Budova nirkovskaya tubule. Budova nirki i nephron

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The peculiarities and specificity of the functions are explained by the peculiarities of the special structures. The functional morphology of nirok vivchaєtsya on the lower structural levels - from macromolecular and ultrastructural to organ and systemic. So, the homeostatic functions of a small and destructed morphological substrate at all levels of the structural organization of an organ. Below, one can see the perplexity of the fine structure of the nephron, of the brain, nervous and hormonal systems, so that it allows the visibility of the special functions of the nephron and the destructiveness of those who have found nyrk sick.

The nephron is stored in the glomerulus of the vessel, its capsule and nirkovy canaliculi (Fig. 1), in the upper structural and functional specialization. This specialization is based on the histological and physiological features of the skin storage element of the glomerular and tubular part of the nephron.

Small. 1. Budova nephron. 1 - the glomerulus of the glomerulus; 2 - head (proximal) viddil tubules; 3 - thin segment of the loop of Henle; 4 - distal view of the tubules; 5 - zbіrnі tubes.

The skin nirtsi have approximately 1.2-1.3 million glomeruli. The glomerulus has close to 50 capillary loops, between the anastomoses, which allows the glomeruli to function as a "dividing system". Capillary wall є glomerular filter, it is stored in the hospital, endothelium and expanded between them of the basal membrane (BM) (Fig. 2).

Small. 2. Glomerular filter. Scheme of the budovi wall of the capillary of the glomerulus. 1 - capillary enlightenment; endotel_y; 3 - BM; 4 - Podocyte; 5 - small growths of podocytes (pediculums).

Epithelial glomerulus, or Podocyte It is built up from a great clerical body with a nucleus in its base, mitochondria, lamellar complex, endoplasmic hedgehog, fibrillar structures and other inclusions. Budova podocytіv and їkh interrelated with the capillaries kindly vivchenі for an hour for an additional raster electronic microphone. It has been shown that large podocyte growths enter the perinuclear zone; stench nagaduyut "pillows", scho ogoplyuyut sign on top of the capil. Small outgrowths, albeit pedicules, go out of the great ones perpendicularly, intertwine between themselves and curl up all the great outgrowths of the capillary space (Fig. 3, 4). Pediculums fit one to one, the inter-pedicular space becomes 25-30 nm.

Small. 3. Electronogram of the filter

Small. 4. The surface of the capillary loop of the glomerulus is covered with a small amount of growths (pedicles), where the interpedicular lines are visible. Scattered electronic microscope. X6609.

Succeed tied between themselves by bundle structures - peculiar junction ", which is established with innmolemma. Fibrillary structures are especially clear in terms of the size of small podocytes growths;

Possibility to be tied between themselves by bundle structures - "peculiar junction", which is established with plasmolemia. Fibrillary structures are especially clearly viryadzhayuchayi between small podocytes growths, devilishly adopt the so-called wide diaphragm - slit diaphragma (Div. Fig. 3), as a great role in the glomerular phialis is introduced. Schilinna diaphragm, may be filamentous budova (tovshchina 6 nm, dovzhina 11 nm), it will create a simple lattice, or a system of pyr filtration, the diameter of which in humans is 5-12 nm. The name of the wide diaphragm is covered with glycocalyx, ie, the cialoprotein ball of cytolemma undergoes, in the middle of the line between the lamina rara externa of the capillary BM (Fig. 5).

Small. 5. Scheme of interconnection of elements of the glomerular filter. Podocyti (P), show myofilmenti (MF), otocheni membrane (RM). The flames of the basal membrane (BM) form between the small growths of the podocytes in the slit diaphragm (SM), covered with glycocalyx (GK) of the plasma membrane; also flamenti VMs are tied with endothelial cells (En), which have a lack of porosity (F).

The function of filtering is not only the wide diaphragm, but the myofelment of the cytoplasm of the podocytes, for the help of which it is fast. Thus, "submicroscopic pumps" pump the ultrafiltrate of plasmi into the empty glomerulus capsule. This function serves as the primary transport for the system of microtubules of podocytes. It is not only the function of filtering, but also the products of the BM speech that is tied to the podotsitami. In the cisterns of granular endoplasmic fissures, the clitin has a material analogous to the speech of the basal membrane, which is confirmed by an autoradiographic response.

Predict changes are most often secondary and are more susceptible to susceptibility to proteineuria, nephrotic syndrome (NS). Smell to know its rotation in the hyperplasia of fibrillar structures of the cell, the formation of Pediculi, vacuolization of cytoplasms and porcine diaphragms. The change in tying both to the primary tissues of the basement membrane, as well as from the protein itself [Surov V. V., Kupriyanova L. A., 1972]. Intrinsic and types of changes in podocytes in vigorous growths are characteristic of lipoid nephrosis, which is good for experimenting for additional aminonucleosis.

endothelial cells the capillaries of the glomerulus can be sized up to 100-150 nm in size (div. Fig. 2) and without a special diaphragm. Pori take close to 30% of the endothelial whistle covered with glycocalyx. Take a look at the main path of ultrafiltration, or even allow for a transendothelial path, short time; on the cinnamon tsiogo poppushennya speak of the temporal pinocytosis activity of the glomerular endothelium. Besides ultrafiltration, endothelium of glomerular capillaries take part in the approved speech of BM.

The changes in the endothelium of the capillaries of the glomerulus are developmental: swelling, vacuolization, necrobiosis, proliferation and desquamation, however, it is overwhelming destructively proliferative changes, such as are characteristic of glomerulonephritis.

basal membrane glomerular capillaries, in which they are approved, take the part not only of the endothelial cells, but of the mesangial cells, the size of 250-400 nm in the electronic microscope of the trisharov; central cleft ball (lamina densa) of discharge with larger thin balls from the lamina rara externa and inner (lamina rara interna) sides (div. fig. 3). Vlasne BM to serve lamina densa, which is stored from bottles similar to collagen, glucoproteins and lipoproteins; callous and internal ball, to avenge mucosubstances, є on the day of glycocalyx podocytes and endothelium. Flamenti lamina densa with a thickness of 1.2-2.5 nm is included in the "junk" from the molecules of the navkolishnіh and the thixotropic gel. It is not surprising that the membrane of the membrane is stained on the function of filtering; BM will rebuild its structure by stretching out to rock.

With the presence of collagen-like filaments in the tissue plate, a hypothesis is tied about the filtration pores in the basal membrane. It has been shown that the middle radius of the pores of the membrane is 2.9 ± 1 nm and that it starts from the normal growth of collagen-like filaments. In case of a drop in the hydrostatic clutch in the glomerular capillaries, the primary "packing" of collagen-like filaments in the BM is changed, and until the size of the filter is increased.

Admitting, with normal blood flow through the basal membrane of the glomerular filter, it can reach a large amount and may allow the passage of albumin, IgG, catalase molecules; Filtration is also surrounded by a supplementary bar of glycoproteins (glycocalyx) with a membrane and an endothelium, and the bar in the minds of damaged glomerular hemodynamics will start to shrink.

For an explanation of the mechanism of proteineuria in the case of a pooled basal membrane, the methods of storing markers, in which the electrical charge of molecules, is of great importance.

The BM glomerulus changes are characterized by її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї than ї than from ї than from ї than from ї than from ї than from ї than from ї than from ї than from ї than from ії from її) The sweat of the BM is to be seen in the case of problems with the disease. At the same time, the growth of the membrane between the filaments of the membrane and the depolymerization of the cementitious speech is promoted, thereby increasing the porosity of the membrane for the blood plasma. In addition, before the BM glomerul is instilled, they carry out membranous transformation (according to J. Churg); the periphery of the capillary loops, the endothelium is seen from the BM.

When there is a problem with proteinurin, except for the tightening of the membrane, by the method of electronic microscopy, a small amount of deposition (deposits) appears in the membrane, for example, in the middle of the membrane. With a whole skin application of this chemical nature (immune complexes, amyloid, hyaline), its own ultrastructure appears. Deposits of immune complexes often appear in BM, but not only to the extreme changes of the membrane itself, but to destruction of podocytes, hyperplasia of endothelial and mesangial cells.

The capillary loops are tied one by one and moved on the edge of the breeze to the Glomerular pole available fabric on the glomerulus, or the mesangium, the structure of which is ordered in the main function of filtration. With the help of an electronic microscope and methods of histochemistry, a lot of new information has been introduced in the old way about fibrous structures and cells of the mesangium. Indicators of histochemical features of the main speech of the mesangium, which are close to the fibromycin fibrils, the old sprymati, and the clitin mesangia, which are the result of ultrastructural smooth tissue formation from the endothelial tissue

In mesangial cells, or mesangiocytes, a good lamellar complex has a granular endoplasmic mesh, in them there are a lot of other mitochondria, ribosomes. Cytoplasm of cytoplasm klitin bagata with basic and acidic proteins, tyrosine, tryptophan and histidine, polysaccharide, RNA, glycogen. The peculiarity of the ultrastructure and the wealth of plastic material explain the high secretory and hyperplastic potential of mesangial cells.

Mesangiocytes are healthy to respond to the development of the glomerular filter by the production of BM speech, in which a reparative reaction is manifested as the main component of the glomerular filter. Gіpertrofіya i gіperplazіya mezangіalnih klіtin lead to rozshirennya mezangіuma to Yogo іnterpozitsії, if vіdrostki klіtin, otochenі membrane-rechovinoyu, abo samі klіtini viselyayutsya on periferіyu glomerular scho viklikaє potovschennya i stіnki kapіlyara sclerosis, and in razі prorivu endotelіalnoї vistilki - oblіteratsіyu Yogo prosvіtu. With interposing mesangia of dressings of glomerulosclerosis in cases of glomerulosclerosis (HN, diabetic and pepine glomerulosclerosis, etc.).

Mesangial cells yak one of the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (ПІВДНЯ) [Ushkalov AF, Vikhert AM, 1972; Zufara K.A., 1975; Rouiller S., Orci L., 1971]. This function is to serve, to help, interconnect mesangiocyte growths with elements of the glomerular filter: a singular number of growths in the perforated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries, penetration into the bloodstream without

Krym secretory (synthesis of collagen-like speech of the basal membrane) and endocrine (synthesis of renin) functions, mesangiocytes vikonuyut and phagocytic function - "purification" of the glomerulus, yogo tissue. Vvazhayut, that mesangiocytes are built up to speed, like filtering functions. The process of priming is based on the fact that the cytoplasm of the mesangial cells is known to have fibrils, that is, the actinic and myosinous activity.

glomerulus capsule presented by BM і epіtelієm. membrane It is easy to get into the head of the canaliculi, to be stored from the reticular fibers. Thin collagen fibers close the glomerulus in the interstitium. hospitals fixed on the basal membrane behind the additional filaments to replace actomyosin. At the time of delivery of the capsules, they look like a type of myepithelium, which changes the capsule to serve the function of filtering. The epithelium has a small cubic form, but the functional type is close to the epithelium of the head channel; in the area of the pole of the glomerulus of the epithelium of the capsule, go into subocyti.

clinical nephrology

ed ed. EAT. Tareeva

Normal blood filtration guarantees correct nephron buds. Winning processes of zealous accumulation of chemical speech from plasmas and virobling to a number of biological active spoluks. From 800 thousand to 1.3 million nephrons are taking place in nirtsi. Old, wrong way of living and getting sick of getting sick before the number of glomeruli gradually decreases. For the clearer principles of the nephron robots, you can go to your buddy.

describe the nephron

The main structural and functional unit of nirka is the nephron. Anatomy and physiology of the structure of the structure, based on the coverage of the section, the efficient transport of words and the development of the spectrum of biological substances. Scheme of the budovi of the nephron є the epithelial tube. Dalіyutsya festoon capіlіyіvі in a different diameter, as they fall into a zbіrniy pot. Emptying with structures filled with tissue from the view of interstitial cells and matrix.

The development of the nephron is laid still in the membranous period. різні tipi nephron_v_dp_daut for the development functions. Zagalna dvzhina canalts_v both nirok become up to 100 km. In normal minds, not all the number of glomeruli is trapped, only 35%. The nephron is stored from tiltsya, so it is from the system of channels. May I step on Budova:

capillary glomerulus;
capsule of nirk glomerulus;
near tubule;
falling and falling fragments;
distant straight and zvivistic channels;
z'єdnuvalny path;
zbirn_ ducts.

Functions of the nephron in humans

In a day, 2 million glomeruli make up to 170 liters of primary slaughter.

Understanding the nephron from the Italian likar and biologist Marcello Malpigi. So, as the nephron is involved in the integral structural unit of nirka, then it is indicated for the performance of such functions in the body:

cleansing blood;
the formulation of the primary slaughter;
rotary capillary transport of water, glucose, amino acids, bioactive rechovines, ions;
approval of the second meeting;
protection of salt, water and acid-puddle balance;
regulation of rivnya arterial vise;
secretion of hormones.

Scheme of the kidney glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

The nephron is repaired with a capillary glomerulus. Tse - tilo. The morphofunctional unit is the hem of the capillary loops, in numbers up to 20, which will drain the capsule of the nephron. Blood posture will only be taken away from bringing arterioli. A wall of sudins is a ball of endothelial cells, between which there are microscopic intervals with a diameter of up to 100 nm.

In the capsules, there are internal and external energy sources. Between two balls, there are cracks in the gap - the space is wide, it’s the first place. Vona ogorta skin vessel and the shape of a solid cooler, in such a rank of razdilayuyu shelter, rostasovan in the capillaries, from the spaciousness of the capsule. The basal membrane serves as an adaptable base.

Shaping the nephron by the type of filter, a vice in which it does not last, it changes in the fallowness from the growth of the width, attributing to bring and wine Sudin. Filtration of blood in nirkas is seen in the glomerulus. Form elements of blood, blood, sluggishness can not pass through the poros of capillaries, so the diameter of the capillaries is much larger and the stench is covered by the basal membrane.

boost capsules

Prior to the nephron storehouse, it is necessary to enter the inner ball in the nephron capsule. A great deal of epithelial cells in a great size, so that you can feel the nirkovy glomerulus. They have an oval nucleus, which includes the proliferation of chromatin and the plasmosome, the cytoplasmic projection, the tight mitochondria, the Goldzhi apparatus, the shortened cisternae, few lysosomes, microfilments and ribosomes.

Three types of vidgaluzhny podotsit are set up pedikulami (tsitotrabekuli). It’s easy to grow one in one and lie on the last ball of the basal membrane. The structures of cytotrabekuli in the nephrons form a grated diaphragm. The Qia part of the filter has a negative charge. For a normal robot, you also need a library. The complex has a filtration of blood in the enlightenment of the nephron capsule.

basal membrane

The budov basal membrane of the nephron of the nirca is 3 kuly close to 400 nm, folds into a collagen-like protein, glycogen and lipoproteins. Between them, the spreading of the balls of the fabric is the mesangia and the cule of the mesangiocytes. Here, too, slit lines with a size of up to 2 nm are rostasovyutsya - the porosity of the membrane, the stink of the value in the processes of purification with plasmas. Both sides of the tissue structures are covered by the glycocalyx systems of podocytes and endothelial cells. Filtration of plasmas behind the part of speech. The basal membrane of the glomeruli is very functional as a bar, through which innocent large molecules penetrate. Also, the negative charge of the membrane will accumulate in the albumin.

mesangial matrix

In addition, the nephron is stored in the mesangium. In performances by systems of elements from the full fabric, which are shattered between the capillaries of the malignant glomerulus. Likewise, there are people who see them, every day they help. The main storehouse includes fluff from the resulting tissue, which is to take revenge on mesangiocytes and juxtavascular elements, which can be expanded between two arterioles. The main robot mesangia is adaptable, fast-feeling, as well as preserving the regeneration of the components of the basal membrane and podocytes, as well as cleaning the old warehouse components.

proximal tubule

The proximal capillary tubules of the nephrons of the tubules are subdivided into curved and straight lines. Enlightenment of a small size, it molds a cylindrical or cubic type of food. At the top, there is a brush lining, the yak is represented by large fibers. Stink put a clay ball. There is a large area of the surface of the proximal tubules, a large number of mitochondria and near the growth of peritubular vessels are used for selective flooding of rivers.

It was determined that the distance was taken from the capsule in the first window. Membranes of closely spaced cell elements are subdivided by interruptions, through which the circulation of the line occurs. In the capillaries of the vivid glomeruli, the process of reabsorption of 80% of the components of the plasmas is carried out, in the middle: glucose, vitamins and hormones, amino acids, and in addition, sechovina. Functions of the nephron tubules include viroblasting calcitriol and eritropoietin. The segment contains creatine. Third-party substances, which are consumed in a filtrate from a small age, are carried out from a cross-section.

Structural and functional unit of the nirka in the warehouse of thin windows, also called the loop of Henle. It is stocked in 2 segments: low-end thin and high-quality. The wall of a low-end dilenka with a diameter of 15 microns is approved by a flat tube with multiple pinocytosis bulbs, and a lower one - cubic. The functional significance of the nephron tubules of the loop of Henle wastested by retrograde movement of water in the lower part of the colony and passive turning in the thin ascending segment, the return of Na, Cl and others. In the capillaries of the glomerular segment, the molarity of the cross section moves.

Nirki roztashovanі retroperitoneally on the sides spinal stop on pіvnі Th12-L2. The fat of the dermal fat of the over-grown cholovik is 125-170 g, the fat of the woman is 115-155 g, so in total less than 0.5% of the fat.

The parenchyma of nirka is given on the name (near the opaque surface of the organ) corkі to be found in front of him Mozkov speech... The fluff is obtained from the fabric on the stroma organ (interstitium).

crustal speech roztashovane on the capsule of nirka. The grainy appearance of the cortical speech produces the presence here of nirkovy tiltsya and vivid tubules of nephrons.

Mozkova speech There is little radial appearance, splinters to avenge parallel to the lower and lower parts of the nephron loops, small tubules and open ducts, straight blood vessels ( vasa recta). In the minds of speech, they develop a new part, roztasovan without a middle speech, and an internal part, which is stored from the peaks of the pyramids

Interstitial representations of microcrystalline matrices, in order to avenge the processes of fibroblast-like cells and thin reticular fibers, tightly tied together with walls of capillaries and small canaliculi

Nephron yak is a morpho-functional unit of nirka.

In humans, the skin nirca is composed of approximately one million structural units called nephrons. The nephron is a structural and functional unit of nirka to the fact that the whole process is responsible for the whole process, as a result of which the slaughter takes place.

Fig. 1. Models of people anatomical. evil: Nirki, sechovodi, sechovy mikhur, Secovipuscal canal (urethra) Right 6 Budova nephron

Budova nephron:

The capsule of Shumlyansky-Bowman, in the middle of which the glomerulus of the capillaries is expanded is nirkovy (malpighian) tiltse. Capsule diameter - 0.2 mm

Proximal zvivistic tubule. The peculiarity of this epithelial cells: brush lining - microvilli, beads in the duct

loop of Henle

Distal zvivistic tubule. Yogo cobbled іddіl іs tucking tautly up to the glomeruli and bring і wines with arterioles

final tubule

zbirna tube

functionally razr_znyayut 4 segment:

1.glomeruli;

2.proximal - formation of the straight part of the proximal tubule;

3.Slim loop - downward and thin part of the overhead loop;

4.distal - a part of the viscous end of the loop, the distal sibilant tubule, which is behind the back end.

In the process of embryogenesis, the tubes develop spontaneously, but they function at the same time with the distal segment.

Fixing in the bore of the nirk, picking up the pipes, getting angry, fixing the vivid ducts, which pass through the cerebral river and turn into the empty nirk bowls. The back of the tubule of one nephron is 35-50 mm.

tipi nephroniv

In the lower segments of the nephron tubules, there are a lot of indications in the growth of the nephron, especially in the area of the nephron, the size of the glomeruli (juxtamedural is larger than the superphysical), Great functional significance is the area of the nirka, in which the tubule is folded, right away from the one who is in the middle of the brain.

In the cork ball there are nirkovy glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules, and half-grown tubules. There are thin lower and lower types of nephron loops, closed tubes at the most recent male of the most recent cerebral speech. At the inner ball of the cerebral speech, thin sections of the loops of the nephron and the tube are removed.

Takethe rostashuvannya of parts of the nephron in nirtsi nevipadkovo. It is important in osmotic concentration of the section. The nirtsi function has a number of different types of nephrons:

1. s superior ( surface,

short loop );

2. і ntracortical ( in the middle of the cortical ball );

3.Juxtamedullary ( cortical cordon and cerebral ball ).

One of the most important points of view is that three types of nephrons have been re-insured, and the loop of Henle is overwhelmed. All the surface - nephron corticals are lined with a short loop, as a result of which the number of loops grows in the middle, between the outer and inner parts of the cerebral speech. In all, juxtamedullary nephrons of the loops penetrate into internal feed cerebral speech, often reaching the top of the papilla. The intracortical nephron can have a short and long loop.

SPECIFICATIONS OF BLOOD STANDING KIDNEY

Nirkovy blood circulation does not lie in a systemic arterial vise in a wide range of changes. Tse tied with myogenic regulation The growth of the smooth vascular cells of the vasafferens decreases in the case of expansion of blood (when the arterial vise is extended). As a result, there is a bit of blood that will not become permanent.

In one chilin through the court of both nirok in humans it is necessary to pass close to 1200 ml of blood, that is, close to 20-25% of blood, so that the heart wicks into the aorta. Masa nirok to become 0.43% oil great people, And to get rid of the stench ¼ part of the blood ossyagu, how to vikidaє to the heart. Through the judges of the nirka, 91-93% of the blood is consumed, so one can go to the nirka, and the number of supplies to the brain's speech is the nirka. The blood flow in the cortex of the nirka in the norm is 4-5 ml / hv per 1 m of tissue. Price is the highest level of organ blood flow. The peculiarity of the nirk blood flow is that when the arterial vise changes (from 90 to 190 mm Hg), the nirk blood flow becomes permanent. The price is poured by the high level of self-regulation of blood circulation in Nirtsi.

Short nirkovy arteries - going from the inner end of the aorta and is a great vessel with an altogether great diameter. Pislya entrance to the gates of the nirok stench extends into a series of interlobar arteries, which pass through the cerebral speech of the nyrok between the pyramids to the near-cordon zone of nirok. Here, from the interlobular arteries, there are arches of arteries. From the arcuate arteries at the right edge of the cortical speech, the interlobular arteries are blown out, which give a cob to bring glomerular arteries in numbers.

In the nirkovy glomerulus, it is possible to enter the (afferent) arteriole, to fall into the capillaries, to form the malpegian glomerulus. When there is a zlitty stench, the arteriole is harvested (eferent), on which roof the glomerulus is seen. Efficient arteriole, then again falls on the capillaries, setting up a dense border around the proximal and distal sibilant tubules.

Two hedgehogs - high and low vice.

At the capillaries vise(70 mm Hg) - in the glomerulus - filter is added. A great grip is tied with this, that: 1) the nirkovy arteries go without the middle from the transverse aorta; 2) їх dovzhina is small; 3) the diameter to bring arterioli is 2 times more, not to wine.

In such a rank, a larger part of blood in the middle of two passes through the capillaries - a bundle in a glomerulus, then near the canals, the so-called "miraculous hedge". Interlobular arteries establish the number of anostomoses, which play a compensatory role. In the context of the peri-canal capillary fenestration, the arteriole of Ludwig is quite significant, as it appears from the interlobular artery, or to bring the glomerular arteriole. Ludwig's arterioly breeders are highly extraglomerular tubular blood loss in times of bending of nirk cells.

The arterial capillaries, which extend the peri-canal border, pass at the venous. The rest of the venules are fixed, the veins are interlobular, which fall into the arches of the veins, which get angry and set the nirk vein, which flows into the lower statue vein.

In nirkahs, there are 2 cola blood circulation: great cortical - 85-90% of blood, malium juxtamedular - 10-15% of blood. Physiological minds have 85-90% of the blood circulating through the great (cortical) colic blood circulation; in case of pathology, the roof collapses along a small or fast path.

The vascularity of the juxtamedular nephron is that the diameter of the arterioles is approximately equal to the diameter of the arterioles, the other arteriole does not fall on the peri-canal capillary border, but I accept the right judges, which descend into the brain. Straight judges fix the loops on the small ravines of the brain speech, turning back. Falling and hanging parts of these loops set up a counter-current system of the vessels, called the vessels of the beam. Juxtamedular blood circulation є with a free "shunt" (Truet's shunt), in which a large part of the blood goes not into the bloodstream, but into the cerebral speech nirok. This is the name of the nirok drainage system.

Nephroniv is a structural unit of nirka, which is indicative of the formulation of urini. Pratsuyuchi 24 years, organically pass up to 1700 liters of plasmas, approving trochas more than a liter of urine.

Зміст [Show]

nephron

As a robot of the nephron, which is a structural and functional unit of nyrka, lay it down, find it successfully to adjust to the balance, and see products. For adding two millions of nephrons nirok, styles, bits of them in the body, vyroblyayut 170 liters of the original slash, thickening to the extra amount, so that it can reach the author of the liters. The total area of the visible surface of the nephrons becomes 8 m2, which is 3 times the area of the skin.

Have visual systems a high reserve of mіtsnostі. It’s the fault of the minds that one hour only the tretina of the nephrons is allowed to see when the nirka is seen.

To cleanse yourself in the arterial shelter, where you can bring arteriol. Enter the shelter is cleaned by the entrance of the arteriol. The diameter of the arterioli should be larger, lower at the arterioli, for the opening of which there is a drop in the grip.

budova

We saw the following to the nephron nirka:

To mend in a ball of a ball with a Bowman's capsule, to fix a yak over a glomerulus of capillaries in the artery.
The capsule of the nephron of the nirka is seen in the proximal (closest) tubule, which is sent to the cerebral speech, so that the capsule of the nephron is found for feeding in the part of the nirka.
The canal passes into the loop of Henle - the sputum into the proximal vidrizok, then - the distal one.
The end of the nephron was taken to vvvatat mіsce, to fix the zbіrna tubule, where to go to the second slaughter from the bezlіchі nephrons.

nephron diagram

capsule

Klіtini podocyti, otchuyut a glomerulus of capillaries like a hat. Osvita is called nirkovy tolts. At this time, the age penetrates, as it appears in Bowman's expanse. Here infiltrate is collected - a product of blood plasma filtration.

proximal tubule

The whole view is stored from cells, covered with a basal membrane. Internal part The food is covered with virost - microvilli, like a brush, which whistles the tubule for all the time.

There is a basal membrane, which is selected in numerical folds, which, when the tubules are filled, straighten. The canal is rounded in diameter, and the epithelium shrinks. When the diameter of the tubules is wider, the diameter of the canaliculi grows to be vuzky, the cells swell a prismatic appearance.

Reabsorption is carried out before the functions:

Na - 85%;
ionic Ca, Mg, K, Cl;
salts - phosphates, sulfates, bicarbonate;
z'udnan - bіlkіv, creatine, vitamіnіv, glucose.

Z canaliculi reabsorbents are consumed in the blood-bearing vessels, as they cover the canaliculi with a thick hedgehog. At the time of release in the empty tubule, zhovchic acid is soaked, oxalic acid, para-amino hippuric acid, sechovic acid is glazed, adrenaline, acetylcholine, timin, gistamin are soaked, and transported likarski zasobi- penicilin, furosemide, atropin and in.

Here, the breakdown of hormones is seen, so that you go from the filtrate, for the help of enzymes in the diet. Insulin, gastrin, prolactin, bradikinin ruin, their concentration in plasma decreases.

loop of Henle

When entering the brain, the proximal tubule passes into the cob's loop of Henle. The canal passes into the descending form of the loop, as it descends into the cerebral river. Then the visceral part comes to the Kirk's speech, close to Bowman's capsule.

The internal loop device does not appear from the proximal tubule. Then the loops sound through, and the filter of Na passes through it in the middle of the fabric, as it is old hypertonic. The price is important for robotic straws: the high concentration of salt in the humid age, in which the water is absorbed. The downward appearance expands, passing into the distal tubule.

Gentlo loop

distal tubule

Tsya dilyanka is still, shorter, stored from low epithelial clitins. The villi are in the middle of the canal, out of the lateral side, the folding of the basal membrane is well-rotated. Here, there is sodium reabsorption, water reabsorption, secretion into the enlightenment channel of water, amiak.

On the video is a diagram of the budovi nirka and nephron:

vidi nefroniv

For the peculiarities of Budovia, the functional features of the development of such types of nephrons, which function in the center:

corks - super-physical, intracortical;
juxtamedullary.

corks

The ball has two types of nephrons. Superphіtsіalnye become close to 1% of the number of nephrons. The surface of the glomeruli in the bark, the very short loop of Henle, grows in a small amount of filtration.

The amount is intracortical - more than 80% of the nephrons of the nirka, they grow in the middle of the cortical ball, play the main role in the filtration of urine. The blood in the glomerulus of the intracortical nephron should be passed in a grip, so that the arteriole is much wider to move.

juxtamedullary

Juxtamedullary is an innumerable part of the nephrons of the nirka. Їх number does not change 20% of the number of nephrons. The capsule is located on the cordon of the cortical and cerebral ball, its part is roasted in the cerebral ball, the loop of Henle descends as much as possible to the most nirkova ball.

The whole type of nephron is maє visually significant in building, I cut it. In particular, the juxtamedullary nephron is represented by those that bring the arteriole type of the nephron to the same diameter, which it should bring, and the loop of Henle was found from the ear.

The grape arterioli create loops, which collapse into the cerebral ball parallel to the loop of Henle, fall into the venous border.

functions

The function of the nephron of nirka includes:

concentrating urini;
regulation of the tone of the sudin;
control over the grip of blood.

Sich to pretend to be a step:

the blood plasma is filtered in the glomeruli, it flows along the arteriole, and the primary slaughter takes place;
reabsorption from the filtrate of cinnamon rivers;
concentration of the section.

cortical nephron

The main function is the education of urine, reabsorption of cinnamon spolucs, proteins, amino acids, glucose, hormones, minerals. The corky nephrons take part in the processes of filtration, reabsorption for the peculiarities of blood supply, and to reabsorb the blood supply, they immediately penetrate into the blood through a close-spaced capillary line to win arterioli.

juxtamedullary nephroni

The main robot is juxtamedullary nephron polyagaє in a concentrated section, as well as possible, due to the peculiarities of the blood in the arteriol. The arteriole does not go into the capilary hem, but go into the venules, which flow into the veins.

The nefroni mind takes on the fate of the formulated structural establishment, as it regulates the grip of blood. Tsei complex secretu renin, necessary for viroblenny angiotensin 2 - vasoconstrictor z'єdnannya.

Disruption of the functions of the nephron and yak vidnoviti

The destruction of the nephron's robots can be brought about to changes, which are displayed on all systems to the body.

Before disorders, vicious dysfunctions of nephrons, damage is reported:

acidity;
water-salt balance;
exchange of speech.

Infections, which are affected by the damage to the transport functions of the nephrons, are called tubulopathies, which mean:

primary tubulopathy - congenital dysfunction;
the second is the deterioration of the transport function.

The reasons for the appearance of secondary tubulopathy are the reduction of the nephron, the viclikan of the toxins, including the licks, the malignant pukhlin, important metals, Mієlomi.

For the place of localization of tubulopathy:

proximal - reduction of proximal tubules;
distal - impairment of the functions of the distal vivid tubules.

see tubulopathy

proximal tubulopathy

The size of the proximal nephron dilation should be reduced to the following form:

phosphaturia;
hyperamіnoаtsіdurіі;
nirc acidosis;
glucosuria.

Disruption of reabsorption of phosphates to produce up to development of rachit-like buds and cysts - stun, stiff up to treatment with vitamins D.

Nirkova glucosuria is tied to the decrease in the health of glucose. Hyperaminoaciduria is a phenomenon, when the transport function of amino acids in the tubules is disrupted. Falling into the form of amino acids, pathology can lead to low systemic ailments.

So, if the reabsorption of cystine is destroyed, cystinuria develops an autosomal recessive disease. Ailment manifests itself in the form of a branch nirkova how much... In the case of cystinurii, cystine stones appear, which can easily be found in the puddle center.

Proximal tubular acidosis occurs in the presence of a small amount of bicarbonate, through which it is seen through the cross section, and in the blood its concentration decreases, and the concentration of ions in Cl, navpaki, grows. Tse to produce up metabolic acidosis, At the same time, the improvement of the vivedennya of іonіv K.

distal tubulopathy

Pathologies of distal dysplasia are manifested by nircoid diabetes, pseudohypoaldosteronism, tubular acidosis. Nirkovy diabetes is a problem for spadkov. Inferiority of viclikano in the day-to-day reaction of distal tubular cells to antidiuretic hormone. The duration of the reaction should be adjusted to the deterioration of the building to the concentration of urine. A sick person develops polyuria, up to 30 liters of sech can be seen a day.

With combined damage, folding pathologies develop, one of which is called de Toni-Debre-Fanconi syndrome. At the same time, the reabsorption of phosphates, bicarbonates is ruined, amino acids and glucose do not get wet. The syndrome is manifested by overgrowth development, osteoporosis, pathological budov and cysts, acidosis.

describe the nephron

The development of the nephron is laid still in the membranous period. Different types of nephrons are suggested for different functions. Zagalna dvzhina canalts_v both nirok become up to 100 km. In normal minds, not all the number of glomeruli is trapped, only 35%. The nephron is stored from tiltsya, so it is from the system of channels. May I step on Budova:

capillary glomerulus;
capsule of nirk glomerulus;
near tubule;
falling and falling fragments;
distant straight and zvivistic channels;
z'єdnuvalny path;
zbirn_ ducts.

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Functions of the nephron in humans

In a day, 2 million glomeruli make up to 170 liters of primary slaughter.

cleansing blood;
the formulation of the primary slaughter;
rotary capillary transport of water, glucose, amino acids, bioactive rechovines, ions;
approval of the second meeting;
protection of salt, water and acid-puddle balance;
regulation of arterial vise;
secretion of hormones.

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nirkovy ball

Scheme of the kidney glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

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boost capsules

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basal membrane

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mesangial matrix

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proximal tubule

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loop of Henle

Nephron is the main warehouse unit of the nirka of the people. I’m not just fixing the structure of the nirka, but I’ll see it for the deyaki її function. The nephroni will get a filter of blood, as it is added to the capsules of Shumlyanskiy-Bowman, and I will reabsorb the corny elements in the tubules and loops of Henle.

At the skin nirtsi there are close to a million of nephrons up to 2 to 5 centimeters in size. The number of cich one is to be found among the people: among the old people it is less, less among the young. At the end of the day, the nephrons are NOT regenerated, after 39 years of repairing the process of shorny change by 1% of the backbone.

On the dummy, only 35% of all nephrons are set aside. The whole number is a free reserve for the purpose of cleaning the organisms extraordinary situations... Varto is more detailed, like the nephron and its function.

Yaku budovu maє nephron

The structural unit of nirka is a foldable budova. Primitively, it is a skin and warehouse function.

The nephron vashtovatsii so that in the middle of the loop there is no evidence of the proximal tubule. Ale trokhi nizche enlightens її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і і і і vistupaє in the role of a filter for sodium, so that it fits into the fabric of the rіdina. In an hour the tsia ridina will transform into hypertonicity.

The distal tubule, with a cob widdle, is tied up to the capillary glomerulus in the place where it is supposed to bring and wine arteries. Tsey tubule to reach the high, all the middle is not a few villi, but the cover of the fold basal membrane. The process of reabsorption of Na і water and secretion of ions in water and amіac is in the new view.
With the resulting tubule, kudi slash to come z distal view and move to the phone call.
The zbіrna tubule is inserted into the final part of the tubular system and is formed by virost into the sebum.

There are 3 types of tubules: cortical, outer zone and cerebral matter and inner zone and cerebral speech. In addition, fachivtsi mean the presence of papillary ducts, which flow into small nirkovy cups. Itself in the cortical and cerebral sections of the tubule and the process of forming a residual section occurs.

What are the possibilities?

The scheme of the nephron bud can be insignificantly seen in fallowness in its form. Riznitsa between the elements of the field in the known, the size of the channels and the size of the balls. The great role is played by the loop of Henle and the size of the actual segments of the nephron.

tipi nephroniv

Physicians develop 3 types of structural elements of nirok. Varto bolsh describe in detail the skin of them:

The superficial abo cortical nephron, which is a tiltsya nirka, rostashovani in 1 millimeter from a capsule. The smell comes from the short loop of Henle and stores close to 80% of the effort of the number of structural units.
The intracortical nephron, the nircoval nephron, is found in the middle form of measles. The loops of Henle here are both so and short.
Juxtamedullary nephron with a nircovy ring, rostashovanim along the top of the cordon of the cortical and cerebral speech. Tsei element of madovgu loop of Henle.

The directors of the fact that nephron is a structural and functional unit of nirka and cleanse the organism from the products of the recycling of rechovins, in a new way, people live without slags and the most awkward elements. If the device of nephron_was shit, then it can provoke the intoxication of the whole body, as it will block nirk deficiency... It’s worth talking about those who, with the most troublesome robots, nirok varto secretly go after the qualified help of physicians.

Functions of the nephroni

Budova of the nephron is more functional: the skin area of the nephron is stored with functional elements, which will help to ensure the normal functioning of the nephron. Appearances, which are spared in nirkas, cleverly add to the number of stages:

Filtration. At the first stage, in the capsule of Shumlyanskiy, a slaughter takes place, like filtering blood plasma in a glomerulus of capillaries. It is also a phenomenon that the growers of growth are indicators of the vice of the middle of the shell and the capillary glomerulus.

The blood is filtered by a loose membrane, for which it is moved into a capsule. The warehouse of the first section is practically identical to the warehouse of blood plasmas, a large amount of sugar for glucose, excess salts, creatinine, amino acids and decilcoma with low molecular weight. As a part of the cich, it is included in the body, and as a result of it to be introduced.

In addition, as the nephron is functional, it is possible to use it as a filter against the shredding of 125 mil. The scheme of this robot will not break down, but indicate about the processing of 100 - 150 liters of the first chaff.

Reabsorption. At the first stage, it’s the first thing to know how to filter, which is necessary in order for such brown words as water, silt, glucose and amino acids to turn into the body. The main element here is the proximal tubule, the villi in the middle of which will help to improve the health and safety.

If the first thing is to cut through the canaliculus, practically all of it goes to the shelter, as a result of which it will not be more than 2 years.

The reabsorption takes on the fate of all elements of the nephron bud, including the capsule of the nephron and the loop of Henle. In the second section, speech is necessary for the organism, but in it it is possible to evolve a section, a section acid, and some bran included, as it is necessary to have it.

Secretion. At the sech, there are some water, calories and amiak, so that they can take revenge in the blood. The stench can come from medications or other toxic spoluk. The establishments of the calcium secretion, the organism will be released from all the words, and the acid-water balance will increase.

If you cut a mine nirkovy toltse, go through a filter and a cork, climb in nyrkas, move for an additional slice in a michur and vivod in organism.

Preventive entry of the nephrons

For the normal functioning of the body, the third part of all the obvious structural elements of the body is sufficient. Rashta particles are connected to the robot before the hour is added. An addition to this is the operation, in the course of such a bullet one nirka was seen. The Danish process is based on respect for the loss of an organ. In general, all of the nephron appearances, which are in the reserve, become active and vikonuyut functions.

Such a mode of robots copes with the filtering line and gives the body the ability not to see the reality of one thing.

For this purpose, it is not safe to see a nephron, when a nephron is known, it follows that there are some awkward rules:

Unicati, or just catch the ailments of the sechostatic system.
Do not allow the development of nirkovo deficiency.
Correctly harchuvatisya and lead a healthy way of life.
To turn around for the help of physicians in case of any anxiety symptoms, Yakі inform about the development of a pathological process in organіzmі.
Dotrimuvatisya elementary rules of special hygiene.
Osterigatsya infection, which is transmitted by the state path.

The functional unit of nirka is not worthy of suspicion, so ailments are caused by injuries and mechanical problems before a number of nephrons speed up. The whole process and I will explain the fact that, at some point, such mechanisms are developed, which can change the functions of nephrons, and meaningfully polish the robot.

Fakhivtsi recommend not to start ailments, it is easier to get sick, less vilikuvati. Modern medicine has reached the great height, so it’s a lot of sickness to be successful and not to waste important things.