Yak є saw the brain. Scent brain, central and peripheral viddili

Biology and genetics

per happy news In the process of evolution of the backbone scent, on the basis of the scent brain, it appeared in the capacity of the organizer of the central functions of all the insanely reflexive reactions of the instincts: or of the defensive grunts of the sexual. The new morphofunctional structure was formulated for the smelling brain. limbic system for the visceral brain will prevent people from such power: emotional behavior; folding behavior is tied during the winter phases ...

How can you explain the shortcomings and changes in both functions in case of neuropsychiatric discomforts. It is important to note that the changes in the development of neurons are present in neuropsychiatric incapacities, boules are demonstrated on creature models, and deeds - in posthumous human tissue. However, on this day, there is no big picture through the multi-factorial nature of the minds.

In order to generate more information about changes in the development of neurons present in their neuropsychiatric patients, vikorists have taken advantage of client models, rejected as children. These models represent changes in the neurogenic area, from which cells are isolated, as long as they do not show, the changes that appear in the other regions, and indicated only a correlation for the obviousness of being a kind of neuropsychic Tse zrozumilo, tim more, so dermal neurogenic region develops special neurons for singing function.

smelling brain

Scent brain, central і peripheral viddili.

Due to the recent manifestations in the process of the evolution of the backbone scent on the basis of the scent brain, it appeared in the capacity of the organizer of the central functions, linked to the formation of all madly reflex reactions (instinctives), defensive

Nareshty, mi vazhaєmo, in the development of a neurogenic process є relevant, some of the problems in one of the factors that can change with neuropsychiatric incapacitation, and the establishment of special functions of the skin type of neuron, dermal neurogenic zone and vigorous connections with deyakim obvoryuvannym. Deyakі dlіdzhennya, broken up by our group, directing to the mind and mind of the clerical biology of the stem-boring cells of neuronal progression, present at the advanced stage, for the future stagnation.

The staff of the scent brain was formulated in a new morpho-functional way - a limbic system, or a visceral brain, so that people could not get such power:

  1. emotional and motivational behavior;
  2. foldable behavior, tied in the wrinkle of sleep and sleep phases, operational and pre-production memory, intuition, generation of offspring;
  3. Adjustable inflow on the cortical and inflow structures of the brain for the necessary flexibility in the activity.

The central viddil of the scent brain and the limbic system includes:

The development of neurons in the mature hipocampus. Dorsal neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal lancers. Functional significance of mature neurogenesis. Long-term neurogenesis: integration of theories and distribution of functions. New neurons and new help: how big hippocampal neurogenesis is infused into new and memory?

Autoradiographic and histological prenatal neurogenesis. Later on, advancing kinetics, migration and transformation of cells, including tritiated thymidine in neonatal shura, with a special voice on postnatal neurogenesis in certain areas of the brain.

  1. girdle і paragіppocampal zivini, slack, toothed zvivina;
  2. opercular view of the frontal, temporal part, edge pole, orbital zivini, island;
  3. basal nuclei, hipocampus, hypothalamus, septum, reticular formation.

To the peripheral view, the following should be applied:

Neurogenesis in the mature subventricular zone. Infusion of neurodegenerative diseases into the subventricular zone. Neurogenesis and intercourse cells in an overgrown human brain: an increase in the proliferation of the hipocampus and subventricular protuberance.

Neurodegenerative disease and neurogenesis of grown-ups. The role of alpha-synuclein in the neurogenesis of mature and mature neurons in the dentition. The old one is to reduce to a decrease in the receptor receptor of the epidermal factor to growth, to a decrease in scent neurogenesis and deficiency in case of subtle scent discrimination. The decision of new spogadiv: a critical glance at the tooth-like zvivina, grown-up neurogenesis and subtle malignancies.

  1. scent tsibulini, restaurants, trikutniks;
  2. anterior cerebral, perforated speech;
  3. Smells: lateral, medial, diagonal, industrial.

Scent analyzer of views:

  1. receptor forms in the warehouse of neuro-scent, which are susceptible to, basal cells and nasal cavities, which are found in the nasal field of the mucous emptying of the nose, in the area of ​​the upper nasal passage and the upper part of the nasal septum;
  2. Providers with a scent nerve from 15-20 scent threads, which pass through a grated cyst into the anterior cranial pit and extend to the peripheral tip of the scent brain.
  3. Scent cybulins with metral cells, scent tracts and tricycles at the same time with the anterior permeation with speech and partly with the hippocampus store the subtle structures of the sniff analyzer.
  4. The corky end (core) is located on the lower skinny surface in the area of ​​the spur of the parahippocampal zivini (fields A and E) and the part in the hipocampi (field 11).

The mechanism of sniffing spirits is realized for the shell of the spacious appearance of odorous molecules of the receptor forms on the surface of the sniff villi of neurosensory cells, i.e. Through the strength of the charge of odorous molecules, poisonous and rotten smells are realized.

Expression of neurotropin in a mature scent-based drink. Neurotrophic factories in the first scent path. Sudinna is the best choice for overgrown hippocampal neurogenesis. Interconnection between repeated extensions of trinucleotidamy and phenotypic snake in Huntington's ailments.

The improvement of overgrown hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient for the development of a subset of the brain. Interaction between astrocytes and intervening subventilation zones and older adults stimulates neurogenesis. A short look: the smelling stovburovs of the clientele, eliminated from the patients: new models of the brain disease.

The smelling brain, the lambic system, the "visceral brain" of various types of measles and adolescents.

  1. The long-standing cortex (paleocortex) is located in the scent cybulins, the opening of the septum, the periamigolar zone of the temporal pole.
  2. The old bark (archicortex) is zoosered in the ellipses in the lumbar і tooth-like zivina, hіpokampi.
  3. Long and old bark (2.8%) is used for bitch people heterogeneous through primitive budovi.
  4. The industrial cortex (mesocortex) grows in the parahippocampal structure and island.
  5. The new bark is located in the great crypts of the crypt, often, opercular and in.

Nuclei from ancient to new nuclear-cell devices grow in pidkirkovy structures of the limbic system. The bladder cells go up to the paleostriatum, the migdale-like complex to the archistriatum, and the scale and tail of the nucleus - to the neostriatum.

Clinical and Molecular Neurology of Scent Disease and Central Scent Trails in Alzheimer's and Schizophrenia. Improved proliferation of visualized brain and abnormal changes, rather than neurogenesis in the presenile hipocampus of Alzheimer's.

Smelling cibulin for Alzheimer's ailments. Prenatal stress changes neurosis-spreading in the dentition of juvenile rhesus monkeys. Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Stress and overgrown neurogenesis. Early life is due to the response of mature neurogenesis to stress.

Outgrowths of neurons in the limbic system and form the last and the lowest in the mindless closed keys of different diameter and length - great and small. For example, the great limbic colo of Paipets includes the hipocampus - the nipple-shaped body of the hypothalamus - the anterior thalamic nuclei - the crypt of the zivin - the hipocampus. across great colo processes of navchannya are realized: respect, sprynattya, vidvorennya, emotional information storage, memory. In a small number: the nucleus - hypothalamus - the reticular formation of the middle cerebrum - the nucleus is not very distant, the nucleus is formed aggressively, defensively, and sexual behavior.

Antioxidant neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult non-human primates. Stress, depression and neuroplasticity: the safety of mechanisms. Can you prove prefrontal dementia in schizophrenia? Controlled until the last week of the test of the classification of Visconsin cards.

Morphological abnormalities of the brain in schizophrenia, which begin computer tomography: The problem of vimіryuvannya? The hypothesis about neuropathy was changed: the model of schizophrenia was schematized. The pathogenesis of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Ligament between the anatomical and physiological pathological pathology of the brain in schizophrenia: the size of the cortical blood flow.

It is possible to proponate the first classifications limbic structures:

  1. anatomical layout with views of two parts: basal and crypt (near the corpus callosum);
  2. anatomical and functional - from the anterior view to the lower medial surfaces the frontal part, which regulates behavior, is tied with habits, emotions, sex and rear view (the back of the crypt, frequent zivine and hypocampus), de realizing a folding behavior, memory, іntuyаyа.
  3. In the cortex of orbital spines, acute, temporal pole, the preservation of the life of the individual (instinct of self-preservation) is ensured; in explanation zivin, hipokampi - preserving the form and generative functions.

All structures of the visceral brain take the termi- nals of neurons to see biogenic amino acids: dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, kinin and inn. Delivery of їх zdіysnyuєtsya axons, formed into bundles: dopaminergic, serotoninergic, norepinephrine.

Changes in the signal growth factor are the basis of aberrant maturation of stovburovikh clitins in schizophrenia. Three independent lines of evidence suggest that retinoids are the causes of schizophrenia. Retinodnoy signalization in the development of the central nervous system.

Expression of the receptor for alpha-retinoic acid grows in the cells of the granules of the dentate in schizophrenia. Long-term neurogenesis and schizophrenia: a problem with abnormal early development of the brain? Changes in adhesion, proliferation and death in nerve cultures in adults with schizophrenia.

In such a rank, the visceral brain, integrating vegetative functions in witness, the form of the general reaction of the people to the new and internal imitators, who rotate in different types situational behavior.

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And also іnshі robots, as they can connect you

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The smelling brain (rhinencephalon) grows on the lower and medial surfaces of the brain and mentally grows on the peripheral and central parts.

Visnazhennya dopamіnu pogirshu proliferation of clitin-mediators with Parkinson's ailments. Dopamine and growth neurogenesis. Strumenevial ​​deafferentation of dopaminergic neurogenesis in mature scent cybulin. Long-term neurogenesis and neurodegenerative illness. Long-term neurogenesis of the first disease in pathological minds.

Nyukhova mucous membrane is a potential dzherel for therapy of autologous stovburoy cells in Parkinson's ailments. Trivial and short aberrant cylogenesis with Huntington's ailment. Increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the mature human brain of Huntington's people.

The scent cybulin (bulbus olfactorius) and tract (tractus olfactorius) are introduced to the peripheral viddil of the scent brain, which is located on the lower surface of the frontal part in the sulcus olfactorius. The scent tract ends with a scent trikutnik (trigonum olfactorium), which, in front of the anterior perforated speech (substantia perforata anterior), spreads out with two scent snuffs (striae olfactoriae laterales) (div.). Sulcus lateralis and ends in the bark of the groove early part(Uncus). The medial swine goes to the medial late fissure in the sub-corpus callosus (gyrus subcallosus) and the area paraolfactoria, as it grows under the corpus callosum (rostrum corporis callosi) (Fig. 474).

Alterations of neurogenesis of the hipocampus in Alzheimer's ailments. Ecological improvement of clinical plasticity in transgenic mice with Alzheimer's ailment. Long-term neurogenesis in intact and epileptic dentition. Traces of Attacks in Newborns in Schuras: Morphological and Behavior Effects.

Neurogenesis and epilepsy in the brain, which develops. Mill of epileptic before the hour of the elder is not tied to make it possible for the neurogenesis of the hipocampus. Nutrition of the midst of the midst: synaptic power of neurons, people in the epileptic mature brain, evolve to reduce sleepiness. The culture of the precursors of neuronal scent agents: a model for the development of neurophysiopathology in schizophrenia.


474. Scheme of budovy scent brain.

1 - bulbus olfactorius;
2 - stria olfactoria medialis;
3 - stria olfactoria lateralis;
4 - uncus hippocampi;
5 - corpus mamillare;
6 - fissura hippocampi;
7 - lamina terminalis;
8 - area olfactoria;
9 - trigonum olfactorium;
10 - tr. olfactorius.



To the central viddil of the scent brain is carried: crypt of zivin, hipocampus, teeth of zivin, gachok, intra-marginal zvivin, bundle of zivin and siren over the corns.

Yektor Solis Chagoyan, 1 Alini Dominges? Alonso, 1 Eduardo Kalikst, 2 Gloria Benites? King 1. Schizophrenia - tse psychotic disorder It is characterized by luminous ideas, hallucinations, disorganized messages and messages, as well as changes in social behavior and emotional glories. Patients with schizophrenia also have a scent deficiency in prodromal stages.

Scent deficiency can be present in patients with schizophrenia through the anatomical and structural changes of the central nervous system and peripheral abnormalities in the scent epithelium. The main changes in the central nervous system are changes in the amount of snuff cybulin and the structures of the primary snuff measles, the hipocampus and the mydalini. At that hour, there was a smell of smell, there were functional anomalies in the clinical differentiation and electrical indication of sensory smell neurons, which indicated the loss of transduction to smell.

The crypt of the zivin (gyrus fornicatus) (div.) It is a cyclone-like form, which burns the callus and grows on the medial surface of the poultry. The crypt often consists of three parts: zivin (gyrus cinguli) and parahippocampal zivin (gyrus parahippocampalis), which are located between the isthmus (isthmus gyri cinguli).

The girdle is lying on the medial surface of the brain and not only by the center of scent, but by regulation of the function internal organs(pershu chergu heart-vascular system). The top of the von is surrounded by a lumbar furrow (sulcus cinguli), a lower furrow of a corpus callosum (sulcus corporis callosi). In front, the zivina is located at the end of the zivino (sulcus paraterminalis), and behind the ryvn of the temporal furrow (sulcus parietooccipitalis), it passes into the isthmus of the star (isthmus fornicatus), which is gyrus parahippocam palis).

The culture of smelling food has made it possible to see multipotential cells-alternatives, which may be able to proliferate and differentiate in adult neurons and cells. This model can be a proof of the reasons why they could explain the smell deficiency in schizophrenia. Moreover, it should be allowed to reconsider the hypothesis about the pathophysiological cause of the mental breakdown in the new stages of the development of the nervous system. In addition, scent epithelial neuron proxies are a new model for the development of genetic, proteomic and functional biomarkers, which allow biologic diagnosis.


475. Budova of the central part of the scent brain.
1 - uncus;
2 - fimbria hyppocampi;
3 - gyrus dentatus,
4 - gyrus parahippocampalis.

The hippocampus is the protrusion of the blue speech behind the sulcus hyppocampi from the side of the medial stem of the lower horn side slingshot(Fig. 475). The hippocampus can be seen in the emptying of the lower horn at the viglyad of the club-shaped body. Vin of the encirclement from the lateral side and in the back part by the sulcus collateralis, in front - by the nasal sulcus (sulcus rhinalis). The hippocampus at the anterior perforated speech bends at the uncus, being the center of scent.

Key words: schizophrenia, scent deficiency, scent epithelium, scent path, neurodevelopment. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, which is characterized by the manifestation of changes in misinterpretations, spirits, emotions, rus and behavior. For example, snakes in dopamine receptors were implanted in lymphocytes. 2.

At the time of the detection of smells, the times when the smells grow, and their health and identity change. At the peripheral level, functional anomalies can also appear in cich patients during the restoration of the posaclitinous electrical appearance of scent neurons during stimulation. An increase in the amplitude of the electric potential of the field 14 is more significant than the increase in the amplitude of the electric potential of the field 14 before the patient wakes up, so we can talk about those who also have a deficiency in the release of the viscous transduction in the scent neurons.

The zivin tooth (gyrus dentatus) is a twisted part of the measles medial edge of the sulcus hippocampi. Seed speech of the tooth-like structure extends to the inner edge of the hipocampus, as well as to the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum, forming the so-called seed (indusium griseum), as it ends in the supra-gum.

In psychiatric incapacities, the period, which is mainly based on key warnings, is characterized by changes in the specialness and behavior of sub'ects. Wine covers the walls and the septum of the nose empty, in the middle and upper parts of the turbine. 21 The central part of the pseudo-stratified type is stored in the main tendon cells, basal cells-interspersed and scent neurons of the bipolar type. The skin scent neuron loses only one type of receptor, and the dermal more active aromatic speech is not interconnected by the receptor differentiation.

A hippocampus (uncus) is the front end of the hipocampus furrow (fissura hippocampi), which is heavy on two parts: front and back. The front part extends up to the wheelbarrow, and the rear part will fix the internal marginal zivin (gyrus intralimbicus), which pass through the toothy zivino and the white fringe, ending in the zviviny zvivina (gyrus fasciolaris).

Olfactory sensory neurons, which express one and the same type of receptor, are distributed in the same order in one of the several zones, in which the surface of the network is fed. 25. For the removal of odorous speech, chemical information, selected by receptors on the rivni plasma membrane, transform into electrical activity By way of a change in membrane potential, a receptor potential, which expands out to the axon of scent neurons.

Depolarization of the receptor potential expands from the point to the opacity, dendrite and catfish to the extension of the axonal cone. Sensory neurons, which rotate one and the same receptor, converge in one or two glomeruli of ipsilateral nasal cybulin, establish synaptic contacts with the mitral neurons, bundles of neurons and in the smaller worlds of the interiors. The overstretching of aromatic speech activates an array of neurons, which express the same type of receptor to the smell, and the stench, into one's own swine, activate only glomeruli, to design one's axons until such a stench.