood and the Rh factor is a special type of blood, which is characterized by an individual character, as it is, like the color of the eyes, or the hair of the people. The group and rhesus may be of great importance in medicine for the treatment of blood loss, blood ailments, and also injecting into the form of the body, the functioning of the organs and the psychological peculiarities of the people.

Understanding about the blood group

More than a long time ago, they have become magical for the shedding of blood by the way of transfusion of blood from the people to the people and from the creatures. As a rule, all tsi tried the sum of the result. First time on the ear of the twentieth century by the Austrian clerk Karl Landsteiner, the bullets appeared in the blood groups of people, which were especially cells in the erythrocytes - agglutinogen, tobio - aglyutin reaction That’s the reason why the ailments died because of the transfusion of blood.

Two main types of agglutinogens have been established, both bully are cleverly named A and B. This means that in the blood of people there can not be one type of blood, but they are gluing together erythrocytes, so that it is agglutinogen A, then in them there cannot be agglutinin a.

It is also revealed that in the blood there may be an offense of agglutinogen - A and B, but it doesn’t take revenge on the same type of agglutinins, and navpaki. All tse і є signs, scho to start a group of blood. Therefore, when some blood cells and plasmas are detected, a conflict develops on a group of blood.

See the blood group

At the present time, people have seen 4 main types of blood groups:

• 1st, as not to take revenge on agglutinogens, ale to take revenge on agglutinin a and b, tse - the most common blood group, which is 45% of the population of the planet;
• 2nd, to take revenge on agglutinogen A and agglutinin b, which occurs in 35% of people;
• 3-th, in yakiy є agglutinogen In і agglutinin a, її may be 13% of people;
• 4th, to avenge the offense of agglutinogen A and B, and not to avenge agglutinin, such a group of blood is most important, it will be deprived of 7% of the population.

In Russia, the established group belonging to the blood according to the AB0 system is accepted, to the extent that they have agglutinogens. According to the table of the blood groups of the viglyad in the next rank:

Group blood ownership is transmitted in recessions. If a group of blood can be remembered, the food chain is unambiguous: it cannot. I want a history of medicine of single vypadoks, dressings with genetic mutations. The gene, which forms the blood group, is in the 9th pair of the chromosome set of humans.

Important! Judgment about those, like a group of blood goes to all, this year has lost its relevance, as it is, like an understanding of a universal donor, so that Volodar of the 1st (zero) group of blood. There is no need for children to be divided into groups of blood, and only one-group shelter can be poured.

Rh factor: negative and positive

Uninvolved by the Landsteiner group of blood, everybody was feeding mothers at a time of transfusion reactions every hour of transfusion. Vcheny prodovzhuvav his advances, and mentally with his colleagues Winer and Lovainy you, another specific block-antigen of erythrocytes - the Rh factor - came into view. A collection of vіn bouv appearances in the ludin-like mavi of the rhesus macaque, the sounds and having given their name. It was found that rhesus was present in the blood of a large number of people: 85% of the population had antigen є, and 15% had antigen є, and 15% had a negative rhesus factor.

The peculiarity of the Rh antigen is that when people get into the roof of the people, they can’t be bothered by the virus anti-Rhesus-antigen. With repeated contact with the Rh factor, antibodies give an important hemolytic reaction, which is called Rh-conflict.

Important! If the Rh factor is negative, it does not just mean the presence of the Rh antigen in the erythrocytes. There may be anti-Rh antibodies present in the blood, which could have been established for an hour to contact with Rh-positive blood. To that, an obovazkovy analysis for the presence of Rh antibodies.

The value of the blood group and the Rh factor

The blood group and the Rh factor are associated with ligamentous viscosity in the onset of drops:

• for blood transfusion;
• for transplant cystic brain;
• before being like an operation;
• with vaginosti;
• in case of blood loss;
• in neonatal women with hemolytic zhovtyanitsi (rhesus insanity with mater).

However, in the Ideal of Vidomosti about the group and Rh-belonging, the dermal people are guilty of being in the elderly, as well as in the child. Nicholas can not be eliminated in case of major injuries. hospitable If you can get a shelter from time to time.

The value of a group of blood

The formation of blood groups is carried out by specially eliminated monoclonal antibodies behind the AB0 system, so that agglutinins of blood cells, which give gluing of erythrocytes upon contact with the same agglutinogens.

Algorithm for determining a group of blood offensives:

1. Prepare Tsolіkloni (monoclonal antibodies) anti-A - ampoules of erysipelas, and anti-B - ampoules of blue colora. Prepare 2 clean pipettes, flasks of sticks for mixing and subjecting, a 5 ml disposable syringe for taking blood, a test tube.
2. Viconuyut taking blood from veni.
3. On the subject of special marking, the tablet should be applied over the large dots of Tsolikloni (0.1 ml), until they are taken with small dots of pre-juvenile blood (0.01 ml).
4. Sposter for the result of 3-5 hilines. Draping with mixed blood can be homogeneous - reaction minus (-), or vipadayut plastic - reaction plus or agglutination (+). The evaluation of the results is carried out by a doctor. The options for the rating of the blood group are presented in the tables:

Rh factor value

The value of the Rh factor is similar to the value of the blood group, so that the monoclonal antigen is to the Rh antigen. On a special clean ceramic surface, apply a large speck of reagent (Tsolikloni) and a small speck of only blood taken, in the same proportions (10: 1). The shelter is protected with a sticky stick with a reagent.

The value of the Rh factor Tsolikloni takes less than an hour, and the reaction is infused in 10-15 seconds. However, it is necessary to showcase maximum term- 3 chilini. So itself, as in the case of a group of blood, a test tube with blood is sent to the laboratory.

In medical practice, the widespread use of a quick and quick express method of assigning group accessory and Rh factor to the addition of dry Coloni, which is produced with sterile water for the first time without a middling before serving, is widely used. The method is called "Erіtrotest-gruppokart", it is even more common in the minds of the clerks, and in the extreme, and in the Polish minds.

The nature and health of people by blood group

The blood of the people yak yogo specific genetic sign until the end is not vivchen. In the rest of the rock, there is a growing number of options for blood groups, new technologies are being developed for the purpose of confusion and so far.

Blood is also attributed to the power to infuse into the health and character of the master. I want the food to be overwhelmed, all the same with the bagatorial warnings tsikavi facts... For example, Japanese ancestors vvazhayut, how it is possible to determine the character of people by blood group:

• Volodars of the 1st group of blood - people of volition, strong, comrade and emotional;
• Volodar 2-ї groups grow patiently, scrupulously, inveterate, pratsovitist;
• representatives of the 3rd group є creative specialties, but at the same hour they were even more infuriating, possessive and primitive;
• people of the 4th group of blood live more in a sense, they grow unreasonable, for an hour it is unjustified to spend.

If you feel healthy in the fallowness of a group of blood, then you get involved, it’s the most healthy in a large population, that is, in the 1st group. Individuals from the 2nd group are grave to heart ailments and cancer patients Volodarians of the 3rd group are characterized by weak immunity, low strength to infection and stress, and representatives of the 4th group are characterized by weak immunity to cardiovascular pathology, Zahvoryuvan suglobiv, cancer.

We have a statistic about the methods of determining the blood group behind the AB0 system, as well as about the express method of determining the Rh factor.

We will talk in a few words about the purpose of the group's blood supply, as well as about the history of the nutritional intake. Interest before blood transfusion originated a long time ago. Still in the Old Egypt, we got magalized overflowing and we wounded, we were sick, we were dying. In the main, they were vicarians as donors of young creatures. Vazhala, how the stench may smell with a special natural strength and before that vices, like people, do not come. The overflow of people to people was most often unsuccessful. The reasons for the increase in the number of problems were caused by the Austrian licar Karl Landsteiner. It means that people have different antigens and antibodies, and that they can establish a particular immune system.