M_sceznakhodzhennya transversely dark meaty fabric. Myazova fabric.
Myazova fabric(Textus muscularis) good health is fast, change, won’t function well. There are three types of meat fabric: covered (striated, skeletal), unscrewed (smooth) and heart. The order of sorts of growths in the body of people see the tissue of the epidermal activity (myoepithelial cells) and neutral activity (myocytes of the tissue, which expand and sound the memory).
Roofed (cross-striped, skeletal) m'yazova fabric (Textus muscularis stridtus, s. skeletdlis) approved by cylindrical meat fibers up to 1 to 40 mm thick and up to 0.1 mm thick. The dermal fiber is a complex that can be stored with myosimplasts and myosatellithocytes, which are covered by the occipital membrane - sarcolemma(View of Greek. sdrcos- meat), strengthened with thin fiber-tissue fibers, yak at light microscopy of the viglyad in the viglyad of a thin dark brown. Under the sarcolemma of the oatmeal fiber, it grows without any nuclei of the elipsoidal form, and there are 1-2 nuclei and there is a large number of elements in the granular endoplasmic hemisphere. Centrioles outside. Approximately 2/3 of the dry mass with myosymplasts is brought to cylindrical myofibrili(Fig. 25), scho pass through the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm). Together with myofibrils, they fill the number of mitochondria with good crystals and particles of glycogen. Sarcoplasma is rich in myoglobin, which is similar to hemoglobin, it can sound like kissen.
Small. 25. Stretched (cross-striped, skeletal) fabric fabric: 1 - fabric fiber; 2 - sarcolemma; 3 - myofibrils; 4 - cores
There is a large amount of fibers and the change in them is myofibril and sarcoplasm, red and white cross-swollen fibers. Chervoni fiber bagati with sarcoplasma, myoglobin and mitochondria. However, the stench of nitonshi, myofibril is not enough in them, the stench is roasted in groups. In red fibers, oxidative processes are more intense, less in more, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and more glucogen. Bile fibers are more likely to replace sarcoplasma, myoglobin and mitochondria, and less myophilia in them more and the stench grows more smoothly. The structure and function of the fibers are loosely tied. So, bіlі fibers speed up more quickly, ale more finesse. Chervonі zdatnі quickened, drowned in a fast (working) camp. People have mischief to take revenge on the tipi of the fibers. It is inherent in the function of the mucous in the new fermentation of the same type of fibers.
M'yazov fibers can be transversely dark: dark anisotropic discs (male A) are drawn from light isotropic disks (male I). Disk A is divided by a light zone (smuzhka H), in the center of which there is a mesophragm (line M). Disc I with dark lines Z (telophragm). M'yazovy fibers to replace the fast elements - microfibres, the middle ones are of a diameter of 10-15 nm and an average of 1.5 microns, which occupy a disk A, and thin (actin) with a diameter of 5-8 nm and a small size of 1 micron lie in disk I and attach to the telophragm. Dilyanka mіofіbrili, rosetting mіzh two telophragm, is itself sarcomere- a swift one, almost 2.5 µm (Fig. 26). zavdyak that
Small. 26. The scheme of the budovi two myofibril of the myaz fiber: 1 - sarcomere; 2 - smock A (disk A); 3 - smock H; 4 - line M (mesophragm) in the middle of disk A; 5 - bum I (disk I); 6 - line (telophragm) in the middle of disk I; 7 - mitochondria; 8 - Kintseva cistern; 9 - sarcoplasmic reticulum; 10 - transverse tubules (according to V.G. Alisov and in.)
that cordoni sarcomeres in all myofibrils of one fiber are scattered, there is a regular cross-swelling, which is clearly visible on the later sprains of the meat fiber. On the transverse views of the meat fiber, good is visible myofibrilla in viglyadі dark rounded dots (beaches) on aphids of light cytoplasm.
On the electronogram, you can see more electronic anisotropic and light izotropic discs, in them later on the inflammation, osmophilic lines Z and light zone (female N), discoloration of the mesophragma, less In the relaxed myofibril, the actinic filaments enter between the myosinovym, in the fast zones of the actinic and myosinous fibrillation, the increase in the isotropic disc becomes even more significant. The dermal myofibril is refined with an endoplasmic fissure, which is built up from cystic and tubular elements. First, you can feel the central part of the sarcomere in the view of the openwork mesh, and the other hunt for a large part of the sarcomere in the view of the parallel tubes and spread along the sides of the sarcophagus. The tubular elements of the endoplasmic hedge pass along the sides of the disc A in the thermal cistern. On the cordon, between the A and I disks, the sarcolemma invades, the T-tubules (transverse tubules) are formed, as the middle fibers are rounded and anastomosed only horizontally.
On the surface of the sarcolemus, the opening of the T-tube is visible. Two thermal cisterns and a transverse tubule make contact with each other, creating a triad. Merezhi, how to feel sarcomeres, will become familiar with oneself.
m'yazove fast- This is the result of the formation of thin (Actin) filaments of the same type (myosin), as a result of which the additional filaments change.
To the warehouse of meat fiber, with myosimplasts, enter satellitomyocytus. The chain of cell densities, which lie on the surface of the fiber under the basal membrane. The nucleus of cichlitin is large with rich chromatin, below the nucleus with myosimplasts. On the vidminu from the rest, in the cells of the satellite, the centrosome, the organelle is not large. Satellitomyocytes are designed to synthesize DNA and mitotic podil. The breeders have a great stench є stubbrow cells of cross-tissue tissue, which take part in the histogenesis of skeletal muscles and regeneration.
Non-lined (smooth) m'yazovaya fabric on(Textus musculdris nonstriatus) stacked with smooth cells - myocytes, how to retouch
in the walls of blood-bearing, lymphatic vessels and empty internal organs, In sudinniy obolontsi oka, in vlasna shkirі. Smooth myocytes - the process of firing spindle-like cells up to 50 to 200 µm in size, 5 to 15 µm in thickness, as they do not faint transverse darkness (Fig. 27). Myocytes grow in groups in such a way that they can be propelled by two susceptible cells. Cutaneous myocyte exudes basal membrane, collagen and reticular microfibrils, middle pass elastic fibers. In the zones of microcrystalline contacts - nexuses, the basal membrane is visible. Podvzhene a stick-like kernel with a kernel of 10-25 µm in length, with a fast cellini, it takes the shape of a stopper. Klitka to take revenge on the later development of the music. If, near both poles of the nucleus, the cytoplasm myofilaments are removed, and the organelles are filled into them. From the middle to the cytolemma, the spindle-like cells lie down (the attachment). The stench grows in the cytoplasm of myocytes. prikrіpnі tіltsya
Small. 27. Budova non-lined (smooth) meat tissue: 1 - myocyte; 2 - myofibrile in the sarcoplasm; 3 - myocyte nucleus; 4 - sarcolemma; 5 - endomiziy; 6 - nerve; 7 - blood-bearing capillary (according to I.V. Almazov and L.S. Sutulova)
(Plates) є Equivalents of the Z-plates of the transversely dark oily fibers, the stench is set with a bite of α-actinina. Plates are thin, up to 3 microns in thickness, 0.2-0.5 microns thick, from one distance to one side to one side 1-3 microns. There, there, there are large, small, microcytosis bulbs in the daytime.
In the cytoplasm of smooth myocytes, there are three types of myofelments: thin actin with a diameter of 3-8 nm, which are attached to the nasal tilts; industrial mixes are close to 10 nm, which can be used to create beams, which can be used to create between them; There are short myosinovies of the flame with a diameter of about 15-17 nm.
Group of myocytes, otochen with good cloth, They are innervated by one nerve fiber. Nervous impulse is transmitted from one blood cell to the center through multiple contacts. The excitement is transmitted from one cell to the other through the Nexus with a speed of 8-10 cm / s. However, in some smooth meat (for example, sphinkter zinitsi) skin myocyte is innervated.
In a relaxed myocene, there are Actinov flames, one by one, short myosinovies. With fast actinov
Small. 28. Smooth muscle tissue (myocyte) in relaxed (A) and fast (B) stuns: 1 - nucleus; 2 - nasal fields (attached to tiltsya), attached to cytolemma; 3 - industrial flamenti (according to A. Hem and D. Cormac)
flamency cope with the change one to one before the flow of myosin, it grows tighter, as a result of which the cytolemma deforms, the splinters get closer, and the dilenks, spread around them, are blown out. The ruffs of some strong supporting children are transmitted by the intermediate filaments, which is synchronous with the speed of myocytes.
Smooth muzzles here are trivial thin quicks (for example, sphinkteries of empty organs, smooth muzzles of blood-bearing vines) and obviously more ruffles, which are most often rhythmic. Smooth m'yaznyayutsya high plasticity - when the stench is stretched out, it’s still more delicious, yaku was taken out in a link with raztyaguvannyam.
Sertseva is covered with m'yazova fabric(Textus muscularis cardiacus) As for the budovy and function, it is derived from skeletal cells, stored from the heart myocytes (cardiomyocytes). For microscopic buds, the heart tissue is similar to the cyst (cross-striped darkness). However, fast heart meat
Small. 29. Budovi cardiomyocyte scheme: 1 - basal membrane; 2 - the end of myoprotophibril on the cytolemma of the cardiomyocyte; 3 - insertion disk mіzh cardiomyocytes; 4 - sarcoplasmic edge; 5 - sarkosomi (mitochondria); 6 - myoprotophibrili; 7 - disk A (anisotropic disk); 8 - disk I (isotropic disk); 9 - sarcoplasm
(According to V.G. Alisov and I.)
not under control of the characteristics of people, it is innervated by vegetative nervous system, Some non-lined fabrics.
Cardiomyocytes (myocytus cardiacus)- a cell line of an irregular cylindrical form, with a size of 100-150 µm and a diameter of 10-20 µm (Fig. 29). The dermal cardiomyocyte has 1-2 oval subassemblies of the nucleus, which lie in the center and oval with microfibrils, rostatovaniya on the periphery strictly straight. At both poles of the nucleus, one can see podvzheni zoni and cytoplasms, removed myofibril. Even more characteristic are the contacts of two susceptible cardiomyocytes, as well as the vivid dark wives, inserted discs, which actively take part in the transmission of awakening from the clitini to the clitini, are even more characteristic. Clitini bagaty mitochondria. The sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes is close to 9 nm in size without microcytocytic infections, bulb. In the world of old people, lipofuscin accumulates in their cardiomyocytes.
Budova myofibril of cardiomyocytes is similar to that of skeletal cells. In the peripheral forms of cardiomyocytes and mitochondria, there are no cells of the glycogen and elements of neural endoplasmic conditions. In cardiomyocytes, there is an even greater number of great mitochondria with good growths of crystals, which grow in groups of myofibrils. At the level of Z-line, the cytolemma of cardiomyocytes is also a T-tube, close to which the accumulation of cisterns is not open endoplasmic. However, there are three turns of the mensh clearly, not in skeletal music.
Cardiomyocyti from `` днані між myself insert discs, as on late development there may be a lot of gatherings. In cich dilyankas, cardiomyocytes are located between themselves on the teeth of the cranial sutures of the skull. Sarcolemma susceptible clitin z'adnana behind the additional desmosom, swarthy passions, for the beaches of the heat, to both sides of the actinovy flamenty are attached. Cross-sectional frames roztasvani on the Z-line. Blood-bearing capillaries grow between cardiomyocytes (in the endomizium).
myoepiteliocyti(Ectodermal podrozhdennya) - multi-process cells, in the cytoplasm of such є Mioepitelіocyti to feel the cobs of milk, sweat, slushy, sluggish pricks, and quickly, take a secret from the clit. The mioneurotsi of the parabolic shell of the eye, where they set up the muses, how they sound and expand the window, є the old neuroectoderms. Myoepiteliocyti and myoneurocytosis are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
Lecture No. 4. Physiology of language
1. Physical and physiological power of skeletal, heart and smooth mucous
For morphological signs, three groups of words are seen:
1) cross-dark muck (skeletal mucosa);
2) smooth m'yazi;
3) heart myaz (abo myocardium).
Functions of cross-dark muzzles:
1) rukhova (dynamic and static);
2) non-baking behavior;
3) mіmіchna;
4) receptor;
5) depositє;
6) thermoregulatory.
Functions of smooth connections:
1) p_dtrimannya vise in empty bodies;
2) regulation of a vice in blood-bearing vessels;
3) emptying empty organs and letting them through.
Function of heart meat- pumping, securing the blood on the vessels.
1) sleepiness (lower, lower in the nerve fiber, which is explained by the low value of the membrane potential);
2) low conductivity, close to 10-13 m / s;
3) refractoriness (borrowing more per hour, less from the nerve fiber);
4) lability;
5) speed (goodness of speed or development of a sprint).
There are two types of speed:
a) isotonic speed (do not change the tone, tone does not change);
b) isometric speed (the tone changes without a change in fiber). Razrіznyayut single and titanium speed. One-by-one, fast-paced events occur at a single razdratuvannya, and titanic winnings at a series of nerve impulses;
6) elasticity (elasticity of stretching when stretching).
Smooth connections may also be of physiological power, as well as skeletal connections, ale and their own particularities:
1) unstable membrane potential, which is susceptible to muscle tone in the camp of post-gradual speed;
2) mimic automatic activity;
3) speeding up for extension;
4) plasticity (reduction of stretching in case of improvement of stretching);
5) high sensitivity to cheeky words.
Physiological peculiarity of heart meat є її automatism ... The destruction of the winery is periodically under the inflow of the processes, which run through in the very music. I am growing to automatism atypical myocardial malignancies, both myofibrils and bagati sarcoplasma.
2. Mechanism of meat fast food
Elektrokhimichny stage of meat fasting.
1. Generation of potential for action. The transfer of the stimulated fiber on the muff is used for additional acetylcholine. The interaction of acetylcholine (AX) with cholinergic receptors is to be produced before the activation and the appearance of the potential for action, which is the first stage of meat fasting.
2. Expansion of the potential for action. Potential for broadening in the middle of the meat fiber along the transverse system of tubules, yak є with the full lanka between the surface membrane and the fast-feeling apparatus of the meat fiber.
3. Electrical stimulation of the contact to produce the activation of the enzyme and the establishment of inosyltriphosphate, which activates the calcium channel of the membranes, so that it can lead to the release of the ions of Ca and the increase in the concentration of the internal concentration.
Chemomehanicheskiy stage of meat fast-growing.
The theory of the chemomechanical stage of meat fast-growing was broken by O. Haxley in 1954 and amended in 1963 by M. Devis. Basic principles of the theory:
1) they Ca launch the mechanism of meat fast food;
2) for the growth of Ca ions, the formation of thin Actin filaments is reduced to myosin filaments.
In calmness, since there is little Ca ion, there is no problem, so that the troponin molecules and negatively charge ATP, ATP-asi and ADP are transferred. The concentration of ions of Ca has been adjusted to achieve the best possible efficiency from the interfibre spaces. At the same time, a number of reactions are observed for the participation of Ca ions:
1) Ca2 + react with tryponin;
2) Ca2 + aktivuє ATP-ase;
3) Ca2 + charge of ADP, ATP, ATP-azi.
The interaction of ions of Ca with troponin is brought up to the change in the growth of the rest on the actin thread, the active centri of the thin protofibrilli is displayed. For the opening of them, transverse places are formed between actin and myosin, which move the actin filament in between with myosin filament. When the actin thread is shifted to the myose thread, the fast meat tissue is seen.
Also, the main role in the mechanism of meat fasting is played by the troponin block, which curtains the active center of the fine protofibrilli and Ca.
Physiology of skeletal and smooth muscles
lecture 5
At the ridge and people three views: Transversely mucous membranes of the skeleton, transverse stripes of the muscles of the heart - myocardium and smooth mucous membranes, forming the walls of empty internal organs and vessels.
Anatomical and functional unit of skeletal joints є neuromotor unit - a muscular neuron and a group of ovarian fibers innervated by it. The impulses, which can be used by the motor neuron, start up all the fibers at the turn.
skeletal tissue are stored from a large amount of meat fibers. The fiber is transversely in a tight shape, the diameter is 10 to 100 microns, the fiber is up to 10-12 cm in diameter. sarcolemma, take revenge sarcoplasm(Protoplasm) and numerical kernels... A quick-feeling part of the meat fiber є the whole meat of the thread - myofibrili They are stored in the main actin, as they pass in the middle of the fiber from one end to the last, may be transversely dark. Myosin in smooth meat cells is found in a dispersed mill, a bit to take revenge on a large amount of wine, which has an extremely important role in the development of a tricky thin fast.
During the period of great calm, the skeletal muscles do not grow loose and I take care of my feet, so that myazy tone.
The main functions of the yarn fabric:
1) rukhova - secure ruch
2) static - safety of fixation, including in singing position
3) receptor - in the muscles є the receptor, which allows sprymati vlasnі ruch
4) deposit - water is stored in the ointments and the livelihoods are kept.
Physiological authorities of skeletal muzzles:
wakefulness ... Lower, lower wakefulness of nerve tissue. The debris expands the bridle of the myaz fiber.
providence ... Less conductivity of nerve tissue.
refractory period m'yazovoy fabrics are more trivial, lower than nervous fabrics.
lability m'yazovoy tissue is significant lower, lower nerve.
Fast - The health of the meat fiber changes your gin and your steps to the point of increasing the threshold strength.
at physiological fast change in meat fiber without a change in tone. at isometric fast growth of sprout of meat fiber without a snake of yogo dozhini.
It can be found alone in the minds of stimulation and functional stance of the meat, anger (tetanic) fast or contracture of the meat.
Single m'yazov fast. In case of a single impulse with a single impulse, the struma of a vine is a single impulse of a speed.
The amplitude of a single speed of myazi to lie down as a result of a few times was accelerated at the moment of myofibril. The awkwardness of the group of fibers is different, so the threshold strength of the struma of the wikipedia is quicker than the most awful meat fibers. The amplitude of this speed is minimal. With an increase in the strength of a drastic struma, in the process of awakening, a lesser amount of awkward groups of meat fibers are generated; The amplitude will very quickly grow and grow to quiet fumes, as long as the fibers do not get flooded in the muzzle, which are not overwhelmed by the booster process. In general, the maximum amplitude of the speed is restored, as it does not grow, it does not matter to the farther build-up of strong drastic struma.
tetanic speed... In natural minds, the fibers are not lonely, and a number of nerve impulses, on the other hand, are trivial, tetanic fast, or tetanus ... Before the tetanic fast building, only skeletal m'yazi. Smooth m'yazy and cross-striped m'yaz of the heart did not grow until the tetanic speed through the trivial refractory period.
Tetanus wines are very fast for the sumats of single meat. Schob vinik tetanus, it is necessary for repeated teasing (or nerve impulses) on the muff before it ends in a single speed.
At that moment, if the ointment began to relax, but did not grow more weak, then the blame is the tooth type of fast-moving ( teeth tetanus ).
It’s like drastic impulses to approach the floor, but the skin offensive should be brought up for an hour, if I didn’t have to go to the slackening of the front, so that it’s going to be called fast, then it’s not easy. smooth tetanus .
smooth tetanus - the normal working camp of skeletal muzzles is accumulated with the necessary nerve impulses from the central nervous system at a frequency of 40-50 per 1 sec.
dentate tetanus winy at a frequency of nerve impulses up to 30 per 1 sec. If I’ll take off 10-20 nerve impulses in 1 sec, then I’ll be in the camp m'yazovoy tone , Tobto the pomirnogo step sprung.
vtoma m'yaziv ... With a trivial rhythmic razdratuvanni in the music, a hundredlenna develops. Signs of that є decrease in amplitude is very fast, increase in latency periods, increase in phase and relaxation, nareshty, visibility is very fast with trivial expansion.
Another type of trivial speedy m'yaziv - contracture... Vona is triva і with the knowledge of the teaser. The contracture of the meat is infused with the broken exchange of words, for the change of the authorities of the fast-feeling beads of the fabric. The reasons for contracting can be otrunnya by deyakim otrits and lykarsky zasob, ruining the exchange of words, adjusting the temperature of til and іnshі factories, and producing to non-collar snakes bilkіv meazovy fabric.
Physiological features of smooth connections.
Smooth muffs fix the walls (myazovy ball) of the internal organs and blood-bearing vessels. In myofibrils of smooth ointments, there is no transverse darkness. The price is overwhelmed by the chaotic roasting of fast-feeling bricks. Fibers of smooth fibers are shorter.
smooth m'yazi mensh awake , Nіzh cross-smugasti. Damage along them expands with a small speed - 2-15 cm / s. Damage in smooth muscles can be transmitted from one fiber on the inside, on the inside from the nerve fibers and fibers of the transversely soft muscles.
The speed of smooth muscles is increased more often and more.
The refractory period in smooth meat is more trivial than in skeletal ones.
The important power of smooth muzzles is great plasticity, So that the healthiness of the food is given to the promotion of the dinner without a hitch. Given the power of the black empty(Uterus, sečovy mіkhur, zhovchny mikhur) Іnі digitally stretched.
The characteristic feature of smooth muzzles є їх building up to automatic performance, Yaka take care of nerve elements, laying in the walls of the smooth yazy organs.
Adequate mate for smooth muscle tissue and strong elongation, which is of great importance for the function of smooth tissue organs (sechovid, intestines and other empty organisms)
A special feature of smooth connections є also їх temporal sensitivity to do some biologically active speeches(Acetylcholine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, serotonin, etc.).
Smooth m'yazi are nervous with pretty and parasympathetic autonomic nerves, which, as a rule, may cause additional inflow into their functional camp.
The main power of the heart meat.
The heart is stored in 3 balls. The middle ball (myocardium) is stored in a cross-dark muzzle. Heart seed, yak and skeletal mucous, no power of wakefulness, good quality of energy and contractility. Prior to physiological features of the heart meat, refractory period and automatism are added.
Wakefulness of the heart meat ... Sertseviy m'yaz mensh is awful, not kistiakova. For the knowledge of the heart, it is necessary to have a great strong motivator, but not for the skeletal one.
providence ... Damage along the fibers of the heart meat is carried out with less speed, lower on the fibers skeletal meat.
Fast ... The reaction of the heart meat does not lie in the form or apply tease. The hearty ointment will speed up as much as possible і at a time and more strongly for the size of the grout.
refractory period ... Heart, at the sight of the most awkward fabrics, there are significant bends and reflexes of the refractory period. Wines are characterized by a sharp decrease in the sleepiness of the fabric during the period of activity. The masters of a hearty meat are not worthy to the tetanic (trivial) fast food, and their work is due to the type of single meat fast food.
automatism heart ... The posture of organism with the singing minds of the heart is very quick and relaxed, the correct rhythm is maintained. The health of the heart is rhythmically quickening before the flow of impulses, which is recognized by the new one, to be called automatism.
Classification and function of meat fabric
Weave 3 types of fabrics:
1) cross-brown skeletal;
2) cross-dark gray heart;
3) smooth.
Functions of the textile fabric.
Cross-dark skeletal tissue- warehouse - about 40% of the bulk oil.
Її functions:
1) dynamic;
2) static;
3) receptor (for example, proprioreceptors in tendons - intrafusal fibers (spindle));
4)escrow - water, Mineral speech, Kisen, glycogen, phosphate;
5) thermoregulation;
6) emotional reactions.
Cross-smugasta heart tissue.
Main function- injection.
smooth musculature- Confirming a set of empty organs and Sudins.
Її functions:
1) I get a grip in empty organs;
2) we will add the size of the blood vise;
3) zabezpechu vstuvannya vmestu along the gastrointestinal tract, sechovod_v.
Physiological authorities of language
wakefulness myazovaya tissue (-90 mV) is less numbness of nerve tissue (-150 mV).
providence The tissue is less conductive than the nerve tissue, in the skeletal tissue (5-6 m / s), and in the nerves - 13 m / s.
refractoriness oily tissue more refractoriness of nerve tissue. For skeletal fabrics, it is expensive 30-40 ms (absolutely approximately 5 ms, usually 30 ms). Refractoriness of smooth woven fabrics for a few seconds.
lability m'yazovoy tissue (200-250), lower than the lability of the nerve tissue.
Fast , Vidіlyayut isotonic (zmіna dozhini) and іzometrichne (zmіna sprung m'yazіv) speed. Isotonic speed can be: concentric (m'yaz korotshaє), eccentric (dovzhina m'yaza zbіlshutsya).
Conductive meat fiber system
When applied to the post-synaptic membrane of the vine, the post-synaptic potential, which is the generation potential of the membrane.
Carrying out the apparatus of m'yazi includes:
1) surface plasma membrane;
2) T-system;
3) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Superficial plasma membrane - the inner sphere of the membrane, which wraps around the fiber. Vona Volodya Electrogen by the authorities in every way. The wreckage to pass the yak along the myelin-free fiber.
T-system - the whole system of transverse tubules, which is a vipinannya of the surface plasma membrane in the ligament of the muscular fibers. The stench pass through myofibrils on the івні of the Z-membrane.
sarcoplasmic reticulum - closed cisterns with Ca2 + (in a tied, ionized viglyad - 50%, in an organic viglyad - 50%).
triad - one transverse T-tube і adjoined to the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Appear between T-tubules and a membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum up to 20 nm; function of tridi - electrical synapse.
When the potential is determined, the action in the membrane of the wine expands along the surface plasma membrane, like along the myelin-free nerve fiber. Then, according to the T-system, the potential of the action to expand into the fiber. When cytome through the electrical synapse, the stimulation is transmitted to the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As a result, the penetration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum for the Ca2 + ions and the stench to enter the interfibillary space increases.
visnovok: The conductive system of the oily fiber will ensure the expansion of the potential for the release of Ca2 + from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the interfibillary space.
Happy news about the budova of skeletal meat
Skeletal joints are stored in myofibrils, as behind the additional Z-membrane, they are placed on the edges of sarcomeres.
sarcomere- the main rapid element of skeletal mussels.
The sarcomere has:
1) a dark part in the center of the sarcomere (disk A);
2)in the center of the disc A light space - H-membrane;
3)light dilyanki sarcomere - J.
The A and J discs are set with the same prototypes. A-fibrilized products from protein to myosin, J - thin from protein to actin. Molecule of myosin - from an important meromyosin and a head - from a light meromyosin. ATP molecule is fixed on the head, while in a calm state it is negatively charged. At the base of the head, a molecule is fixed to the enzyme ATP-azi, and it is also charged negatively. Molecules are displaced - the head is in the straightened state. Tovstі protofіbrіlls are stored in 3 bіlks - tropomyosin thread, on the yak a sub-spiral of globular actin is wound. Through the rivnomіrnі promіzhny, the bіlok troponin - the "shield", closes the A-center of the subtle protofіbrіlli. Troponin with a high spore rate up to Ca2 + troponin centri grows at the spiral vigor approximately through the skin 15 nm. For the development of cych troponin complexes, they are shown to the A-center protofibrilli and set up with a variety of Actinov and myosinovym threads.
Clients of meat fabric, like nerves, can be filled with chemical and electrical stimuli. The health of meat cells changes (feels faster) in response to the singing stimulus is tied to the manifestation of special protein structures ( myofibril). In the body of meat cells, there is energy saving function, energy saving, so it can be vitrized with fast meat, then it is seen in the heat. That is, when the body is cold, parts of the fast myaziv (tremming) are generated.
Behind the buds of the cells, one can think of the cells of the body, but they are not seen from them in their form. The skin of the clinker is similar to the fiber, which can be up to 20 cm.That is often called the clinker yarn fiber.
A characteristic feature of meat cells (fibers) is the presence in them of a large number of protein structures, which are called myofibrils and speed up with subtle cells. The skin myofibril is composed of short white fibers, which are called microfibrils. At your own house, microfilments are subdivided into thin actinovіі big tovsti myosin of fibers... The speed is seen in the form of teasing and nervousness, as it is transmitted to the tongue from the ruchus plate along the nerve outgrowth behind the auxiliary neurotransmitter - acetylcholine.
Depending on the function, there are two types of textile fabric: smooth and cross-striped.
Smooth m'yaz fabric
The cot of smooth fabric is made of spindle-like shape. At the center roztashovano dovgaste core... Myofibrils are organized not so strictly ordered, as in the cells of transversely dark muffins. The smallest, smooth m'yazi speed up more, less transversely. Speedy messages are displayed for the first time in chemistry mediators: acetylcholine and adrenaline. Robot smooth cells are regulated by the autonomic nervous system (autonomic).
A large part of the walls of empty internal organs ( shlunkovo-intestinal tract, Zhovchny mikhur, sechostaty organisms, blood-bearing judges, etc.).
Cross-striped fabric
From the microscope into the myose cells, it is possible to build a structured structure of myofibrils and their subunits (Actin and myosin fibers). The stench of rostashovuyutsya at the sight of the light and dark transverse smogs. There was a name and the name of the new type of meat cloth. Such an ordering character of the rosetting of actin and myosin fibers є vidmitnoyu acquaint clitin m'yaziv, splinters in clitins of smooth m'yazovy fabric and fibers rostasovany randomly.
The whole variety of myazovoi fabrics in its own line is divided into two types: skeletal and heart.
Kistyakova m'yazova fabrics to become 40-50% of the external vagi til, how to rob the skeleton of the most developed part of the human body. A great part of skeletal musculature is active roho system, And also the form of exposure (minus muses), tongue, throat, larynx, middle vucho, pelvic bottom, etc. The muses are found under the control of the somatic nervous system, and that can be quite speedy.
Sertseva myazova fabric is represented by a specific form of cross-dark mucus. In porous with skeletal meat, there are a number of peculiarities.
On the basis of the marginal growth of kernels in the cells of skeletal tissues, the kernels in the cells of the meat tissue, and the hearts grow in the center of the cells. The cells themselves are smaller in diameter than the meat fibers of the skeletal cells. On the pulling of the muscular fibers of skeletal musculature, as the call does not obscure the fibrillar structures necessary for the ringing between oneself, the cells of the tissue of the heart are tied one with one special insert discs. Such an organization of the heart cells gives the possibility of an electric pulse to vary slightly along the walls of both anterior and internal surface shlunochk_v. Another peculiarity of the heart meat of the field is in the building of the children, the generation of the impulses is not only among those who are called to be called patrons, but spontaneously. The activity of heart meat cells is under the control of the autonomic nervous system.
Budova skeletal mussels
The fibers and the resulting fabrics in the skeletal fibers are tightly knitted between themselves. Skin m'yaz is cut with a special sheath (epimiziy). Skin ointment is stored from around bundles of fibers (fascicles), perimisium).
Such bundles of fibers are stored in hundreds of meat fibril- myazovykh clitins, in a shell with a full fabric. In the middle of the skin of the cell, to take revenge on the hundreds of nuclei that have been spread around the periphery. If you have enough of such a clique, you can reach the decile, see.
Structural and molecular basis of fast skeletal compounds
They also said that myazov fibers are stored from myofibrils of the building's speed. We have selected the rosettes in parallel with the later axis of the cell, and behind the addition of Z-disks, they have been distributed for free units, which are called sarcomeres.
In the cutaneous sarcomere, the structure of microfilaments is well-ordered, represented by actin and myosin filaments. The dermal actin filament is tied with the Z-disk of the sarcomere, and the myosin of the filament is located in the middle of the sarcomere, extending along the sides to the area of the actin filaments.
When the threads are fast, they can be used one to one. A skin okremium sarcomere at a time when it is short, at that hour, when the actinovy and myosinous threads take their own gin. When stretched out, a revolving process occurs.
The nature and triviality of speed for transversely dark skeletal mussels of growth. M'yazov fibers, which take an hour to speed up to 30-40 ms, are called fast (phasic) fibers. The stench comes from the thick (thin) fibers, so the speed of the hour for them becomes close to 100 ms.
To navigate in a calm state of mind depends on being in an active (mimic) pressure (tone). The tone of skeletal muscular tissues is susceptible to the growth of weak impulses in them. Muscle tone is controlled independently by the aid of the meat spindle and tendon. When there is a myaz tone, talk about a mellifluous (atonic) parallel.
As soon as I’ve been stretching out for an hour, I’m not going to the robot, or if it breaks down, it’s going to atrophy. On the other side, when the muzzle is pushed on, for example, in athletes, there is an increase in muscular fibers and an infusion of hypertrophy of the mucous. In case of strong pockets of mucus, a scar is formed due to the resulting fabric, a fragment of the health of the mucous before regeneration is interlaced.
blood feud
The rush of blood to the meat and, from the same, to keep it sour, to lay down like a robot, yaku there you are. There is a bit of sourness, which is necessary for a good music, in 500 times the need for a sour taste is needed, so that one can be in a quiet place. That is, with the robotic mass, a bit of blood, which comes to the muff, grows strongly (300-500 capillaries / mm3 liner) and, possibly 20 times, an indicator for a non-irradiated muff.
M'yazy fabrics (lat.Textus muscularis) are called fabrics, growing for buds and walks, albeit for building up to bends quickly. M'yazov fabrics are stored from vigorous cells, which take the development of the nervous system and bring them to speed. The stench will make you relocate in the space of the body to the whole, the whole body of the body (heart, tongue, intestines, etc.) and is stored in meat fibers. The power of the worms is formed by the cells of the bagatyokh fabrics, ale in the meazovyh fabrics, the building becomes a head function.
The main morphological signs of the elements of the textile fabrics: the shape, the appearance of the later developed myofilaments and myofilaments - special organelles, so that the speed, the removal of the quick-moving armbands
Special fast-feeling organelles - myofilments or myofibrils will prevent quickness, like winikє when two main fibrillary cells are used in them - actin and myosin - for the obligatory participation of the ion. Mitochondria will prevent energy processes. The stock of dzherel energy is used to set the glycogen and lipid. Myoglobin is a block, which will preserve the ringing of sourness and stem of its supply at the time of fast-paced ointment, if the blood-loving judgment is clutching (nadkhozhennya sourness at a rapid fall).
The power of the fabric:
- wakefulness
- providence
- Fast
- lability
See the meat fabric:
1. Smooth m'yaz of the fabric
The smooth tissue is stored in mononuclear cells - myocytes of the fusiform form with a size of 20-500 microns. Їх cytoplasm in the light microscope of the eyeglass is uniformly, without transverse darkness. Tsya myazova fabrics are of great power: it’s more and more speedy and weakened, automatically, mimic (so that the activity cannot be governed by the will of the people). Enter the warehouse of internal organs: blood-bearing and lymphatic vessels, secular nobles, herbal tract(Fasting of bowels and intestines).
2. Cross-dark brown skeletal tissue
It is stored in myocytes, which can make a large amount of food (up to decile centimeters) and a diameter of 50-100 microns; cyclines of bagato-nuclear, place up to 100 and more kernels; in the light microscope, the cytoplasm of the eye is seen as the dark and light pigs. The power of the chain of meat fabrics є the speed of speed, relaxation and power (so that the power of the people is controlled by the will of the people). Tsya myazova fabrics enter to the warehouse of skeletal mussels, as well as the pharynx, the upper part of the stravohode, her statements are mov, okorukhovi muzyazi. Fibers from 10 to 12 cm in size.
3. Cross-smogasta heart tissue
It is stored in 1 or 2 nuclear cardiomyocytes, which may cross the darkness of the cytoplasms (along the periphery of the cytolemma). Cardiomyocytes nasalisation and make up between themselves the tissue - insert disks, in which the cytoplasm is connected. It develops from the myepicardial plate (visceral leaf of the splanchnotome of the embryo) Qia tissue є mimic (atypical cardiomyocytes). Isnu 3rd type of cardiomyocytes - secretory cardiomyocytes (they contain no fibrils) Smell synthesize the hormone troponin, which lowers AT and expands the stink of blood-bearing blisters.
M'yazova shell of the heart (myocardium) - approved by the meaty empty cells, which, behind the addition of the inserted discs, connects into the m'yazov complexes or the hearts of the fibers. M'yazova fabrics are powerful, they are seized from the back of the fabric, making a scar.
M'yazov fabrics are classified as smooth і covered or striped. Cross-striped to grow on the cyst and heart. There are 5 types of fabrics that can be used in different ways:
mesenchimniє (smooth myazova fabric);
epidermal (smooth fabric tissue);
neutral (smooth woven fabric);
celibate (sertseva);
somatic or myotomy (skeletal striated).
SMOOTH of the fabric of the fabric, which develops in the SPLANCHNOTOMY mesenchyme
localize in the walls of empty organs (slunk, blood vessels, cheerleadersі ін.) і incomplete organs (in the muzzle of the vіykovy tela oka savtsіv). Cloths of smooth tissue are developed from mesenchymal cells, which draw in growths. They develop the Goldzhi complex, mitochondria, granular EPC and mitochondria. In an hour, type V collagen is actively synthesized on granular EPCs, and a basal membrane is formed around the cell. With further differentiation, the organelles of the zagalny meaning atrophy, the synthesis of collagen molecules in the cells decreases, and the synthesis of rapid myofilaments is increased.
BUDOVA SMOOTH MEAT FABRICS... It is stored from smooth myocytes, which have a fusiform shape, up to 20 to 500 microns in size. diameter 6-8 microns. Names of myocytes are covered with plasmolemma and basal membrane.
Myocytes lie down one to one. Between them є contacts - Nexus. In that case, de є Nexus, in the basal membrane of the membrane of the myocytes є open. In a whole muscle, the plasmolemma of one myocyte comes close to the plasma membrane of the other myocyte by 2-3 nm. Through the Nexus, the exchange of ions, the transport of water molecules, the transfer of a fast-feeling pulse is seen.
Names of myocytes are type V collagen, which is the exocytoskeleton of cellini. The cytoplasm of myocytes is lost Oxyphilic. They have weakly developed organelles of zagalny meaning: granular EPC, Golgi complex, smooth EPC, cell center, lizosomy. The organelles are shattered to the poles of the nucleus. Good developed organelles - mitochondria. kernels I have a stick-like shape.
In myocytes, there is good development of myofilamenti, є with a quick-feeling apparatus, klin. Among myofilaments є
thin, actin, which are stored from the actin;
products of myosin, which are stored from a quick-feeling bottle of myosin, as they are only sent to the client for an impulse;
industrial flames, which are stored from connection and nebulin.
In myocytes, it is dark during the day, because all the fires are pererakhovani vische flamenti roztashovani irregularly.
Actinovi flamenti get one to one і from the plasma lemma for the help of children. In quiet people, de stinks, one by one, in tiltsy there is alpha-actinin; in quiet places, de flamenti, to get close to the plasmolemma - in tiltsy to take revenge on vinkulin. The growth of the actin filaments is important for a later period; The music of the flame can grow over and over again. Flamenti is retouched in such a way that the actin is retouched between the myosin filaments.
FUNCTION for filaments- is fast-moving. The process of speeding up is going to be an offensive rank: when you need a fast-feeling pulse of pinocytosis bulbashka, to take revenge on them with calcium, to come close to filaments; They start a fast-moving process, which is the reason for the penetration of actinic filaments even more between the filaments of myosin filaments. The thrust force reaches the plasmolemma, with which actinic flames are linked to the aid of children, as a result of which the myocyte is speeding up.
FUNCTIONS of myocytes: 1) contractile (up to trivial speed); 2) secretory (secreting type V collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, as well as granular EPC).
REGENERATION smooth meat fabrics stay in 2 paths: 1) mitotic podil of myocytes; 2) transformation into smooth myocytes of myofibroblasts.
BUDOVA SMOOTH MEAT FABRICS YAK TO THE ORGAN... At the station of empty organs, smooth myocytes have bundles. Tsi bunches of otocheni with prodrugs of fluffy fabrics, yak called perimisium. Proshark from the resulting fabric on the whole layer of the fabric is called epimiziyem. At perimisia and epimisis, blood and lymphatic vertebrae and nerve fibers pass through.
INNERVATION SMOOTH MEAT FABRICS to have a vegetative nervous system, so the speed of smooth muscles does not grow up to the will of people (mimic). Sensitive (afferent) and rukhovy (eferent) nerve fibers go to smooth tissue. Eferent nerve fibers end up with rudny nerve ends in a prodigy with a complete fabric. With a proper impulse from the end, mediators are seen, such as diffusely expanding, reaching the myocytes, wiping out quickly.
SMOOTH MYAZOV FABRIC Epidermal to be located in the endowments and other ducts of the salmon, which develop from the shkirnaya ectoderm (slynn, sweat, milk and sl_zni zalozi). Smooth myocytes (myoepitheliocytes) grow between the basal surface of the glandulocytes and the basal membrane, eagerly absorbing the basal part of the glandulocytes with their outgrowths. When the growth rate is fast, the basal part of the glandulocytes builds up, and the secret is seen from the thin cells.
SMOOTH FABRIC FABRIC NEUTRAL HIKE to develop from the inner cells, to resemble from the neural tube. Tsya myazova fabrics for making all 2 yazy, roztashovani in the district of the oceans: m'yaz sounding the zinitsa and the yang expanding the zinitsyu. Isnu dumka, where the muses of the raid are developed from the neuroglia.
Cross-striped kistyakova m'yazova FABRIC It develops from the myotomes of mesodermal somites, which is called somatic. Clitini motomes are differentiated in two directions: 1) myosatellithocytes are established from some; 2) from those who are approved by myosimplasts.
OSVITA with myosimplasts... Clients of motomes differentiate in the local area, as they get angry at once and settle into myazov tubes. In the process of ripening, the myazov tubules are transformed into myosimplasts. With a whole nucleus, it shrinks to the periphery, and myofibrili - to the center.
BUDOVA MEAT FIBER... Myazovy fiber (miofibra) is stored in 2 components: 1) myosatellithocytes and 2) myosimplasts. M'yazovy fiber is approximately the same as yazy, yak and m'yaz itself, diameter - 20-50 microns. The fiber is covered with a sheath - sarcolemma, which is stored in 2 membranes. The name of the mambran is called the basal membrane, and the inner membrane is called the plasma membrane. Mіzh cimi two membranes grow myosatellitocytes.
MEAT FIBER KERNELS roztashovuyutsya pіd plasmolemma, їх number can reach tens of thousands decіlkoh. May be a tight form, not build up to a fancy mitotic podil. The CYTOPLASM of the ovary fiber is called sarcoplasm. The sarcoplasma has a large number of myoglobin, the inclusion of glycogen and lipids; є organelles of zagalny meaning, one of which is good, and one is good. Such organelles, such as the Golgi complex, are granular EPC, lysosomes develop weakly and grow out of the poles of the nuclei. Good development of mitochondria and smooth EPC.
In the meat fibers, there are good myofibrils, like a fast-feeling apparatus of fibers. In myofibrils, it is dark because the myofibrils in them are rosted in a strictly designated order (for the sake of smooth muscles). Myofibrils have 2 types of myofilaments: 1) thin actin, stored in actin, troponin and tropomyosin; 2) all myosin is stored from myosin. Actin flames will be expanded later, each time being on the same level and entering between the ends of myosin filaments. Around the cutaneous myosin filament, 6-sieve filaments were removed. In the oocyte fiber, the cytoskeleton, which includes the intermediate filaments (flamenti), telophragm, mesophragm, sarcolemma. The structures of the cytoskeleton are of the same structure of myofibrils (actinov, myosinovye of the flame and inn.).
That dilenka mіofіbrili, in which there are only actinic flames, is called disc I (isotropic or light disc). A Z-shape passes through the center of disk I, or the telophragm is close to 100 nm and folds into alpha-actin. Actin threads are attached to the telophragm (zone of attachment of thin threads).
The music of the flame can be expanded in a strictly defined order. Їх кінці is also located on the same level. The music of the flame at the same time goes through them with the help of the actin of the filament to create the disk A (anisotropic disk, which is volodya birefringence). Disk And also a mesophragm, similar to a telophragm, and stored in M-bilka (myomizina).
At the middle part of the disk, A є H-crimson, is surrounded by cuts of Actinovi filaments, which go in between the cuts of myosin threads. To that which is closer to the beginning of the actinovi filaments roztashovani one to one, the same is the H-smuzhka.
sarcomere- a central structural and functional unit of myofibril, which is a dilenka, roztashovanu between two telophragm. The sarcomere formula: 1.5 discs I + disc A + 1.5 discs I. Myofіbrili іtochenі with good mitochondria and good developed smooth EPC.
SMOOTH EPC I will fix the system of L-channels, which will fix the folding structures in the dermal disc. The structures are stored in the L-tubules of the rosted bridles of the microfibril and in the lateral L-tubules (lateral cisterns). FUNCTIONS smooth EPC (L-channel system): 1) transport; 2) synthesis of lipid and glycogen; 3) deposition of ionic calcium.
T-CHANNELS- the chain of invagination of plasmolemias. On the cordon of the disks from the plasmolemy, in the fibers of the fiber, an invagination of the tubule can be seen, so that it can be expanded between the two lateral cisterns.
TRIAD including: 1) T-channel і 2) 2 lateral cisterns of smooth EPC. FUNCTION OF THE TRIAD polyagaє in that, in the relaxed stanі of myofіbril in the lateral cisterns, they accumulate calcium; at that moment, if the impulse (potential of action) collapses along the plasma membrane, it is necessary to switch to the T-channels. In case of rus, an impulse through the T-channel from the lateral cisterns is accompanied by the flow of calcium. Without ionic calcium, myofibril is uncomfortably fast, which is why in actinovyh filaments the center of interaction with myosinovimi threads is blocked by tropomyosin. It’s okay to start unblocking the centers, in order to repair the interconnection of the Actin threads from the microorganisms and to repair quickly.
MECHANIZM OF THE FAST MYOFIBRILL... During the interconnection of the actin filaments from myosinovym, the actinization of the filaments from the heads of myosin molecules is released, due to which the process of vitality is taken to the center of the spring filaments on the actinovimi. At the end of an hour, the telophragm will come close to the end of the mesophragm, and the few moments of the actin may come close to the mesophragm, one to one, but the sound of the H-chick is heard. In such a rank, before the hour of speedy myofibril, the ringing of the disk of I and H-smuzhka occurs. By allowing the potential of the calcium to turn in the L-channel of the smooth EPC, tropomyosin is known to block in the actin filaments of the centri in conjunction with myosinovym threads. It is necessary to produce the speed of myofibril until it is fixed, to get it loose, so that the actin threads turn in the cob position, the width of the disk I and H-cmus should be taken into account.
myosatellitocytes The ovum fiber is expanded between the basal membrane and plasmolemma of sarcolemia. The cytoplasm may have an oval shape, the oval nucleus is lined with a thin ball with single organelles and is weakly peeled by the cytoplasm. FUNCTION of myosatellitocytes- the cambial cells, which take part in the regeneration of the meat fibers in the course of their production.
BUDOVA MYAZA YAK ORGANU ... Skin myaz tila people is a free organ, which has its own structure. Skin ointment is stored in oat fibers. The skin fiber is soaked with a thin layer of fluffy fabric - endomiziyem. In endomiasis, blood and lymphatic vertebrae and nerve fibers pass. Myazov fiber together with the vessels and nerve fibers is called "Mion". A sprinkle of myazy fibers to set up a bunch, discharge with a ball of fluffy fabric, called perimisium. The whole m'yaz is chiselled with a prodigy from the resulting fabric, called epimiziyem.
TONGUE OF MELLULAR FIBERS 3 collagen fibers tendon.
On the knots of myazovyh fibers є invagination of sarcolemia. In the course of invagination, collagen and reticular fibers of the tendon enter. The reticular fibers pierce the basal membrane and, behind the additional molecular elements, are separated from the plasmolemma. Then the fibers are turned into an invagination lumen and wrap around the collagen fibers of the tendon, as they bind them to the meat fiber. The collagen fibers fit the tendon, which are attached to the cyst skeleton.
TYPES OF MEAT FIBERS. Є 2 main types of meat fibers:
Type I (red fibers) and type II (white fibers). Smells are raised as the head rank for the speed of speed, zmisty myoglobin, glycogen and enzyme activity.
TYPE 1 (red fibers) is characterized by great together myoglobin (that stench of chervony), high activity of succinate dehydrogenase, ATP-ase of a type, not so much as a glucogen, trivial speed and little bite.
TYPE 2 (bile fibers) is malimic in comparison to myoglobin, low activity of succinate dehydrogenase, ATP-ase of a fast type, rather like a glucogen, fast and fast.
Povilny (chervonia) and shvidny (bilium) type of ovary fibers are innervated different types motor neurons: general and quick. Apart from the 1st and 2nd types of meat fibers, the industrial ones, which may be of power and quiet.
In dermal ointment є all types of oat fibers. Х some of them can change and lie in the form of physical renovation.
REGENERATION striated kistyakova MYAZOVO FABRIC ... When pockening (growing) meat fibers, necrosis is susceptible to necrosis. When I rip up to urivkiv fibers, the macrophages come up, which phagocytose the necrotic dylyanka, cleansing all of the dead tissue. During the whole process of regeneration, it is possible to take two paths: 1) for the increase of reactivity in the meat fibers and the illumination of the meat in the meat in the cutting; 2) for the myosatellithocytes rakhunok.
The 1st SHLYAH is characterized by the fact that granular EPC is hypertrophied on the tips of the pink fibers, on the surface of which there are synthesized myofibrils, membrane structures in the middle of the fibers and sarcolemias. As a result of the fineness of the meat fibers, they turn and transform into the meat fibers. The price of nirka in the world of growth is coming one to one from one torn end to the last, nareshty nirki to grow and grow. Tim for an hour for a rakhunok klin endomizia will see a new fabrication of new fabrics and grow up to one to one nyazovy nirkas. To that, until the moment the meat nirok is formed, it will be formed from semi-woven projectiles, yak go down to the warehouse of the meat fiber. Already form a semi-tissue scar.
2-nd HOLES of regeneration of the field in the fact that myosatellithocytes are overwhelmed by their life and differentiation, as a result of which they are transformed in the myo-region. A part of myoblasts will come down to the meat nyrok, a part will come down into the meat tubes, which differentiate in the new fibers.
In such a rank, with the reparative regeneration of the mucosa, the old mucosa fibers are introduced and new ones become established.
INNERVATION skeletal tissue zd_ysnyuєtsya ruchy and sensitive nerve fibers, but ends with nerve ends. RUKHOVI (motor) nerves end with end attachments of motor axons nerve cells front horns spinal cord... The axis of the axon, going up to the meat fiber, extends into the splinter of the throat (terminal). Termіnals pierce the basal membrane of the sarcolemia and distal to zanyuyuyutsya in the middle of the muscular fiber, plummeting behind them the plasmolemma. As a result, a nervous ending (motor plaque) is established.
BUDOVA nervously end. In the nerve end there are two parts (poles): nerve and myazova. Mіzh nerve and myazovoy parts є synaptic cleft. At the nerve part (terminal axons of the motor neuron) є mitochondria and synaptic fluff, memorized by the mediator acetylcholine. At the meat part of the nerve end є mitochondria, the purchase of nuclei, in the daytime myofibril. The synaptic cleft 50 nm wide is surrounded by a presynaptic membrane (plasmolemma of the axon) and postsynaptic membrane (plasmolemma of the ovary fiber). The postsynaptic membrane fixes folds (secondary synaptic clefts), at the receptor to acetylcholine and the enzyme is acetylcholinesterase ..
FUNCTION of the nerve endings... The impulse collapses along the axon plasmolemma (presynaptic membrane). At the end of the hour, the synaptic chills with acetylcholine go to the plasmolemma, from the bulbs acetylcholine gets into the synaptic cleft and is consumed by the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane. The process increases the penetration of the whole membrane (plasmolemia of the muscle fiber), as a result of this, the sodium from the outer surface of the plasmolema passes to the inner surface, and the calories pass to the potential of the nerve deprivation To determine the potential for acetylcholinesterase of the postsynaptic membrane, the acetylcholine is ruined and to move to the pulse through the synaptic gap.
Sensitivity of nerve ends(Nerve-muscle spindles - fusi neuro-muscularis) end the dendrites of sensitive neurons in the spinal nodes. The nerve spindle is covered with a semi-tissue capsule, in the middle of the 2nd type of intrafusal (internal) muscle fibers: 2) with a nuclear lance (the kernels of the viglyad lancet grow in the center of the fiber), the stench is thinner and shorter.
In the end, all the nerve fibers penetrate, as they do not cover the offense of the intrafusal muscle fibers and thin nerve fibers, so that the cluster ends on the nuclear fibers of the lateral fibers. At the ends of the intrafusal fibers є myofibril and before them go the nerves of the end. The speed of the intrafusal fibers does not cause great power and does not need to be absorbed by the inner (extrafusal) fibers of the ointment.
FUNCTION of nerve spindles polyaga in sprynatі shvidkostі and force of stretching the meat. As soon as the force of the stretching is such that it clogs the ointment with the opening, then to speed up the ointment-antagonism from those of them, the end reflexively comes to the galvanic impulses.
Sertseva myazova FABRIC develop from the anterior view of the visceral sheets of the splanchnotome. From these sheets, 2 microcardial plates are seen: right and left. Clinics of myepicardial plates are differentiated in two directions: from some to develop mesothelium, which is covered with epicardium, from others - cardiomyocytes of five types;
quick
pacemaker
to conduct
industrial
secretory, or endocrine
BUDOVA cardiomyocytes ... Cardiomyocytes have a cylindrical shape, 50-120 microns in diameter, 10-20 microns in diameter. Cardiomyocytes come together one by one and establish the functional heart of the fiber. Miscy of cardiomyocytes are called insert discs (discus intercalatus). The discs є Interdigitation, Desmosomy, Attachment of Actin Filaments and Nexus. Through the Nexus, the exchange of words and cardiomyocytes is seen.
The names of cardiomyocytes are covered with sarcolemma, which is stored from the outer (basal) membrane and plasmolemma. From the small surfaces of the cardiomyocytes enter the outgrowths, intertwine in the small surfaces of the cardiomyocytes of the amber fiber. Tse myazovi anastomozy.
CORE cardiomyocytes (one or two), oval shape, wake up polyploid, grow in the center of the cell. Myofibril is localized along the periphery. Organelles - one weakly rosy (granular EPC, Golgi complex, lizosomy), іnshі - good (mitochondria, smooth EPC, myofibrile). Oxyphilic cytoplasm includes myoglobin, glycogen and lipid.
BUDOVA myofibril also yak in skeletal tissue. Actin flames form a luminous disc (I), breaks of the telophragm, for the opening of myosin filaments and ends of acts, disc A (anisotropic), breaks of the mesophragm. At the middle part of the disc, A є H-slicker, surrounded by the edges of Actinovi filaments.
Fibers of the heart muscle grow from the fibers of the skeletal muscles, so that the stench accumulates in the vicinity of the cells - cardiomyocytes, the appearance of the muscle anastomoses, the central growth of the nuclei (in the fibers of the skeletal muscle) as in їх warehouse enter і plasmolemma and basal membrane (in the fibers of the skeletal meat - only plasmolemma).
FAST PROCESS in the fibers of the heart meat, follow the same principle as in the fibers of the skeletal meat tissue.
how to conduct cardiomyocytes are characterized by a larger diameter (up to 50 microns), a larger light cytoplasm, central abnormally eccentric nuclei rosette, malimic microfibrils, more forgiving insertion discs. The discs have smaller desmosomes, interdigitations, nexuses and mice attachment of actin filaments.
In provincial cardiomyocytes in the T-channel. Conductive cardiomyocytes can be connected one to one not only by their own little surfaces, but by their own surfaces. FUNCTION to carry out cardiomyocytes in the field during viroblasting and transmission of a fast-feeling pulse to fast cardiomyocytes.
ENDOCRINNI cardiomyocytes roztashovuyutsya only in the foreheads, may have a larger process form, weakly developed myofibrils, inserted discs, T-channels. They have good granular EPC, Golgi complex and mitochondria, in their cytoplasm є granules are secret.
FUNCTION of endocrine cardiomyocytes- secretion of the anterior natriuretic factor (PNF), which regulates the rate of heart meat, the volume of circulating ridin, arterial vise, Dyurez.
REGENERATION of the heart tissue is only physiological, internal. When the fibers of the heart meat are pooled, the stench does not reappear, but is replaced with the resulting tissue (histotypic regeneration).
