De is known as a tulub. Kistki - a dzherelo of mineral speech. Regeneration and renewal of stocks

People's estates people stock up in the middle of 206 stocks, most of which are symmetrical; soft cartilages, which shape the structure in the shells, Nose and parts of the ribs, as well as cover the slopes of the surfaces of the cysts and the slopes, and the nasal joints, which will flatten the cysts in the small slopes of the same slopes. The cystkova system (skeleton) becomes 20% of the body mass.

tipi kistok

According to the form of the brush, it is divided into 4 main types: dovgі, short, flat and zmіshanі. The shape of the brush is also designed for mechanical function.

Dovgі kіstki - kіstki kіntsіvok (except wrist, ankle and knee cups) in a little more, lower in width. The skin has a diaphysis (tilo) and two epiphyses (kintsya), which are wider, lower than the cyst. The number of handles is working as a kind of mechanics, so that it sizzles until it collapses when it’s fast. Deyakі kіstki, especially kіstki lower kіntsіvok, vikonuyut an important role in the reduction of mass.

The bone is not hard and hard, like steel. Lively flowers are lightly meek and dull, often empty, polished and elastic, as well as active in the chemical processes of life, as if it were a part of it. A typical brush, by the day, is stored in two types of small cyst fabrics, more similar to a sponge. There is a small amount of blood, but the space is occupied by blood-bearing vessels, a jelly-like cyst, and there is a new blood and fat.

The internal design of the basket of two parts has given great strength and with a great change. The skeleton has become important five times more. You can wonder at the cyst of tissue under the microscope, see how the stench of ruin from cryptic hairs, closed at once. Skin shearing of vidomy yak haversian system. A wine similar to a small stovbur of a tree, a vikoniy from a bagatokh navit more thin balls, which, when erupted, show yak a circle. The central dead rod has a neurically small set of nerves and nerves.

short handles- wrist cuffs and in front of the mold have an irregular cubic shape. Smell vikonuyut the role of a free wrist and ankle. Rukhs mіzh mіzh cіmі kіstki kіmezhenі, head їkh signs є preserving the stability of the wrist and foot as a whole.

Flat cysts - sternum, ribs, scapula and cysts of the cranial cavity. The cysts are thin, flattened and slightly bent. The ribs and the skull are viscous, the head rank, the functions (internal organs), and the shoulder blades serve as the surface of the attachment of a great number of muzzles.

Regeneration and renewal of stocks

The smell of living the lower part of the brush live rhymes and there are more and more problems. As soon as you break the chemistry up to the last few days, you can be made, when you are, that the solid and solid substance is stored from the four water. Approximately one third is stored in collagen white fibers, which can also be found in skirts. The third part of the cyst is a crystal of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals. Colagen nadaє shkіrі small elasticity, and the mineral crystals shy її hard and hard.

Zmіshanim cysts - cysts of the facial skull, ridge, pelvis and stegna. The vertical position of the body grows with an S-shaped, dull ridge, and I will lift my head. Pelvic cysts adapt to the level of the upper part of the tulub.

cartilage tissue

Cartilage є with special tissue; cover the slopes of the surface, shape the structure of the nose, nose and parts of the ribs. The cartilages also fit the spring pads between the ridges ( mid-range discs). Tsya ate-va jelly-like fabric on a volodya high quality, style to press and erase. Suglobov's cartilage tissue on the finished surface is polished, covered with a special synovial ridina (synovia), which Volodya is malim with rubbing.

The vertical position of the body is adapted to an S-shaped, dull ridge, which will also flatten the head. The bowls of the pelvis support the level of the upper part of the tulub, and the strong bowls of the nig carry on them practically the entire mass of the body.

The skeletal cells can be cleverly divided into two categories: the axial skeleton (skull, breast cancer), Dodatkovy skeleton (cysts of the upper lower kintsivok), Including the pelvic girdle and the shoulder girdle, which is the back of the cinch with the axial skeleton.

structure of stocks

Baskets are made with living tissue; to serve as a depot and a dzherel of calcium and other minerals. The blood cells of the red cystic marrow are established. The kisstki are stored in the form of matrices. The whole matrix is ​​stored by 35% from a bottle, in the main collagen, which will not preserve its merit and dullness, and by 65% ​​from mineral salts, in the main calcium and phosphorus, which will increase the merit. Also, it is necessary to rob the brush 5 times as much for steel. Osteocytes (from which the matrix induces), osteoblasts (to enlarge cyst tissue) and osteoclasts (to cut cyst tissue) are introduced to the cells, which fold the cyst. Proceed in the dynamic level, osteoblast and osteoclast.
The kisstki are stored in two types of kistkovo fabrics. It is a compact fabric, which is shaped like the surface of the brush, the best style until it is ready for use. Vona is set up by parallel cylinders - osteons. Ce - structural units of a brush, matrix statements. Blood vessels pass through the central canal of the cutaneous osteon. In small empty ones from the last part of osteons, there are isolated osteocytes. The lip of the cystkova fabric is based on its buddha nagadu bdzholina stylniki, memorized by the jelly-like speech - the cystic brain. Zhovtiy kistkovy moss deposits fat, and the chervonia cystkovy moss deposits blood. Most of the cysts are covered with a thin membrane, called the periosteum, or the oysters.

Kistki - dzherelo mineral speech

The brushes are not only mechanical functions - they are ready to go. Stink also plays an important role in accumulating and saving calcium and hematopoiesis.
Calcium is one of twenty minerals, including magnesium and zinc, as it enters the body with the products of food and plays an important role in ensuring the normal functioning of the body. 99% of calcium in the human body is found in the hand itself. Calcium breeders are human brushes and teeth are hardened. Cei mineral is necessary for normal speed of muscular tissue transmission, transmission of nerve impulses and blood larynx. The optimal level of calcium in the blood is taken up by two hormones ( Thyroid gland two iodine hormones are seen: triiodothyronin and thyroxine, and calcitonin, which does not take away iodine), which is effective in the opposite direction - one vivial calcium cyst in the blood, and blood stimulation of the blood
Blood cells, before which erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes occur, are established in the cystic heart. Win takes place in the cysts of the skull, ridge, collarbone, sternum, ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis and upper epiphyses of the brachial and shoulder cysts.

z'єднання кісток

In the skeletons in the days, two and more cysts are established together. Zavdyaki on the folds of the brush can collapse. In addition, because of the taste of the body, as in the folds of the brush, it is easy to absorb the meaty fibers of the fabric, called the ties. Sounds instantaneously і rough, і naughty.
Run three types of z'єdnan. Fibroznі z'єdnannya, takі yak shvi skull, vyklyuchayut rukh. Partially crumbling cartilages, for example, intervertebral discs, allow limited collapse. Synovial z'udnannya (suglobi) will be great rupture.
Most of the loams are synovial. In the middle of the synovial zone there is an oily ridin (synovia), which is enveloped by a swell and a growth of cysts. Falls into the type of synovial z'єdnan (suglob) varіyuє and the spectrum of ruchiv without them.

Kulastiy suglob, on the shoulder or on the tazostegnovy, will get rid of the ruch in the bagatokh straight ahead.

A blocky hinge, for example a liktoviy one, a knee or an ankle, like a door hinge, allows you to make a rundown only in one area.

A cylindrical hinge, for example, between Atlantis and axial ridges, allowing the cysts to wrap around or turn around just one by one.

The role of the skeleton, for example, polyaga in the construction of the breast cell, de 12 pairs of ribs, small shafi, curl up and capture the heart, legends upper organ black empty; in the ridge, which is thin spinal cord; taz-form i sectional mikhura; for in the skull, which is unhealthy for the brain. The ridge gives the body a niggle, allowing you to walk upright and carry your head high.

Clusters of the upper cinemas

The handles are very light - the middle skeleton of a human being is close to 9 kg, or it can be vitrified, as the steel is hardened. For example, if it is necessary, on the skin crotch, the leg pushes against the earth by force, as it is necessary for the three masses of our body. In such a rank, a 68 kg ludin wagon is given over 200 kg.

Flat, or a little ruffled, loops between the wrist brushes, and in front of the forest, a bunch of coarse ruffs did not swing more than two bones, in relation to one of one.

Elipsoidnі, or Mischelkovy, loams, for example, between the exchange and the wrist and wrist wrist, allow the fall from the side to the side, as well as forward and backward.

Sidlopodіbnyy slope in the pіdstavі is larger than the palm of the hand, will provide a rud in two areas.

Vseredinі, the brain is viroblyaє blood cells. The pose of the competing "clones" of the clone will constantly be and will fold the knot fabric. Calcium from the old people of the cyst clitin vivilnyaetsya in the shelter, so you can take it, then you will get a new chip. The bone is stored in two types of fabrics: a crumpled brush, a hard call ball, a lip brush, a memory internal part... Zhelepodibny cystkovy cerebral adduction in the empty spaces of the spinal cord. in the hand and hand. Cystkovy brain- superbly efficient factory of blood cells; Skin day "vipuskak" їkh in the bloodstream for 100 milliards.

internal cartilage ossification

Ossification, or ossification, is the process of forming the intrauterine period, Children, children and youth. A large part of the cysts (the edge of the skull and collarbone) is formed as a result of the process of internal cartilage (endochondral) ossification. A little skeleton pretends to be soft cartilage, as it gradually stops cyst tissue- compact and spongy as a result of the activity of osteoblasts. The children of the ciste grow more and more wider, allowing them to grow. In adolescence, the process of growth is developed, and ossification is practically finished.

Regeneration and renewal of stocks

By stretching the life, the shape and size of the bones do not remain permanent. The form of the stocks changes in the results mechanical injections They were vicious by the force of gravity. Self-renewal of trays after fractures, or the formation of tracts, also occurs during the regeneration process.

The skeleton of the tulub is folded from the vertebral stem, 12 pairs of ribs and sternum, between them with slopes, cartilages, ligaments and cyst tissue. The spine stop in the people is stored in 33-34 ridges, which spread into five viddiliv: shiyny, it is stored in 7, chest - in 12, cross - in 5, crooked - in 5, kuprikov - in 4-5 ridges. Kryzhov's ridges grow into a single Kryzhov's cyst, and kuprikov's - in a coccygeal cyst. 12 pairs of ribs with pectoral ridges and sternum fit the pectoral bone.

Ridges (vertebrae), right from the accessory up to the lower parts of the ridge stovp, may be the outlying plan of Budovia.

The backbone (vertebra) folds from the body (corpus vertebrae), arches (arcus vertebrae), boys and unpaired growths. Paired outgrowths - transverse (processus transversus), upper and lower slopes (processus articulares superiores et inferiores). Unpaired outgrowth - spinous (processus spinosus). The arch of the ridge, growing behind the aid of the foramen (pedunculi arcus vertebrae), behind the ridge, bordering the ridge opening (foramen vertebrale). Spine open all ridges to establish a spinal canal (canalis vertebralis), in which the spinal cord is located.

On the arches of the ridge є upper and lower ridge virazki (incisurae vertebrales superiores et inferiores) are surrounded by lumpy ridges. Virіzki two articulate ridges establish the foramen intervertebrale, through which from the spinal canal pass the corners of the spinal nerves and blood-bearing judges. Evidence in Budov, forms and sizes of ridges, lie in the functions of viddiliv spinal stop.

Shiyni ridges (vertebrae cervicales), in conjunction with small navantages, may not be very large, step by step expands right up to the VII ridge. The swellings are rosted obliquely. The spines of the outgrowths of the sheer ridges are doubled (behind the vignette VII) and there are weak bends of the nachil. The spinous spine of the 7th spine ridge did not break apart and appear to that far away spinous spines. At the junction of the tim, the VII shiyny ridge is a spinous spine, which is called vertebra prominens. The whole fact is practically meaningful in the classroom, since it is easy to lead the ridge of the ridges downward into the thoracic ridge from the protruding ridge. The transverse outgrowths of the sheer ridges are short and may be large transverse openings (foramina transversaria), through which the blood vessels pass. The price is typical for the signs of shiynyh ridges. At the ends of the transverse outgrowths, the front and rear humps are expanded. The anterior humps are rudiments of the shinny ribs (processus costarius), and the posterior humps are transverse ridges. The anterior hump of the transverse outgrowth of the sixth ridge is stronger than the others. Win roztashovutsya behind the enigmatic sleepy artery, to pass on the shia. In case of bleeding, the qiu artery can be squeezed into a hump, in conjunction with which it is called sleepy (tuberculum caroticum).

The 1st shiyny ridge is called Atlantі (atlas). Wine is not small and is a cross-oval ring, which folds from the front and rear arches. In the middle of the anterior and posterior arches, the meanings are established - massae laterales, as they enter the transverse protrusions with openings. On the upper and lower surfaces of the bush, the upper and lower slopes of the fossa (fovea articularis superior et inferior) grow. The upper slopes of the fossa are obtained from the vyrostki of the tilting cyst, and the lower slopes of the fossa - from the 2nd ridge.

On the anterior and posterior arches of the Atlantean, there are protruding, anterior and posterior humps (tuberculum anterius et posterius). On the inner surface of the anterior arch, the fossa of the tooth (fovea dentis) grows - the center of the joint from the anterior sloped surface of the tooth of another ridge.

II-th shiyny ridge is called the axis; It’s because of those who have been, that on the upper surface of the floor there is a vertical splay of the spine, or the tooth (dens), which is located from the Atlanta.

The thoracic ridges (vertebrae thoracicae) may have the characteristic slopes of the fossa, which are routed at the upper and lower edges of the body for connection with the ribs. Central and lower costal fossa (fovea costales superiores et inferiores). When the summery ridges are closed, the upper and lower costal fossa fix the loss, in which the head of the rib enters. The 1st pectoral ridge will draw a fossa in the mountain and a half-pit below. X-th - half-pit in the mountains, and XI and XII ridge may be on one side of the pit from the skin side. On the sweeping edges of the transverse outgrowths of the thoracic ridges, the slopes of the costal fossa are expanded to connect with the hump of the rib. XI and XII thoracic ridges on the transverse outgrowths of such pits do not appear.

Across the ridges (vertebrae lumbales) there may be a large, bean-shaped form, massive slopes of growths, sagittally rosted, transversely open and costal fossa outward, ale may be in the middle of the process (processus accessorius)

Kryzhi (os sacrum) is a kistka, yak established itself as the growth of five Kryzhovy ridges. Also, the growth of the vertical encampment tila people. In krizhah they see: pidstava (basis ossis sacri), burnt uphill, top (apex ossis sacri), straightened down and forward, the front is bent down to the pelvic surface (facies pelvma), posterior lump to the dorsal surface (facies dorsalis). At the top of the front edge of the curve, at the same time from the V cross ridge, I make good turns of the whistle, abo mis (promont6rium), which is of great importance in practical medicine. On the pelvic surface of the crotch, there are transverse lines (lineae transversae), which are used for the growth of the crocodile ridges. The right-hander and the hand from the lines of the line open the basins and open the kryzhiv (foramina sacralia pelvina), lead into the kryzhovy canal (canalis sacralis), which was established from the bottom of the ridge openings. On the dorsal surface of the crotch of the mid-crotch ridge (crista sacralis mediana), the crest of the spinous ridge. Laterally - from the middle ridge from the skin flank, there is an intermediate ridge (crista sacralis intermedia), developed by the growths of swollen outgrowths. Even more laterally, the guy grows up the crista sacralis lateralis - in the statements of the evil of the transverse protuberances. Between the intermediate and bichy combs from the skin side, open the opening along the chotiri of the dorsal kryzhovyh (foramina sacralia dorsalia), then close the kryzhovy canal. The Kryzhovy canal on the dorsal surface ends with a kryzhovoy slit (hiatus sacralis), surrounded by horns from the sides (cornu sacrale). On the living parts of the crooks (partes lateralis), which are made up of transverse outgrowths, the crooks (tuberositas sacralis) and the ear-shaped slopes of the surfaces (facies auricularis) grow, which serve for the crooks.

Coccyx (os coccygis) є a rudiment (rudiment) of caudal ridges in a number of 4-5, grown in one cyst. The tailbone has a tricky shape, in a new way it is seen, not uphill, and top, straightened down and forward. On the back surface there are cornu coccygeum.

People have 12 pairs of ribs and sternum breastfeeding tuluba.

The ribs (costae) with the posterior tips fit to the ridge, and with the anterior ones - pass into the rib cartilage. The upper seven pairs of ribs (I-VII), like the front edges without the middle, are squeezed from the sternum, called the true ribs (costae verae). Step three bets (VIII, IX and X) of the ribs with their own cartilage grow between themselves and adhere to the cartilage of the VII ribs - the whole ribs (costae spuriae), the remaining 2 bets (XI and XII) the ribs are really short, but just in front in the meats of the chernaya stinka - tse chitky ribs (costae fluctuantes). At the ribs, there is only (corpus costae), front and rear ends. On the back end, there is the head of the rib (caput costae), on the back є the suglob surface (facies articularis capitis costae), crushed by the comb (cnsta capitis costae). In front of the head, the ribs (collum costae) are ringed, and the ribs hump (tuberculum cdstae), on which there is є the crooked surface (facies articularis tuberculi costae) for articulation with the transverse ridge. The rib forms the shape of a curved plate. The most common vigina rib is called a rib cage (angulus costae). The upper edge of the rounded edge, and the lower edge of the edge. The bridle of the lower edge is well-rounded by the ribs of the sulcus costae, in which about "walking between the blood-bearing judges and nerves. nerves.

The 1st rib is shorter and wider than the ones, flattened from the sides, but from top to bottom. At the newest they see the upper and lower surfaces, the outer and inner edges. On the upper surface of the rippling of the humps for attaching the anterior descent muzzle (tuberculum m. Scaleni anterioris). In front of the hump, there is a groove for the subclavicular vein (sulcus v. Subclaviae), and behind the hump - a groove for the subclavicular artery (sulcus a. Subclaviae). On the sloping surface of the head of the first rib, there is a comb.

The XI and XII ribs do not mark the rib humps, but on the sloped surface of the head there is a ridge.

The sternum (sternum) is sutured in the center of the anterior surface of the breast tissue. They have three parts: the handle (manubnum sterni), tilo (corpus sterni) and sword-like sprout (processus xiphoideus). On the upper edge of the handle of the sternum, the incisura jugularis is removed, from the sides to the right and the incisurae claviculares, which are formed from the collarbones. On the lateral surfaces of the handle and the til of the sternum, incisurae costales, until they fit true ribs... At the mice of the handle and the til of the sternum, the kut of the sternum (angulus sterni) is established.