Give the value of the segment of the legend. Nebezpeka novoyotvoren in legends

Lungs, pulmones(Grets. - pneumon, stars fired legends - pneumonia), rots in the chest empty, cavum thoracis, on the sides of the heart and the great ships, in the pleural bears, one in one middle *, mediastinum chest wall in front.

* (Correct Vimov - mediastinum.)

The rights of the legion are enlarged, lower liv (by about 10%), at the same hour, it’s very short and wide, in a persistent way, because the right dome with diaphragms is worth the visceral right of the part ovens) and, in a different way, the heart grows more to the left, lower to the right, changing the width of the left legion by itself.

The skin is easier pulmo, MAє incorrectly cone-like shape z before, basis pulmonis, Let's straighten down, і rounded top, apex pulmonis, The yak is 3-4 cm wide in the first rib, or 2-3 cm in the collarbone in front, back and forth to reach the level of the seventh ridge. At the top of the legend, there is a small boron, sulcus subcldvius, from the vise to pass here the clavicle artery. The lung has three surfaces. Lower, fades diaphragmatica The appearance of the swelling of the upper surface of the diaphragms is eliminated, to the extent that it is lying down. Great Rebrova to the surface, fades costalis The swelling is due to the oppression of the ribs, as at the same time from the lying between them, the mid-ribs enter to the storehouse of the breast emptying. Media surface, fades medialis, Dropped, pristosovuychis in a large part to the contours of the nasal sac, and extend to the front part, lay down to the middle, pars rnediastindlis, and back, lay down to the ridge, pars vertebrdlis. The upper edge is bordered by the edges: the gostry edge is given the name of the lower one, margo inferior; region, also Gostry, which is one kind of one fades medialis, and costalis - margo anterior... On the medial surface of the mountain and in the form of death, wiggled by the pericardial sac, lung gate, hilus pulmonis Through both the bronchi and the legene artery (and also the nerves) enter the lung, and the two legene veins (and lymphatic judges) enter, storing all at once root of the lung, radix pulmonis... At the roots of the lung, the bronchus grows dorsally, the position of the leg artery is not the same on the right and left sides. At the roots right legends a. pulmonalis grows lower than the bronchus, on the left side of the bronchus it overflows and lies in the middle. Legendary veins on both sides of the root of the leg are lower than the leg artery and bronchus. In the back, at the crossroads, one in one rib and medial surface of the lung, the edge of the skin is rounded, a part of the cutaneous lung is rounded to fit here in the dead chest empty on the sides of the ridge (sulci pulmonales).

The skin is easy to help the groin, fissurae interlobdres, last for parcels, lobi... One beard, scythe, fissura obliqua, evidently on both legends, should be repaired at a high rate (6-7 cm below the top) and then slanting down to the diaphragmatic surface, more likely to go into the speech of the legend. Vona vidokremlyuє on the cutaneous lung, the upper part of the lower part. In the middle of the furrow, the right legend is less than a friend, a horizontal furrow, fissura horizontdlis, to pass on the IV ribs, Vona from the upper part of the right leg to the wedge-shaped dilenku, to become the middle part. In such a rank, in right legendє three parts: lobus superior, medius et inferior. Alive to the lung razr_znyayut only two parts: top, lobus superior, To which the top of the legend goes, and the bottom, lobus inferior, Bilsh ob'amnu, below the top. The whole diaphragmatic surface is large and the back part of the blunt edge of the leg is large. On the front edge of the legends, in the lower part, the heart is viral, incisura cardiaca pulmonis sinistri, which is easily displaced by the heart, leaving the part of the pericardium uncritical. At the bottom, the tsya virizka is surrounded by a protruding anterior edge, called the tongue, lingula pulmonis sinistri. Lingula and lay down to her part of the easy view of the middle part of the right legend.

Budova legend. bronchial dissection(Fig. 157, 158). According to the submission of the lungs to parts of the skin from the two head bronchial tubes, bronchus principalis, until the end of the legends, repairs to the parts of the bronchi, bronchi lobares... The right upper podovzhny bronchus, straight up to the center of the upper part, pass over the Legend artery and is called over-arterial; Some parts of the bronchi of the right legacy and all parts of the bronchi can pass through the artery and are called podterialnymi. Parts of the bronchi, entering into the speech of the lung, see a number of secondary, third bronchial tubes, which are called segmental, bronchi segmentates So how does the stench ventilate the lungs of the lungs - segments... Segmental bronchi, in their own way, are dichotomous (skin into two) into more other bronchi of the 4th and onset orders right up to endsevic and dichal bronchioles.

bronchial skeleton vashtovaniye in a risky pose and in the middle of the lung, according to of different minds mechanical injection on the walls of the bronchial position and in the middle of the organ (K.D. Filatova, 1956): the posture of the lung, the skeleton of the bronchial tubes is folded from the cartilaginous cells, and when it comes to the lungs, the cartilaginous cells appear often

In segmental bronchi and in the wider cartilage growths, the size of the cartilage does not grow any more, but the size of the plate decreases in the world of reduction of the bronchial caliber: in the bronchial bronchial tubes of the cartilage. In the rest of them they know and slush, they get a little bit of a glimpse.

The myazovy ball is folded in a circularly expanded midway between the cartilages of the smooth myazovy fibers. In the case of bronchial growth, special circular muscle bundles develop, which can sound or increase the closure of the input in that bronchus (D.M. Zlidnikov, 1959). The ruff of the trachea and bronchial tubes and the structure of the skeleton, which can be stored up with the careless and ruffled elements (KD Filatova 1959).

Macro-microscopic lung bud(Fig. 159). Segments of the lung fold into Legendary patch, lobuli pulmonales They represent small (0.5-1.0 cm in diameter) of the paramidal form of a legionic parenchyma, one from one with semi-tissue (interlobular) partitions.

Interlobular full tissue to avenge veins and lumps of lymphatic capillaries and spraying of looseness of patches in case of dyshally collapses. Even more often in nіy іnkladaєtsya vyhuvana vugіlniy drank, in addition to the cordon, a piece of parcel will be clearly remembered.

At the top of the cutaneous lobule, there is one bronchial (1 mm in. Diameter) bronchus (in the middle 8th order), which is to avenge the cartilage in its walls ( lobular bronchus). The number of parochial bronchi in both legends reaches 1000 (Hayek, 1953). Skin lobular bronchus grows in the middle lobules to 12-18 thinner ones (0.3-0.5 mm in diameter) endsevic bronchioles, bronchioli teminales Do not replace cartilage and hair.

All bronchi, which are repaired from the head and terminated by the bronchial tubes, are stored in one bronchial tree, Scho serve as guides for carrying out the winding up during inhalation and withdrawal; dyshal gas exchange between the witnesses and blood does not come into them. Kіntsevі bronchіoli, dichotomously glucose, give ear dichny bronchioles, bronchioli respiratorii It’s Yakyyaytsya Tim, but on їkh walls there are already Legenevі Pukhirtsі, whatsoever alveoli, alveoli pulmonum... From the skin and respiratory bronchial tubes to the radial alveolar walk, ductuli alveoldres, Come to an end with a slap alveolar bears, sacculi alveoldres... The walls of the alveolar passages and mice are stored from the alveoli, in some of the epithelium they become one-ball flat (dichal epithelium). The wall of the cutaneous alveoli is surrounded by a thick net of blood-bearing capillaries.

Respiratory bronchial tubes, alveolar walking and alveolar mice with alveoli are stored in one alveolar tree, For the dizzy parenchyma of the legend. The stench is a functional and anatomical odinitsy її, I call acinus, acinus(Grono).

The number of acini in both legends is 800,000, and the alveoli - 300-500 million. The area of ​​the dysfunctional surface of the legends is increased from 30 m 2 in case of vidih ​​up to 100 m 2 in case of severe inhalation (Hayek, 1953). From the suction of acinuses, there are small parts, from a small part - segments, from segments - lobes, and sometimes - more easily.

lung function... The main function of the legends is gas exchange (souring blood and seeing it in carbon dioxide).

The physiological role of the legend is not interchangeable with gas exchange. Їх of a folding anatomical attachment for displaying and developing functional manifestations: The activity of the bronchial wall during dichanna, secretory-visual function, participation in the exchange of speech (water, lipoid and salt with regulation of chlorine balance), which is important in the appearance of acid-pool organisms.

We will firmly establish ourselves, so that the lungs are tensely developed by the cellin system, which evolve phagocytic power, and in general functionally less common types of reticuloendothelial systems.

blood circulation in the light of my own specialness. At the connection with the function of gas exchange of the leg, it is not only the arterial, but also the venous blood that can be removed. Staying through the arms of the legacy artery, the skin from which to enter the gates of the lung and because of the passage of the bronchial tubes. Finding the capillaries of the legacy artery is used to create a border of capillaries, which surrounds the alveoli (distal capillaries). Venous roof, flowing to the legacy capillaries through the leg of the leg artery, enters into osmotic exchange (gas exchange) from the alveoli in the case: you will see your carbon dioxide in the alveoli and take away the acidity. The veins are stored in the capillaries, which provide shelter, they are sacked (arterial), and there are more venous storms. Remain angry at vv. pulmonales.

Arterial shelter is brought into the legends by rr. bronchiales (from aorta, aa. intercostales posteriores і a. subclavia). Stink to liven up the wall of the bronchi and the legene tissue. With capillary hedgehogs, which pretend to be roughened in arteries, they are stored vv. bronchiales, scho run into chastkovo vv. azygos et hemiazygos, and sometimes in vv. pulmonales. In such a rank, the systems of the legionic and bronchial veins are anastomosed by themselves (LM Selivanova).

In the lungs, there are superficial lymphatic vertebrae, lodging in the globular pleura, and intrapulmonary. The roots of malignant lymphatic vessels are lymphatic capillaries, which can be installed on the respiratory and terminal bronchioles, in the interatomic and interlobular septa. The number of leggings trivializes in the gossip of lymphatic vessels around the hair of the leg artery, veins and bronchial tubes.

Introduce lymphatic judges passing partly through lnn. pulmonales, go up the root of the legend and lodging here are regional lymph universities.

So as to win the judges of the tracheobronchial nodes to go to the right venous cuff, then the part of the lymph of the left leg is signified, going from the lower part, having been consumed in the right lymph duct.

The nerves of the lungs are seen from the plexus pulmonalis, as if they were n. vagus et tr. sympathicus.

Vyyshovshi from the named gossip, the legenev nerves expand in the parts, segments and parts of the lung along the bronchial and blood vessels, so that they form the vertebral-bronchial bundles. In these bundles of nerves, gossip is established, in which microscopic internal nerves of the universities are perceived, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are transferred to postganglionic fibers.

In the bronchi, there are three nerve gossip: in Advent, in the ball of the tongue, and in the epithelium. Pіdepіtelіalnom gossip reacha alveoli. In addition to the eferent sympathetic and parasympathetic energy, the afferent nerve is mildly impaired, as the bronchial tubes appear through the bloody nerve, and from the visceral pleurisy - through the storage parts of the sympathetic

Segmental Budova Legen(Fig. 160). The lung has є 6 tubular systems: bronchi, arteries and veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymphatic judgment.

There are a large number of cicatricial systems, one in parallel, one to one, fixing the supra-bronchial bundles, which form the basis of the internal topography of the lung. As a rule of thumb, the cutaneous part of the lung is folded into the vicinity of the dylyanoks, which are called broncholegenic segments.

broncholegenic segment- the whole part of the lung, which is related to the primary part of the bronchus and the supervascular part of the lung artery and the first part of the bronchus. The wind is seen from the middle segments in the bigger ones by the bends with the semi-tissue partitions, in which the segmental veins pass. Tsі veni play with their pool half of the territory of skin susіdnіh segments (A. I. Klembivsky, 1962). Segments of the lung are shaped like irregular cones, for example, the tops of these directions up to the top of the leg, and up to the surface of the lung, sometimes between the segments, some of the growths in the pigmentation. Broncholegenic segments are functional and morphological units of the lung, in the boundaries of which pathological processes can be localized, and most of which can be interchanged during the most agreeable operations to replace the resections of the lungs. I am very rich in classification of segments.

Representatives of various specialties (surgeons, radiologists, anatomists) see a number of segments (from 4 to 12). So, D.G. Rokhlin for the purpose of X-ray diagnostics of sklavs is a segmental budovi scheme, which is located in the right-hand leg of 12 segments (in the upper part - three, in the middle - two; parts and cim - in the bottom).

According to the International (Parisian) Anatomical Nomenclature (PNA), in the right legend there are 11 bronchopulmonary segments and in the left - 10.

Name the segments based on topography. Є such segments,

right legend... V upper part right to the legends there are three segments:

Segmentum apicale borrowing the upper medial dilenck of the upper part, enter the upper opening breast cancer I will remember the dome of the pleura.

Segmentum posterius its basis for the conjugation is called і вінці, between them with II-IV ribs; the top of the jogo is turned up to the upper lobe bronchus.

Segmentum anterius prilyaga before the front wall of the breast plate between the cartilages of the I and IV ribs; vin prilyagaє to the right anterior and upper empty vein.

Middle part maє two segments:

Segmentum laterdle its basis for straightening forward і called, and the top - uphill і medially.

Segmentum mediate stick to the anterior chest wall of the sternum, between IV-VI ribs; win prilyagє to the heart and diaphragms.

At the bottom part razr_znyayut 5 or 6 segments.

Segmentum apicale(Superius) borrows the wedge-like upper part of the lower part and grows in the paravertebral region.

Segmentum basdle mediate(Cardiacum) by loaning the medical and diaphragmatic surface of the lower part. Vin prilyaga to the right anterior and lower empty vein.

pіdstava segmentum basdle anterius is located on the diaphragmatic surface of the lower part, and the large side of the slope is large up to the chest wall in the groin area, between the VI-VIII ribs.

Segmentum basdle laterdle To wedge in between the smaller segments of the lower part, so that before it sticks behind the diaphragm, and the lower side is close to the wall of the chest wall in the groin area, between the VII and IX ribs.

Segmentum basdle posterius rosetting paravertebrally; lies behind all the other segments of the lower part, penetrating deeply into the posterior part of the costophrenic sinus of the pleura.

One segment of the segment is seen as segmentum subapicdle (subsuperius).

liva legend. Upper part lіvoї legends MAє 4 segments.

Segmentum apicoposterius for the form and position of the seg. apicale і seg. posterius of the upper part of the right legacy. The front of the segment is slipped from the back plates of the III-V ribs. Medially, the segment is prone to the arch of the aorta and pidclavicular artery. You can also have 2 segments.

Segmentum anteriusє most great. Vin occupies a part of the costal surface of the upper part, between I-IV ribs, as well as a part of the mediastinal surface, which can be attributed to truncus pulmonalis.

Segmentum linguldre superius representing the dilyanka of the upper part of the area between III-V with ribs in front and IV-VI - in the groin area.

Segmentum linguldre inferius roztashovuєtsya lower than the upper, ale mayzhe do not stick to the diaphragm.

The offense of the lingual segment leads to the middle part of the right leg; stink of the heart, penetrating through the pericardium and chest wall into the costal-mediastinal sinus of the pleura.

V lower part There are 5 or 6 segments, which are symmetrical to the segments of the lower part of the right leg, and that may be the same.

Segmentum apicale(Superius) loan paravertebral position.

Segmentum basale mediate(Cardiacum) in 83% of cases of the bronchus, which should be repaired with a zagalny stovbur from the bronchial tubes of the offensive segment - segmentum basale anterius. The last appearance of the ovarian segments of the upper part of the fissura obliqua and take part in the established costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal surfaces of the lung.

Segmentum basale laterale Occupying the rib surface of the lower part in the groin area at the level of VII-X ribs.

Segmentum basale posterius representing the great one, from the back from the back of the other segments to the lower part of the legacy; it sticks to the VII-X ribs, diaphragm, lower aorta and stravohode.

Segmentum subapicdle(Subsuperius)

Lungs are the most common organ of the social life of the people. Easy roztasovani in the chest empty, right-handed and liv-handed to the heart. It smells like a pіvkone pіdvalini, scho roztashovani on the diaphragm, and the top protrudes 1-3 cm in the collarbone. For prevention, drink Transfer Factor. The legends are found in pleural bears, one form of one middle - a complex of organs, into which the heart, aorta, upper empty vein enter, which extends from the spinal column back to the anterior thoracic scaffold in front. The stench occupies a larger part of the chest emptying and stays behind the ridge, and from the anterior chest wall.

The right and the left are not the same as for the form, so for the whole. The rights of the legion are bigger, less liv (by about 10%), at the same hour it is cheap and wide through those that the right dome with diaphragms is worth more of the livy (inflow of the voluminous right part of the liver), and the heart grows lower to the right, changing the width of the left legion by ourselves. Until then, on the right, there is a small stove on the right side without a light in the black empty space, so it changes space.

Right and left the legend to be found, apparently, in the right and left pleural, Abo, yak їkh shche name, pleural bears. The pleura is a thin piece of water, which is stored with a full fabric and curls the chest empty from the middle (parietal pleura), and the lungs and middle are called (visceral pleura). There are two kinds of pleurisy between the two types of pleurisy, a special lubricant, which signifies a change in the strength of rubbing with dichal ruks.

The skin is lighter with an irregular cone-like shape with the base, straightened down, its top is rounded, it is rounded 3-4 cm apart from the 1st rib, or 2-3 cm apart from the collarbone in front, from the back to reach the level of the 7th ridge. At the top of the legends, a small bearded one is put into place, it is trimmed in a vice, so that it is possible to pass the clavicle artery here. The lower part of the lungs is visualized by the method of percussion - vistukuvannya.

There are three surfaces of the lungs: the rib, the lower and the medial (internal). The lower surface can be reduced, similar to the swelling of the diaphragms, and the ribs - navpaks, the swelling, similar to the oppression of the ribs in the middle. The media surface is reduced and repeated, in the main, cut the pericardium, extend to the anterior part, lay down to the middle, and back, lay down to the spinal stop. medial surface vvazhayut find. Here it is easier to skin, the gate is so called, through which the bronchus, the artery and vein enter the tissue of the lung.

The rights of the legend are stored in 3 parts, and in the left - in 2 parts. The skeleton of the lung has a treelike appearance of the bronchi. Between a part, it is itself, gliboki furrows and clearly visible. On both the legends є the scythe is bordered, it is practical to repair at the top, at the bottom by 6-7 cm, and end at the lower edge of the lung. Boroza to reach the glib, and is a cordon between the upper and lower parts of the lung. On the right, it is a pre-transverse boron, as it emerges from the upper part of the middle. Vaughn is represented at the viglyadі of the great wedge. On the front edge of the legends, in the lower part of the thigh, є the heart is viral, easy, like bi ousted by the heart, I mean a part of the pericardium that is not covered. At the bottom, the tsya is surrounded by a protruding front edge, called a tongue, and a part of the light appears to the middle part of the right legend.

pid internal budov of the lungs is a perennial architecture, as it forms a subset of the head bronchial tubes. As a matter of fact, the lungs are divided into parts of the skin from the two head bronchial tubes, and until the end of the lungs, it will be repaired on the parts of the bronchi. The right upper podovzhniy bronchus, straight up to the center of the upper part, pass over the Legend artery and is called above the artery, and all parts of the bronchi of the right Legend and all parts of the bronchi can pass through the artery and are called as a gift. Particles of the bronchi, penetrating into the speech of the lung, spread into larger third bronchi, called segmental, as the stench ventilates the concrete dilens of the lung - the segments. The skin part of the lung is stored in decile segments. Segmental bronchi, in their own way, are dichotomous (skin into two) into larger bronchi of the 4th and onset orders right up to endsevic and dichal bronchioles.

The skin part, the segment will recognize the blood flow from the power of the Legendary artery, and the blood flow will also grow beyond the inflow of the Legendary vein. Sudden and bronchial tubes must pass through the fabric, as they are found in small pieces. Secondary parts of the lung - so named for the visibility of the primary parts, which are larger than others. Recognize the number of bronchial tubes.

The primary part is the entirety of the Legeny alveoli, the yak is tied with the found bronchioles in the remaining order. The alveola is the central end of the respiratory tract. In fact, the tissues of the hair are not stored in the alveoli. Smells of the viglyad of old pukhirts, and, moreover, the suspicious may of the zagalny stinki. In the middle of the walls of the alveoli, there are epithelial cells, which are of two types: respiratory (distal alveocytes) and large alveocytes. Respiratory cells are even more highly specialized cells, as they function as gas exchange between the food and blood. Great alveocytes are viroblyayut specific speech - surfactant. In the legacy tissue, the spine of phagocytes is a keratin in the presence of alien particles and bacteria of small sizes.

The main function of the legends is gas exchange, if the roof is sour, and carbon dioxide is taken from the blood. Nadezhdennya in the legend of a rich sour drink and vivedennya to see, nourished in carbonic acid, it is called to be active dystopian rukhs chest wall and diaphragms and fast-feeling building of the lightest in the world from the range of mental health. On the way from the other paths to the respiratory tract, it’s not the transport that will be taken care of, but without the need to go to the shelter. It passes through the membranes of the alveoli and dichal alveocytes. In addition to the extravagant effect in the lung, the collateral effect is developed, i.e. Vono see through the pores in the walls of the legionic alveoli, wonderfully stimulated by acini.

The physiological role of the legend is not interchangeable with gas exchange. Їх of the folding anatomical attachment for the development of the balance of acidic functions in the balance of functional manifestations: the activity of the bronchial wall during dysfunction, secretory-visual function, participation in the exchange of speech (water, lipid and salt)

It is obvious that the bloodstatic legends are subordinate, so as the stench can be found in two absolutely independent judgments. One of them is considered to be a member of the Legendary artery, and the other will be taken care of by an organ that is sour and seen from the aorta. Venous roof, flowing to the legacy capillaries through the leg of the leg artery, enters into osmotic exchange (gas exchange) from the alveoli in the case: you will see your carbon dioxide in the alveoli and take away the acidity. The arterial roof is brought into the legacy from the aorta. Vona live the wall of the bronchi and the legene tissue.

In the lungs, they develop superficial lymphatic vertebrae, embedded in the globular pleurisy, and gliboki, all the middle legenevia. The roots of lymphatic vessels are lymphatic capillaries, where they fix the holes on the respiratory and terminal bronchioles, in the interatomic and interlobular septa. The number of leggings trivializes in the gossip of lymphatic vessels around the hair of the leg artery, veins and bronchial tubes.

Segments from one to one with good cloth... At the center of the segment, segmental bronchus and artery develop, and in the semi-tissue septum, there is a segmental vein.

According to the International Anatomical Nomenclature, in the right and in the legends there are 10 segments each. Name the segments to represent the topography and refer to the names of the segmental bronchial tubes.

The upper part of the right leg has 3 segments:

- upper segment , Segmentum apicale, borrowing of the upper medial part of the upper part, entering the upper opening of the breast plate and keeping the dome of the pleura;

- back segment , Segmentum posterius, its basis for the conjugation is called і вінці, between them with II-IV ribs; the top of the yogo is turned up to the upper lobe bronchus;

- anterior segment , Segmentum anterius, lays down to the anterior wall of the thoracic cell between the cartilages of the I and IV ribs, as well as to the right anterior and upper empty vein.

The middle part has 2 segments:

- lateral segment , segmentum laterale, its basis for straightening forward і named, and the top - uphill і medially;

- medial segment, segmentum mediale, stick to the anterior chest wall of the sternum, between IV-VI ribs; win prilyagє to the heart and diaphragms.

1 - larynx, larynx; 2 - trachea, trachea; 3 - top of the leg, apex pulmonis; 4 - Rebrov to the surface, facies costalis; 5 - double trachea, bifurcatio tracheae; 6 - the upper part of the lung, lobus pulmonis superior; 7 - horizontal slit of the right leg, fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri; 8 - scythe braid, fissura obliqua; 9 - heart virus of the love, incisura cardiaca pulmonis sinistri; 10 - middle part of the lung, lobus medius pulmonis; 11 - lower part of the lung, lobus inferior pulmonis; 12 - diaphragmatic to the top, facies diaphragmatica; 13 - pulmonary inflow, basis pulmonis.

The lower part has 5 segments:

- upper segment , segmentumapicale (superius), borrowing a wedge-like upper part of the lower part and growing in the paravertebral region;

- medial basal segment , segmentum basale mediale (cardiacum), by loaning the medical and diaphragmatic surface of the lower part. Vin prilyaga to the right anterior and lower empty vein;

- anterior basal segment , Segmentum basale anterius, to be located on the diaphragmatic surface of the lower part, and the big side of the slope is large up to the chest wall in the groin area between the VI-VIII ribs;

, Segmentum basale laterale, to wedge in between the smaller segments of the lower part, so that before it sticks behind the diaphragm, and the side of the line is attached to the wall of the chest wall in the groin area, between VII and IX ribs;

- posterior basal segment , Segmentum basale posterius, rosetting paravertebrally; lie behind all the other segments of the lower part, penetrating deeply into the costal-diaphragmatic sinus of the pleura. One of the most part of the segment .

The new design also has 10 segments.

The upper part of the left legacy is 5 segments:

- upper-back segment , Segmentum apicoposterius, for the form and position of the top segment , Segmentum apicale,і posterior segment , Segmentum posterius, the upper part of the right legend. The front of the segment is slipped from the back plates of the III-V ribs. Medially segment of the recumbent to the arch of the aorta and pidclavicular artery; you can have two segments;

- anterior segment , Segmentum anterius,є most great. I borrow a part of the costal surface of the upper part, between I-IV ribs, as well as a part of the mediastinal surface, de win stitch truncus pulmonalis;

- upper ovarian segment, segmentumlingulare superius, is a dilenka of the upper part of the area between III-V with ribs in front and IV-VI - in the groin area;

- lower ovarian segment, segmentum lingulare inferius, roztashovuєtsya lower than the upper, ale mayzhe do not stick to the diaphragm.

The insult to the ovarian segment leads to the middle part of the right leg, the stink of the heart stinks from the lumbar, penetrating through the pericardium of the thoracic wall into the costal-mediastinal sinus of the pleura.

The lower part of the left leg has 5 segments, which are symmetrical to the segments of the lower part of the right leg:

- upper segment, segmentum apicale (superius), zaymaє paravertebral position;

- medial basal segment, segmentum basale mediale, in 83% of cases there is a bronchus, which should be repaired with a stub burst from the bronchial tubes of the offensive segment, segmentum basale anterius. The last appearance of the tongue segments in the upper part, fissura obliqua, take part in the approved costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal surfaces of the lung;

- lateral basal segment , Segmentum basale laterale, borrowing the rib surface of the lower part in the groin area at the edge of the XII-X ribs;

- posterior basal segment, segmentum basale posterius, is a great retouching from the back of these segments to the lower part of the legacy; win stuck with VII-X ribs, diaphragm, lower aorta and stravohode;

– segmentum subapicale (subsuperius) tsey є don't expect.

Segments and Legends are stacked s secondary legeney patches, lobuli pulmones secundarii, in each of them there is a lobular bronchus (4-6 order). Tse dilyanka of legacy parenchymal pyramidal form up to 1.0-1.5 cm in diameter. Second parts of the rosette on the periphery of the segment with a ball up to 4 cm in size and one out of one with semi-fabric partitions, which are located in the veins and lymphocapillaries. At the cich partitions, the saws (vugilna) appear, so that they are clearly visible. In both legends of secondary parts there are up to 1 yew.

5) Gistology of Budova. Alveolar tree, arbor alveolaris.

The legene parenchyma for the functional and structural features is divided into two parts: the venous - the inner legene part of the bronchial tree (it is said about it); ...

Respiratory loss of the lung folds into acini, acinus, - structural and functional units of the lung, dermatological є old one thermal bronchioles. Thermal bronchioles last for two different bronchioles, bronchioli respiratorii, on the walls of which there are alveoli, alveoli pulmones, -Cup-shaped structure, visible from the middle flat clays, Alveolocytes. Elastic fibers are present in the walls of the alveoli. On the cob, along the respiratory bronchioles, alveoli of one, there is a smaller number of growths. Epithelial cells grow between the alveoli. All є 3-4 generations of dichotomous subilus of dichal bronchioles. Respiratory bronchioles, expanding, give ear to the alveolar passages, ductuli alveolares(From 3 to 17), the skin of which ends up with alveolar bears, sacculi alveolares.Walls of alveolar passages and mice are stored only from the alveoli, encircled by a thick net of blood-bearing capillaries. The inner surface of the alveoli, turned up to the alveolar damage, covered with the surface of the surface-active speech - surfactant, Yaky virivnyu surface tension in the alveoli and pereshkojaє glued together atelectasis... In the lungs of an older person, there are close to 300 million alveoli, through the walls of which there is a diffusion of gases.

In such a rank, the dichal bronchial tubes are of the deciduous order, which appear as one of the bronchial tubes, the alveolar walk, the alveolar beetles and the alveoli create a legacid acinus, acinus pulmonis... The dichotomous parenchyma of the legends is present in a series of hundreds of thousands of acini and is called the alveolar tree.

Kintsev respiratory bronchiole, lobulus pulmonis primarius... Їx is close to 16 in the cutaneous acinus.

6) Vіkovі features. Light in a newly born wrong cone-like form; the upper parts of the relatively small size; The middle part of the right legend is behind the size of the upper part of the road, and the lower part is sometimes large. On the 2nd turn of the child's life, the size of the parts of the legend is obviously one of the same age, as in the mature people. Masa of legends of the new-born - 57 g (from 39 to 70 g), length 67 cm³. Victory of revolution to get started after 50 years. Between legends and wicks, it also changes.

7) Development anomalies. Agenesis of legends - VIDSUTNІST of one or both legends. When both light are out, the fruit is undead. Hypogenesis of the lungs - unapproved legends, it is not easy to be supervised by a dizzy lack. Anomalies of the thermal parts of the bronchial tree - bronchiectasis - incorrect mishkopodibnі enlargement of thermal bronchioles. The turnover of the provisions of the organs of the breast empty, with the right of the legend to revenge only two parts, and left the legend to be stored in three parts. The turnout can be only thoracic, only abdominal and total.

8) Diagnostics. For a radiological pre-stench of the breast, two light "legeny fields" are clearly visible, behind which one can judge about the lungs, as, as a result of the obviousness of the stench in them, it is easy to miss the X-ray promenade. The offense of the Legendary fields was seen one from one intensive middle tine, approved by the sternum, ridge stop, Heart and great judges. Qia tin to become a medical cordon of the Legendary fields; the upper and lateral to the cordon are fixed with ribs. Below is the diaphragm. The upper part of the legacy field is overturned by the clavicle, as the supraclavicular region is extended from the clavicle. The lower collarbone on the Legenevo field is covered with the intersecting front and back parts of the ribs.

The X-ray method of latency allows the infection of changes in the spinal organs of the breast, which is observed when there is a disorder. When inhaling, the diaphragm goes down, the domes become larger, the center goes from the bottom to the bottom - the ribs go down, the edges grow wider. Legendary fields grow lighter, Legendary babies are shy. Pleural sinuses "shine through", melt away. The position of the heart is close to vertical, and in a swelling shape, close to tricot. When I see it, they get a lot of fun. For additional X-ray photography, it is also possible to use diaphragms in the robot for dichan, spiv, mov, etc.

When we go to bed X-ray (tomography) lung structure to appear more beautifully, less with an extraordinary x-ray or an x-ray. However, the tomograms do not show differentiation around the structure of the lung. We are ready to use a special method of X-ray dosage (electro-roentgenography). Not only tubular parts are visible on the otrimannye behind the auxiliary radiographs lung systems, (Bronchi and blood-bearing judgment), and the second half-tissue frame of the lung. As a result, the parenchyma of all the legends will come back to life for Lyudin Budova.

The empty breast has three absolutely identical serous bears - one each for the cutaneous lung and one, middle, for the heart.

The serous membrane of the lung is called the pleura, p1eura. It will be stored in two sheets:

Pleura visceral , Pleura visceralis;

Parietal pleura, pristinkova , Pleura parietalis.

skіlki frequent in lіvіy legendі

a little bit in the right legend

The number of parts in the right and left lungs of the people is not the same for the distribution of food for Chomu, the tasks by the author are not the same by the author Oksana. One beard, a scythe, scho can on both legends, to repair at a somewhat high rate (6 -7 cm lower than the top) and then obliquely descend down to the diaphragmatic surface, very much entering the speech of the legend. Vona vidokremlyuє on the cutaneous lung, the upper part of the lower part. In the middle of the furrow, right to the legend more than a friend, horizontal, furrow, it should pass on the level of the IV rib. There is a wedge-shaped dilenk from the upper part of the right leg, which becomes the middle part. In such a rank, in the right legend there are three parts.

In the legends, only two parts are developed: the upper one, to which the upper part of the legend goes, and the lower one, the bigger one, lower the upper one. Until then, the entire diaphragmatic surface is visible and a large part of the back dull edge of the leg. On the front edge of the legends, in the lower part of the thigh, є the heart is viral, easy, like bi ousted by the heart, I mean a part of the pericardium that is not covered. At the bottom, the tsya is enclosed by a protruding front edge, called the tongue. The tongue and the small part of the lung lie down to the middle part of the right legacy.

Perchodzherelo Tomu is a heart, yake, it’s a perennial place.

good sage, .. and obsyag heart?

The skin is easy to help the furrows to be divided into parts. One beard, a scythe, scho can on both legends, to repair at a somewhat high rate (6 -7 cm lower than the top) and then obliquely descend down to the diaphragmatic surface, very much entering the speech of the legend. Vona vidokremlyuє on the cutaneous lung, the upper part of the lower part. In the middle of the furrow, right to the legend more than a friend, horizontal, furrow, it should pass on the level of the IV rib. There is a wedge-shaped dilenk from the upper part of the right leg, which becomes the middle part. In such a rank, in the right legend є three parts

Segments of the lung: diagram. Budova Legen

Yak watching our legends? At the breast cells in 2 pleural bears there is a tissue of legends. The middle alveoli are crying bears in the writs. The upper part of the cutaneous lung is in the area of ​​the supraclavicular fossa, trochialis (2-3 cm) of the clavicle.

Lightly secured by the great hedgehog of the judgment. Without rosy hedgehogs, nerves and bronchus, the organ does not function biologically.

Legends may be parts and segments. The space between the lobes of the pleura is located behind the visceral pleura. The segments of the leg are divided by a semi-fabric partition, all the way through which the judges pass. Deyaky segments, as long as the stench is ruined, you can see it for an hour of the operation, without shkodi susidnim. The partitions can be pitted, and the line "broken" by the segments.

Parts and segments of the legend. scheme

Lungs, yak vidomo, guy's organ. The rights of the legend are stored in two parts, divided by borozy (lat.Fissurae), and in three parts. Liva Legenya is less than width, splinters to the heart of roztashovane more center... In the central area, a part of the pericardium is easily covered.

Lungs also grow on the bronchogenic segments (segmenta bronchopulmonalia). According to the international nomenclature, the offense of lungs is divided into 10 segments. In the right upper part there are 3, in the middle part - 2, in the lower part - 5 segments. Liva part is distributed in a way, or to take revenge on such a number of dilyanoks. The broncholegenic segment is the center of the oceans of the dilyanka of lenevoi parenchyma, which is ventilated by 1 bronchus (the bronchus itself of the 3rd order) and be provided with blood from the same artery.

In dermal people, there are a number of such dalyanoks individually. Parts and segments of legends develop in the period of intrauterine growth, repaired in 2 months (differentiation is often on a segment to be repaired in 20 years), and some changes in the process of development are possible. For example, 2% of people have an analogue of the right middle part - another ovarian segment. I want the majority of people to have linguistic segments of the legends only in the left upper part - there are two.

For some people, the segments of the legends are simply "zbudovan" innakshe, but not for the others, which does not mean that there is a pathological anomaly. The function of the lungs does not change.

Segments of the lung, the diagram of the chain pidtverzhuє, see visually like irregular cones and pyramid, with the top of the furrow to the gate dyshal to the body... There are many surpasses of legends from the past.

Upper and middle segments of the right legend

Structural budova parenchyma of left and right lung trochus in a reasonable way. I will name my light segments in Latin and Russian (from direct reports to the moment of roasting). For some reason, I will describe the front view of the right legend.

  1. Verhivkovy (Segmentum apicale). Go all the way to the scapula. MAє cone shape.
  2. Back (Segmentum posterius). Pass from the middle of the shoulder blade to the її edge from the top. Segment of recumbency to thoracic (posterolateral) stintsi at 2-4 ribs.
  3. Front (Segmentum anterius). Be in the front. The surface (medіyna) of the th segment є susidami with the ruling of the anterior and the upper empty vein.

The middle part is "divided" into 2 segments:

  1. Lateral (laterale). Roztashovutsya on івні from 4 to 6 ribs. MA pіramіdalnu form.
  2. Medial (mediale). The segment of the malignancy up to the thoracic point anteriorly. In the middle, lie down to the heart, below the diaphragm.

Imaging segments lung scheme in be-yaky modern medical encyclopedia. You can only create three names. For example, the lateral segment is the central segment, and the medial segment is often called internal.

Lower 5 segments of the right legend

In the right legend there are 3 segments, and the very last lower segment has more than 5 segments. The lower segments of the lung are called as follows:

  1. Verhivkovy (apicale superius).
  2. Medial basal, or even heart, segment (basale mediale cardiacum).
  3. Anterior basal (basale anterius).
  4. Lateral basal (basale laterale).
  5. Back basal (basale posterius).

The number of segments (3 remains of the basal) is rich in shape and morphology, which are similar to those of a dilyanka. The yak axis is distributed in the right part of the segment of the leg. Anatomy of a loving legend descho insha. Some of it can be seen.

The upper part and the lower part of the legends

Liva legend, deyaki vvazhayut, you need 9 parts. At the end of the day, 7 and 8 sectors of the parenchyma of the left legacy may have the zagalny bronchus, the author of the deyakim vidan napolyagayut on the common parts. Ale poki scho pererakhumo all 10 segments:

  • Verhivkovy. This segment is analogous to the mirror right.
  • Rear. Single upper and rear unite in 1.
  • Front. The largest segment. Stay with the same side of the heart with the medial side.
  • Upper ovarian (Segmentum lingulare superius). Prilyagaє on rіvnі 3 5 ribs to the anterior thoracic wall.
  • Lower ovarian segment (lingulare interius). It is located without the middle in front of the upper ovicular segment, and at the bottom it is slit along the lower basal segments.

The first lower sectors (which are similar to the right ones) are also induced in the order of the last:

  • Verhivkovy. For the topography it is even similar to the same sector in the right part.
  • Medial basal (heart). It is located in front of the legendary link on the medial surface.
  • Anterior basal.
  • Lateral basal segment.
  • Posterior basal.

Segments of the lung are both functional and parenchymal and morphological. That, in case of any pathology, an x-ray is indicated. If people are rocking x-rays, the doctor-radiologist advises once on the spot, in a segment in the blaze of ailments.

bloodstending

Finding "details" to the organ of the dichotomy - the alveoli. Alveolar beetles - tse the thin hemmed capillaries of the bulb, through each and every one of our legends. Itself in the cich of the Legendary "atoms" all the gas exchange takes place. Segments of the lung stream the spine of the alveolar passages. In total, the skin lesions contain 300 million alveoli. Їm deliver some arterial capillaries. The venous vessels take the carbonic acid.

Legendary arts performance on a small scale. To liven fabrics and legends and store little blood circulation. Arteries are subdivided into small parts, and then on segmented and dermal living their own "widdil" legends. Ale is also here to pass bronchial verdicts, which are carried out to great stake blood circulation. Legendary veins of the right and left legends enter into the current of the front of the heart. The cutaneous segment of the lung has a third stage bronchus.

On the mediastinal surface of the lung є the "gate" of hilum pulmonis - death, through which to pass to the lungs, the main venia, lymphatic judgment, bronchi and artery. Tsei misce "peretinu" of the head sudins is called the root of legends.

Would you show the X-ray?

On the X-ray of the tissue of a healthy lung, the view is monotonous. Before speech, fluorography, series of x-rays, ale bilsh low qualityі found. If a cancer on a new one can not be patched, it is easy to burn legends or tuberculosis. As for the sign, you can see the beaches of more dark vidtinka, which can mean burning lung, So as the proficiency of the fabric. And the axis of the glaciers of light means that the tissue of the body has little strength, and it is worth talking about problems.

Segments of the lung on the roentgenogram are not discolored. The picture is recognizable as a leash. Ale the roentgenologist of the goiters of the aristocracy of all the segments, is guilty of the cause, in which part of the legacy parenchyma anomalies. X-ray inodi yes positive results... Analysis of the sign of only yes "rozmiti" vіdomostі. More accurate data can be taken out on a computer tomography.

Lungs on CT

Computer tomography is the best way to learn how to be seen in the middle of the legacy parenchyma. CT scans allow bachiti not only of parts and segments, but also of intermediate septa, bronchi, vertebral organs and lymph nodes. Todi as a segment of the lung on the roentgenogram can be visually significant only topographically.

For such a dosage, it is not necessary to starve from the wound and skasovuvaty with likiv. To go through the whole procedure shvidko - only 15 khvili.

The normi at the pre-sluggish CT scan is not to blame for the following:

  • new lymph nodes;
  • birth in the pleura of the lungs;
  • areas of overworld schilnosti;
  • any statement;
  • Change of morphology of soft tissues and cysts.

And also the society of bronchial tubes is guilty of making the norm. Segments of the legs on CT are not generally visible. I’ll take a picture of the warehouse and write it down on the medical card if you look at all the gray signs on your computer.

The patient himself cannot be diagnosed with illness. All signs written to be recorded on disk or played. And with these signs, it is necessary to turn up to a pulmonologist - a doctor, to specialize on ailments of the lungs.

Yak to protect the health of the legends?

Naybіlshoї shkodi all dykhalnіy sistemі creates the wrong way of life, filthy food і kurіnnya.

To navigate as a person lives in a suffocating place and his legend, constantly "attack" with an alarm saw, it’s not the most frightening. The saw can be easily cleaned, vyzhzhayuchi vlіtku in clean foils. Naystrashnishe is a great cigarette dim. The terrible thing is the same odor of madness, inhalation in case of faint, tar and foul gas. Tom kurinnya needs to be thrown without regret.

segments of the leg

З 1. Verhivkovy C2. Back C3. front

C1-2. Verkhivkovo-back C3. Front C4. Upper ovarian C5. Lower ovarian

C4. Lateral C5. medial

C6. Verhivkovy C7. Medial basal C8. Anterior basal C9. Lateral basal C10. posterior basal

C6. Verhivkovy C7. Відсутня С8. Anterior basal C9. Lateral basal C10. posterior basal

Topography of the segments of the law

C1 - upper segment - along the anterior surface of the II rib, through the apex of the lung to the back of the scapula.

C2 - posterior segment - along the posterior surface of the thorax paravertebrally from the upper kuta of the scapula to the middle.

C3 - anterior segment - from II to IV ribs.

The middle part: it starts on the anterior surface of the chest wall from IV to VI rib.

C4 - lateral segment - anterior groin area.

C5 - medial segment - closer to the sternum.

Lower part: upper boundary - from the middle of the scapula to diaphragms.

C6 - in the paravertebral zone from the middle of the scapula to the lower kut.

C7 - medial basal.

C8 - anterior basal - anteriorly - head interlobar boron, below - diaphragm, posteriorly - posterior axillary line.

C9 - lateral basal - from the scapula line 2 cm to the axillary zone.

C10 - posterior basal - from the lower cut of the scapula to diaphragms. Bichni border - paravertebral and scapula line.

Topography of the segments of the legends.

Upper part

C1-2 - upper-posterior segment (representing a combination of C1 and C2 segments in the left leg, which is supplemented by the presence of the posterior bronchus) - along the anterior surface of the II rib through the top to the back of the scapula.

C3 - anterior segment - from II to IV rib.

C4 - upper ovarian segment - from the IV rib to the V rib.

C5 - lower ovarian segment - from the V rib to diaphragms.

Segments of the lower part of the area may also be right-handed. In the lower part of the left leg, there is a C7 segment (in the left leg, the C7 and C8 segments of the right part may have a backbone bronchus).

On the little ones, there are images of the projection of the segments of the lungs on the oblique radiographs of the legends in the forward projection.

Small. 1. C1 - upper segment of the right leg - along the anterior surface of the II rib, through the apex of the lung to the back of the scapula. (A- zagalny viglyad; b-bichna projection; c- direct projection.)

Small. 2. C1 - upper segment and C2 - posterior segment of the left leg. (A- direct projection; b- lateral projection; c- backward view).

Small. 8. С4 - lateral segment of the middle part of the right leg. (A- zagalny viglyad; b-bichna projection; c- direct projection).

Small. 9. С5 - medial segment of the middle part of the right legacy. (A- zagalny viglyad; b-bichna projection; c- direct projection).

Small. 11.C6. The upper segment of the lower part of the left leg. (A - direct projection; b - lateral projection; c - back view).

Small. 13. С8 - anterior basal segment of the lower part of the right leg. (A- zagalny viglyad; b-bichna projection; c- direct projection).

Small. 15. C9 - lateral basal segment of the lower part of the right leg. (A- zagalny viglyad; b-bichna projection; c- direct projection).

Small. 18. С10 - posterior basal segment of the lower part of the left leg. (A - direct projection; b - lateral projection; c - back view).

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Topography and segments of legends on radiographs

Segments - morphofunctional elements of the leg tissue, which include the bronchus, artery and vein. The stench of acini is found in a functional unit of the parenchyma (close to 1.5 mm in diameter). Alveolar acini are ventilated by bronchioles - other bronchial malignancies. These structures will provide gas exchange between navkolishnim povtryam and blood capillaries.

The acini on the roentgenogram does not appear, so the localization of pathological conditions on the signs of the legends is taken for segments and parts.

Segmental Budova

The right of the legend to revenge three parts:

The skin of them has its own segmental budovu.

Segments of the upper part of the right legend:

The middle part has 2 structural segments:

The lower part of the right legacy has 5 segments:

There are two parts to the legends of the legends, to that the structure of the Budova legendary parenchyma is often seen. The middle part of the left legacy consists of the advanced segments:

The lower part of the segment may be 4-5 segments (among the older authors, there are thoughts):

  1. Upper (S6).
  2. Nіzhnevnutrennіm (S7), which can be connected to Nіzhne-front (S8).
  3. Outside (S9).
  4. Lower back (S10).

It is more correct to see 4 segments in the lower part of the left leg, so as S7 and S8 may cause the posterior bronchus.

Pidvodyachi pidsouk: liva legend is stored in 9 segments, and the right - in 10.

Topographic growth of segments of the lungs on the roentgenogram

X-rays, passing through the parenchyma of the Legenev, clearly do not see the topographic orintiri, but allow the localization of the segmental structure of the lungs. The sign is on the way to the beginning of the development of pathological darkening in the legends, likar-roentgenologists are reprimanding with mits.

The upper part is from the lower (or middle right-handed) spit between the lobe split. Vona clearly does not quilt on the roentgenogram. For її vіdіlennya reproach with such terms:

  1. On the direct sign of repaired on the edge of the spinous outgrowth Th3 (3rd thoracic ridge).
  2. Go horizontally along the last part of the 4th rib.
  3. Then we go to the other point with diaphragms in the projection of the middle part.
  4. on bichnuyu sign the horizontal pleura is repaired from the top to Th3.
  5. Pass through the root of the lung.
  6. End up in the best points of diaphragms.

The horizontal gap between the lobes is towards the Kremlin, the upper part is towards the middle in the right leg. Vaughn pass:

  1. On a straight roentgenogram along the lateral edge of the 4th rib - right up to the root.
  2. In a child's projection, start from the root and go horizontally to the sternum.

Topography of lung segments:

  • upper (S1) pass along the 2nd rib to the scapula;
  • posterior - from the middle of the scapula to the upper edge;
  • front - in front of the 2nd and 4th ribs;
  • lateral (upper lingual) - between the 4th and 6th ribs along the anterior groin line;
  • medial (lower lingual) - between the 4th and 6th ribs closer to the sternum;
  • upper basal (S6) - from the middle of the scapula to the lower kut in the paravertebral region;
  • medial basal - from the 6th rib to the diaphragms between the midclavicular line and sternum;
  • anterior basal (S8) - between the interlobar fissure in front and groin line behind;
  • lateral basal (S9) is designed between the middle of the scapula of the cyst and the posterior lining of the cyst;
  • posterior basal (S10) - from the lower cut of the scapula to the diaphragms between the scapula and paravertebral lines.

Malice segmented Budov does not appear, so that the doctor-radiologist allows the doctor-radiologist in direct and general projections to accurately locate the pathological conditions in the parenchyma of the disease.

Rіdkіsni features of the topography of the lungs

Doyak people, through the abnormal position of the unpaired vein, pretend to be lobus venae azygos. It is not necessary to respect pathological assumptions, but it is necessary to take care when reading X-ray evidence of the organs of the breast.

In most people, venae azygos flows into the upper empty vein up to the middle of the mediastinal surface of the right leg, which cannot be seen on radiographs.

When a part of an unpaired veni is revealed, it is obvious that people have a place where a given vessel is reduced to the right in the projection of the upper part.

If the unpaired vein is located lower than the normal position, and if the stravohid is hindered, it will be difficult to deal with it. At the same time, there is a folding when passing through - dysphagialusoria ("heat of nature"). On the roentgenogram, the pathology is manifested by an edge defect similar to that of the familiar cancer. As a matter of fact, when the computer tomography (CT) is displayed, the diagnosis is made.

Інші рідкісні lungs:

  1. The pericardial is formed by the wrong course of the medial viddil of the interlobar fissure.
  2. Yazichkova - quilting on the marks, if the interlobular cleavage is stitched in the projection of the 4th rib. Vaughn is a morphological analogue of the middle part on the right in 1-2% of people.
  3. The back - to be seen with the presence of an additional gap, as the upper part of the lower part is seen asleep. See both sides.

Topography and segmentally Budova legend is to blame for the nobility of the skin likar-radiologist. Without it, it is unwise to correctly read the signs of the organs of the breast.

Yak watching our legends? At the breast cells in 2 pleural bears there is a tissue of legends. The middle alveoli are crying bears in the writs. The upper part of the cutaneous lung is in the area of ​​the supraclavicular fossa, trochialis (2-3 cm) of the clavicle.

Lightly secured by the great hedgehog of the judgment. Without rosy hedgehogs, nerves and bronchus, the organ does not function biologically.

Legends may be parts and segments. The space between the lobes of the pleura is located behind the visceral pleura. The segments of the leg are divided by a semi-fabric partition, all the way through which the judges pass. Deyaky segments, as long as the stench is ruined, you can see it for an hour of the operation, without shkodi susidnim. The partitions can be pitted, and the line "broken" by the segments.

Parts and segments of the legend. scheme

Lungs, yak vidomo, guy's organ. The rights of the legend are stored in two parts, divided by borozy (lat.Fissurae), and in three parts. Liva Legenya grows less wide, shards of the heart are roasted to the left of the center. In the central area, a part of the pericardium is easily covered.

Lungs also grow on the bronchogenic segments (segmenta bronchopulmonalia). According to the international nomenclature, the offense of lungs is divided into 10 segments. In the right upper part there are 3, in the middle part - 2, in the lower part - 5 segments. Liva part is distributed in a way, or to take revenge on such a number of dilyanoks. The broncholegenic segment is the center of the oceans of the dilyanka of lenevoi parenchyma, which is ventilated by 1 bronchus (the bronchus itself of the 3rd order) and be provided with blood from the same artery.

In dermal people, there are a number of such dalyanoks individually. Parts and segments of legends develop in the period of intrauterine growth, repaired in 2 months (differentiation is often on a segment to be repaired in 20 years), and some changes in the process of development are possible. For example, 2% of people have an analogue of the right middle part - another ovarian segment. I want the majority of people to have linguistic segments of the legends only in the left upper part - there are two.

For some people, the segments of the legends are simply "zbudovan" innakshe, but not for the others, which does not mean that there is a pathological anomaly. The function of the lungs does not change.

Segments of the lung, the diagram of the chain, are visible, visually like irregular cones and pyramids, with the apex of the furrow up to the dical organ. There are many surpasses of legends from the past.

Upper and middle segments of the right legend

Structural budova parenchyma of left and right lung trochus in a reasonable way. I will name my light segments in Latin and Russian (from direct reports to the moment of roasting). For some reason, I will describe the front view of the right legend.

  1. Verhivkovy (Segmentum apicale). Go all the way to the scapula. MAє cone shape.
  2. Back (Segmentum posterius). Pass from the middle of the shoulder blade to the її edge from the top. Segment of recumbency to thoracic (posterolateral) stintsi at 2-4 ribs.
  3. Front (Segmentum anterius). Be in the front. The surface (medіyna) of the th segment є susidami with the ruling of the anterior and the upper empty vein.

The middle part is "divided" into 2 segments:

  1. Lateral (laterale). Roztashovutsya on івні from 4 to 6 ribs. MA pіramіdalnu form.
  2. Medial (mediale). The segment of the malignancy up to the thoracic point anteriorly. In the middle, lie down to the heart, below the diaphragm.

Imaging the lung segment of the diagram in any modern medical encyclopedia. You can only create three names. For example, the lateral segment is the central segment, and the medial segment is often called internal.

Lower 5 segments of the right legend

In the right legend there are 3 segments, and the very last lower segment has more than 5 segments. The lower segments of the lung are called as follows:

  1. Verhivkovy (apicale superius).
  2. Medial basal, or even heart, segment (basale mediale cardiacum).
  3. Anterior basal (basale anterius).
  4. Lateral basal (basale laterale).
  5. Back basal (basale posterius).

The number of segments (3 remains of the basal) is rich in shape and morphology, which are similar to those of a dilyanka. The yak axis is distributed in the right part of the segment of the leg. Anatomy of a loving legend descho insha. Some of it can be seen.

The upper part and the lower part of the legends

Liva legend, deyaki vvazhayut, you need 9 parts. At the end of the day, 7 and 8 sectors of the parenchyma of the left legacy may have the zagalny bronchus, the author of the deyakim vidan napolyagayut on the common parts. Ale poki scho pererakhumo all 10 segments:

Upper sectors:

  • Verhivkovy. This segment is analogous to the mirror right.
  • Rear. Single upper and rear unite in 1.
  • Front. The largest segment. Stay with the same side of the heart with the medial side.
  • Upper ovarian (Segmentum lingulare superius). Prilyagaє on rіvnі 3 5 ribs to the anterior thoracic wall.
  • Lower ovarian segment (lingulare interius). It is located without the middle in front of the upper ovicular segment, and at the bottom it is slit along the lower basal segments.

The first lower sectors (which are similar to the right ones) are also induced in the order of the last:

  • Verhivkovy. For the topography it is even similar to the same sector in the right part.
  • Medial basal (heart). It is located in front of the legendary link on the medial surface.
  • Anterior basal.
  • Lateral basal segment.
  • Posterior basal.

Segments of the lung are both functional and parenchymal and morphological. That, in case of any pathology, an x-ray is indicated. If people are rocking x-rays, the doctor-radiologist advises once on the spot, in a segment in the blaze of ailments.

bloodstending

Finding "details" to the organ of the dichotomy - the alveoli. Alveolar beetles - tse the thin hemmed capillaries of the bulb, through each and every one of our legends. Itself in the cich of the Legendary "atoms" all the gas exchange takes place. Segments of the lung stream the spine of the alveolar passages. In total, the skin lesions contain 300 million alveoli. Їm deliver some arterial capillaries. The venous vessels take the carbonic acid.

Legendary arts performance on a small scale. To liven fabrics and legends and store little blood circulation. Arteries are subdivided into small parts, and then on segmented and dermal living their own "widdil" legends. It is also here to pass bronchial judgments, as blood circulation is carried to the great stake. Legendary veins of the right and left legends enter into the current of the front of the heart. The cutaneous segment of the lung has a third stage bronchus.

On the mediastinal surface of the lung є the "gate" of hilum pulmonis - death, through which to pass to the lungs, the main venia, lymphatic judgment, bronchi and artery. Tsei misce "peretinu" of the head sudins is called the root of legends.

Would you show the X-ray?

On the X-ray of the tissue of a healthy lung, the view is monotonous. Before speech, fluorography, a series of x-rays, a little more low quality and found. If a cancer on a new one can not be patched, it is easy to burn legends or tuberculosis. As for the sign, you can see the beaches of more dark vidtinku, which can also mean the burning of the lung, as well as the strength of the fabric. And the axis of the glaciers of light means that the tissue of the body has little strength, and it is worth talking about problems.

Segments of the lung on the roentgenogram are not discolored. The picture is recognizable as a leash. Ale the roentgenologist of the goiters of the aristocracy of all the segments, is guilty of the cause, in which part of the legacy parenchyma anomalies. X-rays only give pseudo-positive results. Analysis of the sign of only yes "rozmiti" vіdomostі. More accurate data can be taken out on a computer tomography.

Lungs on CT

Computer tomography is the best way to learn how to be seen in the middle of the legacy parenchyma. CT scans allow bachiti not only of parts and segments, but also of intermediate septa, bronchi, vertebral organs and lymph nodes. Todi as a segment of the lung on the roentgenogram can be visually significant only topographically.

For such a dosage, it is not necessary to starve from the wound and skasovuvaty with likiv. To go through the whole procedure shvidko - only 15 khvili.

The normi at the pre-sluggish CT scan is not to blame for the following:

  • new lymph nodes;
  • birth in the pleura of the lungs;
  • areas of overworld schilnosti;
  • any statement;
  • Change of morphology of soft tissues and cysts.

And also the society of bronchial tubes is guilty of making the norm. Segments of the legs on CT are not generally visible. I’ll take a picture of the warehouse and write it down on the medical card if you look at all the gray signs on your computer.

The patient himself cannot be diagnosed with illness. All signs written to be recorded on disk or played. And with these signs, it is necessary to turn up to a pulmonologist - a doctor, to specialize on ailments of the lungs.

Yak to protect the health of the legends?

Naybіlshoї shkodi all dykhalnіy sistemі creates the wrong way of life, filthy food і kurіnnya.

To navigate as a person lives in a suffocating place and his legend, constantly "attack" with an alarm saw, it’s not the most frightening. The saw can be easily cleaned, vyzhzhayuchi vlіtku in clean foils. Naystrashnishe is a great cigarette dim. The terrible thing is the same odor of madness, inhalation in case of faint, tar and foul gas. Tom kurinnya needs to be thrown without regret.

Legends є 6 pipe systems: bronchi, legeny arteries and veni, bronchial arteries and veni, lymphatic judges.

There are a large number of cicatricial systems, one in parallel, one to one, fixing the supra-bronchial bundles, which form the basis of the internal topography of the lung. According to the subo-bronchial bundles, the cutaneous part of the lung is folded into the surrounding areas, which are called broncho-legene segments.

broncholegenic segment- the whole part of the lung, which is related to the primary part of the bronchus and the supervascular part of the lung artery and the first part of the bronchus. The wind is seen from the middle segments in the bigger ones by the bends with the semi-tissue partitions, in which the segmental veins pass. Tsi veni with their pool half of the territory of the skin of the susceptible segments. Segments of the lung are shaped like irregular cones, for example, the tops of these directions to the top of the legend, and from the left - to the surface of the lung, between the segments and some of the growths in the pigmentation. Broncholegenic segments are functional and morphological units of the lung, in the boundaries of which pathological processes can be localized, and most of which can be interchanged during the most agreeable operations to replace the resections of the lungs. I am very rich in classification of segments.

Representatives of different specialties (surgeons, radiologists, anatomists) see a number of segments (from 4 to 12).

According to the International Anatomical Nomenclature, in the right and in the legends there are 10 segments each.

Name the segments of the given topography. Є such segments.

Legend rights.

The upper part of the right legacy has three segments:

segmentum apicale (SI) borrowing of the upper medial part of the upper part, entering the upper opening of the breast plate and filling the dome of the pleura;

segmentum posterius (SII) with its base of rectifying called і vіntsі, between them zі II -IV ribs; the top of the yogo is turned up to the upper lobe bronchus;

segmentum anterius (SIII) lying down before the anterior wall of the breast plate between the cartilages of the I and IV ribs; vin prilyagaє to the right anterior and upper empty vein.

The middle part has two segments:

segmentum laterale (SIV) with its base of straightening forward і named, and the top - uphill і medially;

segmentum mediate (SV) sticks to the anterior chest wall of the sternum, between IV-VI ribs; win prilyagє to the heart and diaphragms.


The lower part has 5 segments:

segmentum apicale (superius) (SVI) borrows a wedge-like upper part of the lower part and grows in the paravertebral region;

segmentum basale mediate (cardiacum) (SVII) by loaning the mediastinal and diaphragmatic surface of the lower part. Vin prilyaga to the right anterior and lower empty vein;
the segmentum basdle anterius (SVIII) is located on the diaphragmatic surface of the lower part, and the side of the bow is large up to the chest wall in the groin area between the VI-VIII ribs;

segmentum basale laterale (SIX) wedge in between the smallest segments of the lower part so that, from the beginning, it sticks out of the diaphragm, and the side of the side lays down to the wall of the chest wall in the groin area, between VII and IX ribs;

segmentum basale posterius (SX) paravertebral retouching; lies behind all the other segments of the lower part, penetrating deeply into the posterior part of the costophrenic sinus of the pleura.
One segment of the segment is seen as segmentum subapicdte (subsuperius).

Love the legend. The upper part of the left legacy is 5 segments:

segmentum apicoposterius (SI + II) for the form and position of the seg. apicale і seg. posterius of the upper part of the right legacy. The front of the segment is slipped from the back plates of the III-V ribs. Medially, the segment is prone to the arch of the aorta and pidclavicular artery. You can also have 2 segments;

segmentum anterius (SIII) є the greatest. I borrow a part of the costal surface of the upper part, between I-IV ribs, and also a part of the mediastinal surface, which can be attributed to truncus pulmonalis;

segmentum lingulare superius (SIV) represents a dilyanka of the upper part of the III-V ribs in front of IV-VI -in the groin area;

segmentum lingulare inferius (SV) grows lower than the upper one, and does not stick to the diaphragm.
The offense of the lingual segment leads to the middle part of the right leg; stink of the heart, penetrating through the pericardium and chest wall into the costal-mediastinal sinus of the pleura.

The lower part of the left leg has 5 segments, which are symmetrical to the segments of the lower part of the right leg, and that may also have the following meaning:

segmentum apicale (superius) (SVI) loanє paravertebral position;

segmentum basale medidle (cardidcum) (SVII) in 83% of cases of the bronchus, which should be repaired with a stubbore from the bronchial tubes of the offensive segment - segmentum basale anterius (SVIII). Remaining views of the ovarian segments of the upper part of the fissura obliqua and taking part in the established costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal surface of the leg;

segmentum basale laterale (SIX) occupies the rib surface of the lower part in the groin area at the level of XII -X ribs;

segmentum basale posterius (SX) represents the great, spreading backwards from the other segments to the lower part of the legacy; it sticks to the VII-X ribs, diaphragm, lower aorta and stravohode,

Segmentum subapicale (subsuperius)

Primary video of the anatomy of the roots and segments of the lungs

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