French Robotics of the Little Academy of Sciences. French Academy of Sciences

There is a popular legend about those that the French Academy of Sciences in the end of the 18th century saw the emergence of meteorites and put a fence on them, as a result of which a rich meteorite ring was seen on the witness. The legend is especially worthy of alternative vcheni, how to proclaim it as evidence of the status of "official science". However, for the most part, everything was not so simple.

Until the ear of the 18th century, the announcement about the speech in the interplanetary space was not the subject of a wide scientific discussion. Meteors and stones, falling from the sky, were invaded by atmospheric manifestations. With a whole lot of attention to the explanations of nature, it wasn’t booming: if it’s something to burn near the upper balls of the atmosphere, then why, in the same balls, non-private electrical phenomena are manifested - there are actually few tributes, there’s not enough of a meteoric disturbance. Girshe bulo with stones, so they fall. Stone is an absolutely concrete, visible object with size, shape, color, temperature. The first stones fell from the sky! More precisely, about the fall from the sky, literatures, legends, pictures of the old people of the maystras have emerged.

The deyaks from the fallen stones on the table were not only saved in memory. The first recorded the fall of the meteorite, which survived to our days, was recorded in the 861 rock. The Heavenly Stone has fallen into the Japanese provinces of Nogata, and for more than 11 years, it is possible to visit the temples. The Yogo meteorite nature of the Bula was reliably established in 1979. In Europe, the oldest falling meteorite appeared on the ground. The wine collapsed on the wheat field of the Yelzasky place of Enzisheim in the fall of leaves in 1492, due to the turbulent European history, the growth of the Japanese twinned. For five centuries of this, so often they saw a piece, but a weight of 135 kg was speeding up to a 56-kilogram fragment, a small fragment was spent and a little table was told about the history of its appearance.

Pislya Enzisheim bouly and іnshі padіnnya. Until the hour, up to an hour, the stench came through, more precisely, it was rare through the small population density and ineffective expansion of new items, but it didn’t allow systematization and analysis of information about the stone. Until then, the luggage of physical and chemical knowledge in those rocks was not great, and the stones falling from the sky did not seem to be unburned. Well, falling and falling. Maybe it’s, їх zletіtіty in the sky like earthly processes, maybe, the stench condenses there, mountains, wіth wіth viparіv.

The XVIII century has come to a turning point. The development of natural sciences was more and more pushed forward, so that we could use vipariv with bagatokilogram kam'yan, or else it would be great to finish shaving. The connection to the volcanoes may have become overkill. Alec about the fall of the stones, the prodovzhuvali come!

The Parisian Royal Academy of Sciences needs to address the issue of the impending fall of the meteorite in Lyus (France) near Veresna 1768. The academy set up a special committee, before which minerogue fougere, pharmacist Kade і chemіk Lavois were excluded. I would like to become young and young in Lavois's triumph, and for the fortune, for the posadoy, in the future, becoming famous more than his colleagues, and for that, the members of the community are called the head of the rank for the first time. You can read the report about the results of the robot comic. Well, I want to come to the fore: it seems about those that “stones cannot fall from the sky”, the comic has seen the earth (volcanic wikidi) or atmospheric (condensation on great heights) like meteorites. First and foremost, absolutely right! The comic could not see the cosmic prowess, as it did not seriously look at that hour.

The prorahunok of the comic glimpse at the one who, at once with the gracious, smoldering falling stones, saw the very reality of the fall. However, it’s a memory that wasn’t shown by the videos of that comic that was carried on the verbal testimony of not the most famous vernaculars of the population, as there were some stories about the fallen stones that were eagerly told about. Lavois will be tightened up by a fighter against the intensified zabobons, and the very ones will explain in their texts why the fault is in the analysis of falling stones slightly bending the club.

Does it mean "bend the club" in this vipadku? The academy recognized the comic, the members of which analyzed the images and showed the testimonies and came to the meeting, but the submissions were not buzzed, but the glimpses were won as a result of the blow of the blast in the pyrite rich in pyrite. Tsey visnovok viyavilosya pardon - take buvaє. The orgvisnovkіv academy didn’t break the drive, until the falling stones were trivialized. Moreover, the comic itself is far from just blowing light. Lavois, having read it in the school of 1769, and in a handy viglyad, he first appeared in a short form in 1772 - with a note of the secretary of the Academy Fushi about those who were fed the merit of the vivchenny.

It’s a pity, it’s impossible to say that the visnovki of the French vchenyh turned out to be absolutely unsophisticated. Due to the urahuvannya їkh authority їm і it is not necessary to accept formal decisions. Apparently, for example, vipad, if people were talking about falling stones from being beaten by the bosomians. Mozhlvo, scho suffered and deyaki kolektsii fell stones, the ale tse did not bore a mass character. More precisely, he wrote about the acts of "vandalism" by writing in 1819 about the "father of meteoritics" Ernst Chladni, who guessed the museums of Dresden, Vidnya, Copenhagen, Veron and Bern. However, it seems that the fault was not on documentary evidence of vandalism, but on the statement about those who are responsible for the presence of meteorites in these museums, in fact, are visible. Already in the XX century John Burke in the miracle book “Cosmic debris. Meteorites in history "inoculation of the facts about those who took the deyak from the cich" zniklikh "zrazkiv or stayed in private collections, or got lost in mysterious museums.

At every time, there is a fougere, Cade and Lavois, having galvanized the development of meteoritics. Vzagal, the vibuch evolution of the world of science is even stronger. She got on her feet literally ten years ago: in the last five years of the 18th century and in the first five years of the 19th century. Possibly, its role in the whole development of development has been contributed to the mass communes: as though stretching out the other half of the 18th century, it was being revived for ten years, then in the first 10 years of the 19th century, there were nineteen in the 19th century. Until the end of the 18th century, it became more and more common about the sound of stones falling and bolides, there was a tribute about the possibility of appearing bolides and swiftness in their ruins, which were absolutely not used for the atmospheric hike.

Those who are at the same time together with all the obvious facts that are far into the Chladni itself are, in fact, not vague. For the information provided by a lawyer and reasoning, as if you have a lot of facts, in addition to verbal indications, it is necessary to study them, so you should go to the analysis of peasant reports not from the position of the feminine facts. Having picked up the historical and fortunate witness, the first to say that, like to be created at once, lay on the surface. The stones are falling. Stone cannot be set in the atmosphere. Kamenі often fall when bolіdіv appear. Come to establish yourself behind the gaps of the atmosphere spheres ... So, stones fall to the Earth from space.

A small book of chrysanthemums Chladni was published in 1794 by Russian, and German for the first time, in the coming of rock there was a spike of yaskravikh and well-documented fall. When the meteorite L'Egl became the last one, it fell into the quarter of 1803 to Normandy, a lecture and a description of a clave of young todi physicist Bio - and also under the authority of the Academy of Sciences (in that revolutionary time, it was called inakshe). The painting in the reality of falling stones is not yet practically summed up ...

P.S. ... Until the 15th fierce 2013 rock. Now the situation has turned to the opposite side. The axis has already been repeating for two months of "academics" that there is a cosmic stone over the Chelyabinsk flight, and there are few people who do not go to the hard. Ні-ні that th say hto s sly squint: "Ale, tse buv is not a meteorite!" First of all, such tricks are to be repaired, in some cases the idea of ​​stone condensation is sometimes built on top of judgment.

FRENCH ACADEMIA(Académie Française) - a leading member of the French government, which was specialized in the field of French language and literature. From the 17th century

The French Academy was born from a small group of writers, which, having been repaired since 1629, climbed into the booth of the amateur writer Valentin Konrar (1603-1675) and raged against those who were leading the rank about art. In 1634, Cardinal Richelieu Vyrishiv set up an official organ on the basis of the essence of the private gurk, which is the food of the Movi and Literature. Bereznya 13, 1634, the Academy has not yet been formally approved, its members (three more than thirty members) formed their director (J. de Serise), chancellor (J. Demare de Saint-Sorlin), second secretary (V. Conrard) and we had the minutes to go to visit. 2 June 1635 Louis XIII got a patent for the opening of the Academy.

At the same time, there is a statute of the Academy, which is the basis for the warehouse and the order of vibrations. Membership in the Academy was awarded to individuals who contribute to the glorification of France. A number of academics are guilty of being permanent; only in the time of death of one of them a new member got on the yoy. The statute has been passed on to the decision for worthless vchinki, inappropriate for the high rank of the academician. When the candidate was selected, there was a vigoloshuvati promov, in which the "shanuvati goodness of the master" was impressed, and praise to the cardinal for the last hour was deprived of the unequivocal rhetorical part of the opening word.

On the cholі of the Academy stood the director, the head of the meeting, and the chancellor, who was seen by the archives and the seal; both the one and the other were looking after the foal for a two-thousandth term. The secretary of the Academy, the obligations of which included the preparation of the robot and the keeping of protocols, having appointed the foal every time and having fixed the fixed fee.

24 Statute of Statute 1 635 was formulated by the head of the Academy - the regulation of French movement, outward and intelligent for everyone, which in the old world was victorious in literary practice and in development; with a good mark, the stem was transferred vocabulary and also rhetoric, Poetics and grammar... This also led to the consumption of the French suspension: the nation assimilated itself as the only one within the framework of a single state, and it was the cause of the cementing principle of the unity. The merit of Richelieu is in the fact that it has been visually appealing and fulfilled its needs.

The first period of the history of the French Academy(before 1793). 10 lime tree 1637 The Parisian parliament registered the royal patent, and on the same day it was issued the first official registration of the Academy. Until the end of the hour, a permanent warehouse - “forty immortals” (quarante immortels), has been set up. First of all, I will be accepted at the Academy of Vimoviv 3 Veresnya 1640 vidomy lawyer Oliv Patryu (1604-1681), in a high style I saw not only Richelieu, but my own mediator. Mova O. Patryu appeared visibly, as if from that hour they followed a vinyatkiy vyatka, all generations of academics. Three thousand six hundred seventy-one visits to the reception of new members became public.

For the very first time, the Academy passed through the field of power. The first official "head and patron" of the Buv in 1635-1642 was Cardinal Richelieu; After his death, the Protectorate of the Peres to Chancellor P'uru Segye (1642-1672). Near the birch tree, a thousand sixty two, Louis XIV (1643-1715) defeated the Academy in favor of the king; Ludovic XV (1715-1774) and Louis XVI (1774-1793).

Until 1672 the Academy was not small for the authorities. The meeting was held in the booth of that academician; From 1643, it became the office of Chancellor P. Segier. In 1672, Louis XIV passed through one of the Louvre bay, immediately shutting up 660 volumes, which was the first library fund of the Academy.

The first public act of the "immortals" was the statute Dumka of the French Academy about Sida(1637), the tragic comedy of P. Corneille, but the great success is small. I want a negative assessment Sidu, Dana from the submission of Richelieu, appeared more, less advance, the meaning of the act is magnificent - an ear of literary-critical tradition has been laid down from France. The past is rich in writers, and not only French, they went to the Academy and to evaluate their creations, and how to arbitera in literary super-speeches.

The head of the Academy was training vocabulary... In 1637, the curriculum was laid on Claude Favre de Vozhl (1585-1650); after his death, it passed to François-Ed de Mezre (1610-1683); in the robot above vocabulary took the fate of P'єr Corneille (1606-1684), Jean de La Fontaine (1621-1693), Nicola Boileau-Depreo (1636-1711), Jean Racin (1639-1699). Buildings in the embankment in 1678, Pershiy Dictionary of the French Academy viyshov at svit in 1694. Vin including 18 yew. lexical odds and based on the main principle: compromise between colic, etymological, spelling and spelling, based on the bitter vimov. For the first vidannya bulo other (1718), third (1740), fourth (1762). Scho feel grammar, rhetoricі poets The projects didn’t come off.

Krim folding vocabulary, The Academy took over the function of patronage. In 1671, won a prize for redness and short poetry. In 1782 vidomy phylantrop baron J.-B.-A. de Montіyon having established a prize for a noble vchinok.

Members of the French Academy in 17-18 st. They were not only France's writers, but representatives of their professions. She included entries and philosophers: naturalist J.-L. de Buffon (1707-1788), mathematician and philosopher J.-L. D "Alambert (1717-1783), philosopher-sensualist E. de Condillac (1727-1794) , mathematician and philosopher J.-A.-N. Kondorcet (1743-1794), astronomer J.-S. Baye (1736-1793) and ін., as well as states, vіyskovі and church activities.

In 1663, J.-B. Colbert opened at the French Academy the so-called Small Academy from which members of the "great" academy, appointed by the minister. Om bulo completed the folding of letters and devises for the memorials awarded to Louis XIV, and medals, carved in his honor. Having conquered the region, the academics were engaged in іnshoy: the distribution of legendary plots for the king's tapestries. Having chastened the Small Academy for the death of Colbert M. Louvois (1641-1691), expanding the field of creativity, requesting in 1683 André Felibien (1619-1695), who was sent to the museum of old-life, and in 1685 P'ar Rensan (1640-1689), King's medals. In 1701, having renounced the status of the Academy of Writings from Louis XIV, the Small Academy was transformed into an independent establishment. The number of їхніх turbots included the introduction of the history of France, the preparation of medals in memory of the її navazhivіshі podії, Description of the objects of the past from the Cabinet of the King; In addition, there is all the joke about the obligatory comments of all old-timers, which are located on the territory of France. In 1716, for a special edict, the organ was edited from the Academy of Writings and Literature. In the third hour they began to see Memoirs of the Academy(1 717), drukuvali historical, archeological, linguistic and in. Doslidzhennya.

Another period of activity of the French Academy(1795 lending hour). In the rock of the French Revolution, a decree to the Convention was issued on the 8th serpnya of 1793, the French Academy, and at the same time the Academy of Writing and Literature, the Academy of Painting and Sculpture (originated in 1648), the Academy of Sciences (created in 1666), the Academy of Sciences was created in 1666 install as king. July 25, 1795 The Director revived its activity, altogether in a new status: now it is the French Institute (L "Institut de France), which will come together from three witnesses: the insight of the theoretical and economic sciences, base of releases) and news of the development of moral and political sciences, as of 23 June 1803, during the period of the Consulate, another reorganization became From the history of history and old literature and from the vision of the history of the art. The French Academy, such a rank, was renewed, I want and go by name. a special dress for academics has been created - a tailcoat with komir and lapels, embroidered green palm heads (habit ver t), cocked hat, pla u i sword.

21 Bereznya 1816 Louis XVIII (1814-1824), having turned the French Academy and the title of the title, Alevon was deprived of the warehouse part of the French Institute.

At the 19 st. The Academy passed through the intercession of the royal family: Napoleon I (1804-1814), Louis XVIII, Charles X (1824-1830), Louis-Philip (1830-1848), Napoleon III (1852-1870), and from 1871 to the whole day - Presidents of the French Republic.

The French Academy was adorned with such famous names as writers and poets F.R. de Chateaubrian (1768-1848), A. de Lamartin (1790-1869), V. Hugo (1802-1885), P. Merime (1803) -1870), P. Valeri (1871-1945), F. Moriak (1885-1970), A. Morua (1885-1967) and a lot of them; protest, the doers of the great French were introduced to their honor: O. de Balzac (1799-1850), three of them were “immortal”, C. Baudelaire (1821-1867), A. Dumas-Batka (1802-1870). Among the academics - vіyskovі and sovereign acts: the presidents of France A. Thier (1797-1877), R. Poincaré (1860-1934) and V. Zhiskar d "Esten (born 1929), the premier-ministri duke A.- E. de Richelieu (1766-1822), the same budiwelnik of Odessa, Count L.-M. Mole (1781-1855), F. Gizo (1787-1874), J. Clemenceau (1841-1929) and E. Errio ( 1872-1957), Marshals F. Foch (1851-1929), J. Geoffre (1852-1931), F. D. Espri (1856-1942), A. Juen (1888-1967); clergy: Cardinal E. Tisseran (1884-1972), President of the Ecumenical for the Church, Pastor M. Begner (1881-1970), Cardinal J. Grant (1872-1959); vcheni: chemist and biologist L. Pasteur (1822-1895), Nobel laureate physicist L. de Broglie (1892-1987), mathematician A. Poincaré (1854-1912), etc.

In 1980, the doors of the Academy, nareshty, were opened for women. The first woman-academician became the writer M. Yursenar (1903-1987) in 1980. In the present hour, the post-secretary of the Academy is also the woman - the historian J. de Romiyi (born 1913).

The Academy has gone through two vinyats of political motives. For the restoration of the restoration, the call of the Academicians of the Revolution and the Empire: E. J. Sieyes (1748-1836), J. Gara (1749-1833), P. L. Rederer (1754-1835), J. Mare (1763-1839), Lucian Bonaparte (1775-1840), Napoleon's brother, the head of the Radi of five hundred, J.J. Cambaseres (1753-1824), the colossal other consul and arch-chancellor of the Empire. Another chill went to Zvilnennya: for the collaboration of the Bully, the head of the regime Marshal F.Peten (1856-1951), the Minister of Education of Vishy, ​​the writer A. Bonnard (1883-1968), the writer Aksionov Francaise, the writer Sh. ,

The history of the Academy knew and protest actions from the side of the members. The irreconcilable royalist F.-R. de Chateaubrian, converted in 1812, in response to the praise of his predecessors - the revolutionary J.-M. Chenier (1764-1811) and introduced himself to Napoleon I. , which did not try to inflict a visit to Napoleon III. From the side, a demonstrative panegyric to Napoleon III, as the first great minister E. Ollivye (1825-1913), including in 1870 in its promo, becoming the reason why the Academy, on the basis of rock, declared the first to be accepted. In 1871, F.-A.-F. Dypanlu (1802-1878), Bishop of Orleans, left his life in protest against the injury of the lexicographer E. Lyttre (1801-1881), setting the precedent of voluntarily going out from high fence by themselves. A.France (1844-1924), the last Dreyfusar, pinning down the entrance to the Academy.

French academy prodovzhuval (і prodovzhu) zd_ysnuvati your brains - stitches behind the development of french movi, fiksuvati Yogo stan on the skin of the Danish moment and the minimum rate. Navigate in the most recent period of his own vision in the distance in 1798. vocabulary... 1835 saw a lot of it , in 1878 - cieme, in 1932-1935 - the eighth. With new skin new visions of the best deal. Eight have placed more than 35,000 vocabulary signs, that is twice as much, now in the first place vocabulary 1694. It’s enough to go in the Danish hour. Dev'yate saw nearly 60,000 words; to such a lexicographic vibuch of the goiters of scientific and technical terminology, of the earth's poses, the new definitions in the dialects of the Frankish territories.

In an hour the French Academy learned the Statute, adopted in 1735, in its essence has become invisible. As soon as amendments were made to the new ones, the stench stank of the overwhelmingly procedural meals.

The academy is on Thursday. In the end, a lesson will be held, on which the names of the laureates of the academic prizes will be naked.

The nature and scale of the Academy's patronage have changed quite a bit. Even at the beginning of the day, she won two prizes, but the number of critical ones reached one hundred and forty, of which close to seventy literary etc.). In 1986, a prize was awarded for French authors, in 1999 - for writers from Latin American regions. In addition, the Academy awards prizes to educational and scientific partnerships, scholarships to scholars and students, in particular in the cities of special activities of husbandry, as well as good func-

Evgeniya Krivushina

In 1635, the Duke of Richelieu proposes it to the French Academy, with the help of which the cardinal admitted to the folds a single vocabulary of French language and quest for its correctness and purity. Deviz to the friend of the academy, donated by the cardinal, bulo vikarbovano "Zaradi Bezsmertya". Sens tsikh sliv having put on immortality the famous French movi.

Ear of education academy

At the writing room of the writer Valentin Konrar, there was a small crowd of writers, who were talking about the mystery. If cardinal Richelieu has submitted a message to parliament about the establishment of the French Academy, it has been confirmed by the members of the board of directors, chancellor, secretary. On the cob of today in 1635, Ludovik XIII was issued a patent, which was published in the Academy's disclosure. The patron saint of the French Academy is the respected Cardinal Richelieu, after the death of one, the bully of the naked and new priymachi - Radnik Seg'er, Louis XV, fall kings, emperor and kervniki row.

A handful of members of the Academy of Bula standardization and purification of the French movement with a view to the growth of its intelligence and sensibility for all the people of France. There was a need for the establishment of the Dictionary of the Academy, which was first seen in 1694.

Donations were given to the former employees, providing material assistance to their literary partnerships, deeds, rich families and widows. The Great Literary Prize has been confirmed to the Academy of Sciences, and this award was given as a sign of respect to the Academy until the extension of a single French movement.

podrodzhennya krіsel

At the French Academy, in the period of its approval, there was no more one crystal, which belonged to the director, the other members, right away from the village, were only a little stylish. If the German cardinal d'Estré called for a date for a date for the church, the fortune was handed over to Louis XV. The king ordered to bring 40 crystals into the hall, with such a rank, confirming the equality of the academics.

Among the famous writers, there are a lot of talented candidates for the members of the Academy. Writer Arsen All viv in obig viraz "forty perche" crystal, such a rank, he is quiet, but not a member of the French Academy, but in the whole world he has earned his title. Among them are the famous boules Balzac, Dekar, Didro, Beaumarche, Zola, Lesage and many others.

Redeeming a member of the French Academy

During the period when the Academy was recognized by the members of the bully, 700 prominent people - poets, writers, philosophers, students, physicians, representatives of theatrical mystery, art critics, state and all-time representatives of the church, were confirmed. All the stench of little majestic services to France my sovereign... Vibir in the member of the French Academy, having entered into a new honor - appropriated to his own kind. Margerit Yursenar became the first woman, another member of the academy, and for the rest of the women deserved this honor.

The French academy was able to trim its institute by stretching three and a half tables, regularly, during the period of the revolution and the director.

Yak disstatsya

Not a rogue from the French Academy. Visit of Louis XIV to the Academy of Sciences 1671 French Academy of Sciences (fr. & ... Vіkіpedіya

Tsey term is also one of the meanings of div. Academy (meaning). The Academy of Sciences (AS) is a non-commercial organization that brings people together to engage in different sciences. Members of such academies are called academics. Зміст 1 Russia 1.1 ... Vіkіpedіya

Not a swindle from the French Academy of Sciences ... Vіkіpedіya

Mist Mystetsv led to the French Academy from the Louvre

The visit of Louis XIV to the Academy in 1671 The French Academy of Sciences (FR. Académie des sciences) is a scientific organization, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV for the proposition of Jean Batit Colbert, the task of overpowering and capturing the French varsity. Vona ... ... Vіkіpedіya

The visit of Louis XIV to the Academy in 1671 The French Academy of Sciences (FR. Académie des sciences) is a scientific organization, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV for the proposition of Jean Batit Colbert, the task of overpowering and capturing the French varsity. Vona ... ... Vіkіpedіya

Tsey term is also one of the meanings of div. Academy of Sciences. Budivlya Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Mistresses on New Square in Ljubljana ... Vikipedia

The title of one of the first vidans "Gargantua and Pantagruel" (Lion, 1571) ... Vіkіpedіya

The article about the Russian Academy of Sciences, which took care of Russian language in the end of the 18th to the middle of the 19th century. For the Academy of Sciences of that hour, see Petersburg Academy of Sciences. For the Ninishniy Russian Academy of Sciences, see the Russian Academy of Sciences. Academy ... Vіkіpedіya

books

• , E. Bezu. Mathematics course. Arithmetic of Et'an Bezu Bezu E., member of the French Academy of Sciences French Academy of Sciences, examiner of the Artillery and Marine Corps Vikhovanets, Bula translated ...