Fluorography of the root of the gravity. fluorography legen

The roots of the legends have been expanded, what does it mean?

Zapituє: Tetyana, Rostov on Don

Gender: Cholovik

Вік: 59 rockіv

Chronically ill: dumb

I'm going! My know-how was diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis, compensatory emphysema of the legends. The X-ray showed that the roots of the legends were expanded. Feel okay. Say be weasel, tse scary for life, tse cancer? Do you get sick?

Hydropneumatorex zlyva. Bulloza emphіzema lіvoї legenі. Compressive atelectasis of the lower part Privit, be affectionate, be robotic. Mysyats also developed spontaneous pneumotorex. They put a drainage in the offense of the lungs. I lay in a lykarna. Vchora was given a second CT scan on the MSCT series in Lviv pleural emptying the amount of gas is indicated, in the basal lengths of the line with the horizontal ditch, up to 7 mm; the lower part of the evil is significantly changed, subtotal is reduced, the bronchi are differentiated; the upper part of the grain has a lot of bullets with a size of up to 43 * 64 mm. The rights of the legacy without vognischevy and infiltrative changes. Enlightenment of the trachea, head and segmental bronchial tubes. The structure of the middle of the differentiation. The growth of lymph universities in the middle does not start. The heart and the great judges start to grow, not expand. At the empty pericardium, it is not revealed. The diaphragm of the diaphragm is rostered to the touch, the contours of the її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і і і і і і і і і ї ї ї ї ї ї і і і і і і і і і. The breast plate is of the correct form, the internal contours of the breast wall are correct in all types. M'yak_ fabrics do not change. Increased lymph nodes in the soft tissues of the groin, subclavicular and subpectoral areas were not revealed on both sides. Cyst destructive changes are dumb. At the ridge of degenerative wines. VISNOVOK: hydro-pneumothorax zlyva. Bulloza emphіzema lіvoї legenі. Compressive atelectasis of the lower part of the evil. Osteochondrosis. Deformable spondylosis. Yakiy vikhіd? Is it promptly involved or permanently drained? Maybe є still like a non-vikhid? Late dyakuyu)

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I'm going! Pulmosclerosis abo pneumosclerosis - stan with good fabrics light pislya transferred to the ignition process. Neither do not follow the standard version of the standard. And the axis of emphysema is a pathological expansion of the expanding spaces of the lung, in addition to which there may be a dyshal deficiency. Treatment is carried out by a doctor-pulmonologist to relieve symptoms. Your friend has no terrible dumb.

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X-ray of legends showing rich anatomical structures breast cancer and pathological x-ray symptoms. Schob navchit read the signs prompted by the roentgenographers with their deciphering.

Proponomo to the readers of vitratity 5 chilin in their hour, even if they look at the pathology on the X-ray signs. Such a move is to allow self-illumination to emerge and to begin the steps of those who are not safe.

Normal X-ray of legends showing - root, ribs, heart

X-ray of the legends is a summation representation of all the anatomical objects of the breast tissue. Persh, nіzh deciphering X-ray sign Likar-radiologist assessed physical indicators:

• Correctness of the patient's arrangement - according to the symmetrical rosetting of the objects on the sides;
• Hardness or softness - in the norm, on the roentgenograms of the guilty legends, 3-4 upper chest ridges are visible;
• Breast emptying is a normal sign, including the top and the diaphragm;
• Heart growth.

For readers of the description of the structure, they represent only the knowledge of the luvial interest, which is reflected on quiet structures, which are described by roentgenographers.

Ribs of cikavi likars from the point of view of the assessment of dysfunctional decay. As in the legends, there is a great number of twists - the expansion of the inter-regional prominence.

X-ray display shows images in negative, darkening is represented by bile color, and enlightenment - by black color.

The normal sign of the legends is to take revenge on all structures of the structure.

Poganiy i garniy x-ray legends

The designation of the "rotations of x-ray legends" is based on not the style of deterioration of the quality obtained by the x-ray examiners, but on the basis of certain pathological syndromes.

The main x-ray symptoms in the assessment of the image of the organs of the breast cancer:

1. enlightenment;
2. blackout;
3. K_lcepod_bna tin;
4. empty;
5. Plus-weave.

X-ray education is shown with a dark color. Wono buvaє we will be amalgamated or diffuse. Syndrome of extended pneumotisation occurs with emphysema (changes in the purchase of liquor in the alveoli with chronic ailments).

Secondary (reactive) worms of roots are often discouraged when they are described in various organisms. However, in some cases, the radiological signs of the roots of the roots are on the first plan and create a special self-reliance diagnostic value... L.D. Lindenbraten sees a series of types of such changes:

1. blood circulation of the lungs (“stasis root”);

2.Infiltration of roots;

3. cicatricial deformity of roots;

4. improvement of lymph universities;

5.Svapninnya lymphatic universities in the roots.

X-ray signs and diagnostics of venous and arterial blood circulation in the roots of the lungs in cases of heart disease are reported in the section 3.

Infiltrating the roots of the story before supervising these extensions. Tin root nabuva unremarkable obrisi, become structureless. Nawpaki, with cicatricial changes in the roots, the leggings are around the elements of the root malunky, they swell clear rizki, ale nervous contours. In the middle roots, there are rough fibrous strands and cyclone types of transverse bronchial appearances. Tse to produce up to the strength and significant deformation of the roots.

Especially diagnostically important is the development of lymphatic universities in the roots of the legacy, as it is often the case for the improvement of medical lymphatic universities. The most common causes of cich pathological changes є:

1.metastasis of malignant fluff;

2. tuberculosis of the lungs;

3. sarcoidosis;

4. suppurative processes in legends;

5. lymphogranulomatosis;

6. lymphocytic leukemia;

7. pneumoconioses;

8. infectious mononucleosis;

9.Viral adenopathy andin.

Differential diagnosis of sickness, which leads to the development of lymphatic universities in the roots of the legends, In fig. 2.80-2.82 guided butts of pathological changes in the roots of the legends, knitted from the growth of all types of lymphatic universities.

Wide enlightenment of the Legendary field

The increase in the progression of one or both of the Legendary fields, or of the significant part, is matched by the increase in the lungs' lightness and, apparently, the changes in the Legendary parenchyma in one volume of the Legendary fabric. Naybilsh are some of the reasons for the great one- or two-sided enlightenment of the legendary field є:

1.emphіzema legends (primary and secondary);

2. pneumothorax;

3. gigantska kista of legend, memorized by twists;

4. an incidence of a defect in the development of a leg - a hypoplasia of a leg.

In the classroom practice, the two most common causes of the great enlightenment of the Legendary field are most often developed.

With fluoroscopy, the penetration of the legacy fields for an hour or so does not change slightly, which is associated with the deterioration of the ventilation of the legacy. Frequently, especially in the case of secondary diffuse obstructive emphysemia of the legends, on the roentgenograms, there are signs of pneumosclerosis and an unreasonable increase in the progression of the upper and lower types of lesions.

With a significant purchase of pockets in the pleural empty space (pneumothorax), the radiological picture of the vellus' fields is characteristic. The area of ​​the leg field, due to the projection of gas in the pleural empty space, leads to significant changes in the progression and visibility of the baby. Along the inner contour of enlightenment, a clear edge of a collapsed lung begins to appear. Tin of light on the sides, with a decrease in vision, the legenevii of little ones here are more powerful (Fig. 2.84).

Pneumothorax is more likely to develop, as well as in the pleural emptying є there is a small number of turns. When tsomu toil value is not tіlki viyavlennya bіlsh-Mensch vuzkoї smuzhki pristenochnoe roztashovanogo gas, ale i dodatkovі rentgenologіchnі Find our scho vkazuyut on pіdvischennya vise in plevralnіy porozhninі i torn down The process of straightening urazhenoї legenі: sploschennya i dangling dome dіafragmi, pogliblennya i rozgortannya zovnіshnogo edge-dіafragmalnogo sinus, which appear when the patient is ill in position on a healthy bots in the phase of maximum vidih.

In case of entrapment of organs, the tomography method is used to clarify the nature and details of the pathological process in the legends, as well as for the assessment of morphological changes in the trachea, bronchi, lymph nodes, vessels of great importance. є Dose for the presence of a puffy process in the lungs, bronchi and pleura.

In fig. 2.86-2.88, aim the butt of the victorious method in case of deyaky illnesses of the organs of the dichotomy.

Regardless of the specific institutions of the diagnosis and the nature of the pathological process in the legends, the operator can vibrate axial images and direct tomography, as well as one of the three modes of diagnosis.

1. Uninterrupted CT scan, if the last image is taken out of all without a blame for the appearance of the body. The whole method of tomography gives you the ability to print the maximum information about morphological changes, Ale see a great exchange of options and gifts of pre-release (Fig. 2.92, a).

2. Discrete CT with a given alarmingly great interval between images, but rather lowering the changeover, or producing to the end of the information part (2.92, b).

3. Targeting CT scan in the retinal layer-by-layer prediction of one or the other decile of the drug to the organ, start in the area of ​​the previously revealed pathological statement (Fig. 2.92, c).

Without interruption, CT of the legends allows you to take out as much information as possible about pathological changes to the organ and is shown beforehand in case of general processes in the legends, if the manifestation is not included. lung cancer abo metastatic lesion of organs. In CT scan, it is possible to vivify Budov in detail and to measure the swelling itself and to clarify the manifestation of metastatic lesions of the pleurisy, lymph nodes in the middle, roots of the lungs and uterine space (with CT black emptyі of the urea space).

Discrete CT is more indicated for diffuse pathological processes in the lungs (pneumoconioses, alveoli, chronic bronchitis ta in.).

The aim of CT is to be vicious in the main in ailments with the establishment of the diagnosis and the established nature of the pathological process, for example, to clarify the contour of the volumetric determination, the manifestation in new necrosis, and the emergence of a nascent P. tissue, etc.

In fig. 2.93 and 2.94 are represented by computer tomograms of the organs of the breast, recorded in ailments with exudative pleurisy and swelling of the middle.

Komp'yuterniy tomography Got іstotnі perevagi before zvichaynim rentgenologіchnim doslіdzhennyam, vklyuchayuchi rentgenіvsku tomografіyu at whether yakih zahvoryuvannyah organіv dihannya (puhlina, difuznі zahvoryuvannya legenіv, tuberkuloz, emfіzema legenіv, in addition chislі bullous emfіzema scho Yea cause of spontaneous pneumothorax, hronіchnі obstruktivnі zahvoryuvannya Legend і ін.). In any case, CT scan will allow more subtle details of the pathological process to be revealed. This is a testament to the CT method in clinical practice in the principle of reaching wide. We are one hundred bureaucrat, who intertwines the method of sucking, and the availability of this method is relatively low for children. If you look around at the center, you can wait for a number of preliminaries, so that "the most beautiful images are shown before CT scans in quiet cases, if the informativeness of an acute X-ray image appears to be the result of a lack of such a diagnosis, . Malkov).

A slid of memory, where there is a local contrast of the distal artery disease, and the formation of a "stump" artery is not only in the case of thromboembolism of the lung artery disease, but in the case of abscesses. .). Have qih vipadkah for the establishment correct diagnosis it is necessary to provide the data of the previous methods of pretreatment (X-ray, pulmonary osteoarthritis and inn.) in the context of the clinical picture of the disease.

Expansion of the stovbur of the head giloks of the legacy arterial hypertension... If there are any other reasons, there is a clutch in the legacy of the artery (like a gnawing heart, chronic obstructive illnesses, etc.)

In case of hypoplasia of the legacy, there is an increase in the rate of irritation of the sudins, more often of the pay and segmental arteries.

Vazhliva іnformatsіya about the camp bronhіalnih sudin i bronhіalnoї-legenevih anastomozіv Mauger Buti otrimana for Relief selektivnoї pulmonoangіografіі from ailments of retsidivuyuchimi legenevimi krovotech i hemoptysis, not pov'yazanimi of nayavnіstyu puhlini scho rozpadaєtsya, cavities, abscess, lung іnfarktu abo virazhenoyu legenevoї gіpertenzії. Frequently such repeated bleeding occurs in ailments with chronic gnarial bronchitis and bronchiectasis. In cich vipadkahs, there is a progression (5-10 times) expansion of the bronchial arteries, blood circulation to the great cola, as well as bronchial-legeneic anastomoses, which are superficially sensitive to chronic heatі legacy-arterial ischemia (Yu. F. Neklasov, A. A. Noskov). As a result, there is a reduction of the arterial blood from the system of the great stake to the blood circulation in the Legenev artery. In cich vipadkah dzherel bleeding to serve the expansion of the throat of the bronchial arteries, so that in the mucous sphere of the bronchus it is turned into the vertebral border.

The main angiographic knowledge of the expansion of the bronchial arteries and the formation of bronchial-legenic anastomoses є the retrograde appearance of the contrasting speech in the mucus ball of the bronchial tubes and (earlier) in the subsegmental and naval artery segment

On the other hand, retrograde catheterization of bronchial arteries may not only be used to clarify the pathogenesis of recurrent bleeding in patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis, but also with the method of zupinous vascular occlusion by methods.

In such a rank, selective angio-pulmonography allows one to recognize most of the changes in the court's bed of legends, but it can be victorious to clarify the nature of the pathological process and the mechanism of its development.

Likewise, the root of the legends of expansion, small structure, deterioration, or even the appearance of a pathological process. Most often, only on the basis of the result of fluorography, the diagnosis is made more difficult. To carry out diagnostics, additional information is required.

SHO TAKE THE CORINNIA OF THE LEAGENES

The root of the lung is a complex of structural devices that connect the lungs with the organs of the middle. The stench is found trochi vische і from the back to the middle of the cutaneous lung. Formed from cephalic bronchial tubes, veins, arteries, nerves, lymph nodes and lymph nodes. The root of the right legend is located behind the statues of the veni, lower than the unpaired veni, and the left one is to pass under the arch of the aorta.

The main reasons for the expansion

Expansion of roots of the legends supravodzhuyutsya with a snake-like spirit in children. And the axis of the grown-ups such a stan is less pronounced: if the organ is heard, the percussion can be dulled.

In addition, the following symptoms can be diagnosed:

• even severe cough, Especially in the recumbent position.
• Pain in the area of ​​the ribs, the roots of the organ are not found. The stench can be butyuchy, and, more often than not, the stench is short-lived and has a gostrian character.
• Zadishka. Vona is strong and appears to be in peace.

Pererakhovani vische signs can vkazuvati on malignant pathology. To that, with їkh vinnenny, it is necessary to secretly turn up to the likar. Self-reliance can be the cause of serious acceleration.

X-rays are carried out obovazkovo. The results are based on some easy extensions. With a lot of improvement, you can be one or two-sided.

The reasons for this can be a little bit:

1. Staying legends. The improvement of the legacy roots is attributed to the enlargement of the veins. In a wide range of dumb intertwines, protest-extended legends of the name appear in the form of fluffy processes. Right up to the periphery of the darkening, the angle turns. Sosterіgaєtsya rіvnomіrne bilateral expansion. There are also auscultatory symptoms - in both cases, wheezing becomes audible. The size of the heart can change, or the organ of the trochus can be seen, and the heart is damaged - arrhythmia, signs of vice and іnshі.
2. Chronic bronchitis. Independently from the etiology of the affliction, it may be possible to supervise the development of the roots of the legends. Lymphatic universities, roztasovany close to the roots, weakly okreslenі. Most often, such a camp is diagnosed with asthmatic bronchitis, older - with bronchiectasis.
3. Tuberculosis of lymphatic universities. key picture to be found in fallowness as a result of a long time ago. If Lyudin once suffered from tuberculosis and got sick, in all cases in the battle of the battle, we can be faintly remembered for the sign, or in the forefront of being seen. As soon as the affliction manifested itself, then the roots of the institute may appear sharp and clear. At the same time, it can be either one-sided or two-sided. A clear picture of such a disease is similar to sarcoidosis. That requires a differential diagnosis, make sure the diagnosis is made by the method of inclusion. With tuberculosis of lymph nodes, the Mantoux reaction is positive.

For staging a diagnosis, fluorography can also be used. The whole diagnostic method of trocha is without X-ray, it is informative.

On scho vkazu gorge

Yaksho root of the legends dear ones... Diagnosis is not made only on the basis of fluorography. Obov'yazkovo the patient is guilty of building an analysis of blood, sich, it is possible to carry out CT or MRI.

Most often it is necessary to build up to the expansion of the legene structures. In some cases it is only localized. Tse vkazu on chronic disease. In general, there is a loss of є the inheritance of the overworldly purchase of the full fabric.

One hour expansion and reduction of the roots of the disease can be caused by chronic bronchitis or pneumonia. Also, the phenomenon can be spared in the case of those who are ill, supervised by pre-existing snaps - the appearance of the signs in the legends, empty and of the one.

Darkening of the root zone

The darkening of the legends is characterized by a white tone, as it can expand to the entire surface of the organ, or if it is enclosed, it only takes a part of the lung (for example, the area of ​​the roots). Dimming can be one-sided or double-sided. There may be some indications about the toxic stuff of legends or sickness of the heart.

However, such a camp may be even more difficult... The darkening is caused by cancer, accelerated forms of tuberculosis and pneumonia. When darkening is detected on the sign, the radiologist is guilty of specifying its exact location. You may be found in the middle of the organ, or else it is lateral.

The patient has cancer on early stages, The operation can be carried out from the visible part of the legend. Such a person can grow up. That, when staging a diagnosis, did not immediately panicuvati.

Інші changes on the X-ray sign

In addition, by showing an X-ray, a pulmonologist can diagnose it. Expansion of roots and the appearance of gaps is not the only one that can be involved in the pathological process. X-rays can be shown and are shown in the norm. The skin from them can be indicative of a singular discomfort.

fibrous tissue

Vaughn will order those who are people who have been transferred earlier as being ill-fated for legends. The replacement of the legacy tissue could have been due to trauma, surgery or Infectious diseases... Unimportant on the price, most often with the presence of fibrous tissue, a visnovka is placed, so that the person is healthy. In small children, you can get sick in any case.

Snake of the Judgment Baby

Sudden babies are shaped like arteries and veins. As a result of negative changes in the boundaries of the organ, the judges expand. Through the price of the legendary baby. Most often it is spontaneous when gostrich zvoryuvannyah... Zokrema, Legenevius babies are more readable for bronchitis, pneumonia, GDVI. Ale as soon as you get sick will be vilikuvano, start to sound back, and the little ones are guilty of normalizing.

Very light, little structural

If the root of the legends is small-structured, it can also be indicative of sarcoidosis, puffins, and congestive pests in the boundaries of the organ. It can also be used for the growth of fibrous tissue, which will cause the ignition process to be transferred to the kidnapping process. Їх are called fibrous-deformed. As a result, the visualization of the sign is complicated.

inognischevі tіnі

Tse darkening in the lungs, which is visible on the fluorogram. Їх size is small - up to 1 cm in diameter. Vognischa in the lower portions of the lungs can lead to pneumonia. at gostromu ailing of the land of nerves, unclean things. Well, the middle ones may have an equal rounded shape, which means that the process of getting used to it is thought. And the axis in case of tuberculosis in the cognition is spared at the upper part of the legends.

calcinati

Tse rounded tіnі in the boundaries of the body, stinks shіlnі, yak kistkova fabric... Їх manifestness is not infallible. This means that the person was in contact with pneumonia or tuberculosis, without having acquired infections. At the same time, the infection of Bula is attributed, in the process of adding calcium salts.

adhesions

The stench appears on the sign of fluorography. It is a fine structure with a good fabric. Such a camp is not infallible, and it will be ordered on those that have recently been slowed down by the ignition process. When there are no signs of therapy, it is not required. If a patient is to skarzhit on strong pains, it is necessary to recover or to find quickly visible adhesions.

As well as pleural sinuses in the legends of vilna, it is worth talking about those who will bring health to the organ. Ale, in between them, there is accumulation of ridin, or adhesions occur, it is necessary to use it, and in other words, there can be no more rapid development.

gravity of the root

As the root of the legacy is heavy, it can also be indicative of the host or the chronic process in the boundaries of the organ. Most often this is a problem with chronic bronchitis. And in chickens with a trivial experience, a special type of bronchitis is developing, which supervises the hardness of the roots, to their extensions and to impairments. In addition, I will focus on oncological processes in the boundaries of the organ, professional illnesses and diseases.

change diaphragms

Anomalies in diaphragms can be associated with depression, obesity, liver disease, organs in the intestinal tract. Frequently present at once with enlargement or impairment of the roots of the lungs. Obov'yazkovo is necessary to supplement the situation, so as such a pathological process can be introduced into a serious environment.

All pererakhovani vische destructed appear for additional fluorography or X-ray of legends. If the drug is evident, you can immediately indicate a diagnosis or carry out additional diagnostic procedures. In addition, some of the results of the original pre-release can be grateful. To that, during the fluorography, it is necessary to respectfully hear the fakhivtsya and take into account the behavior, if necessary.

Anatomical substratum of the root (Fig. 23, a) representations by the great (head rank, payoff) vessels and bronchi, lymph nodes, cells, bloody and diaphragmatic nerves, which tend to grow in the gates of the lung. However, the lack of judgment and in the lesser world of the bronchi will begin to produce a tinny picture of a normal root (Fig. 23, b). On the roentgenogram in the forward projection of the root, there are stricter similarities, the rosettes on the sidewalls from the middle, designed on the anterior edges of the II-IV ribs (in asthenics - the length of the 5th child) In 1/3 of the vypadkіv zlіva root on one edge grows a vishche, below the right. Lateral size of the root є sum of diameters of the lower part of the leg artery and partial bronchus, which may be approximately the same size in the middle size (total size - 2.4-3.6 cm). I will look at those, where the pathology of the root is superimposed on the growth of this type, the assessment of the transverse size of the root is carried out only on the basis of the thin part, so that according to the light artery (1.2-1.8 cm), so as the bronchus, then on the roentgenogram, , but enlightenment.
The roots, growing in the lungs of the lung, project on the Legenevian parenchyma at the intensively clear chin, which medially appears as the middle of the bronchus. The name of the border is nervous, changing through the entrance to the arteries of the Sudin and to overturn the Legendary veins, to go to the left front of the heart.
Tin root is non-uniform, structural, as it is surrounded by vessels and bronchi, breaking into cells and walking in different strains along the way up to the course of X-ray exchanges. At the upper part of the root, it is not easy to see ring-like tine, thin, well-rounded, as it locks round or oval clarification (orthograde projection of segmental bronchial tubes) in order of rounded abnormal transverse types. In the middle and lower ends of the root, there are some of the judges, in the middle of the line, the width and the age.

Small. 23. Root of the lungs.
a - morphological structure: 1 - legs of the legacy artery; 2 heads of legene veins; 3 bronchi; 4 - lymphatic universities; 5 - the nerves of gossip; 6 - klitkovina; b - x-ray image of a normal root; c - pathological changes in the roots: 1 - chubby exobronchial vuzol; 2 - igniter of the infiltration of the cortokini; 3 - calcination lymph vuzol; 4 - a package of improved lymphatic universities; 5 - varicose vein; 6 - aneurysm of the leg artery; 7 - endobronchial fluff; 8 - atelectasis of the lower part, the appearance of the lower forms of the root

Symptoms of pathology of the root (Table 3) followed the increase, deformation, increased intensity and deterioration of the structure of this type. Dystopia is an indirect symptom of root pathology, as it is possible for yak to be diagnosed with changes in the roots (for example, central cancer, which is superimposed on atelectasis of a part), as well as when there is a presence (for example, when the result is increased

Klinika syndrome of pathologically changing root, such as etiology and pathogenesis, Velmi rіznomanitna. In case of primary damage to the roots, the disease can last a long time without symptoms (for example, exobronchially growing good pukhlin, deyaki varianti sarcoidosis of Beck). In інshih vipadkami typical picture of the defeat of the great bronchial tubes - cough (innocent attacks), hemoptysis; may be sputum, more at botsi, increased temperature (signs of secondary pneumonia); hoarseness, hoeing, how to inflict on the ear of the blunt and diaphragmatic nerves (for example, with central bronchial cancer, with lymphosarcoma).
With the secondary changes of the root of the clink, the main problems begin to occur (for example, the root of the root in the case of the metral porocy).
I will look at the intensity of the normal temporal root, the pathological increase in intensity is easier to evolve with unilateral lesion. Homogenization of the root of the growth is like a deyak of growth and structure. Due to the fact that uniqueness (lack of structure) is practically not suppressed, as the pathology of certain anatomical components of the root is susceptible to supervising the increase in the intensity of this process of development, it’s better for the structure of the development.
Table 3. Symptoms of root pathology, pathogenesis and anatomical substrate

First, proceed to intrasyndromic differential diagnostics (Tables 4, 5), it is necessary to shift, but not in the projection of the root roots, and not to be projected on a new pathological change in the medical diagnosis of III and VI segment.

PATHOGENETIC I MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF DAYS SYMPTOMS in pathological diseases of the LUNG ROOT

Supplementation and explanation to the table. 4 and 5. Adjustment of the intensity of the root Be sure to come back to the big changes and often with homogenization.
zsuv root uphill or downward ignition processes(Fibrous wrinkling), with primary tuberculosis, malignant changes, such as accelerated by share atelectasis.
tuberosity(Particularly polycyclical) of an evil nature, it is not easy to supervise the high stands of the dome with diaphragms at the battlefield, paradoxical or pseudo-paradoxical excursion through the damage of the phrenic nerve; inodi є cleverly show paresis or parallels rotary nerve(Hoarseness to voice).
ulceration of the bronchus supervise with hypoventilation symptoms, hypoventilation (valve hyperpneumatosis) or atelectasis in the presence of the sound stage (Goltsknecht-Jacobson symptom).
Visoké standing of the dome with diaphragms it is also promoted in chronic firing processes, often in case of low lobe localization, as a result of wrinkling of the lung tissue, costal-diaphragmatic pleural enlargement, and more - through the breakdown of the bronchial protraction on the ground. In case of chervonia vovchak, the high position of the dome is tied with diaphragmatic manifestations (pathology of collagen structures with diaphragms).
Low stand of the dome with diaphragms Sposter in case of swelling symptoms of emphysemia or valve disease, such as supervising pathology of the root.
extended middle with polycyclic contours, they are spared, as a rule, with a progressive process in the roots (metastases to cancer, systemic malignancy, Beck's sarcoidosis), and later - with pneumoconiosis, primary tuberculosis. Expansion and deconfiguration of the heart-vascular type of superficiality to change the roots of the stagnant nature.
Dinamіka zmіn shvidka(Days, symptoms) in case of nonspecific inflammation, heart congestion, in case of exchange therapy for lymphosarcoma (change in the size and intensity of the root, renewal of the structure). Dinamіka zmіn povіlna(Miscellaneous, rocky): 1) revolting development in tuberculosis (change in growth, calcification in case of specific treatment), sarcoidosis (hormonal therapy), lymphocytic leukemia (exchange of chemotherapy); 2) progresuvannya - with evil ill health; 3) trivial stable camp with pneumoconiosis.

Doslidzhennya technique. Fluorography. Yak way of prophylactic dosage of allowing to develop the syndrome of pathologically changed root. Vikoristan can also be found in the quality of the diagnostic method for clarifying the specific and minor characteristics of the changed root, the change in the legacy fabric, in the middle, the change in the configuration of the heart (straight, braids, bichon).

Table 4. Differential diagnosis zagalnopathologic processes and sickness, which are manifested by the changes of the root of the lung

Table 5. Pathogenetic and morphological features of the symptoms of pathologically changed root of the lung

radiography... Dani also, yak with fluorography. There can be more detailed morphological signs of hypoventilation, lymphostasis, lymphangitis.
tomography... Stagnation for clarification of changes in the root of the lung and its components, for the development of bronchial tubes (changes in the width of education, walls, passage). If necessary, the traditional middle vision is recommended to be supplemented with tomograms in a normal projection through the root and with tomograms with a transverse direction.
fluoroscopy... Vykonuyut in case of vyavlennі damage (zvuzhennya) enlightenment of the bronchus, for its passage, with manifestations of hypoventilation. Conduct a diagnostic test of Goltsknecht - Yakobson (with a hopeful, high level of breathing, the middle should be changed into a test). It is indicated for the assessment of the function of diaphragms in case of a high growth, revealed on the sign of a tomogram, to clarify the pathology of the heart (according to the contrasts of the stravohode).

	Small. 24. Tuberculous bronchoadenitis. a -tumorous bronchoadenitis (roentgenogram): the right root of the enlargements, partly homogenized with clear, humped, ring-shaped contours; retrograde severity lymphangitis from the head of the root of the burnout; b - infiltrative bronchoadenitis (X-ray): upper and middle lateral or lateral enlargement, small structure, shifted intensity with indistinct callous contours, but transition into severity of retrograde
	Small. 25. Metastases of peripheral cancer in the lymph node of the right root. X-ray (a) and tomogram (b) right legends: In the IV segment in the cortical form, an incorrect rounded shape with unclear contours of 2.5X2.8 cm in size appears; the right root of the extensions, partly homogenized with clear humped circular contours
	Small. 26. Aneurysm of the upper lobe of the leg of the leg artery. Roentgenogram (a) and tomogram (b) of the right leg: in the upper form of the root, an oval one-sided shape appears;
	Small. 27. Hypoplasia of the Legendary artery. Roentgenogram: liva the legend of advanced progression, but a change in the community; Legenevii little ones signifiedly evinced, judged vividly; tin liv root nondifferentiate
	Small. 28. Snakes of the roots of the lungs with sarcoidosis (stage I). Roentgenogram: legeneva tissue without changes; root of significant expansion, increased intensity, with clear humpbacked contours for the growth of smaller lymph universities; improved also lymphatic universities right paratracheal, para-aortic and arterial ducts
	Small. 29. Changes in the roots of the lungs with silikosis. X-ray: in the upper and middle areas of both legacy fields, there will be no more different areas; evil in the first or another mid-ribbed group in the name of aphid fibrosis; APIK-costal pleural effusion; in the roots and in the middle of many different types of watering in the type of "young scale" lymph universities

X-ray pneumopolygraphia... Stasis in the face of vague tributes to the Goltsknecht-Yakobson probes.
bronchography... Allowing to clarify the standard of education and contours (internal) of the bronchial tubes (the efficiency of developing when using tomography), as well as supportive (secondary) changes in the internal bronchial roses.
filmographer... Vykonuyut at p_dose on aneurysmal or varicose veins, as well as to clarify the pathology of the heart.
angiography... Stagnation at the suspicion of the vertebral character of the local enlargement of the root and stenosis or hypoplasia of the hemorrhagic artery.
An approximate protocol for the diagnosis of pathological changes in the root of the lung - see the Description of fig. 24-29.

Seredostinnya, mediastinum, - a part of the empty breast plate, cut from the top by the upper chest opening, from the bottom - by the diaphragm, in front - by the sternum, to the back ridge stop, Z side - middle of the pleurora.

The middle is extended to: front, middle and rear middle.

Cordon between the front and middle of the middle is the frontal area, drawn along the front line of the trachea; the boundary between the middle and the rear middle passes on the equal back surface of the trachea and the roots of the legends in the area close to the frontal.

In the anterior and middle middle space: the heart and the pericardium, the viscous aorta and the arch with the veins, the leg burst and the thigh, the upper light and shoulder veins; trachea, bronchi with lymph nodes; bronchial arteries and veni, legene veni; the sternum of the bloody nerves, where the roots lie; diaphragmatic nerves, lymph nodes; in children, the thymus is prickly, and in the grown-ups, it replaces adipose tissue.

In the posterior middle roseta: stravohid, lower aorta, lower empty vein, unpaired and semi-unpaired veins, thoracic lymph duct and lymph nodes; the sternum of the bloody nerves, which lies below the roots of the legs; prikordonny cute stovbur at once from the celiac nerves, nerves, gossip.

In addition, it is cleverly laid out by a horizontal area, which passes along the equal trachea, the middle extends to the upper and lower.

X-ray anatomical analysis

direct projection

When advancing in a direct projection, the organization of the middle will set up an intensive, so called the middle, it is represented in the main by the heart and the great ships, which projection overlap the middle organizations.

The current contours of the middle middle are clearly visible in the lungs, the stench is larger on the edge of the edge-forming contours of the heart and some of the straightening in the area of ​​the vascular bundle is especially right in the case of the edge-forming upper blight.

The upper view of the middle of the wiggle is mensh, intensive and one-sided, so as the middle of the trachea is projected, so that the light will be developed later, the width is close to 1.5 - 2 cm.

In the norm, lymphatic universities of the middle do not give a differentiated image, and it is seen only if there is an increase, calcification or contrasting.

The form and the size of the middle are variable and lie in the form, constitution, phase of the movement and the position of the preliminaries.

When dichanna middle tin, change its lateral size, do not rob the old children. Bichni jerky change in the middle with a sharp and deep breath is one sign of impaired bronchial conductivity.

Bichna projection.

The anterior middle in the X-ray image is designed between the posterior surface of the sternum and the vertical, drawn along the anterior trachea. At the upper end of this in older adults, one can see a thin viscous aorta, the anterior contour of a decilka vibuhaє anteriorly, clearly corrugated, straightening the burnout and backward to pass into the middle of the aortic arch. For children, in advance of the vischidnіy, the thimble tree is roasted. Dilyanka of education of the triangular form, interspersed in front of the sternum, below with the heart, behind the backward aorta, I call it retrosternal vastness... Temple prozorіst retrosternal expanse slіd vrahovuvati at rozpіznavannі patologіchnih protsesіv Front seredostіnnya so yak navіt masivnі patologіchnі utvorennya (zbіlshenі prevaskulyarnie lіmfatichnі vuzli, puhlini kіsti seredostіnnya i) mozhut figure out tіnі nevelikoї іntensivnostі y in rezultatі "poslablyaє" efekta proetsіruescheysya povіtryanoї legenevoї tkanini.

The lower view of the front middle part of the middle part of the heart, on the lower side of the middle part and the tongue segments are designed.

The middle middle in the upper view is not uniform in structure, since there is a clear image of the tracheal chimney, from the bottom, as in the middle, a few roots of the legends are designed. The lower view of the middle middle is also of the heart. At the posterior heart-diaphragmatic codec, a tin of lower empty vein is visible.

The posterior middle is designed between the posterior wall of the trachea and the anterior surface of the thoracic ridges. In the X-ray image there is a late growth of the smog of education, on the other, especially the sick one, one can see vertically expanded aorta with a width of about 2.5 - 3 cm. rear center cross-cutting of the upper shoulder girdle and shoulder blades, due to which the vision is reduced. The lower view of the rear middle, interspersed with the heart, diaphragm and ridges, there is more vision and name retrocardial space. On the smallest, the vessels of the main segments of the lungs are designed.