How far can you bachiti the eyes of a man? See the horizon and the distance Yake appear in space with a human eye.

Small. 4 Main lines and areas of the sposter

For the operation in the sea, a system of clean lines and areas of the sposter has been adopted. In fig. 4 is an image of an earthly kulu, on the surface at the point M roztashovutsya sposterіgach. Yogo eyes are in the point A... letter e the height of the eyes of the sposter is designated above the sea level. The ZMn line, drawn through the spacer and the center of the earth, is called a straight line or a vertical line. All areas, drawn through the whole line, are called vertical, A perpendicular їй - horizontal... Horizontal area НН /, scho pass through the eye of the sposter, be called the area of ​​the true horizon... The vertical area VV /, which passes through the space of the sposter, M and the earth, is called the area of ​​the moving meridian. At the cross-section of the area with the surface of the Earth, to establish great coloРnQPsQ /, titles the true meridian of the sposter... Straight, drawn out from the cross-flow of the area of ​​the true horizon beyond the area of ​​the drive meridian, to be called line of business meridian or midday line N-S. This line of sight starts directly on the horizon and on the horizon. The vertical area FF /, perpendicular to the area of ​​the direction meridian, is called the area of ​​the first vertical... At the crossroads of the area of ​​the true horizon, I will approve line E-W, Perpendicular to the N-S line and initially straight to the north and west of the point to the horizon. Lines N-S and E-W extend the area of ​​the true horizon on the quarter: NE, SE, SW and NW.

Fig. 5. Horizon visibility

In an open sea, it is possible to tank the water surface near the ship, surrounded by a small colum CC1 (Fig. 5). Tse colo is called the visible horizon. De view of the ship M to the line of the visible horizon SS 1 to be called far beyond the visible horizon... The theoretical distance of the visible horizon Dt (from AB) is depending on the shorter range De. It will be explained that, through the growth of the spheres of the atmosphere along the height of the light, it expands into them not straightforwardly, but along the curves of the AC. As a result, the sposter can bach a part of the water surface, which is roasted beyond the line of the theoretical visible horizon, and is surrounded by a small colossus of SS 1. The line of the visible horizon of the sposter. The manifestation of the breaking of light changes in the atmosphere is called earthly refraction. Refraction to lay in an atmospheric vice, temperature and temperature. In one and the same place, the refraction of the Earth can change in one stretch. To that, when rozrahunki take the average value of refraction. Formula for the value of the visible horizon:

As a result of refraction, it is possible to push the line to the horizon in the direct AC / (Fig. 5), close to the AC arc. Tsya liniya was brought to kut r above the direct exchange AB. kut r also called earthly refraction. kut d mіzh the area of ​​the operational horizon НН / і directly on the visible horizon to be called over the top of the visible horizon.

VISIBILITY OF OBJECTS І VOGNIV. The distance of the visible horizon allows one to judge the visibility of objects, which are located on the water level. What is the subject of my work? h over the ditch of the sea, then you can see it in the country:

On sea charts and in navigational guides, the distance of visibility of the beacons is calculated in advance Dk from the height of the eye of the sposterіgach 5 m. De road 4.7 miles at e, Відмінною 5 m, next to make an amendment. Її value of the road:

The distance of visibility of the lighthouse Dn door:

The distance of the visibility of objects, rooted in a common formula, is called geometric, or geographic. The calculated results are indicative of the middle camp of the atmosphere in the afternoon hour. With імлі, boards, snowfall or foggy weather, the visibility of objects, naturally, speed up. Nawpaki, when the atmosphere of refraction is singing, it can be even great, since the distance of visibility of objects appears much more rooted.

The distance of the visible horizon. Table 22 MT-75:

The table is numbered following the formula:

de = 2.0809 ,

Included in the table. 22 MT-75 with item height h above the sea level, to recognize the distance of the object's visibility from the sea level. As far as the trimmed distance is given the distance of the visible horizon, I know in the same table by the height of the eyes of the sposter e above the sea level, then the sum of the amount of action is the distance of the object's visibility, without urahuvannya the vision of the atmosphere.

To reduce the distance of the radar-locating horizon dp It is taken from the table. 22 the distance of the visible horizon zbilshuvati by 15%, todi Dp = 2.3930 . Qia formula is valid for standard minds of the atmosphere: vice 760 mm, temperature + 15 ° C, degree of temperature - 0.0065 degrees per meter, relative volatility, steady state, 60%. Be-like seeing from the adopted standard standard of the atmosphere to zoom in on the change in the range of the radio-locating horizon. Besides, because of the distance, that is, you can see the signals on the radar screen, in the meantime you can see the individual features of the radar and the authorities of the object. There are three reasons for using the coefficient 1.15 and the data in the table. 22 steps from the safety.

The sum of the radio-locating horizon of the antenna Ld and the steered object with a height A to represent the maximum view from which the incoming signal can be turned.

Butt 1. Visually, the distance of the beacon detection with a height of h = 42 m from the sea level from the height of the sposterіgach eye e = 15.5 m.
Decision. Table 3 22 vibrate:
for h = 42 m..... . Dh= 13.5 mils;
for e= 15.5 m. . . . . . de= 8.2 mils,
the same, the distance of the beacon detection
Дп = Дh + дe = 21.7 mils.

The visibility range of an object can also be seen from the nomogram, inserted on the insert (supplement 6). MT-75

Butt 2. Know the radio locating the distance of the object with a height of h = 122 m, when the height of the radio locating antenna hd = 18.3 m over the rіvnem of the sea.
Decision. 3 table. 22 Vibrate the visibility range of the object and the antenna from the sea level from 23.0 to 8.9 miles. Pidsumovuyuchi tsі range and multiplying їkh at the rate of 1.15, it is possible to get it out with the standard drains of the atmosphere, ymovіrno, if it appears at the speed of 36.7 miles.

The skin object has a visibility of H (Fig. 11), so the distance of the object's visibility Dp-MR is stored from the distance of the visible horizon of the sposter D = Mc and the distance of the object visible to the horizon Dn = RС:

Small. eleven.

Butt 11. Know the visibility range of an object with a height above the sea level H = 26.5 m (86 feet) when the sposter's eye is above the sea level e = 4.5 m (1 5 feet).

Decision.

1. According to Struysky's nomogram (Fig. 12), the vertical scale "Visot of the spared object" is shown to a single point, from 26.5 m (86 ft), on the right vertical scale, "The height of the eyes of the spasher" to the point, by 15 ft); Having identified the points with a straight line, in the middle of the vertical line, the rest of the rest with the middle vertical scale "Visibility range" can be recognized as follows: Dn = 15.1 m.

2. For MT-63 (Table 22-c). For e = 4.5 m and H = 26.5 m the value of Dn = 15.1 m The height of the eyes of the sposter is not 5 m, then before the given in the distance range Dk it is necessary to add the amendment A = MS-KS- = De-D5. Correction є by the difference between the distances of the visible horizon from the height of єmi 5 m and is called the correction for the height of the eyes of the sposter:

Small. 12.

From which vіdstanі to punch the fire with a sposterіgach, whose eyes are located at a height of e = 16 m.

Decision. 1) the formula (11)

3) according to the formula (12) Dp = (20.0 + 3.6) = 23.6 mils.

Butt 13. The visibility range of the lighthouse is indicated on the map, Dc = 26 miles.

From which vidstani to drive the fire with a posterigach, to be on the sloop (e = 2.0 m)

Decision. 1) the formula (11)

3) according to the formula (12) Dp = 26.0-1.6 = 24.4 mils.

The distance of the object's visibility, insured according to the formulas (9) and (10), is called geographic.

Small. 13.

In a gloomy weather, the range of visibility can be derived from geographic or optical range.

An hour later it was established that in the minds of the day, the distance of the visibility of objects in more precise terms is based on the following formula:

Butt 14. To know the distance of visibility of an object with a height above the sea level H = 26.5 m, when the height of the eye of a sposter over the sea level is e = 4.5 m.

Decision. 1 for formula (13)

The surface of the Earth disappears and disappears from the field at a distance of 5 kilometers. Ale of our zoru's gostrota allows bachiti far beyond the horizon. Yakbi was flat, as if they were standing on the tops of the mountains and marveled at the big distance of the planet, now you could be able to start shooting for hundreds of kilometers. In the dark now, you will be able to see half of the candles in the distance, which is 48 kilometers away from you.

Some way far away can bachiti lyudske eye to deposit some of the particles of light, or photon, vipuskє viddaleny ob'єkt. The most distant object, visible with an indefatigable eye, є The fog of Andromeda, roasted on the majestic country in 2.6 million of light rock in the Earth. One trillion stars of the whole galaxy of the release is in total to fill up the light in order for a few thousand photons for a second to stick to the skin's square centimeter of the earth's surface. In the dark of the night, there is enough time to activate the eyes.

In 1941, the growth of Selyg Hecht with his colleagues from the Columbian University was able to win over those who are still trying to win over the absolute threshold of vision - the smallest increase in the quality of photography. The experiment is set in ideal minds: The eyes of the participants were given an hour, I would increase the sound to the absolute temperament, the blue-greens of the bedroom light, for a friend, a small amount of 510 nanometers (until the eyes were most sensitive), the edges of the edges were directed towards sticks.

For the gifts of the winners, in order for the participants in the experiment to be able to develop such sleeping lights more than half of them, in very apple guilty, it was consumed from 54 to 148 photons. At the beginning of the retinal absorption, they were drained, but in the middle 10 photons in action are picked up by the sticks of the people’s scent. Thus, the absorption of 5-14 photons or, apparently, the activation of 5-14 sticks in the brain that is going on.

“The price is even smaller chemical reactions", - said Hecht and his colleague in the statti about the experiment.

Beruchi to respect the absolute threshold, the brightness of half the candles and the rosary came, on which the darkness came, at least they came to the week, so that people could develop the weaker half of the candles on the weekends.

Ale on yakіy vіdstanі mi can be recognized, how is it that it is more, not just a little light? If the object is spaciously extended, and not point-like, the light is guilty of activating no less than two summery flasks of the sieve - the clitin, which will be considered for the color green. In ideal minds, the object is guilty of lying on top of not less than 1 arcminute, or just one degree, to ruin the mad cones. Tsya kutova mira will be overwhelmed by one and the same just because of the fact that the object is close to far away (the object is guilty, but it’s more so, so it’s going to be the same kutom, so it’s near). On the other hand, lie down on the side of the cut for 30 arkminuts, todi yak Venus the ice is laid on the yak a long ob'єkt on the edge of close to 1 acrminuti.

About'єkti zavbіlshki s ludinu pomіtnі yak lengthy on vіdstanі just about 3 kilometers. In some cases on such a country, they could clearly develop two headlights of a car.

The surface of the Earth disappears and disappears from the field at a distance of 5 kilometers. Ale of our zoru's gostrota allows bachiti far beyond the horizon. Yakbi The Earth was flat, as if they were standing on the tops of the mountains and marveled at the big distance of the planet, now they could be able to start driving for hundreds of kilometers. In the dark now, you will be able to see half of the candles in the distance, which is 48 kilometers away from you.

Naskіlki far away can bachiti a human eye lie down from that, some particles of light, or photonіv, vypuskakє vіddaleny ob'єkt. The most distant object, visible with an indefatigable eye, є The fog of Andromeda, roasted on the majestic country in 2.6 million of light rock in the Earth. One trillion stars of the whole galaxy of the release in total to fill up the light in order for a few thousand photons for a second to stick to the skin's square centimeter of the earth's surface. In the dark of the night, there is enough time to activate the eyes.

In 1941, the growth of Selyg Hecht with his colleagues from the Columbian University was able to win over those who are still trying to win over the absolute threshold of vision - the smallest increase in the quality of photography. The experiment set up a threshold in ideal minds: the eyes of the participants were given an hour, they would increase to the absolute temperature, blue-greens slept in the light, but for some reason, it was small to the periphery of 510 nanometers. sits, zapovneniya razp_znayut light with sticks.

For the gifts of the veterans, in order for the participants in the experiment to be able to develop such a sleep of light more than half of the amount, in the case of an apple it is not enough to consume from 54 to 148 photons. At the beginning of the retinal absorption, they were drained, but in the middle 10 photons in action are picked up by the sticks of the people’s scent. Thus, the absorption of 5-14 photons or, apparently, the activation of 5-14 sticks in the brain, which is going on.

"The number of chemical reactions is even smaller," said Hecht and his colleague in the statute of the experiment.

Beruchi to respect the absolute threshold, the brightness of half the candles and the rosary came, on which the darkness came, at least they came to the week, so that people could develop the weaker half of the candles on the weekends.

Ale on yakіy vіdstanі mi can be recognized, how about є, what is more, is it just less light? If the object is spaciously extended, and not point-like, the light is guilty of activating no less than two summery flasks of sieve - a clitin, which is considered for the color green. In ideal minds, the object is guilty of lying on top of not less than 1 arcminute, or just one degree, to ruin the mad cones. Tsya kutova mira will be overwhelmed by one and the same just because of the fact that the object is close to far away (the object is guilty, but it’s more so, that it’s better to use the same kutom, then it’s near). Povna Misyats lie down on the edge of 30 arkminuts, todi yak Venus the ice is poured yak a long ob'єkt on the edge of close to 1 acrminuti.

About'єkti zavbіlshki s ludinu pomіtnі yak lengthy on vіdstanі just about 3 kilometers. In such a country, they could easily develop two

Chapter VII. Navigation.

Navigation is the basis of the science of shipbuilding. The navigational way of a ship-navigating field is to navigate the ship from one flight in the most navydnish, the shortest and most baked way. There are two ways to start the ship: how to direct the ship by a way and how to start the ship's wreck in the sea behind the elements of the ship's wreck and the guarding of coastal objects in order to flow into the ship the most recent forces - in the middle of a leak.

We will be able to play at the safety of the ship, it is necessary for the nobility of the ship on the map, which is not safe in the given area of ​​navigation.

Navigation is engaged in the development of the basics of shipbuilding, vona vivchau:

Growth and surface of the earth, methods of imaging the earth's surface on maps;

Methods of numbering and laying the route of the ship on sea charts;

Ways to mark the ship's mission at sea for coastal objects.

§ 19. Basic information about navigation.

1. Main points, stakes, lines and areas

Our earth has the shape of a spheroid, which has a great pivvis OE door 6378 km, and mala pivvis ZR 6356 km(Fig. 37).

Small. 37. The value of the coordinates of a point on the earth's surface

Practically, with the plowing, the land can be covered with a kule, which can be wrapped around the axis, which is better placed in the open space.

For the purpose of determining points on the earth's surface, the thought was taken to extend the vertical and horizontal areas, to establish lines on the surface of the earth - meridians and parallels. The most obvious axis of the earth's wrapping is called the poles - either pivnichny, or pivnichny, and pivdennym, or southwestern.

Meridiani is a great stake that goes through the pole. Parallels - small cola on the earth's surface, parallel to the equator.

Equator is a large area, the area of ​​which passes through the center of the earth perpendicular to the axis of the wrapping.

Yak meridians, so parallels on the earth's surface can be free. Equator, meridians and parallels set up a grid of geographic coordinates of the earth.

Misce be-like point A on the earth's surface it is possible to see the value in the latitude (f) and dovgo (l) .

The latitude of the mission is the arc of the meridian from the adequate to the parallel of the given mission. Іnkshe: the latitude of the place is determined by the central kutom, we lay it down between the square of the square and directly to the center of the earth on the given place. Latitude varies in degrees from Pro to 90 ° at right from the square to the poles. When razrahunki vvazhayut, scho pivnichna latitude f N is a plus sign, pivdenna latitude - f S is a minus sign.

The edge of latitude (f 1 - f 2) is called the arc of the meridian, laid between parallels of these points (1 і 2).

By the way, the arc is called the arc from the zero meridian to the meridian of the given mission. Іnkshe: dovgota mіstіvіyuєtsya by the arch of the ekvore, laid between the area of ​​the zero meridian and the area of ​​the meridian of the given mission.

The edge of the dovot (l 1 -l 2) is called the arc of the ekvor, laid between the meridians of the given points (1 і 2).

The zero meridian is the Ukrainian meridian. Every now and then it is carried out in the offense of the offense (on the axis and the west) from 0 to 180 °. When you want to go to the map only from the Greenwich Meridian, and when you take it out, you are taken with the minus sign; skidna - to the right and there is a plus sign.

The latitude and the height of any point on the earth are called the geographic coordinates of the point.

2. Rozpodil of the true horizon

Thoughts are clear, the horizontal area, which passes through the eye of the sposter, is called the area of ​​the movement horizon of the sposter, or the true horizon (Fig. 38).

Admittedly, in point A there is an eye of a sposterigacha, a line ZABC- line, HH 1 - the area of ​​the true horizon, and the line P NP S - the whole wrap of the earth.

With no vertical areas, there is only one area on the armchairs, which will be taken up by the earth and point A. Peretin of the central vertical area from the surface of the earth, and on it there is a great number of P N BEP SQ, the titles of the true meridian of the miscy, or the meridian of the sposter. The area of ​​the true meridian spins over the area of ​​the true horizon and yes to the last line of the nord-pivday NS. line OW, perpendicular to the line of true nord-pivday, called the line of true ostu and news (right off and on).

In such a rank, some of the main points of the working horizon - pivnich, pivden, shid and zhid - occupy in any place on the earth, at the poles, at the same time, for those who like the points on the horizon can be strained.

straight N(Північ), S (північ), About(Skid), W(Захід) sound of the head rumbіv. The entire circumference of the horizon extends 360 °. Rospod_l is carried out at a point N along the ruins of the godinnikovo shooter.

Promіzhny straight between the head points are called quarter points and wear new ones NO, SO, SW, NW. Heads and quarter rumbi may be the same in degrees:

Small. 38. The true horizon of the sposterigacha

3. View the horizon, the distance of the visible horizon

We see from the ship the water space is surrounded by a stake, approved by a clear re-flow of the heavenly star from the surface of the water. The circle is called the visible horizon of the sposter. The distance of the visible horizon is not only from the height of the spreading of the eyes of the sposter over the water surface, but from the direction of the atmosphere.

Fig. 39. Visibility range of the subject

The navigator is always guilty of the nobility, as far away as he can set the horizon in different positions, for example, standing at the helm, on the deck, sitting, etc.

The distance of the visible horizon begins with the formula:

d = 2.08

abo, approximately, for a visoti of an eye of a sposterigac less than 20 m to by the formula:

d = 2,

de d - distance of the visible horizon in miles;

h - the height of the eyes of the sposter, m.

Butt. The height of the eyes of the sposter is h = 4 m, then the distance of the visible horizon is 4 miles.

The distance of visibility of the spared object (Fig. 39), or, as it is called, the geographical distance D n , є the sum of activities visible to the horizon s The hanging object H and the hanging eye of the sposter A.

Sposterigach A (Fig. 39), which is located at the height of h, from the vessel can only bach the horizon to the distance d 1, ie, to point B of the water surface. If there is a place for a sposter at the point In the water surface, then the win mig bi bachiti lighthouse Z , re-sewing of the name of the door d 2 ; that the observer should be at the point A, to build a lighthouse from vіdstanі, pіvnogo D n :

D n = d 1 + d 2.

The distance of visibility of objects that have grown in water can be seen by the formula:

D n = 2.08 (+).

Butt. Visot of the lighthouse H = 1b, 8 m, height of the eyes of the sposterigach h = 4 m.

Decision. D n = l 2.6 miles, or 23.3 km.

The distance of visibility of an object is also approximated according to Struysky's nomogram (Fig. 40). Applying a line so that a single straight boule from a single height, similar to the eye of a sposter and a sensitive object, is visible on a medium scale, the distance of visibility.

Butt. Know the visibility range of an object with a height above the sea level at 26.2 m when the eye of the sposter is above the sea level at 4.5 m.

Decision. D n= 15.1 mils (dashed line in Fig. 40).

On maps, pilots, in navigational manuals, in the list of signs and signals, the range of visibility is given for the height of the eye of the sposter, 5 from the line of water. So yak on a small ship of the eyes of a spaster of retouching lower than 5 m, for a new distance of visibility will be less than indicated in the handbook or on the map (div. table. 1).

Butt. The map shows the visibility range of the lighthouse at 16 miles. Tse means, that sposterigach to hit the lighthouse from the distance of 16 miles, as soon as the eyes will be at the height of 5 m over the rіvnem of the sea. How can the eyes of the sposter be at the height of 3 m, then the visibility will obviously change at a difference in the visibility range of the horizon for heights 5 and 3 m. Visibility distance of the horizon for a height of 5 m driveway 4.7 miles; for hanging 3 m- 3.6 miles, the difference is 4.7 - 3.6 = 1.1 miles.

Also, the distance of visibility of the lighthouse will not be 16 miles, but only 16 - 1.1 = 14.9 miles.

Small. 40. Struisky's nomogram